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Sorour, Mohamed. "Motion discontinuity-robust controller for steerable wheeled mobile robots". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS090/document.
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Les robots mobiles à roues orientables gagnent de la mobilité en employant des roues conventionnelles entièrement orientables, comportant deux joints actifs, un pour la direction et un autre pour la conduite. En dépit d'avoir seulement un degré de mobilité (DOM) (défini ici comme degrés de liberté instantanément autorisés DOF), correspondant à la rotation autour du centre de rotation instantané (ICR), ces robots peuvent effectuer des trajectoires planaires complexes de $ 2D $. Ils sont moins chers et ont une capacité de charge plus élevée que les roues non conventionnelles (par exemple, Sweedish ou Omni-directional) et, en tant que telles, préférées aux applications industrielles. Cependant, ce type de structure de robot mobile présente des problèmes de contrôle textit {basic} difficiles de la coordination de la direction pour éviter les combats d'actionneur, en évitant les singularités cinématiques (ICR à l'axe de la direction) et les singularités de représentation (du modèle mathématique). En plus de résoudre les problèmes de contrôle textit {basic}, cette thèse attire également l'attention et présente des solutions aux problèmes de textit {niveau d'application}. Plus précisément, nous traitons deux problèmes: la première est la nécessité de reconfigurer "de manière discontinue" les articulations de direction, une fois que la discontinuité dans la trajectoire du robot se produit. Une telle situation - la discontinuité dans le mouvement du robot - est plus susceptible de se produire de nos jours, dans le domaine émergent de la collaboration homme-robot. Les robots mobiles qui fonctionnent à proximité des travailleurs humains en mouvement rapide rencontrent généralement une discontinuité dans la trajectoire calculée en ligne. Le second apparaît dans les applications nécessitant que l'angle de l'angle soit maintenu, certains objets ou fonctionnalités restent dans le champ de vision (p. Ex., Pour les tâches basées sur la vision) ou les changements de traduction. Ensuite, le point ICR est nécessaire pour déplacer de longues distances d'un extrême de l'espace de travail à l'autre, généralement en passant par le centre géométrique du robot, où la vitesse du robot est limitée. Dans ces scénarios d'application, les contrôleurs basés sur l'ICR à l'état de l'art conduiront à des comportements / résultats insatisfaisants. Dans cette thèse, nous résolvons les problèmes de niveau d'application susmentionnés; à savoir la discontinuité dans les commandes de vitesse du robot et une planification meilleure / efficace pour le contrôle du mouvement du point ICR tout en respectant les limites maximales de performance des articulations de direction et en évitant les singularités cinématiques et représentatives. Nos résultats ont été validés expérimentalement sur une base mobile industrielleSteerable wheeled mobile robots gain mobility by employing fully steerable conventional wheels, having two active joints, one for steering, and another for driving. Despite having only one degree of mobility (DOM) (defined here as the instantaneously accessible degrees of freedom DOF), corresponding to the rotation about the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR), such robots can perform complex $2D$ planar trajectories. They are cheaper and have higher load carrying capacity than non-conventional wheels (e.g., Sweedish or Omni-directional), and as such preferred for industrial applications. However, this type of mobile robot structure presents challenging textit{basic} control issues of steering coordination to avoid actuator fighting, avoiding kinematic (ICR at the steering joint axis) and representation (from the mathematical model) singularities. In addition to solving the textit{basic} control problems, this thesis also focuses attention and presents solutions to textit{application level} problems. Specifically we deal with two problems: the first is the necessity to "discontinuously" reconfigure the steer joints, once discontinuity in the robot trajectory occurs. Such situation - discontinuity in robot motion - is more likely to happen nowadays, in the emerging field of human-robot collaboration. Mobile robots working in the vicinity of fast moving human workers, will usually encounter discontinuity in the online computed trajectory. The second appears in applications requiring that some heading angle is to be maintained, some object or feature stays in the field of view (e.g., for vision-based tasks), or the translation verse changes. Then, the ICR point is required to move long distances from one extreme of the workspace to the other, usually passing by the robot geometric center, where the feasible robot velocity is limited. In these application scenarios, the state-of-art ICR based controllers will lead to unsatisfactory behavior/results. In this thesis, we solve the aforementioned application level problems; namely discontinuity in robot velocity commands, and better/efficient planning for ICR point motion control while respecting the maximum steer joint performance limits, and avoiding kinematic and representational singularities. Our findings has been validated experimentally on an industrial mobile base
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Alkhulayfi, Khalid Abdullah. "Vision-Based Motion for a Humanoid Robot". PDXScholar, 2016. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3176.
