Artykuły w czasopismach: „Rotational Irrigation Delivery System”

1

Zardari, Noor ul Hassan, i Ian Cordery. "Estimating the effectiveness of a rotational irrigation delivery system: A case study from Pakistan". Irrigation and Drainage 59, nr 3 (13.03.2009): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.483.

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Bhadra, Aditi, Arnab Bandyopadhyay, Rajendra Singh i Narendra S. Raghuwanshi. "An Alternative Rotational Delivery Schedule for Improved Performance of Reservoir-based Canal Irrigation System". Water Resources Management 24, nr 13 (12.03.2010): 3679–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9626-8.

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Guler, Huseyin, Zhihong Zhang, Heping Zhu, Matthew Grieshop i Mark A. Ledebuhr. "Spray Characteristics of Rotary Micro Sprinkler Nozzles Used in Orchard Pesticide Delivery". Transactions of the ASABE 63, nr 6 (2020): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13445.

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HighlightsDroplet sizes were determined for rotary micro sprinkler nozzles used in solid set canopy delivery systems.An empirical multiple-variable model was developed to predict volume median diameters in spray patterns.Sprinkler nozzles produced medium to coarse droplets to minimize pesticide drift in orchards and trellised systems.Droplet size information can be used to select optimal nozzles for either irrigation or pesticide delivery systems.Abstract. Rotary micro sprinkler nozzles can be used for both irrigation and pesticide applications in orchard systems, but little to no information is available on their droplet size distributions. In this study, the droplet size distributions were investigated and described for rotary micro sprinkler nozzles with five different orifice diameters. A particle/droplet laser image analysis system was used to measure droplet spectra at two pressures (207 and 310 kPa) and two radial distances (0.25 and 0.85 m) from the sprinkler nozzle center. Nozzle orifice sizes, rotational speeds, and flow rates were also measured. Droplet sizes varied with the orifice size, operating pressure, and sampling location. Spiral-shaped spray patterns formed due to the spinning discharge port, within which droplet densities varied with location, orifice diameter, and operating pressure. The volume medium diameters (Dv0.5) for green-black, orange-blue, black-black, blue-black, and red-gray nozzles were respectively 317, 338, 379, 352, and 218 µm at 207 kPa and 283, 250, 283, 270, and 222 µm at 310 kPa. An empirical multiple-variable regression model was developed to predict Dv0.5 in the spray patterns discharged from the nozzles. Test results demonstrated that the rotary micro sprinkler nozzles produced medium to coarse droplets that could be used to minimize spray drift while maintaining efficacy in orchard pesticide applications. Keywords: Chemical application, Droplet size, Irrigation, Rotary nozzle, Spray drift reduction.

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Kadbhane, Sharad J., i Vivek L. Manekar. "An experimental study on the grape orchard: Effects comparison of two irrigation systems". Journal of Water and Land Development 32, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0005.

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Abstract Table grape (Vitis vinifera cultivars) is a major cash crop in the Nashik district of India, which requires irrigation water throughout the year as per demand instantly. Canal irrigation is the adopted irrigation systems in the study area, but canal irrigation has got several serious disadvantages, such as mismatching rotation schedules and crop water demands, water allotment system and restrictions on the use of efficient irrigation methods. The storing the canal water in the farm pond instead of directly applying to the field using the free flooding method is alternate solution to overcome the disadvantages of the canal irrigation system. Once the canal water storing in the pond, it increases the possibilities to use the advance irrigation system like drip, subsurface, sprinkler etc. to enhance water use efficiency. The comparative study between the canal water directly applying for the field and canal water storing in the farm pond then use for irrigation, executed through the field experiments carried out on the grape orchard during a period April 2013 to March 2016. Results have been evaluated based on grape yield, water-productivity, berry size, and biomass. Water productivity (kg·m-3) with respect to water delivery to crop through the pond irrigation method was found 37% higher than the canal irrigation method during the study period. Based on the results, this study recommended the use of the farm pond to store the canal water and use it as per crop demand using advance irrigation systems.

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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan, Zakir Hussain i Zeb-Un-Nisa. "An Assessment of Warabandi (Irrigation Rotation) in Pakistan: A Preliminary Analysis". Pakistan Development Review 33, nr 4II (1.12.1994): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.845-855.

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A significant feature of Pakistan's agriculture is that it is served by the Indus irrigation system, which is one of the largest contiguous irrigation systems in the world. The system comprises of the Indus River and its tributaries, three major storage reservoirs, 19 barrages/headworks, 43 canals, and 12 link canals and 43 canals covering about 43,000 chaks or village settlements. The total length of the canal system is about 40,000 miles with over 80,000 water courses, field channels ' and ditches running for another million miles. About 100--106 million acre feet (MAP) of surface irrigation supplies are diverted annually into the canal system. Only 60 percent of this water reaches the farmgate due mainly to low efficiency in the delivery of water. The historical review of the area, production and yield trends shows that agricultural production in the past has increased mainly due to expansion in irrigated acreage while the contribution of changes in yields has been insignificant. In general, agricultural production can be increased by either expanding the irrigated cropped area or by raising the crop yields. It is highly unlikely that Pakistan will be able to satisfy the food needs of the rapidly increasing population through yield increases alone. This means that there ia a need to increase the irrigated cropped area through additional water supplies and by improving the efficiency of water use through using the water resources in a scientific manner.

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Qureshi, Asad Sarwar, i Chris Perry. "Managing Water and Salt for Sustainable Agriculture in the Indus Basin of Pakistan". Sustainability 13, nr 9 (10.05.2021): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095303.

