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Guillermin-Bellat, Martine. "La voie antique Avranches-Rennes et son environnement archéologique". Paris 13, 2009. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2009_guillermin-bellat.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Pennec Stéphane. "Le réseau routier antique du Nord-Ouest du territoire osisme : les tracés et leur environnement humain". Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20065.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe identification of ancient highways, usually wrongly as " Roman roads ", is based on successive enquiries aiming at assessing their routes as well as their sheer existence. These investigations have given clues that inform about the antiquity of the roads but are no proof of their absolute ancient origin. The study of the road network of the north-west of the Osism civitas shows how difficult it is for the viographs to interpret and date back the routes they find themselves confronted with their research. In this area where inscriptions on milliary columns as well as archeological testimonies of road building are scarce, other elements have to be looked for in order to address the issue. A close examination of the general organization of the network and the routes, either by comparing them all together or by picking out each one of them, gives hints as to how to bring forth a relative chronology of the way the threads were arranged on the web. The study of the links between settlements and of the human environment of the routes can give indirect evidence on how busy they were at such and such period. All the collected data have pointed out that quite a number of the tracks used at the gallo-roman time in this part of the Osism land were prior to the Conquest. In the roman times, they were re-used and integrated into links between the capital Vorgium-Carhaix and villages of the nort-west of the city or into roads between these villages. This new pattern of the existing web ended into the development of a coherent network centred on three crossroads-like places. During the essential part of the roman period, these highways made exchanges easier between these villages and the neighbouring countryside and they played a fundamental part in the spread of some techniques and new fashions
Mayrand, Flavie. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique du sol et de la biodiversité des communautés végétales. Application à l'analyse de la performance écologique d'un aménagement paysager autoroutier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0086.
Pełny tekst źródłaHuman activities are responsible for high modifications in ecosystems functioning. It is recognized that these impacts cause definitive and high losses rate of biodiversity in every components of wildlife. Due to regulation, construction companies are bound to evaluate environmental impacts of the infrastructure construction projects (eg: roads), and more particularly, impacts on biodiversity. Companies are also bound to propose measures to avoid, reduce or mitigate residuals impacts by the creation or restoration planning of biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are not existing tools and methods clearly defined by regulation for such plans. Most of the time, predictions and environmental evaluations fail in measuring the impacts on biodiversity and efficiency of conservation planning. The research program that we conducted aimed at (i) proposing a new methodological approach in order to characterise processes and abiotic parameters which impact biodiversity of plant communities, (ii) analysing conservatory plans efficiency and (iii) proposing measures for biodiversity valuation in our study case. Our study was realised in a landscaping project zone along the A19 highway, Loiret, France. Seedling and planting were done two years before our study began. Only hydrological processes were studied based on mechanistic modelling using Hydrus-1D software. Last and final summary in the thesis
Vinot-Battistoni, Benoît. "La voie romaine de Lyon à Trèves : étude archéologique d'un axe routier majeur et de l'évolution de son environnement". Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Lyon-Trier roman road is a major axis of communication, which organises an important part of the road traffic in the Eastern Gaul. It has been the subject, since the 18th century, of many researches, but few studies focused directly in its architecture and its characteristics, and many shares of shade remain. This thesis offers therefore an archaeological examination of this one and of its close environment between Lyon (69) and Metz (57), in order to specify their knowledge. A first part concentrates on the study of the methods of building, the structural features and the course of the road. It reveals the diversity of used technical solutions, as well as a strong adaptability with the various contexts met. Moreover, the use of GIS softwares allowed the realization of an important analysis on travel times along the road. It was also the occasion to carry out spatial modelling operations to find the course of the road in sectors where it remained uncertain. In a second part, the environment of the road is examined to specify our knowledge of the organisation and the evolution of the latter. A particular attention is carried to the funeral area and to military and defensive structures bordering the route, in order to understand their relation with the roman road. The rural occupations are the object of a specific study, which highlights their complexity and their multifunctional aspect. Finally, all these studies are put in perspective to specify the chronology of the Lyon-Trier roman road, both for his date of building and for its posterior evolutions
Seneh, Khadijetou. "Système territorial et développement : impact de la route Nouakchott-Nouadhibou sur le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin". Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0002.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe question of transport infrastructures construction is often associated to the issue of territory development policies, especially in developing countries. In a country as Mauritania, immense, arid and mainly inhabited by nomads, transport and mobility constitute a major issue for everyday life. The opening in 2004 of the Nouakchott-Nouadhibou road not only takes on geostrategic, political and socioeconomic dimensions, but also has impacts at three levels: international, national and local. Furthermore, the road gives structure to the Mauritanian space, linking up the two national economic and political capitals. The road lies within the framework of great trans-African road projects, reason of its importance in terms of regional integration. At the local scale, the road runs along the eastern border of the Banc d’Arguin National Park (PNBA). Our surveys’ findings show that this road has brought about organizational changes structured around the question of accessibility. On the one hand, the road has increased the movements of persons inside the protected area (fishermen, herders, sub-Saharan migrants, tourists, etc. ) and at the same time it has accentuated the sedentarization process at the PNBA peripheries, which remains difficult to manage. On the other hand, it has made easier for the local population the access to social services (health, water and education) and to markets. This new spatial dynamic, inside a territory normally dedicated to Nature conservation, is both considered as a source of environment damaging and as a way of socioeconomic development. This contradiction reveals the difficulty to dissociate the “negative” impact of transport on environment from the “positive” one on human living conditions. It also sheds new light on the difficulty to manage the degree of opening and closing of a protected area. In this research, space is apprehended in its social, mental and natural dimensions. In other words, the thesis explores the different fields of public policies, actors’ representations and practices, without forgetting the physical field which constitutes the support of actions
Desmarais, Miriam. "Le droit applicable aux chemins forestiers du Québec dans une perspective de protection de la biodiversité". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29393/29393.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTabach, Eddy El Shahrour Isam Lancelot Laurent. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine". Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/222.
Pełny tekst źródłaN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3632. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 160-175.