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The overall objective of this thesis is to build an integrated, inexpensive, human-sized humanoid robot from scratch that looks and behaves like a human. More specifically, my goal is to build an android robot called Marie Curie robot that can act like a human actor in the Portland Cyber Theater in the play Quantum Debate with a known script of every robot behavior. In order to achieve this goal, the humanoid robot need to has degrees of freedom (DOF) similar to human DOFs. Each part of the Curie robot was built to achieve the goal of building a complete humanoid robot. The important additional constraints of this project were: 1) to build the robot from available components, 2) to minimize costs, and 3) to be simple enough that the design can be replicated by non-experts, so they can create robot theaters worldwide. Furthermore, the robot appears lifelike because it executes two main behaviors like a human being. The first behavior is tracking where the humanoid robot uses a tracking algorithm to follow a human being. In other words, the tracking algorithm allows the robot to control its neck using the information taken from the vision system to look at the nearest human face. In addition, the robot uses the same vision system to track labeled objects. The second behavior is grasping where the inverse kinematics (IK) is calculated so the robot can move its hand to a specific coordinate in the surrounding space. IK gives the robot the ability to move its end-effector (hand) closer to how humans move their hands.
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Biddlestone, Scott Richard. "Collaborative Motion for Mobile Platforms". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357227236.
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Iagnemma, Karl Dubowsky S. "Mobile robots in rough terrain : estimation, motion planning, and control with application to planetary rovers /". Berlin ; New York : Springer, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0606/2004106986.html.
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Nakhaei, Alireza. "Motion planning and perception : integration on humanoid robots". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT043H/document.
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Le chapitre 1 est pour l'essentiel une brève introduction générale qui donne le contexte générale de la planification et présente l'organisation du document dans son ensemble et quelques uns des points clés retenus : robot humanoïde, environnement non statique, perception par vision artificielle, et représentation de cet environnement par grilles d'occupation. Dans le chapitre 2, après une revue de littérature bien menée, l'auteur propose de considérer les points de repère de l'environnement dès la phase de planification de chemin afin de rendre plus robuste l'exécution des déplacements en cas d'évolution de l'environnement entre le moment où la planification est menée et celui où le robot se déplace ( évolution étant entendu comme liée à une amélioration de la connaissance par mise à jour, ou due à un changement de l'environnement lui-même). Le concept est décrit et une formalisation proposée. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse en détail à la planification dans le cas d'environnements dynamiques. Les méthodes existantes, nombreuses, sont tout d'abord analysées et bien présentées. Le choix est fait ici de décrire l'environnement comme étant décomposé en cellules, regroupant elles-mêmes des voxels, éléments atomiques de la représentation. L'environnement étant changeant, l'auteur propose de réévaluer le plan préétabli à partir d'une bonne détection de la zone qui a pu se trouver modifiée dans l'environnement. L'approche est validée expérimentalement en utilisant une des plateformes robotiques du LAAS qui dispose de bonnes capacités de localisation : le manipulateur mobile Jido étant à ce jour plus performant sur ce plan que l'humanoïde HRP2, c'est lui qui a été utilisé. Ces expérimentations donnent des indications concordantes sur l'efficacité de l'approche retenue. Notons également que la planification s'appuie sur une boite englobante de l'humanoïde, et non pas sur une représentation plus riche (multi-degré-deliberté). En revanche, c'est bien de planification pour l'humanoïde considéré dans toute sa complexité qu'il s'agit au chapitre 4 : on s'intéresse ici à tous les degrés de liberté du robot. L'auteur propose des évolutions de méthodes existantes et en particulier sur la manière de tirer profit de la redondance cinématique. L'approche est bien décrite et permet d'inclure une phase d'optimisation de la posture globale du robot. Des exemples illustrent le propos et sont l'occasion de comparaison avec d'autres méthodes. Le chapitre 5 s'intéresse à la manière de modéliser l'environnement, sachant qu'on s'intéresse ici au cas d'une perception par vision