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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rth stage selection"
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Abdurrahman Jalil, Ahmad Fauzan, Bontor Jumaylinda Gultom i Muhammad Nurhamsyah. "PERANCANGAN COWORKING SPACE DI KOTA SINGKAWANG". JMARS: Jurnal Mosaik Arsitektur 10, nr 1 (11.01.2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jmars.v10i1.51641.
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Singkawang City has the potential to increase the service sector in the creative industry in the film sector which is influenced by the potential of Singkawang City tourist destinations. The workers in the creative industry sector, not only come from within the city but also from outside the city, both for work and family trips while working. To meet the needs of facilities and workspace, Coworking Space was chosen. The design method starts with site selection based on the RTRW in trade and service areas, easy access and adequate infrastructure. At the analysis stage, referring to the actors, types of activities and facilities for the creative film industry, analysis of location, circulation, orientation, vegetation, and zoning. The area is divided into four areas, namely the parking area, reception area, green open space (RTH) area and work area. The design concept is a parking area that is divided into car parking and motorbike parking. The reception area is a receptionist area and the hall is a barrier from the public area in the parking lot. The green open space area is a large park to be used as a place for film production, promotions, and the like, as well as reducing noise entering the work area. The work area as a coworking space is designed with a hierarchy on each floor. The ground floor is semi-public, the first and second floors are semi-private, the third floor is private, and the rooftop is semi-public.
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Beshley, S., R. Sokhanchak, V. Baranov i L. Karpinets. "Selection of resistant plants for the biotic stage of the recultivation of the dump of the Central concentrating mill "Chervonogradska" (Lviv region)". Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, nr 35 (8.12.2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.83-88.
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The properties of the substrate and microclimate conditions were analyzed on various elements of the mesorelief of the dump of Central concentration mill "Chervonogradska". The most adverse conditions were found at the top of the dump and its terraces due to high intensity of lighting, temperature, high content of heavy metals in substrates and their actual acidity. It was shown that Pinus sylvestris L. is a promising species for the biotic recultivation stage for terraces of dumps. We recommended to use perennial grass root species of plants, e.g. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., for recultivation a slopes of dumps. The Petasites hibridus L. and Phragmites australis Cav. Trin ex Steud. are offered for the renovation of the bases and microhardness of the dumps with sufficient moisture. The high remediation ability of plants and their affiliation by the environmental groups to heliophytes, thermophiles, acidophiles, oligotrophes and xeromezophytes are the main requirements for reclamation plants on the non-renovated dumps.
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McCaig, T. N., i J. A. Morgan. "Root and shoot dry matter partitioning in near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, nr 3 (1.07.1993): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-089.
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Increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in most major cereal growing areas of the world have been associated with shorter cultivars which incorporate the Rht1 or Rht2 height-reducing alleles. Considerable uncertainty still exists, however, concerning the growth of vegetative tissues, especially roots, of these shorter genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine how dry matter (DM) partitioning, in vegetative shoot and root tissues, is related to plant height as determined by the number of Rht alleles present (tall (no Rht alleles), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2), dwarf (Rht1 and Rht2) within a common genetic background. Tall, semidwarf, and dwarf near-isogenic lines were studied within each of four diverse genetic backgrounds. Six controlled-environment experiments were carried out in which plants were grown in sand (nutrients applied hydroponically) and harvested following anthesis. Stem and shoot (total aboveground tissue) DM plant−1 increased with plant height. However, there was no relationship between plant height and root DM plant−1. Root/shoot ratios tended to be negatively correlated with plant height. Leaf blades and head DM plant−1 were not consistently related to plant height. In the absence of selection pressure, genotypes containing Rht alleles should have root DM comparable to their tall counterparts, and root/shoot ratios equal to, or greater than, their tall counterparts. The Rht alleles also decreased individual leaf blade areas, primarily through effects on leaf length, and increased stomatal frequencies of early leaves; effects on the flag and penultimate leaves were ambiguous, suggesting that the gibberellic acid (GA3) intensitive Rht alleles exert greater control during earlier growth stages. Key words: Height-reducing alleles, plant height, tall, semidwarf, dwarf
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Koehrer, Stefan, Richard E. Davis, Greg Coffey, Ekaterina Kim, Nathalie Y. Rosin, Elisa ten Hacken, Susan O'Brien i in. "Pre-BCR Signaling Activity Predicts Sensitivity To Syk Kinase Inhibition In B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL)". Blood 122, nr 21 (15.11.2013): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.614.614.