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The Indus basin of Pakistan occupies about 16 million ha (Mha) of land. The Indus River and its tributaries are the primary sources of surface water. An estimated 122 km3 of surface water is diverted annually through an extensive canal system to irrigate this land. These surface water supplies are insufficient to meet the crop water requirements for the intensive cropping system practiced in the Indus basin. The shortfall in surface water is met by exploiting groundwater. Currently, about 62 km3 of groundwater is pumped annually by 1.36 million private and public tube wells. About 1.0 million tubewells are working only in the Punjab province. Small private tubewells account for about 80% of the pumped volume. Inadequate water allocation along the irrigation canals allows excessive water use by head-end farmers, resulting in waterlogging. In contrast, the less productive use of erratic supplies by tail-end farmers often results in soil salinity. The major issues faced by irrigated agriculture in Pakistan are low crop yields and water use efficiency, increasing soil salinization, water quality deterioration, and inefficient drainage effluent disposal. Currently, 4.5 Mha (about 30% of the total irrigated area) suffers from adverse salinity levels. Critical governance issues include inequitable water distribution, minimizing the extent to which salt is mobilized, controlling excessive groundwater pumping, and immediate repair and maintenance of the infrastructure. This paper suggests several options to improve governance, water and salt management to support sustainable irrigated agriculture in Pakistan. In saline groundwater areas, the rotational priorities should be reorganized to match the delivery schedules as closely as possible to crop demand, while emphasizing the reliability of irrigation schedules. Wherever possible, public tubewells should pump fresh groundwater into distributaries to increase water availability at the tail ends. Any substantial reform to make water delivery more flexible and responsive would require an amendment to the existing law and reconfiguration of the entire infrastructure, including thousands of kilometers of channels and almost 60,000 outlets to farmer groups. Within the existing political economy of Pakistan, changing the current water allocation and distribution laws without modernizing the infrastructure would be complicated. A realistic reform program should prioritize interventions that do not require amendment of the Acts or reconstruction of the entire system and are relatively inexpensive. If successful, such interventions may provide the basis for further, more substantial reforms. The present rotational water supply system should continue, with investments focusing on lining channels to ensure equitable water distribution and reduce waterlogging at the head ends. Besides that, the reuse of drainage water should be encouraged to minimize disposal volumes. The timely availability of farm inputs can improve individual farmers’ productivity. Farmers will need to have access to new information on improved irrigation management and soil reclamation approaches. Simultaneously, the government should focus more on the management of drainage and salinity.

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Zubaidah, Zubaidah, Alfiansyah Yulianur i Azmeri Azmeri. "KAJIAN PENINGKATAN INTENSITAS TANAM PADA D.I. BARO RAYA SUB D.I. BARO KANAN". Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, nr 4 (28.02.2018): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i4.10065.

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Abstract: Baro Raya irrigation area is one of the technical irrigation, source of water for Baro Raya irrigation Channel is Krueng Baro that intercepted through a weir Filter Down (weir Tyrool), with a total area of 11.855 ha irrigation. The purpose of this study were: 1) to find out the large volume / dependable flow that available at the weir, 2) to find out the amount of crop water needs for each alternative, 3) to find out the extents optimum plant that can be irrigated by the available water, 4) by reviewing the dam water balance based on cropping planned, is expected to provide an overview of alternative water balance is obtained. The method used in this research were data collection and data analysis to know dependable flow, water irrigation, cropping pattern and cropping intensity. The existing condition shows that the cropping pattern of rice-paddy-grains, normally cropping intensity in the study area ranged from only a maximum of 183%-231%, with a probability of irrigation water supply capability of MT 1 (rice) 52-84%, MT 2 (rice) 55-71% and MT 3 (pulses) 76-100%, while the study by modifying the cropping pattern into a rice-paddy / crops-rice and accompanied by the water delivery system by rotation, irrigation area Baro Raya Right that has acreage of 8927 ha can be irrigated as a whole even with cropping intensity to a maximum of 300%, with alternative cropping pattern 6 that MT1 (rice, 1 group), MT2 (rice, 2 groups) and MT3 (crops, 1 group), with planting begins in October the 2nd week, these alternatives are the best, classification is only done on MT 2, which is as much as two groups with the type of planting the same namely rice, this condition will minimize social conflict because there is no rotation of the water supply level group, because probability ability of water sources ranging between 84-100%. Abstrak: Daerah irigasi Baro Raya merupakan salah satu daerah irigasi teknis, Sumber air untuk jaringan irigasi Baro Raya adalah Krueng Baro yang disadap melalui sebuah Bendung Saringan Bawah (Bendung Tyrool), dengan luas areal irigasinya 11.855 Ha. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : 1) Dapat diketahui besarnya volume/kapasitas andalan yang tersedia pada bendung, 2) Dapat diketahui besarnya kebutuhan air tanaman untuk masing-masing alternatif, 3) Dapat diketahui luasan tanaman optimal yang dapat diairi berdasarkan air yang tersedia, 4) Dengan melakukan kajian neraca air bendung berdasarkan pola tanam yang direncanakan, diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran keseimbangan air dari alternatif yang diperoleh. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode pengumpulan data dan analisis data untuk mengetahui debit andalan, kebutuhan air irigasi, pola tanam dan intensitas tanam. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan bahwa dengan pola tanam padi–padi–palawija, secara normal intensitas tanam yang ada di lokasi studi maksimum hanya berkisar antara 183%-231%, dengan probabilitas kemampuan penyediaan air irigasi sebesar MT 1 (padi) 52-84%, MT 2 (padi) 55-71% dan MT 3 (palawija) 76-100%, sedangkan Kajian dengan cara memodifikasi pola tanam menjadi padi-padi/palawija-padi dan dengan diiringi sistem pemberian air secara rotasi, Daerah Irigasi Baro Raya Kanan yang mempunyai luas areal 8.927 ha dapat diairi secara keseluruhan bahkan dengan intensitas tanam maksimum sebesar 300%, yaitu dengan alternatif pola tanam 6 yakni MT1 (padi, 1 golongan), MT2 (padi,2 golongan) dan MT3 (palawija,1 golongan), dengan masa tanam dimulai pada bulan Oktober minggu ke-2, alternatif ini adalah yang terbaik penggolongan hanya dilakukan pada MT 2, yakni sebanyak 2 golongan dengan jenis tanam yang sama yakni padi, kondisi ini akan memperkecil konflik sosial karena tidak ada rotasi pemberian air ditingkat golongan, sebab probabilitas kemampuan sumber air yang terjadi berkisar antara 84-100%.