artificielle, et précisément au cas de l'humanoïde, robot d'assurer lui-même cette perception au fur et à mesure de son avancée dans l'environnement. On est donc dans le cadre de la recherche de la meilleure vue suivante qui doit permettre d'enrichir au mieux la connaissance qu'a le robot de son environnement. L'approche retenue fait à nouveau appel à la boite englobante de l'humanoïde et non à sa représentation complète ; il sera intéressant de voir dans le futur ce que pourrait apporter la prise en compte des degrés de liberté de la tête ou du torse à la résolution de ce problème. Le chapitre 6 décrit la phase d'intégration de tous ces travaux sur la plateforme HRP2 du LAAS-CNRS, partie importante de tout travail de roboticienThis thesis starts by proposing a new framework for motion planning using stochastic maps, such as occupancy-grid maps. In autonomous robotics applications, the robot's map of the environment is typically constructed online, using techniques from SLAM. These methods can construct a dense map of the environment, or a sparse map that contains a set of identifiable landmarks. In this situation, path planning would be performed using the dense map, and the path would be executed in a sensor-based fashion, using feedback control to track the reference path based on sensor information regarding landmark position. Maximum-likelihood estimation techniques are used to model the sensing process as well as to estimate the most likely nominal path that will be followed by the robot during execution of the plan. The proposed approach is potentially a practical way to plan under the specific sorts of uncertainty confronted by a humanoid robot. The next chapter, presents methods for constructing free paths in dynamic environments. The chapter begins with a comprehensive review of past methods, ranging from modifying sampling-based methods for the dynamic obstacle problem, to methods that were specifically designed for this problem. The thesis proposes to adapt a method reported originally by Leven et al.. so that it can be used to plan paths for humanoid robots in dynamic environments. The basic idea of this method is to construct a mapping from voxels in a discretized representation of the workspace to vertices and arcs in a configuration space network built using sampling-based planning methods. When an obstacle intersects a voxel in the workspace, the corresponding nodes and arcs in the configuration space roadmap are marked as invalid. The part of the network that remains comprises the set of valid candidate paths. The specific approach described here extends previous work by imposing a two-level hierarchical structure on the representation of the workspace. The methods described in Chapters 2 and 3 essentially deal with low-dimensional problems (e.g., moving a bounding box). The reduction in dimensionality is essential, since the path planning problem confronted in these chapters is complicated by uncertainty and dynamic obstacles, respectively. Chapter 4 addresses the problem of planning the full motion of a humanoid robot (whole-body task planning). The approach presented here is essentially a four-step approach. First, multiple viable goal configurations are generated using a local task solver, and these are used in a classical path planning approach with one initial condition and multiple goals. This classical problem is solved using an RRT-based method. Once a path is found, optimization methods are applied to the goal posture. Finally, classic path optimization algorithms are applied to the solution path and posture optimization. The fifth chapter describes algorithms for building a representation of the environment using stereo vision as the sensing modality. Such algorithms are necessary components of the autonomous system proposed in the first chapter of the thesis. A simple occupancy-grid based method is proposed, in which each voxel in the grid is assigned a number indicating the probability that it is occupied. The representation is updated during execution based on values received from the sensing system. The sensor model used is a simple Gaussian observation model in which measured distance is assumed to be true distance plus additive Gaussian noise. Sequential Bayes updating is then used to incrementally update occupancy values as new measurements are received. Finally, chapter 6 provides some details about the overall system architecture, and in particular, about those components of the architecture that have been taken from existing software (and therefore, do not themselves represent contributions of the thesis). Several software systems are described, including GIK, WorldModelGrid3D, HppDynamicObstacle, and GenoM
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Gu, Lifang. "Visual guidance of robot motion". University of Western Australia. Dept. of Computer Science, 1996. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0004.