Mayrand, Flavie. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique du sol et de la biodiversité des communautés végétales. Application à l'analyse de la performance écologique d'un aménagement paysager autoroutier". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00948342.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoang, Tung. "Tronçons autoroutiers : une méthodologie de modélisation environnementale et économique pour différents scénarios". Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2115.
Pełny tekst źródłaKhezami, Issameddine. "Approche expérimentale de valorisation des sédiments de dragage dans des applications de Génie Civil". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10179/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe topic on the use of sediments is booming for several years. It mainly concerns marine and river sediments. As for the latter, they have a particular physico-chemical composition with higher amounts of minerals and organic matter compared to marine sediments. Moreover, compared with other parts of French territory, the sediments of the region of Nord –Pas-de-Calais are characterized as "contaminated". That's why many researchs were initiated to find new avenues for development of dredged sediments in civil engineering. The main purpose of this research aims to propose a solution for the use of dredged sediment mainly three river sediments from the Nord-Pas-de Calais region for a valuation on road under layers , eco modeled landscape and the development of cementitious materials. In experimental management point of view, the choice of sediment mixtures was determined by the requirements of each reclamation operation. For this, a mixture of sediment of Deule and Croix was chosen for the valuation landscaped mound, a formulation containing sediments of Deûle and Hem has been studied for a valuation road construction. As for the valuation cementitious materials, we used the sediment of the Deule. A mathematical model of decision support validated the choice of different formulations. This work was done in collaboration with the GPMD and LMCU. The validation of the scientific method has been tested on a semi-industrial scale, through the construction of two experimental boards, which helped, initially, to assess the impact of sediments on valuation and the industrial feasibility on site
Bonnaffoux, Eric. "Route et paysage : méthode de mise en valeur et de simulation des espaces". Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10051.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoad is one the landscape components; it is also a privileged vector to discover and to read it. Technical realisation of a road infrastructure is not a problem anymore, as opposed to the environmental issues generated and to the developpement inclination it can arouse. So it is necessary, all along stages of the road elaboration, to suggest and set up methodological elements answering to the valorisation and the economic developpement of the crossed spaces, in addition of the actual procedures. These methodological elements go with three-dimensional simulation of engineering work in space, wich main objectives are the coneptual issues, the decision process and the project presentation. Then, respect and control of landscape and spatial globality can appear
Azrar, Hassane. "Contribution à la valorisation des sédiments de dragage portuaire : technique routière, béton et granulats artificiels". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10171/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn front of problems of management of harbour dredging sediment, today, it appears necessary to find potential solutions of valosisation allowing to answer effectively these problems. the valorisation in civil engineering, of not immergeables sediments of ports of Dunkirk and Saint Louis, presents an alternative solution to the management of these materials. the works undertaken within the framework of this thesis are focused on the one hand, on the valorisation of Saint Louis sediment in road construction, and the other hand on the valorisation of Dunkirk sediment in concrete as well as artificials agregates. After physicochimical characterisation, mineralogical and mechanical, environmental impact of raw sediment of Saint Louis harbour and the potential use of these materials in road constuction are evaluated. the study of formulation of materials, for use in layer fondation, was based on an experimental method of determination of maximum compactness. The optimal granular mixtures fulfilling the terms of a use in a layer fondation are the evaluated through leaching tests. The concrete party concerns the formulation of the concretes containing Dunkerk sediment. After the characterisation of these materials, three concretes were the object of a durability study vis-a-vis the external sulphate attack associated with a not destructive characterisation in order to study the influence of incorporation of sediment on properties of concretes. The artificial aggregates party presents the feasibility study of aggregates with sediment, the granular plate and the big-bag technique are two making method used
Briant, Régis. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Kasmi, Abdelhafid. "Prétraitement et traitement des sédiments fluviaux en vue d’une valorisation en technique routière". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10173/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work in this thesis focuses on the valorization of river sediments in sub-base. The characterization of these sediments allowed us to draw up their detailed identity card including physico-chemical geotechnical and environmental properties. This characterization is essential before any approach aiming to evaluate the potential use of the sediments in road engineering. The dehydration of the sediments is an essential pretreatment. Their dehydration has been optimized by using a method known as “bed of drying”. The influence of dehydration on the sediments characteristics by adding polymers (auxiliary of flocculation) was explored. In order to improve the mechanical performances of sediments, several treatments were developed and tested such as hydraulic binders or addition of granular reinforcements. These various treatments were tested on flocculated and non-flocculated sediments. To optimize the compacity of river sediments-additions (Bolonnais Sand) mixtures, we used the Compressible Packing Model. These results lead us to build an experimental board to validate our approach of valorization. A mechanical and environmental follow-up and analysis of percolation and runoff waters were carried out. The results achieved in laboratory and in-situ consolidate us to use rivers sediments in sub-base
Rabhi, Abdelhamid. "Estimation de la dynamique du véhicule en interaction avec son environnement". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0033.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe general framework of the research is the application of the nonlinear control tools (sliding mode observers, robust control. . . ) and methods for diagnostics in order to improve the security of the vehicle. Motivation of our work is due to the fact that the infrastructure is involved the majority of accidents. The was born, which uses as more as possible the environmental information's in order to study the comportment of the vehicle in its trajectory. The difficulties and the high costs of the sensors, to measure contact forces belween wheel and the ground were an important motivation for design of non linear and robust observers. Then, a new technique for the estimation with cascaded observers was developed to dedu the angular velocities and accelerations of wheels by use of the ABS encoders. This method al/ows us to estimate the longitudinal stiffness of each tire and its effective radius. The adherence also can be reconstructed. Robust observers with unknown inputs are proposed to estimate the road features (profile, slope and inclination angle), which are used to assist the driving. Final/y, we present a method for detecting faults in the dynamics of the vehicle. We have considered only Iwo types of faults: Faults in the suspension system Variation of pressure in tire
Abdallah, Charbel. "Evaluation des émissions et de la modélisation de la qualité de l'air sur Beyrouth et le Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1080.
