Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Roman Empire”
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1
Maier, Felix K. "Ancient history: A postcolonial view on Roman identity". Open Access Government 40, nr 1 (25.10.2023): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-10349.
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Ancient history: A postcolonial view on Roman identity Prof Dr Felix K Maier, Professor for Ancient History at University of Zurich, explores the paradoxical dynamics of different identities in the multicultural Roman Empire. My history research project analyses the dynamics of different identities in the Roman Empire from around 50-150 AD. The Roman Empire is generally considered a ‘story of a success’ concerning the integration of the conquered peoples. The Romans surpassed other empires regarding temporal extension and maintained their power with little military presence. However, it was not only open rebellions that could have threatened Roman domination; it was also – and quite paradoxically – the successful integration of conquered peoples. This had to do with a couple of interdependent aspects.
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Álvarez Soria, Ignacio Jesús. "barbarización del ejército romano". Studium, nr 24 (22.09.2019): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_studium/stud.2018242603.
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Resumen
En el presente artículo repasaremos someramente algunos de los hitos más reseñables de la historia militar del Imperio Romano Tardío, haciendo hincapié en el papel de los bárbaros que luchaban junto a los romanos, puesto que la barbarización del ejercito romano ha sido uno de los puntos de referencia en las investigaciones acerca de la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano. En este sentido, haremos referencia al papel integrador que tuvo el ejército romano durante buena parte de la historia del Imperio Romano, y señalaremos los principales hechos que condujeron al final de dicho papel; esbozando también las desastrosas consecuencias que tuvo este hecho para el futuro del Imperio, especialmente del Occidental.
Palabras clave: Bárbaros, ejército, integración, migración, godos, reclutamiento.
Abstract
In this article we will briefly review some of the most important milestones in the military history of the Late Roman Empire. In it we will emphasize the role of the barbarians who fought with the Romans, since the barbarización of the Roman army is one of the points of reference in the investigations about the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. In this sense, we will refer to the role played by the Roman army in the integration of foreigners during a large part of the history of the Roman Empire. In addition, we will point out the main events that led to the end of this integrating role; we will also indicate the disastrous consequences this fact had for the future of the Empire, especially for the Western part.
Key words: Barbarians, army, integration, migration, goths, recruitment.
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Han, Zexu. "Negotiation Techniques in the Diplomacy of the Roman Empire to the Hun Empire During Attila Period". Lifelong Education 9, nr 5 (2.08.2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1202.
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The diplomacy of the Roman Empire is usually regarded as the appendage of the Roman military, but its diplomacy after the decline of the Roman military is seldom studied. The arguments presented here analyze the diplomatic negotiation skills of the Roman Empire during the Attila period, that is, the negotiation skills of the Romans when the Roman army lost its power.
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Bartsch, Shadi. "Roman Literature: Translation, Metaphor & Empire". Daedalus 145, nr 2 (kwiecień 2016): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00373.
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The Romans understood that translation entails transformation. The Roman term “translatio” stood not only literally for a carrying-across (as by boat) of material from one country to another, but also (metaphorically) for both linguistic translation and metaphorical transformation. These shared usages provide a lens on Roman anxieties about their relationship to Greece, from which they both transferred and translated a literature to call their own. Despite the problematic association of the Greeks with pleasure, rhetoric, and poetic language, the Roman elite argued for the possibility of translation and transformation of Greek texts into a distinctly Roman and authoritative mode of expression. Cicero's hope was that eventually translated Latin texts would replace the Greek originals altogether. In the end, however, the Romans seem to have felt that effeminacy had the last laugh.
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Erdemi̇r, Hatice. "The Nature of Turko-Byzantine Relations in the Sixth Century Ad". Belleten 68, nr 252 (1.08.2004): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2004.423.
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In the middle of the sixth century, a new nomad power emerged in central Asia. A federation led by Turkic groups which rapidly impinged on the Persian empire after the subjugation of the Hephtalites and had an impact on the Roman empire through the flight westwards of the Avars. As a result, both Romans and Persians were soon in diplomatic contact with the Turkish Kagan, and considerable evidence for this process is presented in the fragments of the Greek historian Menandros Protector, with useful supporting material in the historian Theophylact Simocatta and the Syriac author John of Ephesus. This diplomacy had both an economic aspect, the ability of the Turks to intervene in the silk trade, and a strategic one, since both Roman and Persian empires could view the Turks as useful allies against their traditional rival in the Near East. The Turks could attack Persia through the former territory of the Hephtalites, while they could take over Roman possesions in the Crimea.
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Berthelot, Katell. "Philo’s Perception of the Roman Empire". Journal for the Study of Judaism 42, nr 2 (2011): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006311x544373.
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AbstractPhilo’s perception of Rome is less positive than has generally been argued. Although Philo appreciated the pax romana and the religious freedom generally enjoyed by Jews in the Roman Empire, he was nevertheless critical of Rome. In particular, he rejected the idea that the Roman empire was the outcome of divine providence and would last forever. He opposed the spiritual kingship of Israel to the worldly and transitory dominion of Rome. Moreover, he expected Roman rule to fade away in the end, and Israel to blossom as no other nation ever had in the past.
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Kumar, Krishan. "The time of empire". Thesis Eleven 139, nr 1 (kwiecień 2017): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513617701919.