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Future robots are expected to cooperate with humans in daily activities. Efficient cooperation requires new techniques for transferring human skills to robots. This thesis presents an approach on how a robot can extract and replicate a motion by observing how a human instructor conducts it. In this way, the robot can be taught without any explicit instructions and the human instructor does not need any expertise in robot programming. A system has been implemented which consists of two main parts. The first part is data acquisition and motion extraction. Vision is the most important sensor with which a human can interact with the surrounding world. Therefore two cameras are used to capture the image sequences of a moving rigid object. In order to compress the incoming images from the cameras and extract 3D motion information of the rigid object, feature detection and tracking are applied to the images. Corners are chosen as the main features because they are more stable under perspective projection and during motion. A reliable corner detector is implemented and a new corner tracking algorithm is proposed based on smooth motion constraints. With both spatial and temporal constraints, 3D trajectories of a set of points on the object can be obtained and the 3D motion parameters of the object can be reliably calculated by the algorithm proposed in this thesis. Once the 3D motion parameters are available through the vision system, the robot should be programmed to replicate this motion. Since we are interested in smooth motion and the similarity between two motions, the task of the second part of our system is therefore to extract motion characteristics and to transfer these to the robot. It can be proven that the characteristics of a parametric cubic B-spline curve are completely determined by its control points, which can be obtained by the least-squares fitting method, given some data points on the curve. Therefore a parametric cubic B–spline curve is fitted to the motion data and its control points are calculated. Given the robot configuration the obtained control points can be scaled, translated, and rotated so that a motion trajectory can be generated for the robot to replicate the given motion in its own workspace with the required smoothness and similarity, although the absolute motion trajectories of the robot and the instructor can be different. All the above modules have been integrated and results of an experiment with the whole system show that the approach proposed in this thesis can extract motion characteristics and transfer these to a robot. A robot arm has successfully replicated a human arm movement with similar shape characteristics by our approach. In conclusion, such a system collects human skills and intelligence through vision and transfers them to the robot. Therefore, a robot with such a system can interact with its environment and learn by observation.
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Pandey, Saurabh. "Motion planning of free-floating prismatic-jointed robots". Ohio : Ohio University, 1996. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178049680.
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Bhutada, Aditya. "Universal Event and Motion Editor for Robots' Theatre". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/194.
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Most of work on motion of mobile robots is to generate plans for avoiding obstacles or perform some meaningful and useful actions. In modern robot theatres and entertainment robots the motions of the robot are scripted and thus the performance or behavior of the robot is always the same. In this work we want to propose a new approach to robot motion generation. We want our robot to behave more like real people. People do not move in mechanical way like robots. When a human is supposed to execute some motion, these motions are similar to one another but always slightly or not so slightly different. We want to reproduce this property based on the introduced by us new concept of probabilistic regular expression, a method to describe sets of interrelated similar actions instead of single actions. Our goal is not only to create motions for humanoid robots that will look more naturally and less mechanically, but also to program robots that will combine basic movements from certain library in many different and partially random ways. While the basic motions were created ahead of time, their combinations are specified in our new language. Although now our method is only for motions and does not take inputs from sensors into account, in future the language can be extended to input/output sequences, thus the robot will be able to adapt the motion in different ways, to some sets of sequences of input stimuli. The inputs will come from sensors, possibly attached to limbs of controlling humans from whom the patterns of motion will be acquired.
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Tan, Liek Foo. "Motion planning for rigid body robots". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23971.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGiven a non-holonomic disc model, D, its motion constraints in terms of maximum curvature (K (max)), a set W of rectilinear polygonal obstacles which assemble an office-like environment, and two configurations of S and G in free(W), this thesis investigates the planning of a smooth free path which satisfies the following condition: D is allowed backing up motions at the end portions of the path, but the middle is to be of class C(2) in its entirety. Although the motion planning problem of D amidst polygonal obstacles has been extensively studied, the paths considered are mostly class C(2) and piecewise C(2) only, and are subject only to the K(max) constraint. Typically, such paths consist of straight line segments and circular ars which have curvature discontinuity at the junction points. In order for D to follow such paths physically, D has to stop abruptly at each junction point to change curvature. The C(2) path investigated in this thesis allows non-stopping motion of D. It is also subject to a further K(mas) constraint to avoid turns that exceed the rate of change of curvature constraint. A class of smooth curves called cubic spirals are adopted for planning C(2) paths. Properties of the cubic spiral are examined in detail. A framework of layered motion planning approach is proposed to divide and conquer the motion planning problem. A novel sensor-oriented method is presented. It plans a spine net which facilitates D carry out deviation correction using sonar sensors while following a motion path.
