Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „ROUGHNESS OF BLOCKS OF WOOD”

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第11112号
農博第1442号
新制||農||898(附属図書館)
学位論文||H16||N3962(農学部図書室)
22662
UT51-2004-L909
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 奥村 正悟, 教授 増田 稔, 教授 池田 善郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Thesis (M. S.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Yulin Deng; Committee Member: Jeffery S. Hsieh; Committee Member: Sujit Banerjee; Committee Member: Zhong Lin Wang.

Resumo: O processo de lixamento da madeira é uma prática comum para preparar sua superfície para o revestimento. A qualidade superficial da madeira é diretamente relacionada ao revestimento, aderência, custos de pós processamento e aparência estética do produto. Vários parâmetros influenciam no acabamento superficial da madeira como: espécie de madeira, processo de usinagem e granulometria da lixa. Nesta tese foram coletados dados de rugosidade superficial de amostras das espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora usinadas em torno tubular em três velocidades de avanço (10, 14 e 18m/min.) e lixadas em lixadeira de cinta vertical dupla por quatro jogos de lixas abrasivas de alumínio zirconado. Estes jogos foram compostos com lixas de granulometrias 80, 100 e 120 (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80-120), sendo a primeira lixa para desbaste e a segunda para acabamento. Concluiu-se que para os três conjuntos de lixas novas empregadas, o conjunto de lixas de granulometrias 80 e 120, para desbaste e acabamento, respectivamente, foi aquele que apresentou o melhor desempenho quanto ao acabamento superficial para as duas espécies. O emprego de lixas usadas não demonstrou perda significativa de rendimento se comparadas às demais combinações de lixas novas. O conjunto de lixas 80-120 apresenta, numa razão proporcional, uma variação de 4% no valor de "Ra" para cada 4 m/min aumentado na velocidade de avanço do torneamento das amostras. Pode-se afirmar que, em condições ótimas de lixamento, em média, a cada 0,1mm/rot de aumento no avanço por dente no torneamento, tem-se o aumento de 1% em "Ra".
Abstract: The process of sanding the wood is a common practice to prepare the surface for coating. The surface quality of wood is directly related to the coating, adhesion, costs of post-processing and aesthetic appearance of the product. Several parameters influence the surface finish of the wood as wood species, machining process and particle size of sandpaper. In this thesis the analysis was based on data collected in surface roughness of samples of species Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora machined in tubiform lathe three feed rate (10, 14 and 18m/min.) and sanded in double vertical belt sander by and four sets of abrasive zirconia aluminium. These sets were composed with grain sizes 80,100 and 120 mesh (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80- 120), the first sandpaper for roughing and second for finishing. It was concluded that for the three new sets of sandpaper used, the combination of grit sizes of 80 and 120, for roughing and finishing, respectively, presented the best performance on the surface finishing for both species. The use of worn sandpaper showed no significant loss of income compared to the other combinations of new sandpaper. The set of sandpaper 80-120 provides, in proportion to a variation of 4% in the value of "Ra" for each 4 m/min increased the feed rate speed of the turning of the samples. Thus, can be conclude that, under optimal conditions of sanding, on average, every 0.1 mm/rev increased in feed per tooth, increases of 1% in "Ra".
Orientador: Marcos Valério Ribeiro
Coorientador: Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves
Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves
Banca: Edson Cocchieri Botelho
Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli
Banca: Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr
Doutor