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Abstract B lymphocyte development proceeds in a stepwise fashion and is tightly linked to the generation of a functional B cell receptor (BCR). At the preB cell stage B lymphocyte progenitors express the precursor B cell receptor (pre-BCR), an immature form of the BCR consisting of two µ heavy chains (µHC) and two surrogate light chains (SLC). Pre-BCR expression marks the proB to preB transition and induces a burst in preB lymphocyte proliferation. In 20% of the cases B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) arises from lymphocytes arrested at the pre-BCR positive stage of lymphocyte development (preB-ALL). Due to the essential role of the pre-BCR for preB cell proliferation we hypothesized that pre-BCR signaling also is involved in the maintenance of preB-ALL. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), the main transducer of pre-BCR signaling, may serve as effective treatment for this subtype of B-ALL. We analyzed a panel of six ALL cell lines (SMS-SB, RCH-ACV, Nalm-6, Kasumi-2, 697, KOPN-8) arrested at the pre-BCR+ stage of B lymphocyte development (cytoIgµ+, sIgM-). Assessment of the baseline phosphorylation levels of the pre-BCR associated kinases Lyn, Syk and Btk by immunoblotting and subsequent densitometric analysis allowed us to assign B-ALL cells into groups with either high levels of Lyn, Syk and Btk phosphorylation or with low or absent phosphorylation of these kinases, respectively. Moreover cell lines with highly phosphorylated Lyn, Syk and Btk also exhibited lower surface pre-BCR expression than cell lines with low phosphorylation levels. As pre-BCR activation is followed by its rapid internalization the concomitant presence of low pre-BCR expression and high phosphorylation of pre-BCR associated proteins suggests increased pre-BCR pathway activity. When we investigated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of the pre-BCR associated kinase Syk through the highly specific inhibitor PRT060318, preB-ALL cell lines with highly phosphorylated pre-BCR associated molecules turned out to be more sensitive to Syk inhibition (IC50 < 1.6µM) than preB-ALL cell lines with less phosphorylation (IC50 > 3.9µM). In proliferation assays PRT060318 inhibited preB-ALL proliferation in a dose dependent manner, whereas PRT060318 did not induce apoptosis in concentrations as high as 5µM. This supports the notion that pre-BCR signaling activity may be more relevant for preB-ALL proliferation than for preB-ALL viability. In line with these results the pre-BCR- proB-ALL cell lines REH and RS4;11 were highly resistant to Syk inhibition in all functional assays (IC50 > 10µM), suggesting that pre-BCR expression is a prerequisite for sensitivity to Syk inhibition. To examine the molecular changes following pre-BCR inhibition, ALL cells were treated with increasing concentrations of PRT060318 (100nM-5µM) for two hours and then subjected to immunoblotting. Syk inhibition led to a dose dependent decrease in AKT phosphorylation in all preB-ALL cell lines and subsequently reduced phosphorylation of FOXO transcription factors. In the resistant proB-ALL cell line REH, AKT and FOXO phosphorylation were not affected. Gene expression analysis of the preB-ALL cell lines RCH-ACV and Nalm-6 further suggested that PRT060318 interferes with pre-BCR signaling. Treatment with 1µM PRT060318 for 72h reduced the expression of genes associated with pre-BCR signaling (e.g. BCL6, CD22, PTPN6) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified pre-BCR signaling as the main target of PRT060318 in both cell lines (p<0.05). We are currently validating the GEP analysis by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the efficacy of Syk inhibition in pre-BCR+ ALL. Moreover we were able to correlate the baseline phosphorylation status of pre-BCR associated proteins and pre-BCR expression levels with the sensitivity of preB-ALL to the Syk inhibitor PRT060318. These findings provide a first rationale for the clinical testing of Syk inhibitors in preB-ALL, and suggest that activation status of pre-BCR associated molecules can help in selecting preB-ALL cases that are particularly sensitive to Syk inhibition. Disclosures: Coffey: Portola Pharmaceuticals: Employment.
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Danilova, Anastasia, i Galina Volkova. "Efficiency of Rph genes against Puccinia hordei in Southern Russia in 2019–2021". Agronomy 13, nr 4 (2.04.2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041046.
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Barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth.) is considered a harmful disease that occurs in barley-growing regions worldwide. In Russia, the disease is among the most prevalent in the Krasnodar region, which is the leader in the production of barley grain and has a favorable climate for disease development. In this paper, we studied the efficiency of 17 varieties and lines of barley from the International and Australian sets containing currently known Rph resistance genes or their combinations to P. hordei in the field, and 15 varieties and lines in the seedling phase in greenhouse conditions during 2019–2021. We concluded that the lines carrying the Rph7 and Rph13 genes remained immune throughout the three years of studies in the seedling and adult plant stages. The Rph1 and Rph23 genes showed moderate efficiency during the three years. The Rph2, Rph3, Rph4, Rph5, Rph6+2, Rph8, Rph12, Rph19, and Rph21+2 genes showed low efficiency over the three years. This was also confirmed by the results of their assessment in the seedling phase: the number of monopustular isolates virulent to lines with the majority of the studied genes for three years was above 90%. Fluctuations in the virulence of the P. hordei population were observed under sufficiently unfavorable weather for disease development in 2019, 2020, and 2021. This proves the ability of the fungus to adapt to changing conditions. Therefore, annual monitoring of the response of lines and varieties carrying resistance genes and studying the virulence of the pathogen are crucial for the selection of rust-resistant varieties, and, hence, the prevention of barley leaf rust epidemics in all grain-producing regions worldwide.
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Kartseva, Tania, Anelia Dobrikova, Konstantina Kocheva, Vladimir Alexandrov, Georgi Georgiev, Marián Brestič i Svetlana Misheva. "Optimal Nitrogen Supply Ameliorates the Performance of Wheat Seedlings under Osmotic Stress in Genotype-Specific Manner". Plants 10, nr 3 (5.03.2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030493.
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Strategies and coping mechanisms for stress tolerance under sub-optimal nutrition conditions could provide important guidelines for developing selection criteria in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients limiting the growth and yield of crop plants, among which wheat is probably the most substantial to human diet worldwide. Physiological status and photosynthetic capacity of two contrasting wheat genotypes (old Slomer and modern semi-dwarf Enola) were evaluated at the seedling stage to assess how N supply affected osmotic stress tolerance and capacity of plants to survive drought periods. It was evident that higher N input in both varieties contributed to better performance under dehydration. The combination of lower N supply and water deprivation (osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol treatment) led to greater damage of the photosynthetic efficiency and a higher degree of oxidative stress than the individually applied stresses. The old wheat variety had better N assimilation efficiency, and it was also the one with better performance under N deficiency. However, when both N and water were deficient, the modern variety demonstrated better photosynthetic performance. It was concluded that different strategies for overcoming osmotic stress alone or in combination with low N could be attributed to differences in the genetic background. Better performance of the modern variety conceivably indicated that semi-dwarfing (Rht) alleles might have a beneficial effect in arid regions and N deficiency conditions.