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Balland, Olivier. "Collaborative motion planning of humanoid robots". Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148115.
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For a matter of efficiency and robustness, it is often better to use a team of robots instead of a single agent to solve a given problem. A key challenge with multi-robot systems is the collaboration in order to accomplish complex tasks. To coordinate them, we can pre-compute their behavior. However, this method might not be robust to some events such as modification of environment or robots team. To overcome this issue, an adaptive decentralized coordination framework is needed for heterogeneous multiple robot systems. We consider a team of two robots NAOs which can only exchange information when they are close to each other, or via symbols grounded to each embodiment. They are initially in a room a few meters away from each other. The goal is to make them meet and then perform an action such as exchanging an object or some information. In this thesis, we study first robots specifications and adopt tools used for robot control. A tracking method in a simple situation is then described. The robots’ strategy is structured and improved adding obstacles limiting the two agents’ motion. The achieved robust framework allows two humanoid robots to meet, even if one has a problem and can not move.
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Karamanlis, Vasilios. "Mulltivariate motion planning of autonomous robots". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8705.
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A problem of motion control in robot motion planning is to find a smooth transition while going from one path to another. The key concept of our theory is the steering function, used to manipulate the motion of our vehicle. The steering function determines the robot's position and orientation by controlling path curvature and speed. We also present the - neutral switching method - algorithm that provides the autonomous vehicle with the capability to determine the best leaving point which allows for a smooth transition from one path to another in a model-based polygonal world. The above mentioned algorithm is thoroughly presented, analyzed, and programmed on a Unix workstation, and on the autonomous mobile robot Yamabico. The research data indicate that neutral switching method improved the transition results for polygon tracking, star tracking motion, and circle tracking. Moreover, neutral switching method enhances robot control and provides a more stable transition between paths than any previously known algorithm
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Huang, Chien-Ming. "Joint attention in human-robot interaction". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41196.
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Joint attention, a crucial component in interaction and an important milestone in human development, has drawn a lot of attention from the robotics community recently. Robotics researchers have studied and implemented joint attention for robots for the purposes of achieving natural human-robot interaction and facilitating social learning. Most previous work on the realization of joint attention in the robotics community has focused only on responding to joint attention and/or initiating joint attention. Responding to joint attention is the ability to follow another's direction of gaze and gestures in order to share common experience. Initiating joint attention is the ability to manipulate another's attention to a focus of interest in order to share experience. A third important component of joint attention is ensuring, where by the initiator ensures that the responders has changed their attention. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work explicitly addressing the ability for a robot to ensure that joint attention is reached by interacting agents. We refer to this ability as ensuring joint attention and recognize its importance in human-robot interaction.
We propose a computational model of joint attention consisting of three parts: responding to joint attention, initiating joint attention, and ensuring joint attention. This modular decomposition is supported by psychological findings and matches the developmental timeline of humans. Infants start with the skill of following a caregiver's gaze, and then they exhibit imperative and declarative pointing gestures to get a caregiver's attention. Importantly, as they aged and social skills matured, initiating actions often come with an ensuring behavior that is to look back and forth between the caregiver and the referred object to see if the caregiver is paying attention to the referential object.
We conducted two experiments to investigate joint attention in human-robot interaction. The first experiment explored effects of responding to joint attention. We hypothesize that humans will find that robots responding to joint attention are more transparent, more competent, and more socially interactive. Transparency helps people understand a robot's intention, facilitating a better human-robot interaction, and positive perception of a robot improves the human-robot relationship. Our hypotheses were supported by quantitative data, results from questionnaire, and behavioral observations. The second experiment studied the importance of ensuring joint attention. The results confirmed our hypotheses that robots that ensure joint attention yield better performance in interactive human-robot tasks and that ensuring joint attention behaviors are perceived as natural behaviors by humans. The findings suggest that social robots should use ensuring joint attention behaviors.
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Aguilar, Jeffrey Jose. "Exploring lift-off dynamics in a jumping robot". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45961.