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O processo de lixamento da madeira é uma prática comum para preparar sua superfície para o revestimento. A qualidade superficial da madeira é diretamente relacionada ao revestimento, aderência, custos de pós processamento e aparência estética do produto. Vários parâmetros influenciam no acabamento superficial da madeira como: espécie de madeira, processo de usinagem e granulometria da lixa. Nesta tese foram coletados dados de rugosidade superficial de amostras das espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora usinadas em torno tubular em três velocidades de avanço (10, 14 e 18m/min.) e lixadas em lixadeira de cinta vertical dupla por quatro jogos de lixas abrasivas de alumínio zirconado. Estes jogos foram compostos com lixas de granulometrias 80, 100 e 120 (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80-120), sendo a primeira lixa para desbaste e a segunda para acabamento. Concluiu-se que para os três conjuntos de lixas novas empregadas, o conjunto de lixas de granulometrias 80 e 120, para desbaste e acabamento, respectivamente, foi aquele que apresentou o melhor desempenho quanto ao acabamento superficial para as duas espécies. O emprego de lixas usadas não demonstrou perda significativa de rendimento se comparadas às demais combinações de lixas novas. O conjunto de lixas 80-120 apresenta, numa razão proporcional, uma variação de 4% no valor de “Ra” para cada 4 m/min aumentado na velocidade de avanço do torneamento das amostras. Pode-se afirmar que, em condições ótimas de lixamento, em média, a cada 0,1mm/rot de aumento no avanço por dente no torneamento, tem-se o aumento de 1% em “Ra”.
The process of sanding the wood is a common practice to prepare the surface for coating. The surface quality of wood is directly related to the coating, adhesion, costs of post-processing and aesthetic appearance of the product. Several parameters influence the surface finish of the wood as wood species, machining process and particle size of sandpaper. In this thesis the analysis was based on data collected in surface roughness of samples of species Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora machined in tubiform lathe three feed rate (10, 14 and 18m/min.) and sanded in double vertical belt sander by and four sets of abrasive zirconia aluminium. These sets were composed with grain sizes 80,100 and 120 mesh (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80- 120), the first sandpaper for roughing and second for finishing. It was concluded that for the three new sets of sandpaper used, the combination of grit sizes of 80 and 120, for roughing and finishing, respectively, presented the best performance on the surface finishing for both species. The use of worn sandpaper showed no significant loss of income compared to the other combinations of new sandpaper. The set of sandpaper 80-120 provides, in proportion to a variation of 4% in the value of Ra for each 4 m/min increased the feed rate speed of the turning of the samples. Thus, can be conclude that, under optimal conditions of sanding, on average, every 0.1 mm/rev increased in feed per tooth, increases of 1% in Ra.

Abstract This thesis describes the application of Low Coherence Interferometry (LCI) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in paper measurements. The developed measurement system is a combination of a profilometer and a tomographic imaging device, which makes the construction versatile and applicable in several paper measurement applications. The developed system was first used to measure the surface structure of paper. Different grades of paper were selected to provide maximum variation in surface structure. The results show that the developed system is capable of measuring grades of paper from rough base paper to highly coated photo printing paper. To evaluate the developed system in surface characterization, the roughness parameters of five laboratory-made paper samples measured with the developed system and with a commercial optical profilometer were compared. A linear correlation was found with roughness parameters Ra and Rq. Next, the surface quality of paper was evaluated using LCI, a Diffractive Optical Element Based Glossmeter (DOG), and a commercial glossmeter. The results show linear correlation between Ra and gloss measured with the commercial glossmeter. The roughness Ra and averaged gloss measured with the DOG didn't give such a correlation, but a combination of these techniques provided local properties of gloss and surface structure, which can be used to evaluate the local surface properties of paper. In the next study, determination of the filler content of paper using OCT is discussed. The measurement results show clear correspondence of the slope of the averaged logarithmic fringe signal envelope and the filler content. The last studies focus on 2D and 3D imaging of paper using OCT and begin with imaging of a self-made wood fiber network. The visibility of the fibers was clear. Next, several refractive index matcing agents are studied by means of light transmittance and OCT measurements to find the best possible agent for enhancing the imaging depth of OCT in paper. Benzyl alcohol was found to have the best possible combination of optical, evaporation, and sorption characteristics, and it is applied in 2D and 3D visualizations of copy paper.