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Dale, Inga. "On the Conceptualisation of LIFE in the melodrama “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” (2008)". Studia Anglica Resoviensia 19 (2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/sar.2022.19.1.
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According to Conceptual Metaphor Theory (hereafter: CMT), conceived by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), metaphors are not merely rarely occurring poetic or stylistic features of language. On the contrary, as the scholars point out, conceptual metaphors have their origins in our bodily experiences of the world around us. Hence, they are ubiquitous and have a consequently profound influence on our thoughts and actions. This paper aims to show that people, life, love, romance, birth, life stages, life goals, progress made, obstacles along the way, successes and failures, emotions experienced, as well as time, death and the afterlife are conceptualized in modalities of a SOURCE-PATH-GOAL schema, JOURNEY and MOTION IN SPACE domains in accordance with CMT. This is achieved by analysing a monomodal discourse using the Pragglejaz Group (2007) method and an online Cambridge English Dictionary. For the study, I have used a selection of monologues and dialogues of Benjamin Button, the protagonist, together with the characters who have the greatest impact on his life in the Eric Roth screenplay of a melodrama entitled: “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button”, directed by D. Fincher and based on a short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, featuring Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett.
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Rytter, Lars, i Reimo Lutter. "Early growth of different tree species on agricultural land along a latitudinal transect in Sweden". Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, nr 3 (2.12.2019): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz064.
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Abstract Fast-growing tree species will be an important tool in the future production of renewables and in substituting non-renewable fossil energy sources. Sweden, like other countries around the Baltic Sea, has large areas of abandoned farmland usable for biomass production, but knowledge of growth performance of tree species candidates is insufficient. An experiment was initiated where six potentially high-producing tree species were compared. The best available plant material for each species was used on five sites over latitudes 56–64°N in Sweden. Results from the first 8–9 years are reported. Short rotation coppice willow (Salix schwerinii Wolf × S. viminalis L., clone ‘Tora’) had the fastest initial growth and production in southern Sweden. Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) and poplar (Populus spp., section Tacamahaca), grown as short rotation forest, grew well over all sites and showed the highest productivity at the two northern sites. Hybrid larch (Larix ×eurolepis Henry) displayed a high potential at the two most southerly sites, whilst silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) was a medium-producing species at all sites. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) started slowly, and Siberian larch (L. sukaczewii Dylis) produced poorly at the two northern sites in the initial stage. All tree species followed existing height development curves for the respective species on a high site quality level. Currently, well-growing clones of Populus spp. indicated that a wider selection of tree species can be used at high latitudes under climate change. The study showed a high growth potential for most species on former agricultural lands. However, measures to reduce climate and biological damage must be included in future efforts.
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McDevitt, Michael A., Judith E. Karp, Yun Yen, Jaroslaw Maciejewski i Igor Espinoza-Delgado. "Preliminary Results from a Phase II Trial of Triapine Plus Fludarabine for Adults with Aggressive Myeloproliferative Disorders". Blood 112, nr 11 (16.11.2008): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2811.2811.
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Abstract Patients with aggressive myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) including advanced stage chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in accelerated phase or blast crisis, and other MPD transformed into acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) have dire outcomes with conventional therapies including bone marrow transplant (BMT). One approach for malignant cell control is the ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitor hydroxyurea (Hu). Triapine® is a novel RR inhibitor that binds to the M2 subunit of RR with 100 – 1000 fold greater potency than Hu and selectively depletes intracellular dATP. On this basis, we previously designed a phase I trial of Triapine® (Tri) and fludarabine (Flu) for patients with refractory acute leukemia and aggressive MPD. The overall response rate (ORR) was 21%, with the majority of responses occurring in patients with MPD. We have now conducted a phase II trial of this novel combination in 22 patients, median age 64 (50–75), with polycythemia vera (PV) transformed to AML (3); primary idiopathic myelofibrosis (PIMF) transformed to AML (5); undifferentiated MPD (2); CMML transformed to AML(10); and imatinib resistant CML in blast crisis (2). The duration of underlying MPD ranged from 1 month to 19 years. Twelve (55%) had previous exposure to Hu and 8 (36%) had received 1–3 prior induction regimens. Five patients have recurrent MPD/AML after allogeneic BMT. Poor risk cytogenetics were present in 15/22 cases (68%). Triapine® was administered at 105 mg/m2 followed at 4 hours by fludarabine, 30 mg/m2 daily × 5 days. At present, 61 cycles (median 3 per patient, range 1–6) have been administered on study, with ≥5 cycles being given to 5 patients. Using a Simon 2-stage design, criteria for continuation beyond an initial 18 patients was achieved with the following morbidity: 4 of the 22 patients died of multi-organ failure after less than 4 weeks of treatment; three of these four presented with hyperleukocytosis (50 – 260K/mm3) and leukostasis. Drug-related toxicities included hypoxemia (12/22), and transient methemoglobinemia (no intervention needed in most cases), acidosis, increased Cr, and tumor lysis. In patients receiving 4 or more cycles, chemotherapy was delivered every 34 days (range 22 – 61). Six patients ( 27 %) achieved complete remission (CR) lasting 2.5 – 12 months (mean 6 months, median 5.5 months) and 4 achieved partial remission, for an ORR 45%. Two patients were able to undergo BMT in CR. To determine if JAK2 mutations bore a relationship to response, we performed correlative Triapine® sensitivity assays of HEL cells that contain the JAK2 mutation, with a REH cell control. There was higher IC 50 for HEL cells relative to REH, (0.39 micromole vs. 0.22), arguing against a simple correlation of JAK2 constitutive activation with Triapine®/Fludarabine response. Similarly, SNP-A genomic analysis of amplification, deletion, and uniparental disomy identified acquired molecular abnormalities in 7 of 7 cases tested, but no specific loci correlated with either positive or negative response. In summary, the novel combination of Triapine® plus fludarabine, modeled for biochemical synergy, demonstrates clinical responses in aggressive MPDs transformed to AML. Further development of this regimen includes potential selection of responders by molecular predictors such as JAK2 mutational status. We anticipate that as formulated, this approach might be beneficial for selected patients, and serve as a bridge to bone marrow transplant. Moreover, our preliminary results suggest that combination with molecularly selective agents such as JAK2 inhibitors may enhance CR rate and duration.