Pełny tekst źródłaBecause of health and environmental problems related to air pollution in Lebanon, the number of studies investigating this matter has increased over the years to ensure a proper understanding of the situation, including measurements of air quality, studies on pollutant emissions and modeling of atmospheric concentrations using the chemistry transport model (CTM) WRF/Polyphemus. To model air quality in Lebanon, previous studies have identified several difficulties including: an overestimation of ozone concentrations by a factor of 2 in the modeling results of WRF/Polyphemus during summer 2012, a local VOC emission profile from road transport that is different from those found in developed countries. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis are: to improve the performance of Polyphemus over Lebanon by improving the boundary conditions of the simulation of, to evaluate the model for the year 2014 using new observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network, to measure emission factors from road transport in a tunnel in Beirut and compare those data to those observed in developed countries. To improve the performance of the CTM over Lebanon, this thesis compares the concentrations simulated with two different emission inventories and with different methods of estimating boundary conditions. For emissions, two inventories are compared: one that was recently set up specifically for Lebanon, and a global inventory, called EDGAR-HTAP, which combines measured emissions for developed countries and modelled emissions for the remaining countries Even though EDGAR-HTAP is commonly used in global air-quality models, significant differences in the estimation and the spatial distribution of the emissions are identified compared to the inventory specifically developed for Lebanon. In the simulations of the previous studies over Lebanon, boundary conditions were estimated using global simulations from the model MOZART-4. A regional domain over Middle East is introduced into the modeling chain to cushion the change in the horizontal resolution between the global model (≥ 1°) and the Lebanon domain (0.055°). The results from this change showed a significant improvement in the model performance over Lebanon, especially for ozone. This new modeling configuration (nested domains, Middle East and Lebanon is then used to model the year 2014 and it is evaluated using the observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network. For air-quality pollutants, the model performance is satisfactory, as using published criteria. However, weather modeling (Wind speed and Direction) should be improved, and we should take into account the impact on emissions of the demographic changes between the year for which inventory was designed (2011) and the modeled year (2014) due to the population displacement induced by the Syrian war.Concerning emission factors (EF) of road transport, we performed a measurement campaign at the Salim Slam tunnel in Beirut in 2014. The emission factors for the different pollutants (CO, NOx, PM2.5, VOC) were measured for the average traffic. Compared to other studies, the local EF are higher than those measured in developed countries even though they tend to be reduced, as a result of the changes in the fleet characteristics, compared to the values measured back in 2000
Achour, Raouf. "Valorisation et caractérisation de la durabilité d’un matériau routier et d’un béton à base de sédiments de dragage". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10115/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe valorization of non-submersible marine sediments of the GPMD as a new aggregate presents alternative solutions in the field of civil engineering for a better management. The work of this thesis focus on the valorization study of marine sediment in road engineering and the study of the durability of concrete blocks made with sediment. The first part of valorization non-submeresible sediments in road engineering is divided into three steps :The first step was devoted to the physical, mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of these materials, as well as their chemical composition and environmental effects. The second step presents an experimental methodology for the development of a road foundation. The last step describes the construction of an experimental road and analyses the mechanical properties of cores drilled from the road and the results of deflection tests. An environmental assessment, based on leaching tests, was also performed.The second part of the thesis focuses on a durability study of two concrete blocks with two different percentages of sediment. This part is divided into three steps:In the first step, mechanical, physical and chemical characteristics of two types of concrete containing12,5% and 20% of dredged marine sediments are presented and discussed. In the second step, we have examined the durability of these types of concrete with regards to alkali-aggregate reaction, sulphate attack and freezing and thawing cycles. The results of this study will serve in order to better understand the impact of the incorporation of sediments into the concrete and the effect on the mechanical resistance and the degradation mechanisms
Mineau, Hervé. "Démographie et dynamique de recolonisation de talus routiers nouvellement créés, chez quelques espèces herbacées hémicryptophytes de la région méditerranéenne". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20052.
Pełny tekst źródłaTabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Evain, Samuel. "μSpider Environnement de Conception de Réseau sur Puce". Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165436.
Pełny tekst źródłaNotre étude repose sur une solution émergente qui est celle des réseaux sur puce (NoC pour Network-on-chip), celle-ci est inspirée des réseaux de communication entre ordinateurs.
Un NoC offre de nombreuses possibilités et un large espace de conception. La maîtrise des choix des paramètres d'un NoC vis à vis des contraintes d'une application n'est pas triviale et nécessite de la méthode.
Cette thèse propose un flot de conception afin de déterminer ces paramètres automatiquement.
Le problème de l'horloge dans les circuits de grande taille, ainsi que l'aspect sécurité sont également traités.
Ce travail a conduit au développement de l'outil µSpider, qui est un environnement de conception composé d'outils de décisions et d'un générateur de code (VHDL synthétisable).
Ce travail a été validé avec des applications dans les domaines du traitement du signal, de l'image et des télécommunications.
Rambert, Frank. "Routes et jardins : les cimetières britanniques de la Grande Guerre sur le front ouest". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS001S.
Pełny tekst źródła1914-1918. During all the duration of the war, the British established along the frontline cemeteries which were maintained where they were implanted. There is 967 who still draw the frontline today disappeared. These cemeteries are all various by their drawing but all the same because constituted by the same elements. Closed by a rubber wall, there is a cross and if they are big enough, a Great Stone and a shelter for the visitors. There is a headstone for every soldiers, all the same wherever are the nationalities, the social classes, the religions, the ranks. A lawn, flowers, trees make of these cemeteries as closed gardens in the countryside. As gardens, they are just like England, they are as so many embassies which stand out and take up a territory which is not theirs. By this they mark the conquest of a territory. As burial places maintained and marked with so many headstones as there is of dead soldiers, by the preservation of bodies, they insure the preservation of a war territory which had disappeared without this gesture of appropriation. So these closed gardens appear as so many imprints on a foreign ground. Printed by their scattering, by their resemblances, because they arise from the same mould just like the ile mother. We evolve on an earth marked with imprints; of those buried, left by the war, to those revealed by cemeteries and we want to know how it make the territory of the man. The man marks his territories with the consciousness that these things will survive him and that it is it that he wishes
Jerbi, Moez Agoulmine Nazim. "Protocoles pour les communications dans les réseaux de véhicules en environnement urbain routage et geocast basés sur les intersections /". S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0016.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDansereau, Nancy. "Analyse des accidents survenus sur l'autoroute 55 dans le sud du Québec 1982-1992". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8643.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlascencia, Cruz Luis Emmanuel. "Contrôle de la communication par lumière visible dans un environnement de véhicule de peloton". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST075.