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General and comparative studies of empire – like those of revolution – often suffer from insufficient attention to chronology. Time expresses itself both in the form that empires occur, often in succession to each other – the Roman, the Holy Roman, the Spanish, etc. – and, equally, in an awareness that this succession links empires in a genealogical sense, as part of a family of empires. This article explores the implications of taking time seriously, so that empires are not considered simply as like ‘cases’ of a general phenomenon of empire but are treated as both ‘the same and different’. Concentrating on the European empires since the time of Rome, the article shows the extent to which empires were conscious of each other, seeking both to imitate admired features as well as to escape from those thought less desirable. It also shows the difference between ancient and modern empires, considered not so much as different types as in the differences caused by their location in different points in historical time. Comparative studies of empire, the article concludes, must pay attention to both continuity and change, both similarity and difference.
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Kleyhons, Ferdinand. "Pons et cella penaria – Die Bedeutung Siziliens für die Entwicklung des Imperium Romanum ausgehend von Ciceros „Verrinen“". historia.scribere, nr 13 (22.06.2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.618.
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Pons et cella penaria – The importance of Sicily for the formation of the Roman Empire on the basis of Ciceros “In Verrem”In the year 70 BCE, one of the most renowned trials in Roman history took place: The lawsuit of Gaius Verres, former propraetor of the Roman province Sicilia. Marcus Tullius Cicero, taking up the role of the claimant in this trial, wrote a series of speeches against Verres (“In Verrem”). Therein he stated, among other things, the importance of Sicily for the Roman Empire. As the first Roman province, it introduced the Romans to a new system of governing foreign territory. It functioned as a “bridge” for the conquest of Carthage and, finally, it fed the Roman population and its army. The following paper will examine each of these three steps, as well as use them as a framework to discuss the role of Sicily for the formation of the Roman Empire.
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Gardner, I. M. F., i S. N. C. Lieu. "From Narmouthis (Medinet Madi) to Kellis (Ismant El-Kharab): Manichaean Documents from Roman Egypt". Journal of Roman Studies 86 (listopad 1996): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300427.
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In 1968, Peter Brown read at the Society's Annual General Meeting a paper entitled ‘The Diffusion of Manichaeism in the Roman Empire’. Delivered at a time when little research was being carried out by British scholars either on Manichaeism or on the cultural and religious relationship between the Roman and the Sassanian Empires, it was for many a complete revelation. With consummate skill and vast erudition Brown placed the history of the diffusion of the sect against a background of vigorous and dynamic interchange between the Roman and the Persian Empires. He also mounted a successful challenge on a number of popularly held views on the history of the religion in the Roman Empire. Manichaeism was not to be seen as part of the mirage orientale which fascinated the intellectuals of the High Empire. It was not an Iranian religion which appealed through its foreigness or quaintness. Rather, it was a highly organized and aggressively missionary religion founded by a prophet from South Babylonia who styled himself an ‘Apostle of Jesus Christ’. Brown reminded the audience that ‘the history of Manichaeism is to a large extent a history of the Syriac-speaking belt, that stretched along the Fertile Crescent without interruption from Antioch to Ctesiphon’. Its manner of diffusion bore little or no resemblance to that of Mithraism. It did not rely on a particular profession, as Mithraism did on the army, for its spread throughout the Empire. Instead it developed in the common Syriac culture astride the Romano-Persian frontier which was becoming increasingly Christianized consequent to the regular deportation of whole communities from cities of the Roman East like Antioch to Mesopotamia and adjacent Iran. Manichaeism which originally flourished in this Semitic milieu was not in the strict sense an Iranian religion in the way that Zoroastrianism was at the root of the culture and religion of pre-Islamic Iran. The Judaeo-Christian roots of the religion enabled it to be proclaimed as a new and decisive Christian revelation.
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Burton, Paul J. "Roman Imperialism". Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 2, nr 2 (11.04.2019): 1–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340004.
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Abstract Rome engaged in military and diplomatic expansionistic state behavior, which we now describe as ‘imperialism,’ since well before the appearance of ancient sources describing this activity. Over the course of at least 800 years, the Romans established and maintained a Mediterranean-wide empire from Spain to Syria (and sometimes farther east) and from the North Sea to North Africa. How and why they did this is a source of perennial scholarly controversy. Earlier debates over whether Rome was an aggressive or defensive imperial state have progressed to theoretically informed discussions of the extent to which system-level or discursive pressures shaped the Roman Empire. Roman imperialism studies now encompass such ancillary subfields as Roman frontier studies and Romanization.
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McLynn, Neil B. "Augustine’s Roman Empire". Augustinian Studies 30, nr 2 (1999): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augstudies19993029.
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Starr, Chester G., i Colin Wells. "The Roman Empire". Phoenix 39, nr 2 (1985): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088837.
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Renna, Thomas. "The Holy Roman Empire was Neither Holy, Nor Roman, Nor an Empire1". Michigan Academician 42, nr 1 (1.09.2015): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60.
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ABSTRACT “The Holy Roman Empire was neither Holy nor Roman, nor an Empire.” For the historian, Voltaire's famous quip has three aspects: 1) What did Voltaire mean by it in 1756 when he wrote the line in his Essay on Customs? 2) How did contemporaries, including the Austrian Habsburgs, understand it? 3) Does the quote accurately describe the events the Philosophe is discussing (Charles IV of Bohemia and the Golden Bull of 1356)? Voltaire in fact exaggerates the weakness of the Empire in both 1356 and 1756, and uses an anachronistic standard to evaluate both: the quasi nation states of the 1750s. The three parts of the imperial title had changed in meaning during the four centuries after 1356. The jibe nonetheless reflects something of the thought of Voltaire and the French Enlightenment.