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KROKHINA, A. "THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE PROCESS ESTABLISHMENT OF PERSONALITY". Herald of Kiev Institute of Business and Technology 42, nr 4 (23.12.2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2019.42.03.
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Professional orientation is a system of teaching and educational work aimed at acquisition of knowledge of the socio-economic and psychophysiological conditions of right choice of profession, formation of their ability to analyze the requirements of different professions to the psychological structure of personality, and also their professionally important qualities, ways and means of development. The right choice of profession makes moral satisfaction, positive self-feeling, high productivity, quality of products. It is the point at which the interests of the individual and society converge, the combination of personal and common interests. Professional orientation has its principles, priorities and disadvantages. Given these aspects, there is a high chance of correctly organizing the administration of educational institutions their professional orientation system, find the right approach to the organization of their activity, establish appropriate psychological contact with students in a position of choice of profession, professional development and self-determination. The main criterion for the efficiency of professional orientation is a measure of balance in the number of students who start to work, to study at colleges and universities by occupations, current needs of the district, city, region, society, according to general. One of the indicators by which it is possible to determine the viability of introducing profilisation in general education institutions is the results of selection of high school students of the relevant specialties to the profile of education, based on the introduction of professional orientation work at each of the age stages of student development. Thus, this paper studies the problem of professional identity of high school students and the effectiveness of professional orientation work in the framework of general education schools (on the example of the Kryvyi Rih Central Town Lyceum).
Książki na temat "Rth stage selection"
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Roth, Leon, i Edward Ullendorff. Is There a Jewish Philosophy? Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774556.001.0001.
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Leon Roth (1896–1963) was the first professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He saw it as his purpose to encourage his students to think, and to think about their Judaism. Typical of his approach is the question with which this book opens: in what sense can we talk about Jewish philosophy, and what can we expect to find if we look for it? Defining philosophy as ‘the search, through thought, for the permanent’, the book argues that in order to say whether there is a truly Jewish philosophy, one has to ‘rethink fundamentals’: those elements in our lives, in history, in nature which appear to be not incidental and trivial but basic. The twelve essays published here represent a selection of Roth's explorations of various aspects of his theme. The title essay ends with the contention that Judaism must be seen as the classic expression of monotheism; as the antithesis of myth; and as the essence of ethics and morality. The emphasis that Roth placed on ethics as the essence of Judaism was not merely theoretical: in 1951 he resigned from the Hebrew University and left Israel in response to what he perceived as the betrayal of Jewish ethics by the rulers of the newly established State of Israel. The book's foreword is an appreciation of Roth's singular personality, grace, and moral stature, and of his devotion to an interpretation of Judaism that is rational and humane. A complete bibliography of Roth's writings rounds out the picture of the man and his achievements.
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Kumao, Heidi. Heidi Kumao: Real and Imagined. Maize Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12465060.
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Heidi Kumao: Real and Imagined documents and contextualizes narrative fabric works and animations from Kumao’s 2020 solo exhibition at the University of Michigan’s Stamps Gallery. Using fabric cutouts and stitching of everyday objects, Kumao invents a tactile visual vocabulary that distills unspoken aspects of ordinary exchanges into accessible narrative images. Weaving in her experiences as an Asian American woman, artist, and educator, Kumao creates poetic and playful open-ended visual haikus, generating a range of associations to current events, gender roles, and institutional power structures. Captured midstream, interactions from intimate relationships, medical procedures, the workplace, and the political sphere are suspended in time within felt film stills. Real and Imagined presents the reader with an opportunity to experience this remarkable oeuvre of over thirty fabric works and video animations. For over thirty years, Kumao has developed an expanded art practice that includes animations, video installations, photographs, machine art, and fabric works that give physical form to the intangible parts of our lives: our emotions, psychological states, memories, thinking patterns. Her hybrid artworks have included electromechanical girl’s legs that “misbehave,” video installations about surviving confinement, surreal, experimental stop motion puppet animations, performative staged photographs, and hand crafted cinema machines. She has exhibited her award-winning artwork in solo and group exhibitions nationally and internationally including the Art Science Museum Singapore, Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, the Museum of Image and Sound (São Paulo) and the Museum of Modern Art in Buenos Aires. Her work is in permanent and private collections including the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, Arizona State University Art Museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Exploratorium in San Francisco. She has received fellowships and grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Creative Capital Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts. She is a professor at the Stamps School of Art & Design at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This exhibition catalogue marks the first significant publication on Kumao’s work and includes a selection of works from across her career. It includes written contributions by: Srimoyee Mitra, curator and Director of the Stamps Gallery and NYC-based art critic; Wendy Vogel; an interview between the artist and writer Lynn Love; and poems by the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize Award winner Marilyn Chin.
Części książek na temat "Rth stage selection"
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Babeshko, Ievgen, Vyacheslav Duzhiy, Oleg Illiashenko, Alexander Siora, Vladimir Sklyar, Artem Panarin i Eugene Brezhniev. "Diversity for NPP I&C Systems Safety and Cyber Security". W Cyber Security and Safety of Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems, 239–88. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3277-5.ch010.