Pełny tekst źródłaUsing VLC for such different applications requires a smooth integration of the technology into the protocol stack. The first question is how an application module can be aware that a VLC link is available, how it can discover the neighbors, and how it can find the intended communication peer. In WLANs, for instance, the MAC layer beaconing and the IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) play critical roles in neighbor/route discovery at both the MAC and network layers, allowing data transmission to the intended neighbor. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no work has been done on neighbor discovery for VLC networks, and the WLAN/IPv6 protocols cannot be plugged into VLC, mainly because of the unique uni-directional and narrow FOV characteristics. More specifically, to make VLC operational in natural vehicular environments, it is necessary to design a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol that ensures continuous V2V information exchange with the presence of the challenging issues coming from the mobility dynamics, multi-user interference, and environmental noise
Nicolas, Jean-Pierre. "Ville, transports et environnement. Contributions relatives des paramètres du trafic routier affectant la pollution sonore et atmosphérique en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267185.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux se rendre compte d'une part du poids relatifs des émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier sur l'environnement et le cadre de vie urbain, d'autre part du poids relatif des caractéristiques du trafic routier dans ses émissions (niveau global du trafic, conditions générales de circulation, caractéristiques technologiques des véhicules).
D'un point de vue méthodologique, deux démarches ont été privilégiées. D'une part une réflexion générale a permis de mieux situer le contexte économique et social, mais aussi technique et scientifique dans lequel le travail s'inscrit. Un premier bilan statique permet ainsi de donner une idée des enjeux actuels liés aux émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier en milieu urbain. Chacun des 3 facteurs considérés comme affectant les émissions du trafic (Cf. ci-dessus) a également fait l'objet de ce type d'investigation. D'autre part un outil spécifique a du être développé pour mettre en évidence les liens existants entre les paramètres descriptifs du trafic et ses émissions polluantes et sonores. Nous avons utilisé un modèle d'affectation du trafic appliqué à l'agglomération lyonnaise en 1990, 1994, 2000 et 2010. Les résultats d'affectation obtenus ont permis d'établir des indicateurs de niveaux de pollution liée à la route, compte tenu d'hypothèses sur les relations entre les conditions de circulation et les émissions ainsi que sur la composition du trafic.
Clement, Florent. "La politique autoroutière française à l'épreuve des mots du Grenelle de l'Environnement : saisir le changement par l’infusion des lignes narratives". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH038/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow could the French « Grenelle de l'Environnement », a political event that came down to a set of malleable discourses at first sight, have led to the end of several important highway projects that had been studied for long ? How could this event of environmental policies and out of the frontiers of the highway sector, to which neither the administration nor the members of the Parliament participated, be behind such an important change in a policy considered as traditional and sectorial?This work argues that a link can be established between the transformation of a policy and the production of a discourse outside the frontiers of its sector. It is based on the concept of storylines – short narratives that make sense linking each other the elements of policies – and develops the notion of infusion as the process of the construction of a cognitive framework on new storylines. Our case-study shows that the infusion of the storylines of the “Grenelle de l'Environnement” in the highway sector enables to understand the policy change. From a theoretical point of view, this PhD thesis argues that storylines are useful for policy and policy change analysis. On the one hand, storylines can be considered as explanatory variables of policy change : the concept of storyline helps to understand how the Grenelle could have produced some change in the french highway policy with the end of several important projects, while it was only a set of malleable discourses. On the other hand, they can also be interpreted as state variables: the infusion of the storylines of the Grenelle in the highway policy gives a representation of the policy and particularly of its antagonistic dynamics between the national and the local level
Seneh, Khadijetou. "SYSTEME TERRITORIAL ET DEVELOPPEMENT : Impact de la route Nouakchott-Nouadhibou sur le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin". Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00707044.
Pełny tekst źródłaMokoissé, Paul. "La vallée de la Mpoko (Centreafrique) : du PK 26-route de Boali à la confluence avec l'Oubangui : marge metropolitaine, urbanisation à l'africaine et environnement". Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30024.