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Baker, Camille. "How Big Was the Roman Empire?" Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 1, nr 9 (marzec 1996): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.1.9.0754.
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This activity was designed as part of a sixth-grade interdisciplinary unit. “Seeing the World through the Eyes of Ancient Greeks and Romans.” In addition to learning about Greek and Roman geography, economics, government, and societies in social-studies class. students studied ancient scientists, physicians. and inventors in science class. They also explored Greek and Roman myths, religions, languages, and ideas in language-arts classes. In mathe matics classes, students experimented with the golden ratio and the pentagram. wrote an essay on how the Greeks used mathematics to understand their world, examined Greek and Roman architecture, and investigated the physical size of the Roman Empire. To culminate the unit, students worked in small groups on special projects, such as building a scale model of the Parthenon, measuring and creating a cale drawing comparing the soccer field with the Pantheon, creating and performing original myths or plays depicting life in ancient Greece and Rome, and constructing simple machines or demonstrations of the scientists' work in Greek and Roman times.
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Mench, Fred, Alexander, Richard Stoneman i Richard Wallace. "Alexander's Empire and the Roman Empire". Classical World 86, nr 4 (1993): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351384.
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Coles, Amanda Jo. "Roman Colonies in Republic and Empire". Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, nr 1 (18.06.2020): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340007.
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Abstract The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.
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Belfiglio, Valentine J. "Control of epidemics in the Roman army: 27 B.C. - A.D. 476". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, nr 5 (24.04.2017): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171745.
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During the Roman Empire thousands of soldiers were exposed to communicable diseases. The Romans forged a military medical system that surpassed the medical systems of most of their enemies. Under the principles of immediacy and expectancy, the Roman medical staff salvaged and returned to duty many sick and wounded soldiers as rapidly as possible. The selection of and training of healthy legionnaires, hygiene and sanitation and immediate medical care emphasized that the timing of care after diagnosis is as important as the quality of care. The Romans were the first army in history to employ medical corpsmen, field hospitals and triage. The Roman efficacy in combat medicine may be one of the least appreciated aspects of the ability of the Roman army to help create and maintain an empire.
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Evans, R. J. W. "COMMUNICATING EMPIRE: THE HABSBURGS AND THEIR CRITICS, 1700–1919". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 19 (12.11.2009): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440109990065.
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ABSTRACTIn the vibrant current debate about European empires and their ideologies, one basic dichotomy still tends to be overlooked: that between, on the one hand, the plurality of modern empires of colonisation, commerce and settlement; and, on the other, the traditional claim to single and undividedimperiumso long embodied in the Roman Empire and its successor, the Holy Roman Empire, or (First) Reich. This paper examines the tensions between the two, as manifested in the theory and practice of Habsburg imperial rule. The Habsburgs, emperors of the Reich almost continuously through its last centuries, sought to build their own power-base within and beyond it. The first half of the paper examines how by the eighteenth century their ‘Monarchy’, subsisting alongside the Reich, dealt with the associated legacy of empire. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 the Habsburgs could pursue a free-standing Austrian ‘imperialism’, but it rested on an uneasy combination of old and new elements and was correspondingly vulnerable to challenge from abroad and censure at home. The second half of the article charts this aspect of Habsburg government through an age of international imperialism and its contribution to the collapse of the Dual Monarchy in 1918.
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Nikishin, Vladimir O. "Pax Romana and the Roman “imperialism” in the 1st century A.D". RUDN Journal of World History 11, nr 1 (15.12.2019): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-1-76-90.
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This article is devoted to such a historical phenomenon as the Roman “imperialism” in the epoch of Augustus and his coming successors. Despite the fact that the founder of the Principate had declared the coming of “pax Augusta”, he spent several wars of conquest (for instance, in Spain and Germany). But Tiberius had already refused of “aggressive imperialism”, then the Empire moved to defense at all frontiers. The emperors of the 1st century A.D. only from time to time took offensive actions (for example, in Armenia or Britain). Probably, there were two reasons for the Romans’ rejection of expansion policy. First of all, by that moment they had already conquered practically all the Mediterranean, and the expanding of the boundaries of the Empire hadn’t sense any more. Secondly, the creation of professional army led to the noticeable decline of the militarization level of the Roman society, which from that on was keenly interested in the keeping of peace and stability all over the “pax Romana”.
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Popov, Ivan. "Roman Fortress along the Danube Coast on Bulgarian Area". Cultural and Historical Heritage: Preservation, Presentation, Digitalization 8, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/kinj.2022.080112.
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The Roman Empire has left many traces in world history with various achievements. One of them is the fortresses. Roman fortresses were built in such a way that for many years afterwards their remains are still visible, without being erased by time, conquerors and atmospheric conditions. Even before the Roman conquest, the peoples along the Danube River understood that the place was suitable for living. The fortresses considered in the report are not only Roman, but everywhere the Romans repaired and fortified them. The Bulgarians used them, as the Danube River has been a natural border between the countries for a long time. The most important cities for the Roman Empire and beyond were: Bononia, Ulpia Escus, Nove, Sexaginda Prista, Transmariska and Durostorum. In the present days most of them are sites of national tourist importance.