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8

Walton, TJ, S. Heads, RJ Parkinson i TRL Griffiths. "An Improvised Delivery System for Irrigation". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, nr 5 (lipiec 2008): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2008.90.5.429b.

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Gates, Timothy K., Ahdulmohsen A. Alshaikh, Samir I. Ahmed i David J. Molden. "Optimal Irrigation Delivery System Design under Uncertainty". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 118, nr 3 (maj 1992): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1992)118:3(433).

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Pulido-Calvo, I., J. Roldán, R. López-Luque i J. C. Gutiérrez-Estrada. "Water Delivery System Planning Considering Irrigation Simultaneity". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 129, nr 4 (sierpień 2003): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2003)129:4(247).

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Moslemi, Mohammad Kazem. "An improved delivery system for bladder irrigation". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Volume 6 (wrzesień 2010): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s13525.

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Rowshon, M. K., C. Y. Kwok i T. S. Lee. "GIS-based scheduling and monitoring irrigation delivery for rice irrigation system". Agricultural Water Management 62, nr 2 (wrzesień 2003): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00093-3.

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Zardari, Noor ul Hassan, i Ian Cordery. "Water Productivity in a Rigid Irrigation Delivery System". Water Resources Management 23, nr 6 (23.07.2008): 1025–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9312-2.

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Rowshon, M. K., C. Y. Kwok i T. S. Lee. "GIS-based scheduling and monitoring of irrigation delivery for rice irrigation system". Agricultural Water Management 62, nr 2 (wrzesień 2003): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00092-1.

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Pardo Picazo, Miguel, Juan Juárez i Diego García-Márquez. "Energy Consumption Optimization in Irrigation Networks Supplied by a Standalone Direct Pumping Photovoltaic System". Sustainability 10, nr 11 (14.11.2018): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114203.

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Due to the fact that irrigation networks are water and energy hungry and that both resources are scarce, many strategies have been developed to reduce this consumption. Solar energy sources have emerged as a green alternative with lower energy costs and, consequently, lower environmental impacts. In this work, a new methodology is proposed to select a scheduled program for irrigation which minimizes the number of photovoltaic solar panels to be installed and which better fits energy consumption (calculated for discrete potential combinations, assisted by programming software) to available energy obtained by panels without any power conditioning unit. Thus, the irrigation hours available to satisfy the water demands are limited by sunlight, the schedule type of irrigation has to be rigid (rotation predetermined), and the pressure at any node has to be above the minimum pressure required by standards. A case study was undertaken and, after running the software 105 times, the best result was an irrigation schedule which satisfied all the requirements, involving the installation of 651 solar panels and energy consumption of 428.74 kWh per day, to deliver water to orchards of different varieties of citrus fruit spread over 167.7 ha.

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Angella, G., M. García Vila, J. M. López, G. Barraza, R. Salgado, S. Prieto Angueira, P. Tomsic i E. Fereres. "Quantifying yield and water productivity gaps in an irrigation district under rotational delivery schedule". Irrigation Science 34, nr 1 (30.11.2015): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-015-0486-0.

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J. D. Valiantzas, N. Dercas i G. Karantounias. "Explicit Optimum Design of a Simple Irrigation Delivery System". Transactions of the ASABE 50, nr 2 (2007): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22634.

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Clemmens, A. J., i M. G. Bos. "Statistical methods for irrigation system water delivery performance evaluation". Irrigation and Drainage Systems 4, nr 4 (listopad 1990): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01103713.

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Kim, Tai-Cheol, Jae-Myun Lee i Dae-Sik Kim. "Decision support system for reservoir operation considering rotational supply over irrigation blocks". Paddy and Water Environment 1, nr 3 (1.10.2003): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-003-0022-3.

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Houghtalen, Robert J., i Jim C. Loftis. "IRRIGATION WATER DELIVERY SYSTEM OPERATION VIA AGGREGATE STATE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING". Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24, nr 2 (kwiecień 1988): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03002.x.

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Liu, Ye, Ting Yang, Rong-Heng Zhao, Yi-Bo Li, Wen-Ju Zhao i Xiao-Yi Ma. "Irrigation Canal System Delivery Scheduling Based on a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm". Water 10, nr 9 (19.09.2018): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091281.