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This chapter presents a cost-effective approach to selection of the most diverse NPP Reactor Trip System (RTS) under uncertainty. The selection of a pair of primary and secondary RTS is named a diversity strategy. All possible strategies are evaluated on an ordinal scale with linguistic values provided by experts. These values express the expert's degree of confidence that evaluated variants of secondary RTS are different from primary RTS. All diversity strategies are evaluated on a set of linguistic diversity criteria, which are included in a corresponding diversity attribute. The generic fuzzy diversity score is an aggregation of the linguistic values provided by the experts to obtain a collective assessment of the secondary RTS's similarity (difference) with a primary one. This most rational diversity strategy is found during the exploitation stage, taking into consideration the fuzzy diversity score and cost of each strategy.
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Siora, Alexander, Vladimir Sklyar, Vyacheslav Kharchenko i Eugene Brezhnev. "Diversity and Multi-Version Systems". W Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems for Safety and Security, 178–232. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5133-3.ch006.
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To protect safety-critical systems from common-cause failures that can lead to potentially dangerous outcomes, special methods are applied, including multi-version technologies operating at different levels of diversity. A model representing different diversity types during the development of safety-critical systems is suggested. The model addresses diversity types that are the most expedient in providing required safety. The diversity of complex electronic components (FPGA, etc.), printed circuit boards, manufacturers, specification languages, design, and program languages, etc. are considered. The challenges addressed are related to factors of scale and dependencies among diversity types, since not all combinations of used diversity are feasible. Taking these dependencies into consideration, the model simplifies the choice of diversity options. This chapter presents a cost effective approach to selection of the most diverse NPP Reactor Trip System (RTS) under uncertainty. The selection of a pair of primary and secondary RTS is named a diversity strategy. All possible strategies are evaluated on an ordinal scale with linguistic values provided by experts. These values express the expert’s degree of confidence that evaluated variants of secondary RTS are different from primary. All diversity strategies are evaluated on a set of linguistic diversity criteria, which are included into a corresponding diversity attribute. The generic fuzzy diversity score is an aggregation of the linguistic values provided by the experts to obtain a collective assessment of the secondary RTS’s similarity (difference) with a primary one. This rational diversity strategy is found during the exploitation stage, taking into consideration the fuzzy diversity score and cost.
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Alvarenga Neto, R. B. de, D. C. de A. Pinto Gomes i L. A. Pinto. "Artificial Intelligence Applied to the Analysis of Relevance of Laboratory Biomarkers for Diagnosis of COVID-19". W COLLECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TOPICS IN HEALTH SCIENCE- V1. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/colleinternhealthscienv1-023.
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This paper presents a study on the diagnosis of COVID-19 through the analysis of biomarkers from clinical tests using Machine Learning techniques. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first, the influence of clinical markers on the diagnosis of the disease was investigated, and in the second, the performance of several Machine Learning algorithms was investigated in the classification of patients with symptoms similar to COVID-19. The experiments used a database provided by Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein with laboratory test results from 5,644 patients submitted to the RT-PCR test. Among the results found in the variable selection stage, indicators from the leukocyte group were more relevant for COVID-19 detection. In the classification step, the best results were obtained for the The results were obtained with Stacking using 20 descriptors selected by Decision Tree (Acuracy = 0.9778; Sensitivity = 0.9527; Specificity = 1.000). The results indicate it is feasible to use Machine Learning techniques together with variable selection to obtain models with good predictive power for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Benidris, Mohammed A., Salem Elsaiah i Joydeep Mitra. "Applications of Particle Swarm Optimization in Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation". W Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 573–610. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8291-7.ch018.
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This chapter introduces a novel technique to evaluate composite power system reliability indices and their sensitivities with respect to the control parameters using a dynamically directed binary Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) search method. A key point in using PSO in power system reliability evaluation lies in selecting the weighting factors associated with the objective function. In this context, the work presented here proposes a solution method to adjust such weighting factors in a dynamic fashion so that the swarm would always fly on the entire search space rather of being trapped to one corner of the search space. Further, a heuristic technique based on maximum capacity flow of the transmission lines is used in classifying the state space into failure, success, and unclassified subspaces. The failure states in the unclassified subspace can be discovered using binary PSO technique. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on the IEEE RTS.
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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Alternative Phenotypes as a Phase of Evolution". W Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0027.
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So far I have discussed two aspects of the origins of novel traits, their initiation and spread under selection (chapter 6), and their sources in preexisting, ancestral phenotypes (part II). This chapter addresses another aspect of origins, namely, that qualitative novelties must pass through an alternativephenotype phase during their evolution. If new traits first arise in single individuals and then increase in frequency, they automatically render their population polymorphic (Roth, 1991, p. 185). The four chapters of this section discuss the farreaching evolutionary consequences of this. The branching nature of development implies that a novel trait originates as a new branch in a previously existing developmental pathway (Oster and Alberch, 1982)—a new modular alternative to another, previously established one. The new trait may then evolve to fixation and persist alongside preexisting traits as a simultaneously expressed complementary form, representing an increase in complexity. Or it may be maintained indefinitely as a polymorphism or polyphenism, representing an increase in both complexity and developmental plasticity. Both kinds of new traits are modular subunits with the properties of dissociability and independent selection. Polyphenisms, polymorphisms, and alternative behavioral and life-history or physiological traits, collectively called alternative phenotypes (West- Eberhard, 1986), are of special interest for evolution because they are adaptive options of potentially great complexity that can come to characterize different phylogenetic lines. Alternatives permit the elaboration of a new trait without elimination of an established one, thereby facilitating the evolution of new adaptive specializations. They can represent a crucial phase in the evolution of discrete adaptive novelties, allowing macroevolutionary changes to occur via microevolutionary processes within species, and without disruption of preexisting adaptations (West-Eberhard, 1986, 1989; see chapter 29). They also set the stage for punctuated rates of change in quantitative traits (see chapter 30). The four chapters of part III describe the nature and evolution of alternative phenotypes themselves, as a prelude to showing their broad evolutionary significance. Alternative phenotypes are different traits expressed in the same life stage and population, more frequently expressed than traits considered anomalies or mutations, and not simultaneously expressed in the same individual (West-Eberhard, 1986).
