Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Royal African Society”
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Barringer, T. A. "The Royal Commonwealth Society". African Research & Documentation 55 (1991): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015776.
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The Royal Commonwealth Society (previously known successively as the Colonial Society, the Royal Colonial Institute and the Royal Empire Society and now linked with the Victoria League in Commonwealth Trust), was founded in 1868 and from its early days has maintained a library which now consists of 250,000¢ items, classified geographically; a substantial proportion of this is concerned with Africa. The small library of the Royal African Society was embodied in it in 1949. Subjects covered include all but purely technical ones, ranging from history, geography and politics to art, literature and natural history.The literature of exploration and discovery is particualarly extensive and there are original editions of nearly all the significant books in this field. The Library is also strong in general accounts of voyages and travels, collected voyages, and the publications of the major relevant societies; much material on Africa appears in this form.
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Barringer, T. A. "The Royal Commonwealth Society". African Research & Documentation 55 (1991): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015776.
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The Royal Commonwealth Society (previously known successively as the Colonial Society, the Royal Colonial Institute and the Royal Empire Society and now linked with the Victoria League in Commonwealth Trust), was founded in 1868 and from its early days has maintained a library which now consists of 250,000¢ items, classified geographically; a substantial proportion of this is concerned with Africa. The small library of the Royal African Society was embodied in it in 1949. Subjects covered include all but purely technical ones, ranging from history, geography and politics to art, literature and natural history.The literature of exploration and discovery is particualarly extensive and there are original editions of nearly all the significant books in this field. The Library is also strong in general accounts of voyages and travels, collected voyages, and the publications of the major relevant societies; much material on Africa appears in this form.
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le Roux, Elizabeth. "Publishing South African scholarship in the global academic community". Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, nr 3 (15.07.2015): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0033.
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South Africa's academic publishing history has been profoundly influenced by its colonial heritage. This is reflected in the publication of Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society (later, the Royal Society of South Africa) from 1878. Although the Society and journal sought to promote original research about South Africa, it was modelled after the Royal Society in London and formed part of an imperial scientific community. As the local higher education institutions grew more independent and research-focused, local scholarly publishing developed as well, with university presses playing an increasingly important role. The University of South Africa (Unisa) Press started publishing departmental journals in the 1950s, with a focus on journals that ‘speak to the student’, and it is today the only South African university press with an active journals publishing programme. As external funding declined and the country became intellectually isolated in the high apartheid period, the Press managed to attract journals that could no longer be subsidized by learned societies and other universities. More recently, new co-publishing arrangements have brought South African journals back into an international intellectual community. Although some argue that this constitutes a re-colonization of South African knowledge production, it is also an innovative strategy for positioning local research in a global context.
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Govier, M. "The Royal Society, slavery and the island of jamaica: 1660-1700". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 53, nr 2 (22.05.1999): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1999.0075.
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This paper presents evidence of the interrelationships that existed between the Royal Society in its early years, the slave colonies, and the West African slave trade, first under the auspices of the Royal Adventurers, and later the Royal African Company (RAC). First, it examines the extent of the overlapping of memberships between the bodies. Second, it chronicles the Society's ownership of shares in the RAC. Third, it investigates involvement by Fellows of the Society in the administration of the (then) slave colony of Jamaica. Finally, it presents a few relevant extracts from the Society's foreign correspondence from outposts of the rising empire, and also extracts from discussions at ordinary meetings concerning the cause of the differences in colour between Europeans and Africans. Following the sale of its shares in the RAC in 1699, no further investments in the slave trade by the Society are known to have occurred.
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Fischer, Nico, Simon A. Kondrat i Mzamo Shozi. "Faraday Discussions meeting Catalysis for Fuels". Chemical Communications 53, nr 36 (2017): 4880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc90124k.
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Welcome to Africa was the motto when after more than 100 years the flagship conference series of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Faraday Discussions, was hosted for the first time on the African Continent.
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Hart, William. "AFRICAN IVORIES AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH ANTIQUARIANS". Antiquaries Journal 99 (wrzesień 2019): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358151900009x.
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In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, artists in West Africa made sophisticated ivory carvings specifically for the early Portuguese navigators and their patrons. In researching the history of the ivories, the records of eighteenth-century English antiquarians are a neglected yet important source of information. Such sources help to bridge the gap between the earliest references to Afro-Portuguese ivories in Portuguese customs records (as well as the inventories of royal and princely treasuries of the late Renaissance) and their re-appearance in nineteenth-century museum registers and the collections of private individuals.Especially valuable in this regard are the eighteenth-century minutes of the Society of Antiquaries of London, which enable us to trace the history of several African ivories associated with Fellows of the Society – in particular, Richard Rawlinson, Martin Folkes, Sir Hans Sloane, George Vertue and George Allan. In this article, the author reassesses two African ivories, an oliphant and a saltcellar, with specific reference to the Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries of London, shedding new light on the history of these beautiful objects.
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Kirk-Greene, Anthony. "The Changing Face of African Studies in Britain, 1962-2002". African Research & Documentation 90 (2002): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016794.
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Leaving to one side the sui generis Royal African Society, which in 2000 marked its centenary with a special history (Rimmer and Kirk-Greene, 2000), the formalised study of Africa in British academia may be said to be approaching its 80th year. For it was in 1926 that the International African Institute, originally the Institute of African Languages and Cultures, was founded in London, followed two years later by the maiden issue of its journal for practising Africanists, Africa, still among the flagship journals in the African field. Indeed, the 1920s were alive with new institutions promoting an interest in African affairs, whether it be the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1924); the Phelps-Stokes Commission reports on education in British Africa (1920-24), culminating in the Colonial Office Memorandum on Education Policy (1925); the major contribution to public awareness made by the Empire Exhibition at Wembley, however politically incorrect some of its idiom seems today; or the attention generated by the League of Nations’ Mandates Commission, the bulk of whose remit was focused on Africa and whose British representative was no less than Lord Lugard, the biggest “Africanist” of his day.