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Reasonable planning of water delivery schedules for canal systems can reduce losses caused by water seepage and improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water. Empirical methods of water delivery scheduling for canal systems usually cause problems such as insufficient discharge, excessively delayed water delivery, and large losses under given water requirements. In this study, a canal water delivery scheduling model was set up, and a customized algorithm based on particle swarm optimization was proposed. Typical heuristic algorithms often become trapped in local optima and often search inefficiently under numerous constraints; however, the proposed algorithm can overcome these typical problems. The proposed method was evaluated for two typical canal irrigation systems, and the results showed that the algorithm is robust and efficient and can quickly meet the water delivery optimization schedules for canal irrigation systems. Compared with empirical methods, the algorithm reduced the leakage loss of delivered water from 7.29% to 5.40%, and 8.97% to 7.46% for the two tested canal systems. The discharge of the main canal is relatively stable, which can reduce the difficulty of head gate adjustment. The proposed optimization algorithm can provide practical and efficient water delivery schedules for irrigation canal systems.

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Kim, Tai-Cheol, Duck-Young Moon, Jae-Myun Lee i Jong-Pil Moon. "Water-saving Effect by Rotational Irrigation Scheduling System (RISS) in the Dongwha Dam". Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 54, nr 2 (31.03.2012): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2012.54.2.147.

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TARUYA, Hiroyuki, So FUJIYAMA, Toru NAKADA i Yuichi HIROSE. "Canal network function and its inheritability as considered in local rotational irrigation system". JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 33, nr 1 (2014): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.33.29.

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Adhakari, Basistha. "Design of Water Distribution System: Appropriateness of Structured System in Large Irrigation Projects in Nepal". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 19 (26.07.2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v19i0.15348.

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Many large irrigation projects in Nepal operate under command area development works that emphasize on-farm water distribution and management. These projects have specific design characteristics that were planned to comply with available water resources, climatic conditions, soil type, and water distribution technology. The water distribution technologies differ based on the design needs of each individual project and the design preferences of various foreign consulting firms. This article focuses on the issues of planning and designing water distribution systems of large irrigation systems at the irrigation service delivery level. The layout planning of an irrigation system is an important aspect of design for water distribution, typically guided by hierarchical system. This article also highlights the existing canal hierarchy of these systems and their appropriateness for efficient water distribution. Furthermore, the appropriateness of the structured system is also examined in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project. The article concluded with some suggestions for planning and designing command area development works of forthcoming large irrigation projects such as the Sikta Irrigation Project, the Babai Irrigation Project, and the Mahakali Irrigation Project Stage-III.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 25-30

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Royer, Tom A., J. V. Edelson, C. R. Bogle i S. McCrate. "Insecticide application and insect control using a drip irrigation delivery system". Pesticide Science 25, nr 3 (1989): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780250304.

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Thies, Judy A., Richard F. Davis, John D. Mueller, Richard L. Fery, David B. Langston i Gilbert Miller. "Host Resistance and Metam Sodium for Managing Root-knot Nematodes in a Pepper–Cucumber Rotation". HortScience 40, nr 7 (grudzień 2005): 2080–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.7.2080.

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Root-knot nematode-resistant `Charleston Belle' bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) and metam sodium treatment were evaluated for managing the southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Chitwood) Kofoid and White] in fall-cropped cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). `Charleston Belle' and its susceptible recurrent parent, `Keystone Resistant Giant', were planted as spring crops at Blackville, S.C., and Tifton, Ga. `Charleston Belle' exhibited high resistance and `Keystone Resistant Giant' was susceptible at both locations. After termination of the bell pepper crop, one-half of the plots were treated with metam sodium delivered through the drip irrigation system. Cucumber yields and numbers of fruit were highest for cucumber grown in plots treated with metam sodium following either `Charleston Belle' or `Keystone Resistant Giant'; however, root gall severity and numbers of M. incognita eggs in the roots were lowest for cucumber grown in plots treated with metam sodium following `Charleston Belle'. Conversely, root gall severity and nematode reproduction were highest for cucumber grown in plots following `Keystone Resistant Giant' without metam sodium treatment. Application of metam sodium through the drip irrigation system following a spring crop of root-knot nematode-resistant bell pepper should reduce severity of root galling and reproduction of M. incognita as well as increase fruit yield of fall-cropped cucumber.

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Paul, J. C., i B. Panigrahi. "Performance evaluation of water delivery system of Mahanadi delta irrigation project, Odisha". Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 17, nr 1 (2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00007.3.

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Vos, Jeroen. "Understanding water delivery performance in a large-scale irrigation system in Peru". Irrigation and Drainage 54, nr 1 (2005): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.152.

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Palmer, Joel D., Albert J. Clemmens, Allen R. Dedrick, John A. Replogle i Wayne Clyma. "Delivery system performance case study: Wellton-Mohawk irrigation and drainage district, USA". Irrigation and Drainage Systems 5, nr 1 (luty 1991): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01102779.

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Zong, Quan Li, Xiao Yan Zhang, Zi Jian Wang i Hua Tang. "Experimental Study on Muddy Water Delivery for Irrigation in Low-Pressure Pipeline System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (październik 2012): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.586.

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Abstract. Non-depositing critical velocity is an important parameter in project design for low pressure pipeline irrigation system. By using indoor experimental system of water pipeline conveyance, the non-depositing critical velocity with different sediment content has been researched. The results show that the non-depositing critical velocity increases with the increasing of sediment content, but it does not increase substantially with the increasing of sediment content. The empirical formula of non-depositing critical velocity has been drawn, and close agreement between the empirical formula and the measured data exists with a correlation coefficient R2=0.95, which can provide the basic theoretic reference to prevent pipe from being clogged in channel irrigation area.