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Garland, Nicky. "Rethinking the dichotomy: ‘Romans’ and ‘barbarians’". Antiquity 92, nr 362 (kwiecień 2018): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.23.
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Our understanding of the interactions between the Roman Empire and indigenous societies (or ‘barbarians’) that lay within or surrounding its borders has undergone considerable advances over the last 30 years. Stemming initially from a colonial perspective, which saw the Roman Empire as ‘civilising’ those who were subsumed into it, the study of these interactions now includes a wealth of diverse post-processual or post-colonial approaches that stress the complexity of interactions within and between these social groups. Even with these advances, the self-imposed opposition between prehistoric and Roman studies, whether in theoretical stance, approach or research frameworks, remains constant in modern scholarly debate (Hingley 2012: 629). As a consequence, and despite extensive debate to the contrary, the divide between ‘Romans’ and ‘natives’ endures in our current interpretations of the contact between pre-Roman and Roman society.
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Jones, Rick. "The Roman Empire in microcosm: Roman Spain". Antiquity 66, nr 252 (wrzesień 1992): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00039521.
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Scott, Eleanor. "Writing the Roman Empire". Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, nr 1991 (1.04.1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/trac1991_5_22.
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Stewart, Ian. "Defend the Roman Empire!" Scientific American 281, nr 6 (grudzień 1999): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1299-136.
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Zhang, Fangfang. "Imperial Imagination in Cymbeline". Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, nr 5 (1.05.2017): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0705.03.
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Though telling the story of the Roman conquest, Cymbeline features alliance and fraternity, instead of enmity, between ancient Briton and the Roman Empire. Cymbeline, through its appropriation of the Roman-Briton tie, gives shape to the imperial imagination of the Stuart court. Shakespeare depicts the historical King of Briton, Cymbeline, the legendary warrior raised by the Romans, as the British counterpart of Caesar Augustus and heir of the mythical Brutus. Cymbeline can also be seen as an avatar of James I, who at that time willed to become the second Brutus and was keen to conquer. Shakespeare presents a Romanized Briton as the proper heir to the Roman Empire, degrading the Empire’s natural descendent Italy for their moral corruption. The sense of moral superiority caters to the burgeoning imperial practice of the Jacobean monarch.
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Kofler, Walter. "Nibelunge – Burgonde – Rinfranken". Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 141, nr 4 (1.12.2019): 531–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2019-0032.
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Abstract The Migration Period (c. 375–568 AD) left its mark on most of the Germanic heroic poems: Three medieval empires – Burgundy, Hunland, and Lombardy – are involved in struggles for power, reputation, and vengeance. But the poems were also influenced by contemporary political conditions – particularly by the presence of the Holy Roman Empire as a great power in Europe. The ›Klage‹, a sequel to the ›Nibelungenlied‹, presents not only ancient kings like Etzel and Dietrich but also the Roman-German emperor. This examination looks for parallels between the ›Klage‹ and related poems like ›Nibelungenlied‹ and ›Biterolf und Dietleib‹ dealing with a medieval empire.
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Hong, Run, Jinqi Liu i Jiacheng Xu. "Comparative Study of Roman Empire and Qin Dynasty". Communications in Humanities Research 4, nr 1 (17.05.2023): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220580.
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Rome is a great empire centered on the Mediterranean Sea and spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa. After the republic system collapsed, the political and economic markets of the Roman Empire underwent various changes, while the cultural and foreign policies remained unchanged. The Qin Dynasty, the representative of the eastern empire, was the first unified feudal dynasty in ancient China. This paper presents a comparative study of Rome and the Qin Dynasty from the aspect of politics, economy, culture, and foreign policies. Romans political power was concentrated and spread out, as the power was controlled by the Senate and the Roman emperor. Meanwhile, the power within the Qin dynasty was highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor. Roman Culture is centered around religion, while the culture of the Qin dynasty is quite different. The mainstream thought was legalism, so the influence of religion was very tiny in the Qin Empire. Roman had a diverse economy, but the Qin dynasty implemented land nationalization, controlled commercial activities, and unified market management. Romes foreign policy was complex, and they used multiple tactics to deal with different nations, while the Qin Dynastys foreign policy aimed to resist foreign enemies. For example, the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall, whose primary function was to resist the Huns.
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Salway, Benet. "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700". Journal of Roman Studies 84 (listopad 1994): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300873.
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Perusal of over a thousand years of the fasti of the Romans' eponymous magistracy is sufficient to demonstrate that Roman onomastic practice did not stand still. Why, then, is there a tendency to see the system of three names (tria nomina, i.e. praenomen, nomen gentilicium, and cognomen) as the perfection and culmination of the Roman naming system rather than as a transitory stage in an evolutionary process? The simple answer is probably that usage of the tria nomina happens to be typical of the best documented class in one of the best documented, and certainly most studied, eras of Roman history — the late Republic and early Empire. This perspective tends to pervade discussion of post-classical developments, the basic outline of which is clear from a glancing comparison of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani, which catalogues eminent persons of the first to third centuries A.D., with the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, covering the fourth to seventh. The difference in their very organizational structure betrays the change since, while the entries in PIR are classified alphabetically by nomen, those of PLRE are arranged by last name, usually cognomen. The major problem requiring explanation is why the nomen gentilicium, the central element of the classical tria nomina, should have been displaced by the cognomen as the one most consistently attested element.