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Taber, Douglass. "Transition Metal-Mediated Ring Construction: The Yu Synthesis of 1-Desoxyhypnophilin". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0075.
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Both 1 and 3 are inexpensive prochiral starting materials. Tae-Jong Kim of Kyungpook National University devised (Organomet. 2008, 27, 1026) a chiral Cu catalyst that efficiently converted 1 (other ring sizes worked as well) to the enantiomerically pure ester 2. Alexandre Alexakis of the University of Geneva found (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2008, 350, 1090) a chiral Cu catalyst that mediated the enantioselective coupling of 3 with Grignard reagents such as 4 . The π-allyl Pd complex derived from 6 is also prochiral. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3759) that with appropriate ligand substitution, coupling with the phthalimide 7 proceeded to give 8, readily convertible to (-)-oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 9, in high ee. Jonathan W. Burton of the University of Oxford found (Chem Commun. 2008, 2559) that Mn(OAc)3 -mediated cyclization of 10 delivered the lactone 12 with high diastereocontrol. John Montgomery of the University of Michigan observed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 811) that the Ni-catalyzed cyclization of 12 also proceeded with high diastereocontrol. Ken Tanaka of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology combined (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1312) Rh-catalyzed ene-yne cyclization of 14 with catalytic ortho C-H functionalization, leading to 16 in high ee. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University designed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1469) a chiral Cr catalyst for the intramolecular carbonyl ene reaction, that converted 17 to 18 in high ee. Using a stoichiometric prochiral Cr carbene complex 20 and the enantiomerically-pure secondary propargylic ether 19, Willam D. Wulff of Michigan State University prepared (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2898) a facially-selective Cr-complexed o -quinone methide intermediate, that cyclized to 21 with high ee. A variety of methods have been put forward for the transition metal-mediated construction of polycarbocyclic systems. One of the more powerful is the enantioselective Rh-catalyzed stitching of the simple substrate 22 into the tricycle 23 devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3451) by Takanori Shibata of Waseda University. Inter alia, ozonolysis of 23 delivered the cyclopentane 24 containing two all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Taber, Douglass F. "New Methods for C-C Bond Construction: The Burke Synthesis of (-)-Peridinin". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0024.
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Hideki Yorimitsu and Koichiro Oshima of Kyoto University observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8878) that Rh-catalyzed addition of 2 to a terminal allene 1 generated an allylic organometallic, which coupled with electrophiles to give the branched product 3. Regan J. Thomson of Northwestern University devised (Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 294) the reagent 5, which added to an aldehyde 4 to give the reduced allylically coupled product 6. Nuno Maulide of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim, noted (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1583) the remarkable rearrangement of 7 to 8. Jon A. Tunge of the University of Kansas showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 740) that nitronate allylation could be effected by the Pd-mediated decarboxylation of 9. Takashi Tomioka of the University of Mississippi developed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2171) a convenient reagent for the conversion of an aldehyde 11 to the Z -unsaturated nitrile 12 . Xiaodong Shi of the University of West Virginia established (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2088) that Au-mediated rearrangement of 13 led to the Z -iodo enone 14. T. V. RajanBabu of Ohio State University developed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2622) a Pd catalyst for the selective double functionalization of a terminal alkyne 15 to the stannane 16. The subsequent tandem Stille and Suzuki couplings proceeded efficiently. The controlled construction of tetrasubstituted alkenes is particularly challenging. Kohei Endo and Takanori Shibata of Waseda University put forward (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3469) what promises to be a general solution to this problem: the addition of the bis-boronate 17 to a ketone 18. Alkynes are usually prepared by direct alkylation. Gérard Cahiez of the Université de Paris 13 established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1278) an alternative: the coupling of a Grignard reagent with a 1-bromoalkyne 20. Gregory B. Dudley of Florida State University developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3260) a complementary route to internal alkynes based on the fragmentation of 22. Enantiomerically pure allenes are ubiquitous components of physiologically active natural products. Weiping Tang of the University of Wisconsin optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 3664) the bromolactonization of a Z enyne 24 to give the allene 25.