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We study vertical jumping in a simple robot comprising an actuated mass spring arrangement. The actuator frequency and phase are systematically varied to find optimal performance. Optimal jumps occur above and below (but not at) the robot's resonant frequency f0. Two distinct jumping modes emerge: a simple jump which is optimal above f0 is achievable with a squat maneuver, and a peculiar stutter jump which is optimal below f0 is generated with a countermovement. A simple dynamical model reveals how optimal lift-off results from non-resonant transient dynamics.
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Wang, Can. "Formation control of multiple robot systems with motion synchronization concept /". access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2009. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?phd-meem-b23750510f.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009."Submitted to Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references.
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Kinney, Justin P. "Jerk limited reference trajectory generation for motion control". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16024.
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Herb, Gregory M. "A real-time robot collision avoidance safety system". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06082009-170801/.
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Cowlagi, Raghvendra V. "Hierarchical motion planning for autonomous aerial and terrestrial vehicles". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41066.
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Autonomous mobile robots - both aerial and terrestrial vehicles - have gained immense importance due to the broad spectrum of their potential military and civilian applications. One of the indispensable requirements for the autonomy of a mobile vehicle is the vehicle's capability of planning and executing its motion, that is, finding appropriate control inputs for the vehicle such that the resulting vehicle motion satisfies the requirements of the vehicular task. The motion planning and control problem is inherently complex because it involves two disparate sub-problems: (1) satisfaction of the vehicular task requirements, which requires tools from combinatorics and/or formal methods, and (2) design of the vehicle control laws, which requires tools from dynamical systems and control theory.
Accordingly, this problem is usually decomposed and solved over two levels of hierarchy. The higher level, called the geometric path planning level, finds a geometric path that satisfies the vehicular task requirements, e.g., obstacle avoidance. The lower level, called the trajectory planning level, involves sufficient smoothening of this geometric path followed by a suitable time parametrization to obtain a reference trajectory for the vehicle.
Although simple and efficient, such hierarchical separation suffers a serious drawback: the geometric path planner has no information of the kinematic and dynamic constraints of the vehicle. Consequently, the geometric planner may produce paths that the trajectory planner cannot transform into a feasible reference trajectory. Two main ideas appear in the literature to remedy this problem: (a) randomized sampling-based planning, which eliminates altogether the geometric planner by planning in the vehicle state space, and (b) geometric planning supported by feedback control laws. The former class of methods suffer from a lack of optimality of the resultant trajectory, while the latter class of methods makes a restrictive assumption concerning the vehicle kinematic model.
In this thesis, we propose a hierarchical motion planning framework based on a novel mode of interaction between these two levels of planning. This interaction rests on the solution of a special shortest-path problem on graphs, namely, one using costs defined on multiple edge transitions in the path instead of the usual single edge transition costs. These costs are provided by a local trajectory generation algorithm, which we implement using model predictive control and the concept of effective target sets for simplifying the non-convex constraints involved in the problem. The proposed motion planner ensures "consistency" between the two levels of planning, i.e., a guarantee that the higher level geometric path is always associated with a kinematically and dynamically feasible trajectory. We show that the proposed motion planning approach offers distinct advantages in comparison with the competing approaches of discretization of the state space, of randomized sampling-based motion planning, and of local feedback-based, decoupled hierarchical motion planning. Finally, we propose a multi-resolution implementation of the proposed motion planner, which requires accurate descriptions of the environment and the vehicle only for short-term, local motion planning in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle.
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Egerstedt, Magnus. "Motion planning and control of mobile robots". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mathematics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2948.
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Minnema, Lindhé Magnus. "Communication-Aware Motion Planning for Mobile Robots". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58781.