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Zhu, Zhetong. "An Analysis of The Decline of The Roman Empire From The Perspective of Daily Life". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (6.07.2022): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v1i.651.
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The Roman Empire created a prosperous situation in western history and experienced many major attempts and problems in western society since modern times. The rise and fall of the Roman Empire has always been a thought-provoking and important issue. This paper mainly reexamines the decline of the late Roman Empire from the perspective of life. This paper is mainly divided into two parts. The first part mainly combs the relevant research on life culture and civil life in ancient Rome in recent years from the perspective of civil life and social change. It can be seen that lifestyle has always been an important factor to measure the rise and fall of a country, whether in the period of the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire. The second part mainly analyzes the text based on Histories, and summarizes the final response of many factors to the decline of the Roman Empire in public life. This paper holds that the main manifestation of the decline of the Roman Empire is the numbness of people's life. Due to the growing gap between the rich and the poor, the social class has been destroyed, the city has become increasingly declining, and the rural atmosphere has swept through the city. The people are completely dependent on religion, and the church undertakes the function of people's moral education and ideal vision. The numbness of life became an important reason and symbol of the decline of the Roman Empire. This paper will be helpful to further discuss the root causes of the decline of the Roman Empire from the cultural perspective of daily life.
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Zhang, Zhi Jun. "Research on the History and Compositions of Concrete". Advanced Materials Research 988 (lipiec 2014): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.207.
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Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world’s largest. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was re-pioneered in the mid-18th century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material.
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Zubko, Andrii. "Creation and development of systems of weight measures in Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries". Ethnic History of European Nations, nr 69 (2023): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2023.69.03.
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The development of the economy in the territories of modern Germany, the peninsulas of Jutland and Scandinavia, inhabited since ancient times by tribes that spoke Germanic languages, required the use of various measures, the units of which must be related to each other. Since primitive times, the Germans, like other peoples of the world, used the so-called primitive natural measures, the standards of which were borrowed from nature itself. The political disunity of the Germanic tribes led to their lack of a single system of measures. However, a generally accepted standard of weight measures appeared with them. It was a mass of wheat or barley grain. When using units of measure in production and trade, the calculation was based on the numbers of ten and twenty adopted by the Indo-European peoples. In the II–I century B.C., the Romans conquered the territory of modern Germany to the west bank of the Rhine River. Roman colonies were founded there; the Roman system of measures and the monetary system were put into use. The Germanic lands to the east of the Rhine were not part of the Roman Empire. However, due to political ties and trade exchange with the Roman Empire, Roman monetary and weight measures gradually came into use in these lands. In the first centuries A.D., Germanic tribes attacked the Romans. In the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire fell. The territory of its provinces was conquered by Germanic tribes who created independent kingdoms here. In the 8th century, Charlemagne, the ruler of one of them, namely Frankish, united the former territories of the Western Roman Empire under his authority. In the empire of Charlemagne, a single system of measures was created, in which Roman and German measures were combined. In particular, instead of the Roman siliqua, which is a carob bean, the mass of a barley grain was adopted as the standard of weight. The calculation of units according to this system was conducted not only with the help of Roman numerals for 6 and 12, but also by dividing by the two system and using the decimal system. Charlemagne’s weight measures included units of coin and trade weight. Subsequently, as the analysis of the sources shows, it was on the basis of the Carolingian units of trade weight that systems of weight measures were created in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries during the Middle Ages. In the 9th century, the Carolingian empire fell apart. In the 10th century, Otto I, the king of Germany, having united under his authority certain territories of Western Europe, announced the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. Later, this state gradually fell apart into separate possessions, the rulers of which introduced their own monetary and weight measures. They were based on the division into marks. Initially, this monetary weight unit was equal to 2/3 of a Roman pound. Subsequently, various stamp weight standards appeared in German lands. From the 15th century, the gold and silver mass standards of the Cologne mark are being distributed in Western Europe. In the second half of the XIX century, the political unification of Germany took place, which coincided with the introduction of the international metric system in the territories of Germany, Austria and the Scandinavian countries.
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Zaitseva, Evgenia. "The Role of the Roman Aristocrats in the Diplomatic Communication of Byzantium and Persia in the Middle of the 6th Century". ISTORIYA 12, nr 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015138-0.
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The author examines the features of diplomatic relations between the Persian state and the Roman empires in the middle of the 6th century. The author concludes that the Roman aristocrats who arrived in Constantinople in 546 and participated in the V Ecumenical Council were involved in the settlement of relations between the old opponents. The sources are the works of Procopius of Caesarea and the Acts of the Church Council of 553. The author defines a list of diplomats engaged in negotiations with the Persians in 551—552, and also demonstrates that Byzantine military leaders and politicians turned to the Romans for consultations, since the previous truces concluded with by the Persians, were short-lived. This tactic has brought results. With the participation of experienced Roman senators in the negotiations, the empire retained Lazica, took control of the port of Fasias, and secured its eastern borders.
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Tica, Cristina I. "Osteobiographies at the Edge of Empire". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 26, nr 2 (18.12.2020): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341382.