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Malhi, Yadvinder, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Rebecca A. Asare, Simon L. Lewis i Philippe Mayaux. "African rainforests: past, present and future". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, nr 1625 (5.09.2013): 20120312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0312.
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The rainforests are the great green heart of Africa, and present a unique combination of ecological, climatic and human interactions. In this synthesis paper, we review the past and present state processes of change in African rainforests, and explore the challenges and opportunities for maintaining a viable future for these biomes. We draw in particular on the insights and new analyses emerging from the Theme Issue on ‘African rainforests: past, present and future’ of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . A combination of features characterize the African rainforest biome, including a history of climate variation; forest expansion and retreat; a long history of human interaction with the biome; a relatively low plant species diversity but large tree biomass; a historically exceptionally high animal biomass that is now being severely hunted down; the dominance of selective logging; small-scale farming and bushmeat hunting as the major forms of direct human pressure; and, in Central Africa, the particular context of mineral- and oil-driven economies that have resulted in unusually low rates of deforestation and agricultural activity. We conclude by discussing how this combination of factors influences the prospects for African forests in the twenty-first century.
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Kirby, W. F. "II. NOtes on the African Saturniidaein the Collection of the Royal Dublin Society." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 25, nr 1 (24.04.2009): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1877.tb02898.x.
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Groups, African Pathologists' Summit Working. "Proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit; March 22–23, 2013; Dakar, Senegal: A Summary". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, nr 1 (25.06.2014): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0732-cc.
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Context This report presents the proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit, held under the auspices of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer. Objectives To deliberate on the challenges and constraints of the practice of pathology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the avenues for addressing them. Participants Collaborating organizations included the American Society for Clinical Pathology; Association of Pathologists of Nigeria; British Division of the International Academy of Pathology; College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa; East African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; Friends of Africa–United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Initiative; International Academy of Pathology; International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research; National Cancer Institute; National Health and Laboratory Service of South Africa; Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College; Royal College of Pathologists; West African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; and Faculty of Laboratory Medicine of the West African College of Physicians. Evidence Information on the status of the practice of pathology was based on the experience of the participants, who are current or past practitioners of pathology or are involved in pathology education and research in Sub-Saharan Africa. Consensus Process The deliberations were carried out through presentations and working discussion groups. Conclusions The significant lack of professional and technical personnel, inadequate infrastructure, limited training opportunities, poor funding of pathology services in Sub-Saharan Africa, and their significant impact on patient care were noted. The urgency of addressing these issues was recognized, and the recommendations that were made are contained in this report.
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Mandelbrote, Scott. "Book reviews". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 56, nr 3 (22.09.2002): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2002.0191.
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Seven book reviews in the September 2002 issue of Notes and Records : Marie Boas Hall, Henry Oldenburg. Shaping The Royal Society . Patricia Fara, Newton: the making of genius . Ahmed Zewail, Voyage through time . G.I. Brown, Invisible rays: a history of radioactivity . Brian Austin, Schonland, scientist and soldier . Nicholas Wright Gillham, A life of Sir Francis Galton: from African exploration to the birth of eugenics . Robert Hinde, Why good is good: the sources of morality .
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Blouet, Olwyn M. "Bryan Edwards, F.R.S., 1743-1800". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, nr 2 (22.05.2000): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0108.
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Bryan Edwards was a Jamaican planter and politician who published a well–respected History of the West Indies in 1793. He articulated the planter view concerning the value of the West Indian colonies to Great Britain, and opposed the abolition of the slave trade. Edwards disputed European scientific speculation that the ‘New World’ environment retarded nature, although his scientific interests have largely gone unnoticed. Elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1794, he became a Member of Parliament in 1796, and wrote a History of Haiti in the following year. As Secretary of the African Association, Edwards edited the African travel journals of Mungo Park.
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Omokhodion, Akuewanbhor. "Globalization and an African city: Lagos". Ekistics and The New Habitat 73, nr 436-441 (1.12.2006): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200673436-441119.
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The author, Chairman of Omokhodion Associates Ltd and Omokhodion Group, has received his academic degrees in architecture and city planning from the University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana; the Athens Center of Ekistics, Athens, Greece; Yale University, New Haven, CO, USA ; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; and the University of Lagos, Nigeria. In his long career, he has held key posts as Technical Officer in Training and as architect in the Federal Ministry of Works & Housing; as Physical Planning Assistant to Vice-Chancellor, University of Lagos, and has been director and chief designer of major architectural, landscape, urban design and urban planning projects in Nigeria at a broad range of scales. He has been a member of the Landuse and Allocation Committee, Bendel State; the Presidential Committee on the Accelerated Development of Abuja; the UNESCO Commission for Nigeria; Director of the Western Textile Mills Ltd; and is currently a member on the Panel on the Reorganization of NNPC. Dr Omokhodion is also a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Architects and the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, and a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the World Society for Ekistics. The text that follows is a slightly edited version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity, " organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.
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Jackson, Robert H., i Gregory Maddox. "The Creation of Identity: Colonial Society in Bolivia and Tanzania". Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, nr 2 (kwiecień 1993): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018375.