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Carol, Mark P. "Peacock™: A system for planning and rotational delivery of intensity-modulated fields". International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 6, nr 1 (1995): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850060108.

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Kinzli, Kristoph-Dietrich, David Gensler, Ramchand Oad i Nabil Shafike. "Implementation of a Decision Support System for Improving Irrigation Water Delivery: Case Study". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 141, nr 11 (listopad 2015): 05015004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000916.

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Molden, David, Martin Burton i M. G. Bos. "Performance assessment, irrigation service delivery and poverty reduction: benefits of improved system management". Irrigation and Drainage 56, nr 2-3 (2007): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.313.

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Dercas, N., i J. D. Valiantzas. "TWO EXPLICIT OPTIMUM DESIGN METHODS FOR A SIMPLE IRRIGATION DELIVERY SYSTEM: COMPARATIVE APPLICATION". Irrigation and Drainage 61, nr 1 (29.04.2011): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.632.

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Evett, Steven R., Gary W. Marek, Paul D. Colaizzi, Brice B. Ruthardt i Karen S. Copeland. "A Subsurface Drip Irrigation System for Weighing Lysimetry". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, nr 1 (2018): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12597.

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Abstract. Large, precision weighing lysimeters can have accuracies as good as 0.04 mm equivalent depth of water, adequate for hourly and even half-hourly determinations of evapotranspiration (ET) rate from crops. Such data are important for testing and improving simulation models of the complex interactions of surface water and energy balances, soil physics, plant growth, and biophysics that determine crop ET in response to rapid microclimate dynamics. When crops are irrigated with sprinkler systems or other rapid additions of water, the irrigation event is typically short enough that not much ET data are compromised by the lysimeter mass change due to irrigation. In contrast, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems may take many hours to apply an irrigation, during which time the lysimeter mass change is affected by both ET rate and irrigation application rate. Given that irrigation application rate can be affected by pressure dynamics of the irrigation system, emitter clogging and water viscosity changes with temperature over several-hour periods, it can be difficult to impossible to separate the ET signal from the interference of the irrigation application. The inaccuracies in the data can be important, particularly for comparisons of sprinkler and SDI systems, since they are of the order of 8 to 10% of daily ET. We developed an SDI irrigation system to apply irrigations of up to 50 mm to large weighing lysimeters while limiting the period of lysimeter mass change due to irrigation delivery to approximately ten minutes by storing the water needed for irrigation in tanks suspended from the lysimeter weighing system. The system applied water at the same rate as the SDI system in the surrounding field, allowed irrigation over periods of any duration, but often exceeding 12 h, without directly affecting lysimeter mass change and the accuracy of ET rate determinations, and allowed irrigation overnight without compromising lysimeter daily ET measurements. Errors in lysimeter ET measurements using the previous SDI system, which was directly connected to the field irrigation system, were up to 10% of daily ET compared with negligible error using the new system. Errors using the previous, directly connected, SDI system varied over time due to variable system pressure, and possibly due to water temperature (viscosity) changes and emitter clogging. With the new system, all of the water transferred to the lysimeter weighing system was eventually applied by the SDI system regardless of temperature, pressure, or emitter clogging. Differences between planned and applied irrigation depth were less than 2% over the irrigation season. Keywords: Evapotranspiration, ET, Subsurface drip irrigation, SDI, Weighing lysimeter.

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He, Wu Quan, Ming Ke Cai i Ying Pu Zhang. "Study on Non-Depositing Critical Velocity of Water Delivery in Pipeline System under Different Conditions of Sediment-Laden Water Source". Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (maj 2011): 4660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4660.

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Non-depositing critical velocity is an important parameter in project design for low pressure pipe irrigation system in irrigation districts of sediment-laden water resource. The velocity used to be calculated through the critical velocity equation for solid particles delivery in pipeline system. However, the calculation error is relatively large due to the small sediment content and the large fine-textured particle content. This paper conducted different non-depositing critical velocity experiments under 6 sediment concentrations and 4 pipe diameters. The impacts of sediment concentration, pipe diameter, particle size and distribution on the non-depositing critical velocity of water delivery in pipeline system were analyzed based on the experimental results.

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Ranjan, Rakesh, Rajeev Sinha, Lav R. Khot, Gwen-Alyn Hoheisel, Matthew Grieshop i Mark Ledebuhr. "Spatial Distribution of Spray from a Solid Set Canopy Delivery System in a High-Density Apple Orchard Retrofitted with Modified Emitters". Applied Sciences 11, nr 2 (13.01.2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020709.