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Abstract The aim of this research is to employ osteobiography as a means of learning about individuals in the past. Osteobiography entails a life-history approach in the analysis of skeletal human remains. Two groups that have been characterized in the literature as ‘Romans’ and ‘barbarians’ were analyzed by the author. The research questions used skeletal remains to address how the daily life of people under Roman control compared to that of their neighbors to the north, the ‘barbarians’. Looking at two contemporaneous populations from the territory of modern Romania and dating from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the study examines pathological conditions and traumatic injuries, in order to gain a better understanding of the general quality of life for these individuals. One collection comes from the site of Ibida (Slava Rusă) from the Roman province of Scythia Minor, and the other originates from the Târgşor site, located to the north of the Danube frontier, in what was considered the ‘barbaricum’ (the land beyond Roman administrative control).1 For the purposes of this article, two individuals from each group were selected and are presented in depth herein.
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Wang, Fei. "The Birth and Use of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete". Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (czerwiec 2013): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.955.
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Concrete was used for construction in many ancient structures. Concrete technology was known by the Ancient Romans and was widely used within the Roman Empire. After the Empire passed, use of concrete became scarce until the technology was re-pioneered in the mid-18th century. The widespread use of concrete in many Roman structures has ensured that many survive to the present day. The development of reinforced concrete marked the dawn of a new age. For it was the first heterogeneous building material, using steel, cement, sand, gravel, and water. This composition possessed much better properties than each of its individual components.
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Hanscam, Emily R. "Frontiers of Romania: Nationalism and the Ideological Space of the Roman Limes". Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (31.12.2017): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.390.
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Modern Romania is a nation-state containing space which has long been considered marginal - first as part of the Roman Empire and now within the European Union. The national narrative of Romania highlights this liminality, focusing on the interactions between the Romans and the local Dacians on the northeastern border regions of the Empire. Romania still contains significant material remnants of the Iron Age, including the Roman Limes, a series of fortifications on the Danube River meant to protect the Roman borders. As such, the archaeological tradition of this geographic space is heavily entangled with Romania’s identity as a frontier region. This paper outlines the formation of Romanian national space, focusing on the period between the seventeenth century and 1918. It considers the relationship between the materiality of the Roman Limes and ideological frontiers in Romania, examining the role of archaeology in the sustainment of the Romanian nation space.
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Gross, Simcha. "Being Roman in the Sasanian Empire". Studies in Late Antiquity 5, nr 3 (2021): 361–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2021.5.3.361.
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Over the past several decades, scholars have challenged longstanding assumptions about Christian narratives of persecution. In light of these revisionist trends, a number of scholars have reconsidered the “Great Persecution” of Christians under the fourth-century Sasanian king Shapur II. Where scholars previously argued that the cause of Sasanian imperial violence against Christians was a perceived connection between them and the increasingly Christian Roman Empire, these new accounts reject this explanation and downplay the scope of violence against Christians. This article reexamines Sasanian violence against Christians in the fourth century, navigating between the proverbial Scylla and Charybdis of positivist and revisionist approaches. It argues that the accusations against Christians must be situated within the broader Roman-Sasanian conflict. In this context, fifth-column accusations were a pervasive anxiety, animated—and deployed—by empires and inhabitants alike. Yet, rather than inexorably leading to indiscriminate violence against all Christians, fifth-column accusations operated in a variety of ways, resulting in targeted violence but also, it is argued, in imperial patronage. Seen in this light, concerns for Christian disloyalty were responsible for the drastic vacillations in Christian experience under Sasanian rule during the fourth and early fifth centuries, unparalleled for other non-Iranian Sasanian communities, such as Jews. It was the particular circumstances of Christians, caught between the Sasanian and Roman Empires, that account for their experience under Sasanian rule.
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Geraghty, Ryan M. "The Impact of Globalization in the Roman Empire, 200bc—ad100". Journal of Economic History 67, nr 4 (grudzień 2007): 1036–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000484.
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The article employs a general equilibrium model to describe Italy's response to commodity and factor market integration during the expansion of the Roman Empire. This novel approach constructs a comprehensive story of the Italian economy that corroborates established developments and sheds light on controversial and unanswered questions. The success of the model supports arguments that Romans were rational economic actors and that the Roman economy was a well-integrated market system.
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Yang, Ziyi. "Exploring the Reasons the Emperor Julian Failed in the War with the Eastern Country". BCP Education & Psychology 6 (25.08.2022): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v6i.1770.
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The paper does research on the emperor Julian, who is one of the most famous emperors in the late period of the Roman Empire. In the common sense, the late period of the Roman Empire was not as strong as before, which meant the Roman Empire started to collapse. The paper aims to find out what caused the emperor Julian to fail in the war, and this could also be a part of “Why the Roman Empire started to collapse”. This paper selected 18 books and papers to analyze this question, and it found the reasons could be concluded from the political, military and economic factors.
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Wigen, Einar. "Ottoman Concepts of Empire". Contributions to the History of Concepts 8, nr 1 (1.06.2013): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2013.080103.
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Empire was never an important concept in Ottoman politics. This did not stop Ottoman rulers from laying claim to three titles that may be called imperial: halife, hakan, and kayser. Each of these pertains to different translationes imperii, or claims of descent from different empires: the Caliphate, the steppe empires of the Huns, Turks, and Mongols, and the Roman Empire. Each of the three titles was geared toward a specific audience: Muslims, Turkic nomads, and Greek-Orthodox Christians, respectively. In the nineteenth century a new audience emerged as an important source of political legitimacy: European-emergent international society. With it a new political vocabulary was introduced into the Ottoman language. Among those concepts was that of empire, which found its place in Ottoman discourse by connecting it with the existing imperial claims.