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Mobile robots have found numerous applications in recent years, in areas such as consumer robotics, environmental monitoring, security and transportation. For information dissemination, multi-robot cooperation or operator intervention, reliable communications are important. The combination of communication constraints with other requirements in robotics, such as navigation and obstacle avoidance is called communication-aware motion planning. To facilitate integration, communication-aware methods should fit into traditional layered architectures of motion planning. This thesis contains two main contributions, applicable to such an architecture. The first contribution is to develop strategies for exploiting multipath fading while following a reference trajectory. By deviating from the reference, a robot can stop and communicate at positions with high signal strength, trading tracking performance for link quality. We formulate this problem in three different ways: First we maximize the link quality, subject to deterministic bounds on the tracking error. We control the velocity based on the position and channel quality. Second, we consider probabilistic tracking error bounds and develop a cascaded control architecture that performs time-triggered stopping while regulating the tracking error. Third, we formulate a hybrid optimal control problem, switching between standing still to communicate and driving to improve tracking. The resulting channel quality is analyzed and we perform extensive experiments to validate the communication model and compare the proposed methods to the nominal case of driving at constant velocity. The results show good agreement with the model and improvements of over 100% in the throughput when the channel quality is low. The second contribution is to plan velocities for a group of N robots, moving along pre-determined paths through an obstacle field. Robots can only communicate if they have an unobstructed line of sight, and the problem is to maintain connectivity while traversing the paths. This is mapped to motion planning in an N-dimensional configuration space. We propose and investigate two solutions, using a rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) and an exact method inspired by cell decomposition. The RRT method scales better with the problem size than the exact method, which has a worst-case time complexity that is exponential in the number of obstacles. But the randomization in the RRT method makes it difficult to set a timeout for the solver, which runs forever if a problem instance is unsolvable. The exact method, on the other hand, detects unsolvable problem instances in finite time. The thesis demonstrates, both in theory and experiments, that mobile robots can improve communications by planning trajectories that maintain visual connectivity, or by exploiting multipath fading when there is no line of sight. The proposed methods are well suited for integration in a layered motion planning architecture.QC 20120117
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Ward, James Robert Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Motion planning of bipedal wall climbing robots". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43685.
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The development of wall climbing robots is relatively recent, beginning with some large scale robots in the early 1990s. Wall climbing robots can be used to gain access to or inspect space that is not easily accessible or dangerous for human operators. The range of applicable fields encompasses industrial processes and inspection, exploration, rescue and monitoring. The smaller robots can be used for surveillance purposes due to their stealthy nature. Larger crawling robots may be used to carry out specific tasks such as sand blasting of ship hulls and blasting and spray painting of large containers such as cylindrical storage tanks used by the chemical, petroleum and nuclear industries. Their flexibility and mobility mean that they can accomplish tasks that would be impossible for more conventional robots. The flexibility of mobility that such robots gain from their ability to move on all surfaces rather than only horizontal ones creates some unique challenges. Broadly, they can be split into three categories: robot design, robot control and motion planning, and environmental mapping and localisation. This thesis examines the first two of these problems. A prototype bipedal robot has been built and a second designed in order to capitalise on the experience gained with the first. An in-depth examination of the motion planning problem has been made and new techniques to tackle this problem have been developed. Such techniques are not limited to applications with wall climbing robots as there is commonality with more traditional fixed manipulators. Finally, the planning techniques were combined with the robot design in a test scenario that validated both the design and the motion planning techniques developed throughout the dissertation.
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Stasse, Olivier. "Vision based motion generation for humanoid robots". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843953.
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Ce manuscrit présente mes activités de recherche sur les comportements basés vision pour des robots complexes comme les robots humanoïdes. La question scientifique sous-jacente qui structure ce travail est la suivante: " Quels sont les processus de décisions qui permettent à un robot humanoïde de générer des mouvements en temps réel basés sur des informations visuelles ?" Au football, les êtres humains peuvent décider de frapper une balle alors qu'ils courent et que tous les autres joueurs sont constamment en train de bouger. Reformuler comme un problème d'optimisation pour un robot humanoïde, trouver une solution pour un tel comportement est généralement très difficile du point de vue calculatoire. Par exemple, le problème de la recherche visuelle a été démontré comme étant NP-complet. La première partie de ce travail concerne la génération de mouvements temps réel. Partant des contraintes générales qu'un robot humanoïde doit remplir pour générer un mouvement faisable, des problèmes fondamentaux sont présentés. A partir de ceux-ci, plusieurs contributions permettant à un robot humanoïde de réagira à des changements de l'environnement sont présentés. Ils concernent la génération de la marche, les mouvements corps complets pour éviter des obstacles, et la planification de pas en temps réel dans des environnements contraints. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne l'acquisition temps-réel de connaissance sur l'environnement à partir de la vision par ordinateur. Deux comportements principaux sont considérés: la recherche visuelle et la construction d'un modèle visuel d'un objet. Ils sont considérés tout en prenant compte le modèle du capteur, le coût du mouvement, les contraintes mécaniques du robot, la géométrie de l'environnement ainsi que les limitations du processus de vision. De plus des contributions sur le couplage de l'auto-localisation basé cartes avec la marche, la génération de pas basé sur l'asservissement visuel seront présentés. Finalement les technologies centrales développées dans les contextes précédents ont été utilisées dans différentes applications: l'interaction homme-robot, la téléopération, l'analyse de mouvement humains. Basé sur le retour d'expérience de plusieurs démonstrateurs intégrés sur le robot humanoïde HRP-2, la dernière partie de cette thèse proposent des pistes pour des idées permettant de lever les verrous technologiques actuels de la robotique humanoïde.