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Solid Set Canopy Delivery Systems (SSCDS) are fixed agrochemical delivery systems composed of a network of micro-sprayers/nozzles distributed in perennial crop canopies. A previous SSCDS design composed of a 3-tier configuration using hollow cone sprayer nozzles has been shown to provide excellent coverage and deposition in high-density apple orchards. However, the hollow cone nozzles substantially increases the initial system installation costs. This study evaluated the effect of irrigation micro-emitters replacement on spray deposition, coverage and off-target drift. A micro-emitter used in greenhouse irrigation systems was duly modified to enhance its applicability with SSCDS. After laboratory assessment and optimization of the micro-emitters, a replicated field study was conducted to compare 3-tier SSCDS configured with either of modified irrigation micro-emitters or traditional hollow cone nozzles. Canopy deposition and off target drift were evaluated using a 500 ppm fluorescent tracer solution sprayed by the field installed systems and captured on mylar collectors. Spray coverage was evaluated using water sensitive papers. The overall canopy deposition and coverage for treatment configured with modified irrigation micro-emitters (955.5 ± 153.9 [mean ± standard error of mean] ng cm−2 and 22.7 ± 2.6%, respectively) were numerically higher than the hollow cone nozzles (746.2 ± 104.7 ng cm−2 and 19.0 ± 2.8%, respectively). Moreover, modified irrigation micro-emitter SSCDS had improved spray uniformity in the canopy foliage and on either side of leaf surfaces compared to a hollow cone nozzle. Ground and aerial spray losses, quantified as deposition, were numerically lower for the modified irrigation micro-emitter (121.8 ± 43.4 ng cm−2 and 0.7 ± 0.1 ng cm−2, respectively) compared to the traditional hollow cone nozzle (447.4 ± 190.9 ng cm−2 and 3.2 ± 0.4 ng cm−2, respectively). Overall, the modified irrigation micro-emitter provided similar or superior performance to the traditional hollow cone nozzle with an estimated 12 times reduction in system installation cost.

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Fare, Donna C., Charles H. Gilliam i Gary J. Keever. "Monitoring Irrigation at Container Nurseries". HortTechnology 2, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.75.

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Efficient usage of current water supplies is of great concern to container-nursery producers. Improving water management first requires knowledge of current commercial container production practices. In this study, irrigation distribution from overhead sprinklers was monitored at container nurseries to determine the distribution and the amount of irrigation applied during a typical irrigation cycle. Several nurseries surveyed had poorly designed irrigation systems; subsequently, irrigation distribution varied widely at sampling dates and within the growing-container block. Uniform distribution was achieved at some nurseries, but required careful monitoring of the irrigation system. Future water restrictions may force nurseries to improve water usage by changing irrigation delivery methods to minimize water use, resulting in reduced surface runoff and effluent from container nurseries.

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Guo, Xinlei, Jiazhen Li, Kailin Yang, Hui Fu, Tao Wang, Yongxin Guo, Qingfu Xia i Wei Huang. "Optimal design and performance analysis of hydraulic ram pump system". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, nr 7 (1.02.2018): 841–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918756761.

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Hydraulic ram pump is an automatic water-pumping equipment generally used to pump drinking and irrigation water in mountainous and rural areas having short of power. In the past, it has been analyzed and optimized by fabricating various prototypes and conducting experiments and comparisons. This process is time and labor consuming and detailed flow features cannot be determined except efficiency, discharge, and period. In this paper, a method for the optimal design and performance analysis of hydraulic ram pump system with numerical simulation and physical experiment is presented to shorten the number of prototypes and develop high-performance product. The proposed evaluation indexes include head loss coefficient, drag coefficient, eccentric distance of pressure, and velocity distribution uniformity. Two types of structures, named front-enlargement and back-enlargement, were initially designed. According to the numerical simulation, the latter one has lower head loss coefficient and drag coefficient, larger eccentric distance of pressure and higher velocity distribution uniformity and was adopted in the novel hydraulic ram pump. Then, the design theory and method on adjustable and high-head experimental platform have been developed, so that the delivery head can be easily controlled and regulated in laboratory. Experiments were carried out for the delivery heads of 2.0 m and 2.7 m and comparisons were conducted with other products. The results show that, when the delivery head is less than 50 m, the efficiency of the new product ranges from 50% to 70% while the delivery flow is the largest. Its application in Liangshui River, Beijing, indicates that the novel hydraulic ram pump is a practical tool in fountain sight and for irrigation purpose without external power input.

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Bayabil, Haimanote K., Kati W. Migliaccio, Jonathan H. Crane, Teresa Olczyk i Qingren Wang. "Regulations and Guidelines for Chemigation". EDIS 2020, nr 4 (2.09.2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae542-2020.

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Chemigation is a process where an irrigation system is used for transport and delivery of agrochemicals, generally fertilizers and pesticides, to a crop (Haman and Zazueta, 2017). Drip or micro-sprinkler irrigation systems are often used in chemigation. If the irrigation is properly plumed and chemigation properly implemented, chemigation can help growers reduce chemical usage and costs as it is applied using existing irrigation distribution infrastructure. However, the irrigation system must first be outfitted with properly designed injection and safety equipment. In addition, it is important that the irrigation system is built to allow the injection of chemicals or fertilizers at a known rate and that ensures application uniformity. Knowing the correct concentration of chemicals during chemigation is critical as some chemicals could potentially damage plants. Chemigation of chemicals/fertilizers at higher concentrations could also lead to leaching and contamination of freshwater bodies. The purpose of this document is to provide a brief overview of the regulations and some helpful tips for growers interested in chemigation.

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Faruqee, Rashid. "Future of Irrigation and Drainage in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 36, nr 4II (1.12.1997): 565–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4iipp.565-591.

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The future of Pakistan’s agriculture depends on the future of its irrigation and drainage system, which currently faces major problems. Increasing water logging and salinity, overexploitation of fresh groundwater, low efficiency in delivering and use, inequitable distribution, unreliable delivery, and insufficient cost recovery are some of these problems. These problems, however, are only symptoms of a deeper problem—the treatment by the government of irrigation water as a public good. Such a treatment has caused inefficient pricing of water, misallocation of resources and widespread rent-seeking behaviour. The future strategy for irrigation and drainage will require a major change in the public sector’s approach. An efficient self-sustaining irrigation and drainage system can be achieved only by promoting market-determined incentives for improved management of the irrigation and drainage services and giving the private sector a greater stake in the system. The process could begin by developing commercially-oriented public utilities on a canal-command basis, developing suitable farmer organisations around distributaries/minors, formalising water rights, developing autonomous provincial water authorities, and developing provincial regulatory bodies for regulating public utilities, water rights, and groundwater resources.