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Many colonial regimes appropriate traditional symbols of power to enhance authority. In many cases this appropriation results in the hardening of more transitory political divisions among subject people into ethnic, national, or tribal ones. Colonialism often, in essence, creates different identities for subject peoples. For example, the East India Company (E.I.C.) and royal colonial government in India manipulated caste and religion to carry out a policy of divide and rule. Moreover, the E.I.C. and later the Raj attempted to create a European-style landed elite that could promote development of agriculture, maintain social control in the countryside and, perhaps most important, collect taxes owed to the government. The Raj attempted to place the structures of power that evolved within the framework of the symbols of Moghul legitimacy, going so far as to create a hybrid traditional style of architecture used in many public buildings that mixed elements from both Hindu and Muslim buildings. In South Africa, colonial legislation, as seen in the process begun by the Glen Gray Act of 1894, resulted in the proletarianization of the African population by creating tribal reservations without enough resources to support all the people often arbitrarily defined as members of a particular tribe. And, as seen in studies of mine labor, coloniallegislation also defined a distinctive legal status for workers.
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Chirwa, Tobias F., Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni, Pascalia Munyewende, Samuel O. Manda, Henry Mwambi, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, Samson Kinyanjui i in. "Developing excellence in biostatistics leadership, training and science in Africa: How the Sub-Saharan Africa Consortium for Advanced Biostatistics (SSACAB) training unites expertise to deliver excellence". AAS Open Research 3 (5.10.2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13144.1.
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The increase in health research in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has generated large amounts of data and led to a high demand for biostatisticians to analyse these data locally and quickly. Donor-funded initiatives exist to address the dearth in statistical capacity, but few initiatives have been led by African institutions. The Sub-Saharan African Consortium for Advanced Biostatistics (SSACAB) aims to improve biostatistical capacity in Africa according to the needs identified by African institutions, through (collaborative) masters and doctoral training in biostatistics. We describe the SSACAB Consortium, which comprises 11 universities and four research institutions- supported by four European universities. SSACAB builds on existing resources to strengthen biostatistics for health research with a focus on supporting biostatisticians to become research leaders; building a critical mass of biostatisticians, and networking institutions and biostatisticians across SSA. In 2015 only four institutions had established Masters programmes in biostatistics and SSACAB supported the remaining institutions to develop Masters programmes. In 2019 the University of the Witwatersrand became the first African institution to gain Royal Statistical Society accreditation for a Biostatistics MSc programme. A total of 150 fellows have been awarded scholarships to date of which 123 are Masters fellowships (41 female) of which with 58 have already graduated. Graduates have been employed in African academic (19) and research (15) institutions and 10 have enrolled for PhD studies. A total of 27 (10 female) PhD fellowships have been awarded; 4 of them are due to graduate by 2020. To date, SSACAB Masters and PhD students have published 17 and 31 peer-reviewed articles, respectively. SSACAB has also facilitated well-attended conferences, face-to-face and online short courses. Pooling the limited biostatistics resources in SSA, and combining with co-funding from external partners is an effective strategy for the development and teaching of advanced biostatistics methods, supervision and mentoring of PhD candidates.
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Williams, Matthew A. "Not Secular: Interrogating the Sacred-Secular Binary through Gospel-Pop Performance". Religions 14, nr 9 (15.09.2023): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14091178.
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Secularisation theory proposed that the modernisation of society would bring about a decline in religiosity across the West, leading to ‘entzauberung’ (disenchantment). Eventually, society would be devoid of belief in the transcendent. Some theorists have challenged this by suggesting (with some qualifying factors) that enchantment better describes the secular age we occupy. Charles Taylor suggests that we can perceive the enchantment of a secular age through the human relationship with art. In this article, I suggest that, when present in popular music, black gospel music (in particular) complicates notions of the sacred-secular binary. The sacred-secular distinction was not familiar to West Africans arriving in the New World during the transatlantic slave trade. Music had played a central role in the lives of pre-diaspora Africans, with no differentiation between sacred and secular musicking. Despite some of the historical opposition to secular music in many black-majority churches, gospel music owes its heritage to this West African worldview. In this article, I propose a four-quadrant model that troubles the accepted binaries of sacred and secular. I use the Kingdom Choir’s 2018 performance of ‘Stand by Me’ at the Royal Wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex as a basis for discussing alternative ways of viewing holy-profane, sacred-secular dichotomies.
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Chirwa, Tobias F., Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni, Pascalia Munyewende, Samuel O. Manda, Henry Mwambi, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, Samson Kinyanjui i in. "Developing excellence in biostatistics leadership, training and science in Africa: How the Sub-Saharan Africa Consortium for Advanced Biostatistics (SSACAB) training unites expertise to deliver excellence". AAS Open Research 3 (22.12.2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13144.2.