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Babnis, Tomasz. "Eutropius as an oriental". Classica Cracoviensia 23 (6.08.2021): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.23.2020.23.01.
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Eutropius, eunuch who became the consul of the Roman Empire in 399 AD under Arcadius, is a villain of Claudius Claudian’s invective In Eutropium. Argumentation in this piece is based on many negative topoi employed in the earlier Roman poetry. In doing this, the poet makes a particular use of stereotypes connected with the East, by dint of which he can attribute these features to the Eastern Roman Empire (epitomised by Eutropius) and – at the same time – to show that the right Roman virtues are fostered in the Western Roman Empire, controlled by the poet’s patron, Stilicho.
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TEMIN, PETER. "Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire". Journal of Economic History 64, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 705–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704002943.
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I evaluate the effectiveness of financial markets in the early Roman Empire in this article. I review the theory of financial intermediation to describe a hierarchy of financial sources and survey briefly the history of financial intermediation in eighteenth-century Western Europe to provide a standard against which to evaluate the Roman evidence. I then describe the nature of financial arrangements in the early Roman Empire in terms of this hierarchy. This exercise reveals the extent to which the Roman economy resembled more recent societies and sheds light on the prospects for economic growth in the Roman Empire.
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Whalin, Douglas C. "A note reconsidering the message of Heraclius’ silver hexagram, circa AD 615". Byzantinische Zeitschrift 112, nr 1 (1.02.2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2019-0011.
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Abstract The hexagram was first minted during the darkest days of the final Roman-Persian War (602-628) when Roman fortunes were at their lowest. As a result, commentators have read the coin’s novel inscription, Deus Adiuta Romanis (God, help the Romans) as evidence for the ’stressful and desperate’ state of the empire. This paper presents the case that reading the coin alongside evidence for popular military practices instead paints a picture of the Roman state apparatus deftly manipulating mass propaganda. For the Romans in the 610s, these new coins signalled not defeatism but defiance and the promise of victory.
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Olshanetsky, Haggai. "Logistics and Crises: Understanding Roman Military Logistics and Procedures from the Unit Level and Upwards in 2nd to 4th Centuries CE Egypt Using the Surviving ‘Paperwork’". Klio 106, nr 1 (16.05.2024): 273–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2023-0014.
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Summary The current article wishes to focus on receipts and reports from Roman Egypt in order to reconstruct the bureaucratic procedures in this region or, more precisely, the bureaucratic procedures of the Roman military logistical system, from the unit level and upwards. This examination will aid in understanding the complexity of the Roman system and the Roman mindset, while highlighting how the lack of modern technology was overcome to maintain a highly organised and vast Empire. This will strengthen and support the assumption that an office organising military supply and their records most probably existed at multiple levels; the nome, the province and Empire. Moreover, the article inspects whether the logistical system endured the many crises of the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. As there was no significant change during or after these events, this may indicate the resilience of the Roman system. It could also suggest that some of these crises were not deemed as such by the Romans, and/or that the military structure, especially its logistical-bureaucratic side, was not blamed for these military disasters.
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Milinović, Dino. "Kasna antika: dekadencija ili „demokratizacija“ kulture?" Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, nr 17 (6.11.2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2019.17.10.
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In our age “without the emperor”, fascination with empires and with the emperor mystique continues. Take for witness Tolkien and his Return of the King, the third sequel of The Lord of the Rings, or the television serial Game of Thrones. In the background, of course, is the lingering memory of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, “a revolution which is still felt by all nations of the world”, to quote Edward Gibbon. It comes as a surprise that in this dramatic moment of its history, in times marked by political, economic and spiritual crisis that shook the very foundations of the Empire during the 3rd century, historians and art historians have recognized the revival of plebeian culture (arte plebea, kleinbürgerliche Kultur). It was the Italian historian Santo Mazzarino, talking at the XI International Congress of the Historical Sciences in Stockholm in 1960, who introduced a new paradigm: the “democratization of culture”. In the light of the historical process in the late Roman Empire, when growing autocracy, bureaucracy, militarization and social tensions leave no doubt as to the real political character of the government, the new paradigm opened up fresh approaches to the phenomenon of decadence and decline of the Roman world. As such, it stands against traditional scenario of the “triumph of barbarism and Christianity”, which was made responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire and the eclipse of the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. It is not by accident that the new paradigm appeared around the middle of the 20th century, at the time when European society itself underwent a kind of “democratization of culture”, faced with the phenomenon of mass culture and the need to find new ways of evaluating popular art. Today, more than anything else, the notion of “democratization of culture” in late Roman Empire forces us to acknowledge a disturbing correspondence between autocratic and populist forms of government. It may come as a shock to learn that the very emperors who went down in Roman history as villains and culprits (such as Caligula, Nero or Commodus), were sometimes considered the most “democratic” among Roman rulers. Do we need to feel certain unease at this historical parallel?
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Temin, Peter. "The Economy of the Early Roman Empire". Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, nr 1 (1.02.2006): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526148.