Saccharmoyces cerevisiae ATCC 39859 was immobilized onto small cubes of wood in order to produce very enriched fructose syrup from synthetic glucose/fructose mixtures, through the selective fermentation of glucose. The kinetics of growth and ethanol production rates were measured. Several tests to assess the influence of substrate and product concentration on the production rates were carried out and appropriate rate equations were proposed as a design basis for continuous immobilized reactors. The growth and ethanol production rates were found to be inhibited linearly by both substrate and product concentrations. A maximum ethanol productivity of 21.9 g/Lh was attained from a feed containing 10% (w/v) glucose and 10% (w/v) fructose. The ethanol concentration was 29.6 g/L, the glucose conversion was 78% and a fructose yield of 99% was obtained. This resulted in a fructose/glucose ratio of 2.7. At lower ethanol productivity levels the fructose/glucose ratio increases, as does the ethanol concentration in the effluent. The addition of oleic acid, which is known as an anaerobic growth factor, increased the productivity by 13%. The effect of reactor temperature on production rate was studied. Ethanol productivity peaked at 32.6$\sp\circ$C and approached zero near 44$\sp\circ$C. Batch fermentations were carried out using the reactor effluent in an attempt to enhance the ethanol concentration in the effluent from the reactor. The productivity of these processes was not very high due to the low biomass concentration leaving the reactor. The addition of yeast extract or active biomass increased the productivity substantially. The immobilized cell bioreactor was also used to produce sorbitol continuously from fructose. Sorbitol is a polyol which is used as a sweetening agent for diabetics. It is also used in pharmaceutical, foods and chemical industry. A maximum productivity of 3.25 g/Lh was attained from a 133.8 g/L fructose feed, with a fructose conversion of 44%. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Pour répondre à la demande croissante de bois et pour préserver les forêts primaires, les méthodes de sylviculture les plus dynamiques ont été privilégiées de manière générale sur la planète.. Les objectifs de la recherche étaient 1) déterminer le point de démarcation/ âge de transition entre le bois juvénile et le bois mature sur sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon(Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.), peuplier (Populus sp) et douglas (Psedotsuga menziesii); 2) analyser l'effet de la juvénilité sur un fissuration cyclique, la rugosité et de mouillage; 3) analyser l'effet de la fissuration cyclique et juvénilité sur la résistance à l'adhérence de la colle et les propriétés mécaniques du LVL en flexion; et 4) appliquer un nouveau modèle analytique pour estimer la variation du module d'élasticité du lamibois (sengon et jabon) depuis la moelle vers l'écorce. A partir de la longueur des fibres, le point de démarcation entre le bois juvénile et le bois mature ont été estimés. Pour les essences sengon and jabon, les placages obtenus à partir du cœur des arbres, réputés juvéniles, sont plus fissurés plus rugueux et avec une haute mouillabilité comparativement à ceux obtenus à partir du bois près de l’écorce (plus mature). Une phase d’étuvage préliminaire des bois dans un bain d’eau chaude à 75°C pendant 4 heures a permis d’améliorer sensiblement la qualité des placages en diminuant la fissuration, la rugosité et s’accompagne d’une augmentation de la mouillabilité. La résistance à l'adhérence de la colle, et les modules élastiques et de rupture spécifiques (SMOE et SMOR) du LVL (jabon et sengon) diminuent à mesure que la fréquence de fissure augmente ou en partant de l'écorce vers la moelle. L'avantage de l'utilisation de placages en peuplier de bois mature a été prouvé avec une amélioration de 15 à 20% en moyenne pour les propriétés mécaniques, pour un poids de panneau comparable. Pour le douglas, l'utilisation de placages de bois mature dans la constitution des panneaux de LVL permet également d’améliorer les performances en flexion (de 7 à 22 % sur el MOR). Le modèle analytique a été utilisé afin de prédire les variations du module élastique allant de la moelle à l’écorce. Il permet à partir d’un grand nombre de combinaisons d’estimer le potentiel issu d’une ressource donnée. Pour le contexte de l’étude qui représente bien le potentiel sylvicole de l’Indonésie, la proportion de bois juvénile étant quasi-totale (100%), l’action de trier les placages n’est pas apparue comme pertinente
The development of plantation and community forest to meet wood demand in society has produced fast growing wood species. The research objectives were 1) to determine demarcation point/transition age between juvenile and mature wood on sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.), poplar (Populus sp) and douglas fir (Psedotsuga menzii); 2) to analyze the effect of juvenility on lathe check, surface roughness and wettability; 3) to analyze the effect of lathe check and juvenility on glue bond strength and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) bending properties; and 4) to apply a new analytical model to determine the variation of specific MOE LVL values of sengon and jabon from pith to bark. Based on fiber length trait, the demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood were approximately at segmented rings 17th (sengon) and at segmented ring 24th (jabon). While, transition age of poplar cultivars and douglas-fir, transition age happened approximately at 12 years old and 18 years old, respectively. The results showed that wood near pith on sengon and jabon resulted veneers with higher lathe check, rougher surface and high wettability, while wood near bark resulted veneers with lower lathe check, smoother surface and low wettability. Glue bond strength, Specific MOE (SMOE) and Specific MOR (Modulus of Rupture) of sengon and jabon LVL were decreased as the frequency of lathe check increased or those strength values increased from pith to bark. The advantage of using poplar veneers from mature wood was proved with an improvement of 15 to 20% on average for mechanical properties, while for douglas-fir, was 7 to 22%. An analytical model was used to predict the variation of the LVL mechanical characteristics using different scenarios. According to the context of this study assumed to be close to the Indonesian resource there is no need to sort veneers since most of the tree is juvenile wood for logs no older than 7