Pełny tekst źródłaLocated some 15 kilometers from Bangui, the capital of Central African Republic, the Mpoko's valley is becoming the area of preferred urban expansion near the capital city. The urban exodus which has resulted has seen dramatic growth in the peripheral suburbs, notably those in the southwest because of the favourable physical conditions. The birth of these new agglomerations starts with the planting of crops. Housing structures are built later. Although geographically near the existing urban center, the Mpoko's valley retains much of its rural aspect. One visible urban trait is the construction of houses using permanent materials. Because of the continuing urban exodus born of the economic crisis, we can now affirm that the true center of economic is to be found in the expanding outliving areas. It is the Mpoko's valley which is the principal suburb of Bangui. The underscores the rapid growth in the peripheral urban areas and the subsequent move away from the center. The peripheral urban areas of Bangui now comprise the essential regions of the city. It is in these areas where the growth is occurring. The Mpoko's valley is where the future will be found to take place
Bellache-Sayah, Thiwiza. "Contrôle dynamique des communications dans un environnement v2v et v2i". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV011/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCooperative intelligent transport systems allow vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with the infrastructure in order to ensure the availability of information more reliably on vehicles, their positions and road conditions. This exchange of relevant information improves road safety, reduces traffic incidents and ensures efficient mobility of vehicles. IEEE 802.11p is standardized as the default technology for vehicle communications. In this context, the European ETSI standard addresses in particular road safety applications. To do this, it standardizes several types of messages such as CAM (Cooperative Awareness Message) and DENM (Decentralized Event Notification Message). CAMs are single-hop broadcast messages, sent by each vehicle containing information on its position, speed, direction, etc., in order to ensure lucid cooperation between other road users (including vehicles). The DENMs are sent when there is a detection of an event on the road, as in the case of an accident, traffic jams, etc. If necessary, multi-hop communication, using standardized routing algorithms, is implemented to disseminate these messages beyond the scope of the transmitter. The weakness of 802.11p lies in congestion of the radio channel due to the limited bandwidth (5.9 GHz). In order to compensate for this, ETSI proposed a framework for congestion control called DCC (Distributed Congestion Control). This allows the exchange of information, in particular the state of the radio channel, between the layers of the protocol stack. Thus, each communication protocol controls its own parameters to avoid congestion of the channel. In addition, many DCC congestion control approaches exist for CAM messages such as the control of the CAM generation period on the Facilities layer. Transmission power or data rate on the Access layer, etc. On the other hand, little works have been done on DENMs. In this regard, we proposed a DCC approach on the GeoNetworking layer which controls the routing parameters based on the state of the radio channel. An evaluation of the dual-DCC, namely CAM on Facilities and DENM on GeoNet, demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In addition, some applications such as managing a fleet of vehicles require a localized control center that communicates with the fleet. For this type of exchange, a hybrid communication (IP and Geo) is necessary. Moreover, to ensure the fluidity of communication, the management of mobility is paramount. While remaining within the framework of the Mobile IP architecture, we propose our approach of addressing which constitutes a routable IP address with a geonetworking address, which makes it possible to deal with the problem of accessibility of vehicles moving on the road from of an entity on the Internet. Unlike Mobile IP, our approach reduces the overhead of signaling. This is done by partitioning the road into routing area (RA) in such a way that the access to the Internet is via a RSU-FA gateway that controls the RA. Each RA regroups a number of RSUs
Vié, Jocelyn. "Voies de communication terrestres et valorisation paysagère : essai méthodologique : caractérisation des enjeux paysagers réels et proposition de méthode d'analyse intégrée du système-voirie : études de cas en Haute-Garonne France". Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20065.
Pełny tekst źródłaLandscape is in fashion. Concept attached as much to the perceptive and visual field that in a physical and ecological reality, the landscape interests general public as much as the professionals of the regional planning or researchers, in particular geographers. It is thus quite naturally that this thesis considers the relations which the road roadway system and the crossed landscapes can maintain. The step suggested will be based on a prospective reflexion on the capacity of the ways to create linear landscape the, recognizable ones as a clean element of structuring of a valley, as well as a river, that a forest, that a village. The question which this work wants to answer is to know if the roadway system constitutes a "landscape accident" in a landscape screen already preestablished and that it is advisable to protect, or if it is on the contrary a factor of diversity and a clean and identifiable landscape entity, which could present unsuspected assets. This work is based on a comparative analysis of three sectors limited of three valleys into Haute-Garonne : the valley of the Hers and the valley of Marcaissonne in the Toulouse east ; and the valley of the Garonne sweats the Pyrenean axial zone. The sought objectives, even if they remain primarily reflexive and centered on methodological research, attach a certain will of practical application with an aim of valorization of the landscapes by a distribution and a particular treatment of linear of roadway system and their accesses
Han, Xu. "Sécurité des véhicules à roues en milieu tout terrain". Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063386.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Feng. "Intégration des considérations environnementales en entreprise : une approche systémique pour la mise en place de feuilles de routes". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo answer environmental challenge and create new competitive advantages, the companies needto consider and integrate environmental considerations into all its processes. Numerous environmentalmethods exist as well as solutions to integrate them into companies. But, the literature review realisedindicates that a systemic approach combining strategic and practical needs from eco-design couldfacilitate this integration.This thesis, which represents the "tactic" module of the national research project ANR- Convergence,aims to provide a new framework to identify a suitable operational trajectory for a better integration ofenvironmental consideration in companies. Thus, a clear analysis about the identification of theseexisting methods and their interrelationships was realised. Our work was to identify the operativecorrelation between methods via a cartography, then the relationship between those methods and thedynamic needs/contexts of companies to finally propose ” environmental roadmaps. So, we finallypropose a systematic approach to define environmental roadmaps in companies.Those roadmapsconcern the strategis, tactic and operational levels in companies.The results of three academic/industrial experiments demonstrate that all proposals of this thesis couldensure effectively the identification of a suitable systemic trajectories’ group based on actual corporateneeds and its dynamic context. The pre-defined chain of action and the list of available tools providedsupport the company to identify the working process and to organize the workflow between differentcorporate functions
Laneurit, Jean. "Perception multisensorielle pour la localisation d'un robot mobile en environnement extérieur, application aux véhicules routiers". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/69/20/34/PDF/2006CLF21658.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaneurit, Jean. "Perception multisensorielle pour la localisation d'un robot mobile en environnement extérieur, application aux véhicules routiers". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692034.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Tellier Bérenger. "Méthode d'évaluation des systèmes de retenue des enfants dans un environnement automobile". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD010.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing changes in Child Restraint System (CRS) regulation in July 2013, an experimental CRS evaluation campaign has been conducted. Then, it has been noticed that the situation amongst the youngest involved in side impact was particularly critical. An original methodology has been therefore developed in order to define the “best” energy absorption materials to use in child seats for head, shoulder and pelvis areas. A parametric study in which the restraint of each body segments was independently piloted has then been conducted. The aim was to minimize either regulatory criteria of Q0 and Q1 dummies, or biomechanical criteria based on Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Those recommendations have thereafter been applied to improve an existing child restraint system under side impact. First, it has been checked that resultant linear acceleration of the head and HPC criteria were below regulation limits. Second, Finite Element (FE) model of the optimized car seat has been created and validated in several dynamical steps. Third, both reference child restraint system and optimized child seat has been evaluated in side impact with Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Finally, it has been showed that technical changes helped to cut in half the biomechanical results
Jerbi, Moez. "Protocoles pour les communications dans les réseaux de véhicules en environnement urbain : routage et geocast basés sur les intersections". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaInter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) is attracting considerable attention from the research community and the automotive industry, where it is beneficial in providing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) as well as assistant services for drivers and passengers. In this context, Vehicular Networks are emerging as a novel category of wireless networks, spontaneously formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless interfaces that could have similar or different radio interface technologies, employing short-range to medium-range communication systems. The distinguished characteristics of vehicular networks such as high mobility, potentially large scale, and network partitioning introduce several challenges, which can greatly impact the future deployment of these networks. In this thesis, we focus on inter-vehicle communication in urban environments. Our main goal is to propose new routing and dissemination algorithms, which efficiently adapts to the vehicular networks characteristics and applications. Temporary disconnection in vehicular network is unavoidable. It is thereby of imminent practical interest to consider the vehicular traffic density. Therefore, at first, we propose a completely distributed and infrastructure–free mechanism for city road density estimation. Then, and based on such traffic information system, we propose a novel intersection-based geographical routing protocol, capable to find robust and optimal routes within urban environments. Finally, in order to help the efficient support of dissemination-based applications, a self-organizing mechanism to emulate a geo-localized virtual infrastructure is proposed, which can be deployed in intersections with an acceptable level of vehicular density. The advocated techniques are evaluated by a combination of network simulation and a microscopic vehicular traffic model
GANDOY, CECILE. "Approche comparative des relations vegetation / environnement sur substrats calcaire et siliceux a l'etage subalpin dans le massif des grandes rousses (alpes du nord francaises)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10202.