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The increase in health research in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has led to a high demand for biostatisticians to develop study designs, contribute and apply statistical methods in data analyses. Initiatives exist to address the dearth in statistical capacity and lack of local biostatisticians in SSA health projects. The Sub-Saharan African Consortium for Advanced Biostatistics (SSACAB) led by African institutions was initiated to improve biostatistical capacity according to the needs identified by African institutions, through collaborative masters and doctoral training in biostatistics. SACCAB has created a critical mass of biostatisticians and a network of institutions over the last five years and has strengthened biostatistics resources and capacity for health research studies in SSA. SSACAB comprises 11 universities and four research institutions which are supported by four European universities. In 2015, only four universities had established Masters programmes in biostatistics and SSACAB supported the remaining seven to develop Masters programmes. In 2019 the University of the Witwatersrand became the first African institution to gain Royal Statistical Society accreditation for a Biostatistics Masters programme. A total of 150 fellows have been awarded scholarships to date of which 123 are Masters fellowships (41 female) of whom 58 have already graduated. Graduates have been employed in African academic (19) and research (15) institutions and 10 have enrolled for PhD studies. A total of 27 (10 female) PhD fellowships have been awarded; 4 of them are due to graduate by 2020. To date, SSACAB Masters and PhD students have published 17 and 31 peer-reviewed articles, respectively. SSACAB has also facilitated well-attended conferences, face-to-face and online short courses. Pooling of limited biostatistics resources in SSA combined with co-funding from external partners has shown to be an effective strategy for the development and teaching of advanced biostatistics methods, supervision and mentoring of PhD candidates.
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Janse van Rensburg, Albert B. R. "South African Society of Psychiatrists guidelines for the integration of spirituality in the approach to psychiatric practice". South African Journal of Psychiatry 20, nr 4 (30.11.2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v20i4.593.
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<p><strong>Background. </strong>It was important to develop South African guidelines in view of the extent of local and worldwide religious affiliation, rapid growth of academic investigation, guidelines provided by other associations (e.g. Royal College of Psychiatrists), the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP)’s own position statements on culture, mental health and psychiatry, the appropriate definition of spirituality, the need for an evolutionary and anthropological approach, the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em>, 5th edition (DSM-V)’s cultural formulation, local legislation, ongoing research, and teaching requirements. </p><p><span><strong>Objective.</strong> To report on the outcome of the peer-reviewed process that was followed to draft local guidelines for psychiatric training and practice. </span></p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> During 2013, comments by members of the SASOP on a framework for guidelines on the role of spirituality in psychiatry practice and training were collated and subsequently submitted to the SASOP board for approval. </p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Guidelines were compiled in terms of: (<em>i</em>) integrating spirituality in clinical care and service provision; (<em>ii</em>) integrating spirituality in psychiatric training; (<em>iii</em>) ethically integrating spirituality within the professional scope of practice; and (<em>iv</em>) appropriate referral between psychiatrists and spiritual advisors. </p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Integrating spirituality in the approach to practice and training cannot be ignored by local psychiatrists in the multicultural, multireligious and spiritually diverse South African context.</p>
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Wisnicki, Adrian S. "INTERSTITIAL CARTOGRAPHER: DAVID LIVINGSTONE AND THE INVENTION OF SOUTH CENTRAL AFRICA". Victorian Literature and Culture 37, nr 1 (marzec 2009): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090159.
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Upon returning to England in December 1856 after sixteen years in the interior of southern Africa, David Livingstone, the celebrated missionary and explorer, received an enthusiastic welcome. Already a household name because of his well-publicized discoveries and travels, Livingstone now found himself a hero of national stature. The Royal Geographical Society and the London Missionary Society organized large receptions in his honor; he received the freedoms of several cities, including London, Edinburgh, and Glasgow; Oxford University awarded him an honorary D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Law); and Queen Victoria invited him to a private audience (Schapera ix-x). Likewise, the encyclopedic narrative of his adventures, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (1857), garnered numerous favorable reviews, sold some 70,000 copies, and ultimately made the explorer a rich man. Livingstone's narrative, wrote one early reviewer, opened up “a mystic and inscrutable continent,” while the story of Livingstone's famous four-year transcontinental journey – the first such documented journey in history – inspired admiration for being “performed without the help of civilized associate, trusting only to the resources of his own gallant heart and to the protection of the missionary's God” (“Dr. Livingstone's African Researches” 107). In promoting the Zambesi River as a natural highway into the interior of Africa and in advocating for the three C's – Christianity, commerce, and civilization – as a means to ending the slave-trade and opening the continent's natural riches to the outside world, Missionary Travels also struck a resounding chord with the public. Reviewers welcomed Livingstone's pronouncements, while describing the missionary as “an instrument, divinely appointed by Providence for the amelioration of the human race and the furtherance of God's glory” (“Livingstone's Missionary Travels” 74).
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Woodson, Dorothy C. "Albert Luthuli and the African National Congress: A Bio-Bibliography". History in Africa 13 (1986): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171551.
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Seek ye the political kingdom and all shall be yours.No minority tyranny in history ever survived the opposition of the majority. Nor will it survive in South Africa. The end of white tyranny is near.In their Portraits of Nobel Laureates in Peace, Wintterle and Cramer wrote that “the odds against the baby born at the Seventh-Day Adventist Mission near Bulawayo in Rhodesia in 1898 becoming a Nobel Prize winner were so astronomical as to defy calculation. He was the son of a proud people, the descendant of Zulu chieftains and warriors. But pride of birth is no substitute for status rendered inferior by force of circumstance, and in Luthuli's early years, the native African was definitely considered inferior by the white man. If his skin was black, that could be considered conclusive proof that he would never achieve anything; white men would see to that. However, in Luthuli's case they made a profound mistake--they allowed him to have an education.”If there is an extra-royal gentry in Zulu society, then it was into this class that Albert John Luthuli was born. Among the Zulus, chieftainship is hereditary only for the Paramount Chief; all regional chiefs are elected. The Luthuli family though, at least through the 1950s, monopolized the chieftainship of the Abasemakholweni (literally “converts”) tribe for nearly a century. Luthuli's grandfather Ntaba, was the first in the family to head the tribe and around 1900, his uncle Martin Luthuli took over.