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Kosuge, Koji. "Examples of the Practical Use of Non-Stoichiometric Compounds". W Chemistry of Non-stoichiometric Compounds. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198555551.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we describe four kinds of non-stoichiometric compound, which are or will be in practical use, from the viewpoint of preparation methods or utility. As a first example, the solid electrolyte (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15 is described, which are discussed in Sections 1.4.6–1.4.8 from the viewpoint of basic characteristics. The second example is the magnetic material Mn–Zn ferrite, for which the control of non-stoichiometry and the manufacturing process will be described. Then the metal hydrides or hydrogen absorbing alloys, which are one of the most promising materials for storing and transporting hydrogen in the solid state, are described, mainly focusing on the phase relation. Finally, we describe the relation between the control of composition and the growth of a single crystal of the semiconductive compound GaAs, which is expected to give electronic materials for 1C and LSI etc. Solid electrolytes, which show ionic conductivity in the solid state, are considered to be potential materials for practical use, some are already used as mentioned below. Solid electrolytes have characteristic functions, such as electromotive force, ion selective transmission, and ion omnipresence. Here we describe the practical use of calcia stabilized zirconia (CSZ), (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15, the structure and basic properties of which are discussed in detail in Sections 1.4.5–1.4.8. The most simple practical application of CSZ is for the gauge of oxygen partial pressure, as mentioned in Sections 1.4.7 and 1.4.8. The oxygen partial pressure P2o2 in the closed system as shown in Fig. 3.1 can be measured, taking the air as the standard oxygen pressure P1o2. The electromotive force (EMF) of this concentration cell is expressed as . . . E = (RT/4F)ln(P1o2/ P2o2) . . . This principle is applied in the measurement of oxygen partial pressure in laboratory experiments and of the oxygen activity of slag in refineries. Based on the principle of coulometric titration (see Section 1.4.8), the oxygen partial pressure of a closed system can be kept constant by feedback of the EMF, in the oxygen pressure range 1 to 10−7 atm. By use of this closed system, investigations on redox reactions of metals and also enzyme reactions have been carried out.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Metal-Mediated Ring Construction: The Hoveyda Synthesis of (–)-Nakadomarin A". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0077.
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John F. Hartwig of the University of California, Berkeley effected (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 3375) selective borylation of the cyclopropane 1 to give 2. It would be particularly useful if this borylation could be made enantioselective. Eric M. Ferreira of Colorado State University showed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1772) that the enantomeric excess of 3 was transferred to the highly substituted cyclopropane 4. Antonio M. Echavarren of ICIQ Tarragona demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1576) that Au-mediated cyclobutene construction could be used to form the medium ring of 6. Joseph M. Fox of the University of Delaware developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 9283) what promises to be a general enantioselective route to cyclobutanes such as 8 by way of the intermediate bicyclobutane (not illustrated). Huw M.L. Davies of Emory University reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 310) a preliminary investigation in this same direction. Masahisa Nakada of Waseda University prepared (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1004) the cyclopentane 10 by enantioselective cyclization of 9 followed by reductive opening. Young-Ger Suh of Seoul National University cyclized (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 531) the lactone 11 to the cyclopentane 12. Xavier Ariza and Jaume Farràs of the Universitat de Barcelona optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 5482) the Ti-mediated reductive cyclization of 13 to 14. The hydrogenation catalyst reduced the intermediate Ti–C bond without affecting the alkene. Erick M. Carreira of ETH Zürich observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5382) that a sterically demanding Rh catalyst mediated the highly diastereoselective cyclization of 15 to 16. The ketone 16 was the key intermediate in a synthesis of the epoxyisoprostanes. Jianrong (Steve) Zhou of Nanyang Technological University used (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4906) a Pd catalyst to effect the coupling of 17 with the prochiral 18. Geum-Sook Hwang and Do Hyun Ryu of Sungkyunkwan University devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7126) a boron catalyst to effect the addition of the diazo ester 21 to 20. They showed that the sidechain stereocenter was effective in directing the subsequent hydrogenation of 22.
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Taber, Douglass. "Stereocontrolled C-O Ring Construction: The Fuwa/Sasaki Synthesis of Attenol A". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0046.
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Since five-membered ring ethers often do not show good selectivity on equilibration, single diastereomers are best formed under kinetic control. Aaron Aponick of the University of Florida demonstrated (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 669) that under gold catalysis, the allylic alcohol 1 cyclized to 2 with remarkable diastereocontrol. Six-membered rings also formed with high cis stereocontrol. Ian Cumpstey of Stockholm University showed (Chem. Commun. 2008, 1246) that with protic acid, allylic acetates such as 3 cyclized with clean inversion at the allylic center, and concomitant debenzylation. J. Stephen Clark of the University of Glasgow found (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1040) that Rh catalyzed cyclization of 5 proceeded with high selectivity for insertion into Ha, leading to the alcohol 6. Saumen Hajra of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur took advantage (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 3935) of the reactivity of the aldehyde of 7, effecting selective addition of 7 to 8, to deliver, after reduction, the lactone 9. Tomislav Rovis of Colorado State University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 612) that 10 could be cyclized selectively to either 11 or 12. Nadège Lubin-Germain, Jacques Uziel and Jacques Augé of the University of Cergy- Pontoise devised (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 725) conditions for the indium-mediated coupling of glycosyl fluorides such as 13 with iodoalkynes such as 14 to give the axial C-glycoside 15. Katsukiyo Miura and Akira Hosomi of the University of Tsukuba employed (Chemistry Lett. 2008, 37, 270) Pt catalysis to effect in situ equilibration of the alkene 16 to the more stable regioisomer. Subsequent condensation with the aldehyde 17 led via Prins cyclization to the ether 18. Paul E. Floreancig of the University of Pittsburgh showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4184) that Prins cyclization could be also be initiated by oxidation of the benzyl ether 19 to the corresponding carbocation. Chan-Mo Yu of Sungkyunkwan University developed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 265) a stereocontrolled route to seven-membered ring ethers, by Pd-mediated stannylation of allenes such as 21, followed by condensation with an aldehyde.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Rth stage selection"
1
Eggensperger, Katharina, Marius Lindauer i Frank Hutter. "Neural Networks for Predicting Algorithm Runtime Distributions". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/200.