Pełny tekst źródłaOmaña, Sanz Brenda. "Caractérisation physico-chimique du résidu de bauxite vénézuélienne : évaluation des options de valorisation dans le domaine environnemental". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10167/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe bauxite residue commonly called ‘red mud’ is an industrial waste generated during the production of alumina. The storage of this waste is considered as a major environmental problem, especially because of its caustic nature (pH> 10) and the huge produced quantities (about 1.5 t per tonne of alumina produced). The production of Venezuelan alumina (CVG Bauxilum) has generated more than 15 million m3 of bauxite residue. Moreover, no research has yet been conducted on the properties of these residues and their utilization in the environmental field. The main goals of this study focus on the physical and chemical characterization of Venezuelan bauxite residue (solid fraction) and in an evaluation of its applications as an agent for remediation of polluted systems. An integrated approach coupling chemical composition and adsorption properties, mineralogical phases, particle size, surface area and radionuclide content with studies of chemical speciation and bioavailability, yielded significant constraints including: 1) a high content of U and Th, and their respective isotopes Th232 and U238, as well as lanthanides 2) the potential risk of residue chemotoxicity towards a very labile fraction of elements such as aluminum and uranium 3) high sorption properties with respect to toxic elements, Pb, Zn and As, due to the large surface area of the residue, especially under acidic conditions (case of acid mine drainage). These results have shown the potential use of Venezuelan bauxite residue in key areas such as remediation of polluted systems (as amendment or sorbent agent) and in the recovery of metals of economic interest
Lauffenburger, Jean-Philippe. "Contribution à la surveillance temps-réel du système "Conducteur - Véhicule - Environnement" : élaboration d'un système intelligent d'aide à la conduite". Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732949.
Pełny tekst źródłaDans ce contexte, la localisation du véhicule et particulièrement les informations de l'environnement d'évolution doivent être pertinentes. Elles sont obtenues grâce à une base de données cartographique spécifiquement développée dans le cadre de ces travaux. Celle-ci est caractérisée par une précision supérieure à celle des bases de données traditionnellement employées dans des dispositifs de navigation.
Beddar, Sidahmed. "Caractérisations et études de fiabilité des nouvelles générations de LED pour une utilisation dans un environnement automobile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn 2008, all front lighting functions of a vehicle are based on full LEDs for the first time. This light source opened the golden age of automotive lighting through low power consumption, efficiency, reliability, high brightness, compactness, as well as cost efficiency. These qualities have enabled it to gain the majority of the automotive market share.The miniaturization of the LED made possible the light beam pixelization. This further improves road safety. Indeed, lighting the road without glairing other users has become possible with this technology. In addition, lighting needs are changing with the arrival of the autonomous car. This is when pixelated LED technologies represent prospects in the field of lighting for sensors, and even in communication through the projection of pictograms and / or writing on the road.A second research axis will be dealt with in this thesis. It consists of studying red LEDs with phosphor for automotive rear signaling functions.New failure mechanisms will emerge, due to these new mission profiles and new techniques for manufacturing immature LEDs. A critical need for a scientific approach to define and execute a test plan and electrical, optical, physical and thermal characterizations of these new technologies.The main objectives of this thesis will be to develop new methods, new Opto-Electro-Thermal benchs’ characterizations and to investigate the modes of failure mechanisms related to manufacturing processes, geometries, composition materials and to new lighting systems mission profiles
Boubacar, Djibo. "Contribution à l'évaluation environnementale : prise en compte des effets liés au développement du réseau routier sur les ressources forestières au Niger /". Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24572089.
Pełny tekst źródłaEn tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Comprend des réf. bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.