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Adenaike, Carolyn Keyes. "Contextualizing and Decontextualizing African Historical Photographs". History in Africa 23 (styczeń 1996): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171953.
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In the summer of 1992 I was fortunate enough to visit two large collections of photographs for the purpose of African historical research.Muse and subject of this essay, these collections are housed in the library of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (hereafter FCO) and the library of the Royal Commonwealth Society (hereafter RCS), both in London. Although comparable in some respects, the two contrast sharply in styles of organization. It is this contrast which motivates the present writing, as it illustrates certain effects of the organization of collections on the usefulness of photographs as historical sources, and it leads as well to some reflections on the nature of historical evidence and visual images.Both the RCS and the FCO have substantial holdings of photographic materials which should be of interest to Africanist historians generally. The size of the RCS collection has been variously estimated at between 45,000 and 70,000 photographs, while that of the FCO is approximately as large. In both cases, the researcher must make an appointment to see the collections, and neither is open to the general public. At the time of this writing, the FCO, having moved to a new location, has closed its photo collection, with no plans to reopen in the near future.Specialists on Nigeria will find that the FCO and RCS each have over 30 albums relevant to this country's history. The FCO has somewhat larger Nigerian holdings, while the RCS collection will be of greater interest to historians of Sierra Leone and other West African countries. The Nigerian materials in the FCO are generally older, many falling roughly between ca. 1890 and ca. 1920, while the RCS holdings tend to concentrate on the mid-twentieth century. The FCO's Nigeria albums are approximately equally divided between the northern and southern portions of the country, while those of the RCS focus more heavily on northern Nigeria.
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Ngwa, Divine Fuhnwi. "Traditional Rule in the Face of Emerging Elitism in Bafut Noth West Cameroon, 1970-1982". World Journal of Social Science Research 10, nr 3 (28.08.2023): p61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v10n3p61.
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In Bafut, leadership, power and authority resided in the hands of traditional rulers who administered the people according to native law, custom and traditions. The leader was called mfor befeu (translated as fon by colonialist). The fon in his political setting was surrounded by a cream of traditional advisers and institutions such as kwifor and takumbeng, made up of noble men from commoners’ origin and royal family properly rooted in the traditions and customs and needed no other form of training to rule the people. Colonial rule introduced western education with the intention of training young Africans to assist them in administration and governance. Independent African governments inherited the system and spirit. The consequence was the mindset of the educated African tamed against his own customs and traditions. A dichotomy was created in society leading to social class discrimination and power usurpation in local political systems. The educated people hijacked the power machinery from the traditional leaders whom they tagged with stigmatizing words as “illiterate”. This syndrome created what was generally called an “elite class” which regulated power with no recourse to the position of the traditionalists. This paper examines the conflict that ensued in Bafut from 1970 as a result of handing over power to the indigenous westernised and educated elite and imposing them in local affairs and administration. We contend that the involvement of fabricated post-independent elite in leadership positions created conflict given that power tussles between them and the traditional rulers caused societal virtues (as peace) to be trampled upon. We adopted a chronological approach here and from our sources we concluded that elitism in the context of western education acquired is the root of conflict in local politics. Elitism as a concept needs to be carefully tailored to enhance sustainable development and lasting peace in our local communities.
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Metcalf, Alida C. "The Entradas of Bahia of the Sixteenth Century". Americas 61, nr 3 (styczeń 2005): 373–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2005.0036.
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When Pero Magalhães de Gândavo returned to Portugal from Brazil in the 1570s, he wrote two accounts about life in Brazil, both of which extol the possibilities for poor Portuguese colonists. In one treatise he proclaims that as soon as a colonist arrives, no matter how poor, if he obtains slaves “he then has the means for sustenance; because some fish and hunt, and the others produce for him maintenance and crops; and so little by little the men become rich and live honorably in the land with more ease than in the Kingdom.” In his history, published in 1576, Gândavo adds that many colonists in Brazil own 200, 300, or even more slaves. Although the Portuguese had pioneered the development of a slave trade from West Africa and despite the fact that the sugar plantations of Bahia and Pernambuco would become vast consumers of slaves from Africa, the vast majority of the slaves that Gândavo refers to were Indian, not African. But, in the 1570s, when Gândavo confidently predicted that even the poor could acquire slaves in Brazil, the reality was that the coastal regions around the Portuguese colonies, with the exception of a few friendly Indian villages, had been left “unpopulated by the natives.” Three powerful factors challenged the future of Indian slavery. One was epidemic disease, such as the smallpox epidemic of 1562 that was described as so terrible that in two or three months 30,000 died. The second was a Jesuit campaign against Indian slavery, which resulted in a new law signed by King Sebastião in 1570 that clearly stated that the Indians of Brazil were free. The third was a rapid increase in the number of slaves arriving in Bahia and Pernambuco from Africa. But while it might seem that high mortality, legal sanctions, and the increase of African slaves would limit the future of Indian slavery, it was not to be so. Instead, Indian slavery expanded dramatically after 1570, due to the emergence of a new, trans-continental, slave trade. Facilitated by mixed-race mamelucos, this trade brought Indians from the sertão (inland wilderness frontier) to the coastal plantations. This is the first manifestation of a phenomenon that would repeat itself in later centuries in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, and Amazonia. Known as bandeirismo, it would make Indian slavery an integral part of the colonial Brazilian economy and society. The expeditions from Bahia and Pernambuco from 1570 to 1600 descended thousands of Indians for the sugar plantations of the Bahian Recôncavo, reinforcing Indian slavery in spite of high mortality, royal laws to the contrary, and the increase of African slavery.