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O lixamento da madeira envolve inúmeras variáveis as quais influenciam na qualidade superficial da peça produzida, tornando-se por isso, um processo complexo. Atua de forma imprescindível nas indústrias, principalmente fabricantes de móveis, painéis, molduras, esquadrias e dentre outras. Entretanto, é tratado de forma empírica, prejudicando a qualidade do produto e elevando os custos de produção, visto que é, um dos processamentos mais caros na indústria de madeira. Sabido disto, este trabalho, teve por objetivo combinar um conjunto de fatores para padronizar o processo de lixamento. Para isto, seguiu o planejamento experimental de Taguchi, método baseado em conceitos estatísticos, responsável por diagnosticar o conjunto de fatores que propiciam o alcance da qualidade do produto final. A experimentação realizou-se em relação a uma matriz ortogonal L8, criando assim, oito condições diferentes de lixamento, repetindo-as três vezes cada, totalizando em 24 ensaios. Variou os níveis dos seguintes fatores: granulometria, grão abrasivo, sentido do lixamento e espécie da madeira, com o intuito de analisar o comportamento dos parâmetros: emissão sonora, potência, rugosidade, taxa de remoção e temperatura no decorrer do processo. Por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA), concluiu-se que o comportamento dos parâmetros foram influênciados pelos fatores estipulados, os quais interferiram na qualidade superficial da madeira.
The sanding of wood involves numerous variables which influence the surface quality of the produced piece, becoming therefore a complex process. It is a crucial process in industries, particularly manufacturers such as furniture, panels, moldings, frames and others. However, the process is trated empirically, decreasing the product quality and increasing production costs, since it is one of the most expensive processes in the wood industry. According to this, this paper, aimed to standardize a set of factors to achieve the best surface finish of the wood. For this, the following experimental design Taguchi method based on statistical concepts, responsible for diagnosing the set of factors that promote the achievement of the quality of the final product. The experiment was performed in relation to a matrix L8 orthogonal matrix, creating eight different conditions sanding, repeating three times each, totaling in 24 trials. Varied levels of the following factors: particle size, abrasive grain, sense of sanding and timber species, in order to analyze the parameters of behavior, noise emission, power, roughness, temperature and removal rate in the process. Through analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was concluded that the behavior parameters were influenced by prescribed factors which interfere in the surface quality of the wood.