Martinez, Nathalie. "Dans quelle mesure l'internalisation des coûts externes peut-elle influencer l'évolution de la répartition modale du trafic de marchandises en France?" Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010054.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France, since 1965 the domestic land freight transport evolution is characterized by an average increase of the traffic of 1,3% per year (the traffic is evaluated with "tons-kilometres" units). Today, the truck freight transport amply benefits from this global freight transport increase, being responsible for nearly 70% of the total domestic freight transport and therefore representing worrying risks for environment: atmospheric and sound pollution, motorways and trunk roads congestion and last but not least, car accidents with their consequences. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of an external costs internalisation on the modal freight transport choice, in france. This work aims at checking whether the cost increase that would result from an external costs internalisation would be sufficient enough to change the habits of the loaders in favor of rail freight transport. The first part is dedicated to the consequences of the harmful emissions that truck freight transport induce on environment. In a context of a highly probable increase of the global freight traffic, an attempt is therefore made to estimate the impact of truck freight transport increase on environment as well as the degree of substitution between rail and truck that would be necessary to arrest the damage to the environment. The second part consists in measuring the impact of the external costs internalisation on both the freight traffic and it's modal choice. With the help of an econometric model, various simulations are made to evaluate the evolution of the freight traffic according to different assumptions made on cost increases in the sector of the truck freight transport. In the third part, the author wonders about the steps that could be adopted by 2010 and that, associated to the taxation system, could incite loaders either to reduce their trade needs or to transfer a part of their traffic on the rail mode
Fallah, Shorshani Masoud. "Modélisation de l’impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l’air et des eaux de ruissellement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1068.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoad traffic emissions are a major source of pollution in cities. Modeling of air and stormwater pollution due to on-road vehicles is essential to understand the processes that lead to the pollution and to provide the necessary information for the development of effective public policies to reduce pollution. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of modeling chains to simulate the impact of road traffic on air and stormwater pollution. The first part of the thesis consisted in assessing the state of the art of modeling tools available for the different relevant phenomena (traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and stormwater quality), highlighting challenges associated with the integration of the different models to create a consistent modeling chain in terms of pollutants and spatio-temporal scales. Two examples of modeling chains have been proposed, one static with hourly time-steps, the other based on a dynamic approach for traffic and its associated pollution. In the second part of the thesis, different interface tools have been developed to link models and construct modeling chains. These modeling chains were tested with different case studies: (1) coupling traffic and emissions for the simulation of an urban street using a dynamic model of traffic with instantaneous and time-averaged emission models, (2) coupling on-road emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition near a freeway, (3) coupling traffic, emissions and atmospheric dispersion/chemistry near a freeway, (4) coupling emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition in a suburban neighborhood (5) coupling atmospheric deposition and stormwater quality for an urban catchment, and finally (6) a complete modeling chain with traffic / emissions / air and stormwater quality models for urban catchment drainage. This work allows one to identify different possibilities of model integration to calculate air and stormwater pollution due to road traffic in urban areas. Moreover, it provides a solid basis for the future development of integrated numerical models of urban pollution
Lopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement et mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France an objective of dividing greenhouse gas emissions by four, from the 1990 level, by 2050 has been set. Are these ambitions out of our reach? What will the price to pay for this objective be?We have built a long-term backcasting transport demand model (TILT, Transport Issues in the Long Term). This model is centered on defined behavior types -in which the speed-GDP elasticity plays a key role- in order to determine demand estimations. This model lets us understand past tendencies -the coupling between growth and personal and freight mobility and adapt behavioral hypothesis -linked to the evolution of public policies- in order to show how a 75% reduction objective can be attained.The main results are an estimation of CO2 emissions for the transport sector taking into account technical progress and demand. These results are presented as three scenario families named: Pegasus, Chronos and Hestia. Each family corresponds to a growing degree of constraint on mobility.It is possible to divide greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector by four. Technical progress is able to lead to more than half of these reductions. The interest of these scenarios is to show that there exist different paths –through organizational change- to getting the other half of the reductions
Darty, Kevin. "Évaluation de la qualité des comportements des agents en simulation : application à un simulateur de conduite en environnement virtuel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066339.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is in the context of the Multi-Agents Simulation and is interested in evaluating the ability of agents to reproduce human behaviors. This problem appears in many domains such as Virtual Reality and Embodied Conversational Agents. The dominant approach to evaluate these behaviors uses Social Sciences questionnaires. There are only few approaches based on Artificial Intelligence and automatic data analysis at the microscopic scale. We show in this thesis that the evaluation of behavior can benefit from both approaches when used jointly. First, we present a method for evaluating the agents' behavior quality. It combines the Artificial Intelligence approach and the Social Science approach. The first one is based on simulation logs clustering. The second one evaluates the users by an annotation of the behaviors. We then present an algorithm that compare agents to humans in order to assess the capacities, the lacks, and the errors in the agent model, and provide metrics. We then make these behaviors explicite based on user categories. Finally, we present a cycle for automatic calibration of the agents and an exploration of the parameter space. Our evaluation method is usable for the analysis of an agent model, and for comparing several agent models. We applied this methodology on several driver behavior studies to analyse the road traffic simulation ARCHISIM, and we present the obtained results
Chevasson, Guillaume. "Le calcul économique à l'épreuve des contraintes du secteur des transports routiers : les cas de l'insécurité routière et de l'effet de serre". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/chevasson_g.
Pełny tekst źródłaThrough two problems of current events, the road insecurity and the global warming, the thesis approaches in a practise way the interrogations raised by the criticisms addressed to the economic calculation. To do it shé tries to answer the questions about the role and the interest of economic calculation, about the taking into account and the weight of the not trade effects in the economic calcul and about the relation between the collective preferences and valorization as of the these effects. Through the answers to these questions, one of the objectives of the thesis is to draw up, in a sense, an inventory of fixtures of the economic calculation today in the field of the road transports on both subjects which interest us. It is also to show the role of economic calculation as a teaching aid which reveals us the importance to approach the problems of the harmful effects of the interurban road transport in a another way that that related to fixing of the fictitious prices (values) of the not trade effects. The question of the role and the interest of economic calculation are approached, in particular, under the angle of the road insecurity, through the implication of the economic costs engendered by the road accidents. The idea is to see how economic calculation can help the community in its choices of investment. The teaching role of economic calculation is approached by practising a "upside down economic calculation". By this step we reveal the existence of a plurality of guardian values but especially the importance to act on the relative volumes of the advantages and the harmful effects rather than to focus only on their prices
Lajoie, Gilles. "Analyse de l'environnement urbain : exploitation du carroyage pour la statistique spatiale". Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUEL093.