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Peskin, Victor. "Nicholas Waddell and Phil Clark, eds. Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa. London: Royal African Society, 2008. ii + 80 pp. List of Abbreviations. Notes. No price reported." African Studies Review 52, nr 3 (grudzień 2009): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0286.
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HAMMARTON, TANSY C. "The remarkable Dr Robertson". Parasitology 144, nr 12 (23.11.2016): 1590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002080.
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SUMMARYMuriel Robertson (1883–1973) was a pioneering protozoologist who made a staggering number of important contributions to the fields of parasitology, bacteriology and immunology during her career, which spanned nearly 60 years. These contributions were all the more remarkable given the scientific and social times in which she worked. While Muriel is perhaps best known for her work on the life cycle and transmission of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, which she carried out in Uganda at the height of a major Sleeping Sickness epidemic, her work on the Clostridia during the First and Second World Wars made significant contributions to the understanding of anaerobes and to the development of anti-toxoid vaccines, and her work on the immunology of Trichomonas foetus infections in cattle, carried out in collaboration with the veterinarian W. R. Kerr, resulted in changes in farming practices that very quickly eradicated trichomoniasis from cattle herds in Northern Ireland. The significance of her work was recognized with the award of Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 and an Honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Glasgow, where she had earlier studied, in 1948.
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Kuper, Adam. "The ‘House’ and Zulu Political Structure in the Nineteenth Century". Journal of African History 34, nr 3 (listopad 1993): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033764.
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The rise of the Zulu power in the early nineteenth century has conventionally been treated as the outstanding example of a contemporary southern African process of ‘state-formation’, which was associated with revolutionary social changes. This paper advances an alternative view, that there were strong continuities with established forms of chieftaincy in the region, and in particular that the Zulu political system was based on a traditional, pan-Nguni homestead form of organization.The Zulu homestead was divided into right and left sections, each with its own identity and destiny. This opposition was mapped into the layout of ordinary homesteads and royal settlements. It was carried through into the organization of regiments. The homestead and its segments provided both the geographical and the structural nodes of the society. The developmental cycle of the homestead ideally followed a set pattern, creating a fresh alignment of units in each generation. The points of segmentation were provided by the ‘houses’, constituted for each major wife and her designated heir. Each of these houses represented the impact, within the homestead, of relationships sealed by marriage with outside groups, whose leaders threw their weight behind particular factions in the political processes within the family.
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Bağırlar, Belgin. "Racism in the 21st Century: Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear". European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3, nr 3 (30.12.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v3i3.483.
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Does equality exist in the 21st century, or, are minorities still forced to fight for equality? In nineteenth century, Britain, racism was blatant in all spheres of cultural, social, and economic life to the point that it crossed over into literature and theatre. In 1978, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Forty years have since passed, but has it made any difference? Contemporary British playwright Debbie Tucker Green’s Eye for Ear (2018), staged at the Royal Court Theatre, reminds us that racism and inequality is still a key social-political issue. This three-act, avant-garde, colloquial play depicts how both African-Americans as well as Black British people still live with racism today. It also highlights racism’s linguistic and legal past. Tucker Green particularly focuses on the violent aspect of that racism through the lens of different characters: an academic, a black student, a black boy, and black parents. The play concludes with crushed hope, for it deduces that Caucasians both in the United States and in Great Britain still dominate practically every facet of society. This study will examine Green’s Ear for Eye, racial discrimination in the 21st century, and how Tucker Green projects her views upon her work through the theory of race and racism.
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Mosha, Donnati M. S. "Preface". Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, nr 11 (1.01.2005): vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20057711vi.
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The 9th International Chemistry Conference in Africa (ICCA-9), Africa's continent-wide premier conferencing event in the chemical sciences, was this year hosted in Tanzania. Organized under the umbrella of the continent's African Association of Pure and Applied Chemistry (AAPAC), the event takes place every third year on a rotating basis, in a country so designated at the preceding meeting, with the national affiliate as hosts. This year's event was held for the first time since AAPAC instituted the series in 1990, in the scenic tourist setting of Arusha in northern Tanzania from 2-7 August 2004. That event, hailed as among the continent's most successful, was by coincidence, befittingly held at this panoramic location which has been designated as the exact Cape-to-Cairo midpoint and has as its backdrop, Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest point on the continent. The event brought together participants from over 60 countries from the five continents, and the scientific sessions included a total of over 100 lectures, presentations, and posters. The social program was structured to afford participants the opportunity to sample nature's unique and spectacular wildlife heritage in the proximity, including the world famous game parks of the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro Crater, which have no parallel elsewhere.The scientific coverage included topics in analytical, physical, organic, environmental, industrial, and natural products chemistry. Delegates heard from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), who sponsored the event; the Royal Society of Chemistry, from whom generous conferencing input was sourced; and the American Chemical Society, who sent representatives to grace the event; plus the local partners of the Tanzania Chemical Society (TCS), the national affiliate to IUPAC and AAPAC. The official theme of the conference, "Chemistry towards disease and poverty eradication", was more than adequately targeted by the scientific conference content, which did it justice by exploring, evaluating, and demonstrating how advances in the chemical sciences and technology form vital partnerships toward those goals across the continent. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry features a small selection of papers arising from the main lecture program, and serves to exemplify important features of the conference theme.After a general assembly to elect new AAPAC office bearers for the coming triennium, the conference wound up business amidst unprecedented optimism that the road to success is always under construction, and that through this gathering we had cast off doubt, demonstrating and providing solid evidence that this activity is alive and well in all corners of the continent. With that upbeat note, delegates bade farewell to each other and to Arusha 2004, promising to gather again in three years time in Botswana for the 10th International Chemistry Conference in Africa.Donnati M. S. MoshaConference Editor
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Lugosi, Zsuzsa, i Phyllis C. Lee. "A Case Study Exploring the Use of Virtual Reality in the Zoo Context". Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, nr 4 (1.11.2021): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.04.09.2021.