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Predin Djuric, Natasa, Peet J. Van der Vyver, Martin Vorster i Zunaid I. Vally. "Factors influencing apical debris extrusion during endodontic treatment - A review of the literature". South African Dental Journal 76, nr 1 (1.02.2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2021/v76no1a4.

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The primary cause of a periapical inflammatory lesion is intra-radicular microbial infection. Prevention and elimination of apical periodontitis is achieved through successful endodontic treatment. Endodontic treatment is designed to maintain and restore the health of the periapical tissues and prevent periapical disease. It may be defined as the combination of mechanical instrumentation of the root canal system with bactericidal irrigation and obturation with an inert material. Technically, the goal of instrumentation and irrigation is to debride and entirely remove infected tissue debris from the root canal system and create a uniform conical shape that allows medicament delivery and adequate obturation. Microbiologically, the goal of instrumentation and irrigation is to eliminate micro-organisms, reduce their survival in the root canal system and neutralise any antigenic potential of the microbial components remaining in the canal.

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Bisschoff, C. A. "The role of openly communicated motives during the rationalization process of irrigation system buying behaviour". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 1, nr 1 (31.03.1998): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v1i1.1826.

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The article deals with the identification of the openly stated motives which farmers give to rationalize their buying behaviour in the mechanized irrigation industry. These motives are, in declining order of importance, "Dealership orientation", "Terrain suitability", "Maintenance", "Management", "Mechanical performance", "Design", "Delivery schedule", "Finance", "Infrastructure", "Technical specifications" and "Professional influences". Openly communicated motives are important to agricultural economists, financial and other advisory institutions since they can render better quality services to farmers if they know what are the reasons overtly given to rationalize other unspoken motives. The farmers can benefit from the results since they would be able to examine their own line of thought, and thus identify the motives of real importance applicable to their situation. Marketers of irrigation systems can also benefit since their selling approach would be more motive-directed.

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BALABANOV, V. I. "APPLICATION OF THE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR CULTIVATION OF POTATOES IN THE MOSCOW REGION". Prirodoobustrojstvo, nr 3 (2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-3-47-54.

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The article analyzes the indicators of the gross harvest of potatoes in the Moscow region in recent years. It has been proven that an increase in acreage does not always lead to an increase in gross harvest. It is equally important to provide comfortable conditions for the growth and development of plants. Precipitation in the Moscow region in the spring and summer period falls extremely unevenly: days with heavy rains forming a layer of precipitation of tens of millimeters alternate with non-precipitating days and weeks. The necessity of additional irrigation to create an optimal water – air balance for the development of plants is substantiated and the advantages of using drip irrigation for these purpose which allows the delivery of irrigation water directly to the root zone of the plant are estimated. It is recommended to combine operations on the formation of potato ridges with the laying of a drip tape since in the initial period of development the plant has enough moisture reserves of the mother tuber and additional watering is not required. The design of the drip tape stacker based on the Grimme GF-75/4 ridge former has been developed to increase the degree of mechanization when laying the drip tape. At a working speed of 3.2…5.5 km/h the productivity of the machine was 0.51…0.97 ha/h. In the course of further research the irrigation rate was calculated taking into account the elliptical shape of the humidification contour which made it possible to exclude excessive watering. After the installation of the drip irrigation system, irrigation was carried out at a constant rate when the moisture capacity reached 70% of the uultimate field moisture capacity with the adjustment of the time between irrigations. The use of the drip irrigation system made it possible to increase the yield of potatoes of the varieties Red Scarlett and Zhukovsky Early by 26.5% … 28%, respectively.

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Nixon, J. B., G. C. Dandy i A. R. Simpson. "A genetic algorithm for optimizing off-farm irrigation scheduling". Journal of Hydroinformatics 3, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2001.0003.

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This paper examines the use of genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to identify water delivery schedules for an open-channel irrigation system. Significant objectives and important constraints are identified for this system, and suitable representations of these within the GA framework are developed. Objectives include maximizing the number of orders that are scheduled to be delivered at the requested time and minimizing variations in the channel flow rate. If, however, an order is to be shifted, the irrigator preference for this to be by ±24 h rather than ±12 h is accounted for. Constraints include avoiding exceedance of channel capacity. The GA approach is demonstrated for an idealized system of five irrigators on a channel spur. In this case study, the GA technique efficiently identified the optimal schedule that was independently verified using full enumeration of the entire search space of possible order schedules. Results have shown great promise in the ability of GA techniques to identify good irrigation order schedules.

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Parra, Lorena, Marta Botella-Campos, Herminia Puerto, Bernat Roig-Merino i Jaime Lloret. "Evaluating Irrigation Efficiency with Performance Indicators: A Case Study of Citrus in the East of Spain". Agronomy 10, nr 9 (10.09.2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091359.