Pełny tekst źródłaAfter having specified the notion of "grid square", we first point out the advantages of this method for the geographical an analysis and its adjustment for the spatial information use; in the same time we evaluate the qualitative and quantitative informations loss. Among the examples of cartography based on grid squares, the British National Grid System remains so far the only national case. Then, we present the example of Rouen from the first steps at a pace of 750m to 500m, to the actual configuration. We precise the modications made on the algorithm of data transfer from the geographical partition to the grid square thanks to the application of a inhabited areas bit map. This is realised with the ventilation of social-demographic INSEE data from the last three censuses. The extend to data base by grid square is the logical result of the experience of rouen: a collaboration beetween different organisms allows the environmental and social variables gathering in order to draw a better frame of urban environment. Finally, we approach the contribution of remote sensing to the bosom of the data base by grid square as a parallel source of data. In conclusion, we present some tools for the analysis of the data base by grid squares. We validate this new geographical information by applying usual data process (ACP. CAH), then we expose specific tools (analysis of contiguous areas, variograms). Finally, we test this geographical data base through to the modelization of intra-urban dynamics with the P. Allen's model applied to the Greater Rouen, which confirm the great advantages of this data structure
Le, Touz Nicolas. "Conception et étude d’infrastructures de transports à énergie positive : de la modélisation thermomécanique à l’optimisation de tels systèmes énergétiques". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0038/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of the energy transition, with the use of new energies as a priority, we propose to study the energy performance of solar hybrid roads. An exhaustive study of climatic conditions makes it possible to establish the energy gains and losses of these systems, then a numerical model is developed to couple thermal diffusion, hydraulic convection and radiative transfers by the finite element method with the possibility of state changes. This model is implemented in a Matlab core and applied to annual meteorological data for different cities to establish and map energy potential. An analysis of the results with regard to climate makes it possible to highlight a link between this potential and the notion of a unified degree day, adapted from the building's thermal energy, thus allowing the engineer to quickly estimate the energy potential based on climatic data. During winter operation, the objective is to prevent from black ice occurring on the roads. A temperature control strategy based on the adjoint state method is implemented. A climate analysis is again carried out to take humidity into account to determine heating needs. Other frost protection solutions, based on electric heating, were also modelled and subjected to these control strategies in order to highlight the possibility of significant energy savings. These control laws have beengeneralized to problems of property reconstruction in a background and an application combining this thermal approach with an electromagnetism-based approach is proposed
Nguyen, Thanh Binh. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage traités par le procédé NOVOSOL(R) dans des matériaux d'assises de chaussée : comportement mécanique et environnemental". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/704/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management of dredged sediments is a challenge for our society because of their huge volume. The contamination of heavy metals and organic micro pollutants make that the majority of dredged sediments are regarded as dangerous waste and are put in discharge. This isn't in the same point of view of the durable development policy: the French law supports the valorization so that only ultimate waste is put in discharge. In this context, Solvay Company has developed the process NOVOSOL(r) for the treatment of the dredged sediments polluted. The process comprises two stages: an immobilization of heavy metals by formation of apatite under a phosphatising reaction with acid phosphoric and a destruction of the organic matter by a calcination. The goal of this thesis is to use river sediments treated by the process NOVOSOL(r) in road base materials. Experimental studies in laboratory comprise two aspects: mechanical performance and leaching behaviour. The treated sediments by NOVOSOL(r) are introduced into road base mixes treated with cementitious binders as substitute for regular sand. The preparation of materials according to the normalized methodology in laboratory does not present any difficulty. As the treated sediments content increases, the water demand increases and the materials are less compact than reference material. This is due to the characteristics of treated sediments: important ratio of fines, friability and the porosity of granular. These characteristics have as a consequence to weaken the granular skeleton, which results in a reduction in the stiffness module of materials. On the other side, the reactivity of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) in the matrix of cimentitious binder and a better homogeneity of materials lead to an improvement of the tensile strength. Mechanical performance of all the materials with of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) evaluated by index of elastic quality is better than that of the reference material. .
Hong, Yi. "Modélisation distribuée à base physique du transfert hydrologique des polluants routiers de l’échelle locale à l’échelle du quartier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1106.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, the increasing use of separate stormwater systems causes a frequent transport of urban pollutants into receiving water bodies (lakes, rivers). However, current studies still lack of the knowledge of urban build-up and wash-off processes. In order to address urban management issues, better understanding of physical mechanism is required not only for the urban surfaces, but also for the sewer systems. In this context, the modelling of hydrological transfer of urban pollutants can be a valuable tool.This thesis aims to develop and assess the physically-based and distributed models to simulate the transport of traffic-related pollutants (suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) in urban stormwater runoffs. This work is part of the ANR "Trafipollu" project, and benefit from the experimental results for model calibration and validation. The modelling is performed at two scales of the urban environment: at the local scale and at the city district scale.At the local scale of urban environment, the code FullSWOF (second-order finite volume scheme) coupled with Hairsine and Rose model (1992a; 1992b) and detailed monitoring surveys is used to evaluate urban wash-off process. Simulations over different rainfall events represent promising results in reproducing the various dynamics of water flows and particle transfer on the urban surfaces. Spatial analysis of wash-off process reveals that the rainfall-driven impacts are two orders of magnitude higher than flow-drive effects. These findings contribute to a significant improvement in the field of urban wash-off modelling. The application of soil erosion model to the urban context is also an important innovation.At the city district scale, the second step consists of coupling the TREX model (Velleux, England, et al., 2008) and the CANOE model, named "TRENOE" platform. By altering different options of model configurations, the adequate numerical precision and the detailed information of landuse data are identified as the crucial elements for achieving acceptable simulations. Contrarily, the high-resolution topographic data and the common variations of the water flow parameters are not equally significant at the scale of a small urban catchment. Moreover, this coupling showed fundamental problems of the model structure such as the numerical scheme of the overland flow (only 4 directions), and the empirical USLE equations need to be completed by raindrop detachment process.To address these shortcomings, the LISEM - SWMM platform is developed by coupling the open-source LISEM model (De Roo, Wesseling, et al., 1996), which is initially developed for soil erosion simulations, and the SWMM model (Rossman, 2010). For the first time, the hydrological model is also supported by the simulations of atmospheric dry deposits of fine particles (PM10), hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The performance of water flow and TSS simulations are satisfying with the calibrated parameters. Considering the hydrocarbons and heavy metals contents of different particle size classes, simulated event mean concentration of each pollutant is comparable to local in-situ measurements. Although the platform at current stage still needs improvements in order to adapt to the operational applications, the present modelling approach contributes to an innovative technology in the field of modelling of hydrological transfer of the traffic-related pollutants in urban environment