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Many inhabitants of ancient Rome lived well. Tourists marvel at the temples, baths, roads and aqueducts that they built. Economists also want to understand the existence of a flourishing and apparently prosperous economy two millennia ago. Market institutions and a stable government appear to have been the combination that produced this remarkable result. This essay provides an economist's view of the Roman economy that emphasizes the role of markets. I focus on the early Roman Empire, from 27 BCE to around 200 CE. I begin with some indications suggesting that the standard of living in ancient Rome was similar to that of early modern period of seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Europe, an extraordinary achievement for any economy in the ancient world. I then argue that ancient Rome managed to achieve this high standard of living through the combined operation of moderately stable political conditions and markets for goods, labor and capital, which allowed specialization and efficiency. After surveying the labor and financial markets in turn, I return to the broad questions of how the Romans prospered and the economy appears to have grown.
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Maier, Felix K. "Integration & Acculturation: Different identities in the multicultural Roman Empire". Open Access Government 36, nr 1 (4.10.2022): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-036-10343.
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Integration & Acculturation: Different identities in the multicultural Roman Empire In this piece, Dr Felix K Maier, Professor for Ancient History at University of Zurich, analyzes intercultural dynamics in the Roman Empire. He explores how the acculturation to Roman culture by the inhabitants of the provinces often desired and promoted by the hegemonic power, was paradoxically ambivalent because it undermined the important dichotomy between ‘victors’ and ‘vanquished’ with which the hegemonic position was legitimized. Whilst exploring this topic, Dr Maier also provides a short case study of Hadrian and Roman subjects and the differences between his rule and previous emperors of the Roman Empire.
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Wright, Arthur M. "Disarming the rulers and authorities: Reading Colossians in its Roman imperial context". Review & Expositor 116, nr 4 (21.10.2019): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637319879033.
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The scant scholarly discussion that focuses on the relationship between Colossians and the Roman Empire has tended to reduce the relationship to a binary proposition: either Colossians is anti-empire, or it has little to say altogether with regards to empire. Neither perspective captures the complexity of Colossians in this regard. Colossians was not written explicitly for the purpose of opposing Rome’s empire. Yet it does have significant bearing on understanding how to live life faithfully under the dominion of empire. Writing to combat what the author perceives as a dangerous philosophy for the Colossian Christians, the author gives readers a glimpse into a worldview at sharp odds with Roman imperial ideology. The theological and Christological claims of the letter engage with Roman imperial ideology in ways that contest, threaten, and also mimic Roman imperial power.
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Makhlaiuk, Alexander V. "The Image of the Roman Empire in the Works of Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, nr 1 (2022): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.114.
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The article examines the features of the image of the Roman Empire created by the outstanding historian M. I. Rostovtzeff, primarily in his “Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire”. This image is contradictory and ambiguous. It involves a lot of genuine innovative ideas, bright colours, but there are also a number of obvious exaggerations and aberrations, a certain “contemporization” of economic and social realities. Paradoxically, Rostovtzeff ’s Roman Empire turns out to be an empire without imperialism. Its very “empireness”, i. e., specific ties between the center and provincial and “barbaric” periphery; the organization of space; the modes of relations between the “imperial nation” and the subordinate peoples; the unity of diversity as well as geographical (geopolitical) and economic determination of Roman imperial expansion, remains outside the historian’s scope. At the same time, Rostovtzeff perspicaciously grasps the deep drama of Roman history, irreducible either to the tyranny and extravagance of individual rulers or to the merciless struggle of social classes. A significant role in creating such a comprehensive image of the Roman Empire was ensured not only by Rostovtzeff ’s political preferences and life experience, but also by his personality and style of scholarship. This gives the “Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire” a special dimension, making it not only a fact of historiography per se but the substantial evidence of the indissoluble relationship between the personality of the historian, his ideas and the time in which he happened to live and work.
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Kaufmann, Thomas Dacosta. "A Census of Drawings from the Holy Roman Empire, 1540–1680, in North American Collections". Central European History 18, nr 1 (marzec 1985): 70–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900016915.
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The following checklist contains references to drawings by artists active in the lands comprised by the Holy Roman Empire, 1540–1680, regardless of their place of birth. All drawings found in North American collections of which the compiler is aware have been included. This census is intended to complement the exhibition and catalogue Drawings from the Holy Roman Empire 1540–1680: A Selection from North American Collections (Princeton, 1982). The choice of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation as a framework for the selection of drawings is explained in “Drawings from the Holy Roman Empire 1540–1680: An Essay Toward Historical Understanding” (ibid., 3–30). An asterisk (*) marks works that were presented in the exhibition, and discussed at length in the accompanying catalogue.
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Maier, Felix K. "Who am i? Multicultural identities in the Roman Empire". Open Access Government 37, nr 1 (9.01.2023): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10349.
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Who am i? Multicultural identities in the Roman Empire In this second installment for Open Access Government, Prof Dr Felix K Maier, Professor for Ancient History at University of Zurich, explores multicultural identities in the Roman Empire. His history research project analyzes the dynamics of different identities in the Roman Empire from around 50-150 AD. My project aims to discern the often-paradoxical dynamics of identities in a multicultural empire and stimulate a discussion about hidden aspects of social interactions that still need to be properly understood. Although the Roman era is entirely different to our times, some critical questions from the past relate to today's world in which mechanisms of social and political distinction also lead to open or concealed conflicts.