This master´s thesis deals with the proposal of the kindergarten in the cadastral territory Moravany u Brna, district Brno-venkov. This object is self-standing building in a newly-built area. The kindergarten is designed for two schoolrooms up to the total number of forty-eight pupils. The object is double-storeyed, the part of the object has the basement. The roof is flat with a coating insulation, loaded with a mix of gravel and rubble. The object is designed as a brick construction with a contact thermal insulation system. The object is situated in a slightly sloping terrain.

Diploma thesis describes the design and processing of project documentation of the multifunctional building. The multifunctional building is located in the central part of the town Náměšť nad Oslavou. The building has 4 floors. It is partly cellared building with flat roof and walkable terraces. This building is consisted of 2 functional parts, the first part is designed for living and the second one is designed for contact with the customer. There are shops and offices. The first floor is wheelchair accessible. In the basement there is a technical background of the building and cellars for housing units. In this multifunctional building we can find 13 residential units and five offices. All of the floors are connected with staircase and lift. The Carpark and the private garden with playground are also part of this residential area. This building is based on concrete blocks. Load-bearing, peripheral walls and connecting walls are made of ceramic blocks. A monolitic ceiling construction is the combination of the iron and the concrete. Two types of insulation are used in peripheral walls. The first one is called ETICS, external thermal insulation composite system, made of polystyrene. The second type of insulation is facade cladding system where the main insulation layer is made of mineral wool. The insulation layer is replaced by XPS polystyrene where facade is in contact with the ground. Facade cladding panels are made of cement and wood fibers called Cembrit.

ABSTRACT A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. The hydraulic jump depends on the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. This project discusses about the behaviour of hydraulic jump on rough horizontal bed and its implementation in field. In the previous studies various types of roughness were used. For the present study to create roughness on bed by using, different sizes of wooden blocks with different spacing between them are used and seen its effect on hydraulic jump properties such as sequent depth ratio, roller length & the loss of energy etc. For this a large no. of experimental series were carried out with different cases. It was found that the rough bed dissipates more energy with a decrease in length of jump as compared to a smooth bed. To see the effect of roughness some relationships were also plotted. It was also found that sequent depth ratio is function of Froude no. Here with an increase in discharge the sequent depth ratio decreases. By plotted another relation between Froude No. and sequent depth, it was found that with increase in Froude No., the sequent depth ratio also increases rapidly. The ratio of spacing and height should be in proportionate manner; otherwise it will not serve as a rough bed. Because the increased height of roughness works as an obstruction not as a roughness. If the ratio of height decreases with their spacing, then it works as a smooth bed not rough bed. For this study some empirical equations & results were used which are helpful in estimation of Froude no. and other properties of hydraulic jump.

Flowing behaviour of real fluid is very complex to understand. When real fluid flows over a solid body or a solid plate, the fluid particles adhere to the boundary of the stationary surface and the phenomenon of no slip condition occurs. This results that the velocity of fluid near to the boundary will be same as that of boundary. If the boundary is stationary, the velocity of fluid at the boundary will be zero. The velocity of fluid increases from zero velocity on the stationary boundary to the free stream velocity of the fluid in the direction normal to the boundary .Boundary layer is defined by its parameters as boundary layer thickness, momentum and displacement thickness. In boundary layer region viscous effect is prominent; drag force and shear force act within this layer on the body. Study of boundary layer is important for design of stream line bodies such as air foils. Most wind tunnels, typically designed for the study of aeronautics with smooth laminar flow, lack the turbulence intensity and sufficient boundary layer depths. The present work shows how thick boundary layers can be produced in a wind tunnel with a view to simulate atmospheric flows. The wind loading on structures depends on the velocity and turbulence parameters of the approaching flow. Therefore, in order to obtain similitude between the model loading in the wind tunnel and the real structure, different types of thickening devices are used which are 2.5 cm cube blocks as a floor roughness and 45cm height spires of different configurations in test section. Analysed the effect of different patterns of spires and floor roughness blocks on boundary layer parameter in test section using velocity profiles at variable free stream velocity, were measured at five sections in test section. And roughness parameter was measured for all configurations of spires and blocks using log-law of velocity profiles.This paper summarizes the recent investigations involving the computations of effects of roughness thickness, mainstream velocity and distance from roughness plate on turbulent boundary layer along with the correlations.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2005.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-137).