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Virtual Reality (VR) is now a popular tool in education and for engagement with the natural world, but to date little research has investigated its potential in a zoo setting. We aimed to gauge the interest of the visiting public in using VR technology at Royal Zoological Society of Scotland’s (RZSS) Edinburgh Zoo. A VR (n = 12) and a video condition (n = 12), both introducing the lives and conservation concerns of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), were used to gain greater insight of the thoughts and perceptions of how individuals evaluated a purpose-built VR experience and to enable comparisons of learning outcomes for both technologies. We used semi-structured interviews; responses were evaluated through thematic analysis and descriptive analysis. Younger participants (aged 13-18 years) emphasized that VR allowed them close and personal access to the animals. Adult participants (aged 19 and above) pointed out the entertainment value of the VR experience while highlighting the potential of its educational aspect; that of enabling visitors to see animals in their natural habitat. While our results require further confirmation due to the limited sample size and restricted circumstances of data collection, we suggest that VR could be usefully introduced as a public education and visitor engagement tool that would benefit the visitors’ learning and overall experience at the zoo.
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Childs, Matt D. "“Sewing” Civilization: Cuban Female Education in the Context of Africanization, 1800-1860". Americas 54, nr 1 (lipiec 1997): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007503.
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At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Spanish Crown issued a Real Cédula (Royal Decree) authorizing the administration of public education in Cuba to an elite Creole group of twenty-seven large landholders known as the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. The Real Cédula provided for the expansion and secularization of primary education in Cuba. The Sociedad embodied the elite planter Creole class whose influence had increased in Cuba steadily during the second half of the eighteenth century with the initial development of a slave-labor plantation economy. During the nineteenth century, their power and strength grew rapidly with the proliferation of sugar cultivation, culminating in the 1840s when Cuba became the world's primary producer. The Real Cédula entrusting the Sociedad with education recognized the emergence of the Creole planter class as a major influence in Cuban society. Just as the Creoles increasingly wielded more influence economically and politically in determining the future of the island, their control over the administration of public education allowed them to articulate their vision for the cultural and intellectual development of Cuba. The promotion of public education provided an essential medium to express the Sociedad's vision of Cubanidad (Cubanness), precisely at the time when the racial composition of the population was changing dramatically through the massive importation of African slave labor.
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Spillman, Deborah Shapple. "AFRICAN SKIN, VICTORIAN MASKS: THE OBJECT LESSONS OF MARY KINGSLEY AND EDWARD BLYDEN". Victorian Literature and Culture 39, nr 2 (18.05.2011): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000015.
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While addressing the Royal African Society, founded in honor of Mary Henrietta Kingsley, Edward Wilmot Blyden reflected on one of his more memorable experiences in Victorian England: During a visit to Blackpool many years ago, I went with some hospitable friends to the Winter Garden where there were several wild animals on exhibition. I noticed that a nurse having two children with her, could not keep her eyes from the spot where I stood, looking at first with a sort of suspicious, if not terrified curiosity. After a while she heard me speak to one of the gentlemen who were with me. Apparently surprised and reassured by this evidence of a genuine humanity, she called to the children who were interested in examining a leopard, “Look, look, there is a black man and he speaks English.” (Blyden, “West” 363) Blyden, a West Indian-born citizen of Liberia and resident of Sierra Leone, assures his audience that such scenes were not unique for the African abroad, even at the turn of the twentieth century; seen as “an unapproachable mystery,” an African traveler like himself was “at once ‘spotted’ as a peculiar being – sui generis” who, as if by nature, “produce[d] the peculiar feelings of the foreigner at the first sight of him” (Blyden, “West” 362, 363). Keenly aware of how non-Europeans were displayed at metropolitan zoos, fairs, and exhibitions throughout the nineteenth century, Blyden puns on the leopard's spots in order to highlight his experience of being marked as an object of curiosity. Indeed, the nurse's anxious wavering between curiosity and terror dissipates not because Blyden ceases to appear marked, or “spotted,” but because the taxonomic crisis he arouses by not standing on the other side of the fence has been temporarily contained: she distances the threat of Blyden's difference as “a black man” while evading the equally threatening possibility of recognizing his sameness as one who “speaks English.” The nurse, to borrow the words of Homi Bhabha in describing the fetishism of such colonial “scenes of subjectification” (Bhabha 81), constructs the man before her as “at once an ‘other’ and yet entirely knowable and visible” in a way that attempts to “fix” Blyden's identity and the Victorian categories his appearance unsettles (Bhabha 70–71), while making the relation between differences and their appended significance appear natural (Bhabha 67). If, by expressing himself in his characteristically impeccable English in order to vindicate his “genuine humanity” (Blyden, “West” 363), Blyden appears to be “putting on the white world” at the expense of his autonomy (Fanon 36), he simultaneously wages battle in this world at the level of signification in ways that anticipate the work of the later African nationalist and West Indian emigrant, Frantz Fanon. An extensive reader and ordained minister who recognized the politics of exegesis as well as semiosis, Blyden implicitly asks his audience, “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?” (Jeremiah 13, 23). Posing a rhetorical question that argues rather than asks, that brandishes the very texts often used against him, Blyden subtly deploys this passage typically associated with the intransience of human character in order to defy attempts at determining him entirely from without. Serving as a kind of object lesson demonstrating the need for less objectifying knowledge about Africans and their cultures, Blyden's anecdote challenged his contemporaries to further the lessons he and Mary Kingsley offered through their writing.