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Many state-of-the-art algorithms for solving hard combinatorial problems in artificial intelligence (AI) include elements of stochasticity that lead to high variations in runtime, even for a fixed problem instance. Knowledge about the resulting runtime distributions (RTDs) of algorithms on given problem instances can be exploited in various meta-algorithmic procedures, such as algorithm selection, portfolios, and randomized restarts. Previous work has shown that machine learning can be used to individually predict mean, median and variance of RTDs. To establish a new state-of-the-art in predicting RTDs, we demonstrate that the parameters of an RTD should be learned jointly and that neural networks can do this well by directly optimizing the likelihood of an RTD given runtime observations. In an empirical study involving five algorithms for SAT solving and AI planning, we show that neural networks predict the true RTDs of unseen instances better than previous methods, and can even do so when only few runtime observations are available per training instance.
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Angle Sáez, Franklyn Javier, i José Antonio Galán Toloza. "Synthetic Fractional Flow Curves Based on Continuous Well Logs Honoring Highly Heterogeneous Properties in Heavy Oil Reservoirs". W SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213106-ms.
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Abstract Perforation intervals selection is an issue in heavy oil reservoirs since low water saturation is not directly related to low water cuts in production, thus, making it necessary to use fractional flow (fw) curves; nevertheless, for highly heterogeneous reservoirs it is useless to average an fw curve by stratigraphic or hydraulic flow units. In this paper we present continuous vertically variable fw curves, each half feet (logs resolution), as a novel approach to honor heterogeneity. Heterogeneity in the tertiary rocks of Llanos Basin, Colombia, is exhibited by dramatic changes in properties, mainly driven by diagenesis rather than mineralogy; and even when rock types were defined via FZI, there is a wide range of potential clay volume-effective porosity-permeability (VCL-PHIE-K) combinations within a single rock type. Following a series of multiple regressions, we could get unique values of fw, every half feet, for any VCL-PHIE-K combination at a given water saturation (Sw) and then, by simply averaging the fw values over the perforating intervals, it was possible to predict the expected water cut (BSW) during the first production stages. Then, a comparison of fw with BSW, in some random wells, yielded an average estimation difference of ±9 percent points, which validates the methodology and offers a much more reliable alternative to SW curves when predicting oil production. Among other results, since strong aquifers and an active water injection process influence these fields, the estimation of a water saturation before water breakthrough (Sw_BT) curve helped us understand how the highest permeability sands (RT1) were irrupted by high BSW slower compared to lower permeability sands (RT3). Consequently, the Sw cutoff (Sw_CUTOFF), estimated for a maximum fractional flow (fw_MAX) of 95%, showed averaged values between 32% and 45%, depending on rock types (RTs). We conclusively found that this methodology can help avoid undesirable high BSW, since we can first diagnose if the water is about to irrupt by using an Sw_BT curve, then we can dodge water saturated intervals above a variable Sw_CUTOFF (instead of using a constant 50% cutoff), and finally we can predict, with more than a 90% of accuracy, the BSW to manage at surface by using fw curves, rather than simple Sw curves.
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Kuchibhatla, Sarat, i Devesh Ranjan. "Rayleigh Taylor Experiments". W ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-93087.
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Effect of multi-modal initial conditions on Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) was experimentally studied at Texas A&M University. Precisely controllable initial conditions were generated using a flapper mechanism at the interface of two unstably stratified convective water streams with a temperature difference of about 7–8°C corresponding to Atwood numbers of the order of 10−3. By selecting input initial wavelengths and phase angles, a parametric study was performed to study the initial growth stages of this instability and mixing behavior. Using a servo controlled flapper mechanism and high resolution thermocouples, the quality and quantity of total and molecular mixing is studied. The topology of the characteristic bubble and spike structures in the initial mixing stages was recorded using high-resolution imaging. Density measurements using thermocouple measurements were performed at two downstream locations from the splitter plate, x/H = 0.077 and x/H = 0.908, where H is the total height of the Water Channel. Molecular mixing patterns due to single, binary and multi-mode initial conditions are extracted from density data.
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Demolle, D., E. J. Cragoe i J. M. Boeynaems. "MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN 5-HT STIMULATION OF PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION BY BOVINE AORTIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642841.
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Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production by bovine aortic smooth muscle cells in culture via 5-HT2 receptors (1). These cells express a synthetic phenotype (2), whereas the majority of the smooth muscle cells in the media from adult arteries are in a contractile state. We have now shown that 5-HT (1-10 μM) also stimulates PGI2 production by a preparation of contractile smooth muscle cells : explants from bovine aortic media cultured for short periods. This effect is independent from 5-HT2 receptors : it is only partially inhibited (±30%) by ketan-serin (a selective and potent 5-HT2 antagonist) and is perfectly mimicked by a 5-HT1 agonist, 5-carboxamidotryptamine. 5-HT2 receptors seem to be linked to a phospholipase C (3), with subsequent accumulation of inositol tr isphosphate , Ins(1,4,5)P3, and diacylglycerol, an activator of protein kinase C. We have observed a stimulatory effect of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (a selective activator of kinase C) on PGI2 production by the bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (synthetic state), whereas it was totally ineffective on media explants preparation (contractile state). Furthermore, in the smooth muscle cells in culture, the 5-HT effect can be inhibited by (ethyl-isopropyl)amiloride, a potent and selective inhibitor of the Na+/H+ antiporter. In conclusion it appears that the regulation mechanisms of PGI2 production in arterial smooth muscle cells are strongly dependent an the phenotypic state of these cells. The control of PGI2 release via 5-HT2 receptors seems to involve a cytoplasmic alkalinization, via the activation of protein kinase C. The mechanism of 5-HT action in the media explants remains to be elucidated.(1) Coughlin, S.R. et al.: Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78(11), 7134-7138, 1981.(2) Chamley-Campbell, J.H. and Campbell, G.K.: Atherosclerosis 40, 347-357, 1981.(3) Roth, B.L. et al.: J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 238(2), 480-485, 1986.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Rth stage selection"
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Funkenstein, Bruria, i Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.
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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.