Eine ideale und fehlerfreie Oberfläche ist absolut plan, selbst künstlich ist sie mit modernster Fertigungstechnik nicht herstellbar. Im Vergleich zu dieser theoretischen Idealoberfläche zeichnen sich insbesondere natürliche Stoffe wie Holz oder auch Holzwerkstoffe durch vielfältige Gestaltsabweichungen aus (Rauhigkeit, Welligkeit, Form). Zu den wichtigsten Kenngrößen zur Charakterisierung der Oberflächeneigenschaften von Holzwerkstoffen gehört die Oberflächen-Rauhigkeit. Hohe Oberflächen-Rauhigkeiten von Rohplatten können sich auf die Beschichtungsqualität negativ auswirken. Insbesondere kann sich durch Beschichtung sehr rauher Rohplatten mit dünnen Beschichtungsmaterialien die Oberflächentextur der Rohplatte durch die Folie abzeichnen, was letztendlich zu Reklamationen seitens der Kunden führen würde. Andererseits bietet eine zu glatte Oberfläche womöglich zu wenige Haftungspunkte für eine Beschichtung mit Folien bzw. für die Haftung von Farben und Lacken.Der Grad der Oberflächen-Rauhigkeit von Holzwerkstoffen ist von mehreren Faktoren abhängig. Zu den wichtigsten zählen die Eigenschaften des eingesetzten Rohstoffs (Holzart, Spanfraktion und Spangeometrie bei Spanplatten, Faserfraktion bei mitteldichten Faserplatten (MDF)), die Herstellungsbedingungen beim Pressen der Platten (Feuchtegehalt beim Pressen, Bindemittelart und -menge, Presszeit) sowie die verwendete Körnung beim Schleifen der Platten.Die gebräuchlichste Methode zur Charakterisierung der Rauhigkeit von Oberflächen wie Metallen, Holz und Holzwerkstoffen ist das sog. Tastschnittverfahren (Kontaktverfahren) gemäß DIN 4768. Nachteilig an diesem Verfahren ist der relativ hohe Zeitaufwand zur Durchführung der Messungen, sowie die relativ eingeschränkte Aussagekraft des Verfahrens, da von nur jeweils einer geringen Anzahl kurzer Tastschnittstrecken auf der Werkstoffoberfläche auf das gesamte Oberflächenprofil (Gesamtfläche) des zu prüfenden Werkstoffes geschlossen wird.Es überrascht deshalb nicht, dass in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten viel Forschungsarbeit auf dem Gebiet der Entwicklung alternativer und effizienterer optischer Messverfahren (Bildanalyseverfahren) geleistet wurde. Mit Hilfe optischer Messverfahren kann die Oberflächestruktur von Prüfkörpern bestimmt und charakterisiert werden. Das Messprinzip beruht darauf, dass von einer Lichtquelle aus gebündeltes Licht mit einem definierten Winkel auf eine Werkstoffoberfläche gestrahlt wird. Das Licht wird in Abhängigkeit von der Textur der Oberfläche (Oberflächen-Rauhigkeit) mehr oder weniger stark gestreut bzw. abgelenkt und von einem Lichtdetektor einer analogen Kamera teilweise wieder aufgefangen. Der Grad der Lichtstreuung ist eine Funktion der Oberflächen-Rauhigkeit des zu prüfenden Werkstoffs. Das von der Oberfläche reflektierte Licht wird in Videosignale (Grauwerte) digital konvertiert und statistisch ausgewertet. Optische Messmethoden haben u. a. den Vorteil, dass sie Messzeit ersparen, Material schonend arbeiten, sowie große Datenmengen bezogen auf eine relativ große Untersuchungsfläche liefern.