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LITTLE, PETER D. "Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War, and Hope in a Shattered State by Mary Harper London: Zed Books, in association with International African Institute, Royal African Society, and Social Science Research Council, 2012. Pp. 224. £65 (hbk), £19.99 (pbk)." Journal of Modern African Studies 51, nr 1 (25.02.2013): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x13000098.
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Skinner, J. D. "Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60, nr 1 (kwiecień 2005): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190509519185.
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Skinner, J. D. "Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 62, nr 2 (maj 2007): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190709519204.
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Skinner, J. D. "Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 63, nr 2 (październik 2008): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190809519232.
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CATCHWLE, R. M. "ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, nr 2 (styczeń 1986): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359198609520110.
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Spargo, P. E. "ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, nr 3 (styczeń 1987): i—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359198709520119.
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SPARGO, P. E. "ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, nr 4 (styczeń 1988): i—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359198809520138.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, nr 3-4 (1.01.1990): 149–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002021.
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-Mohammed F. Khayum, Michael B. Connolly ,The economics of the Caribbean Basin. New York: Praeger, 1985. xxiii + 355 pp., John McDermott (eds)-Susan F. Hirsch, Herome Wendell Lurry-Wright, Custom and conflict on a Bahamian out-island. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987. xxii + 188 pp.-Evelyne Trouillot-Ménard, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, 1,000 proverbes créoles de la Caraïbe francophone. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1987. 114 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Amon Saba Saakana, The colonial legacy in Caribbean literature. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. 1987. 128 pp.-Andrew Sanders, Cees Koelewijn, Oral literature of the Trio Indians of Surinam. In collaboration with Peter Riviére. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1987. (Caribbean Series 6, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics anbd Anthropology). xiv + 312 pp.-Janette Forte, Nancie L. Gonzalez, Sojouners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xi + 253 pp.-Nancie L. Gonzalez, Neil L. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: a history of the Caribs in colonial Venezuela and Guyana 1498-1820. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988. (Caribbean Series 10, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology.) x + 250 pp.-N.L. Whitehead, Andrew Sanders, The powerless people. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1987. iv + 220 pp.-Russell Parry Scott, Kenneth F. Kiple, The African exchange: toward a biological history of black people. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. vi + 280 pp.-Colin Clarke, David Dabydeen ,India in the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing Ltd., 1987. 326 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Juris Silenieks, Edouard Glissant, Caribbean discourse: selected essays. Translated and with an introduction by J. Michael Dash. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1989. xlvii + 272 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, J. Michael Dash, Haiti and the United States: national stereotypes and the literary imagination. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. xv + 152 pp.-Evelyne Huber, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: state against nation: the origins and legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. 282 pp.-Leon-Francois Hoffman, Alfred N. Hunt, Hiati's influence on Antebellum America: slumbering volcano of the Caribbean. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. xvi + 196 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, David Healy, Drive to hegemony: the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xi + 370 pp.-Anthony J. Payne, Jorge Heine ,The Caribbean and world politics: cross currents and cleavages. New York and London: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1988. ix + 385 pp., Leslie Manigat (eds)-Anthony P. Maingot, Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, The Caribbean in world affairs: the foreign policies of the English-speaking states. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. vii + 244 pp.-Edward M. Dew, H.F. Munneke, De Surinaamse constitutionele orde. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Ars Aequi Libri, 1990. v + 120 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, O. Nigel Bolland, Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in historical sociology. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions / Institute of Social and Economic Research / Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1989. ix + 218 pp.-Ken I. Boodhoo, Selwyn Ryan, Trinidad and Tobago: the independence experience, 1962-1987. St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, 1988. xxiii + 599 pp.-Alan M. Klein, Jay Mandle ,Grass roots commitment: basketball and society in Trinidad and Tobago. Parkersburg, Iowa: Caribbean Books, 1988. ix + 75 pp., Joan Mandle (eds)-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Reinhard Sander, The Trinidad Awakening: West Indian literature of the nineteen-thirties. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988. 168 pp.
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Yakubu, Alhaji M. "Africa 30 Years On: the record and the outlook after thirty years of independence edited by Douglas Rimmer London, James Currey; Portsmouth, NH, Heinemann; in association with The Royal African Society, 1991. Pp. xiv+ 168. £30.00. £9.95 paperback." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1992): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010867.
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Lutjeharms, J. R. E. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190009520434.
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Lutjeharms, J. R. E. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55, nr 2 (styczeń 2000): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190009520449.
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Skinner, J. D. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190109520460.
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Skinner, J. D. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 56, nr 2 (styczeń 2001): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190109520521.
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Skinner, J. D. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 57, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2002): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190209520534.
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Skinner, J. D. "THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 58, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190309519945.
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Skinner, J. D. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190409519157.
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Skinner, J. D. "The Royal Society of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59, nr 2 (styczeń 2004): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190409519177.
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Sloan, A. W. "THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, nr 1 (styczeń 1986): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359198609520109.
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Sloan, A. W. "THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, nr 2 (styczeń 1986): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359198609520118.
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