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Improving water efficiency in farming systems is one of the major challenges of these decades. Water scarcity due to climate change, together with the increasing demand of food, is leading experts from around the world find appropriate indicators for water-use efficiency. In this paper we propose and test different indicators for service delivery performance, productive efficiency, and economic efficiency. Since the characteristics of the studied area and the citrus cropping system in the East of Spain are particular, we include in our analysis two other variables which are key to understanding the changes in the indicators: the obtained productivity, and the applied irrigation. The indicators and these two variables are tested with the information provided by farmers of citrus orchards belonging to an irrigation community from the East of Spain. The effect of different factors, such as cultivated varieties, type of farmer (professional or non-professional), or plantations’ size, are evaluated against the productivity and irrigation performance of the evaluated orchards. The effect of excess of irrigation on the indicators is also studied with the previous factors. Finally, an artificial intelligence system is used to predict productive efficiency of an orchard, based on the size and the water supply. Among the proposed indicators, the service delivery performance indicators came out to be the least useful and might provoke overirrigation due to the lack of accuracy of the data used for its calculation. The productive and economic efficiency indicators have been useful to illustrate the remarkable effect that excess of irrigation has on water efficiency, since a reduction of 66% of productive efficiency is found for some of the analysed varieties. On other cases, a reduction of 50% in economic efficiency is detected due to the excess of irrigation. Moreover, the excess of irrigation implied higher economic efficiency in only one of the evaluated varieties.

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Temizkan, Osman, Osman Asıcıoglu, Kemal Güngördük, Berhan Asıcıoglu, Pınar Yalcin i Isil Ayhan. "The effect of peritoneal cavity saline irrigation at cesarean delivery on maternal morbidity and gastrointestinal system outcomes". Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 29, nr 4 (24.02.2015): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1015415.

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Kofonow, Jennifer M., Aditi Bhuskute, Laurel Doghramji, James N. Palmer, Noam A. Cohen i Alexander G. Chiu. "One-way Valve Bottle Contamination Rates in the Immediate Post–functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Period". American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 25, nr 6 (listopad 2011): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3664.

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Background Sinonasal saline irrigation has become an accepted practice in the immediate postoperative management of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients. Recent studies have found that valveless delivery systems of sinonasal irrigation are colonized with bacteria. An alternative delivery system uses a one-way valve to reduce saline backflow and may limit bottle contamination. Our sole objective was to determine whether this system in post-FESS patients eliminates microbial bottle contamination. Methods Eight patients undergoing FESS were given one-way valve irrigation bottles to use immediately after surgery. Bottles were collected after 1 week of use and another set of bottles after an additional week. Endoscopic-directed cultures of the middle meatus were performed at the time of surgery. Returned used bottles were swabbed for bacteria and the valve system of the bottle was analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the presence of bacteria. Results All sinus swabs collected at the time of surgery grew bacteria with Staphylococcus sp. present in all samples. After the 1st week of use, 5/8 bottles grew bacterial cultures and showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. After the 2nd week, 4/5 bottles had positive culture results and also showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. Conclusion Despite commercial claims that the use of valves and limit of backflow into the bottle will eliminate contamination, our study showed that one-way valve delivery systems become contaminated with bacteria after 1 week of use. We also showed that the bottle valves themselves harbor bacteria after 1 week of use.

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Guo, Shanshan, Fan Zhang, Chenglong Zhang, Chunjiang An, Sufen Wang i Ping Guo. "A Multi-Objective Hierarchical Model for Irrigation Scheduling in the Complex Canal System". Sustainability 11, nr 1 (20.12.2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010024.

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Abstract: Due to population growth, environmental pollution and climate change, the lack of water resources has become a critical factor which threatens sustainable agricultural development. Reasonable irrigation scheduling strategies can reduce the waste of water and enhance agricultural water-use efficiency. In the present study, the decomposition-coordination theory was adopted to analyze the hierarchical canal system. A novel nonlinear multi-level multi-objective optimization model for complex canal systems was established, taking account of the multiple demands from decision makers and realistic factors of canal operation. An interactive method of the technique for order preference using similarity algorithm and genetic algorithm was proposed to solve the developed model. The developed model was successfully applied for the operational strategy making of a canal system located in the arid area of northwest China. The results indicated that the optimization model could help shorten the operational duration by two days, achieve about 26% reduction of irrigation water consumption, and improve the efficiency of water delivery from 0.566 to 0.687. That will be very favorable for the promotion of the agricultural water productivity, the relief of water shortage crisis and the sustainable development of agriculture. The outcomes can provide a wide range of support for decision making and make irrigation decision-making more scientific and systematic.

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Fu, Qiang, Songyuan Zhang, Shuxiang Guo i Jian Guo. "Performance Evaluation of a Magnetically Actuated Capsule Microrobotic System for Medical Applications". Micromachines 9, nr 12 (4.12.2018): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120641.

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The paper aims to propose a magnetic actuated capsule microrobotic system, which is composed of a magnetically actuated microrobot with a screw jet mechanism, a driving system, and a positioning system. The magnetically actuated microrobot embedded an O-ring magnet as an actuator has potential for achieving a particular task, such as medical diagnose or drug delivery. The driving system composes of a three axes Helmholtz coils to generate a rotational magnetic field for controlling the magnetically actuated microrobot to realize the basic motion in pipe, e.g., forward/backward motion and upward/downward motion. The positioning system is used to detect the pose of the magnetically actuated microrobot in pipe. We will discuss the shape of the Helmholtz coils and the magnetic field around the O-ring magnet to obtain an optimal performance of the magnetically actuated microrobot. The experimental result indicated that the microrobot with screw jet motion has a flexible movement in pipe by adjusting the rotational magnetic field plane and the magnetic field changing frequency.

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