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Mohamad, Mohd Murtadha. "Foraging ant motion planning for articulated robots". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/57.
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Moore, Philip R. "Pneumatic motion control systems for modular robots". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1986. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7033.
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This thesis describes a research study in the design, implementation, evaluation and commercialisation of pneumatic motion control systems for modular robots. The research programme was conducted as part of a collaborative study, sponsored by the Science and Engineering Research Council, between Loughborough University and Martonair (UK) Limited. Microprocessor based motion control strategies have been used to produce low cost pneumatic servo-drives which can be used for 'point-to-point' positioning of payloads. Software based realtime control strategies have evolved which accomplish servo-controlled positioning while compensating for drive system non-linearities and time delays. The application of novel compensation techniques has resulted in a significant improvement in both the static and dynamic performance of the drive. A theoretical foundation is presented based on a linearised model of a pneumatic actuator, servo-valve, and load system. The thesis describes the design and evolution of microprocessor based hardware and software for motion control of pneumatic drives. A British Standards based test-facility has allowed control strategies to be evaluated with reference to standard performance criteria. It is demonstrated in this research study that the dynamic and static performance characteristics of a pneumatic motion control system can be dramatically improved by applying appropriate software based realtime control strategies. This makes the application of computer controlled pneumatic servos in manufacturing very attractive with cost performance ratios which match or better alternative drive technologies. The research study has led to commercial products (marketed by Martonair Ltd), in which realtime control algorithms implementing these control strategy designs are executed within a microprocessor based motion controller.
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Muecke, Karl James. "An Analytical Motion Filter for Humanoid Robots". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26686.
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Mimicking human motion with a humanoid robot can prove to be useful for studying gaits, designing better prostheses, or assisting the elderly or disabled. Directly mimicking and implementing a motion of a human on a humanoid robot may not be successful because of the different dynamic characteristics between them, which may cause the robot to fall down due to instability. Using the Zero Moment Point as the stability criteria, this work proposes an Analytical Motion Filter (AMF), which stabilizes a reference motion that can come from human motion capture data, gait synthesis using kinematics, or animation software, while satisfying common constraints.
In order to determine how the AMF stabilized a motion, the different kinds of instabilities were identified and classified when examining the reference motions. The different cases of instability gave more insight as to why a particular motion was unstable: the motion was too fast, too slow, or inherently unstable. In order to stabilize the gait two primary methods were utilized: time and spatial scaling. Spatial scaling scaled the COM trajectory down towards a known stable trajectory. Time scaling worked similarly by changing the speed of the motion, but was limited in effectiveness based on the types of instabilities in the motion and the coupling of the spatial directions. Other constraints applied to the AMF and combinations of the different methods produced interesting results that gave more insight into the stability of the gait.
The AMF was tested using both simulations and physical experiments using the DARwIn miniature humanoid robot developed by RoMeLa at Virginia Tech as the test platform. The simulations proved successful and provided more insight to understanding instabilities that can occur for different gait generation methods. The physical experiments worked well for non-walking motions, but because of insufficient controllability in the joint actuators of the humanoid robot used for the experiment, the high loads during walking motions prevented them from proper testing.
The algorithms used in this work could also be expanded to legged robots or entirely different platforms that depend on stability and can use the ZMP as a stability criterion. One of the primary contributions of this work was showing that an entire reference motion could be stabilized using a single set of closed form solutions and equations. Previous work by others considered optimization functions and numeric schemes to stabilize all or a portion of a gait. Instead, the Analytical Motion Filter gives a direct relationship between the input reference motion and the resulting filtered output motion.Ph. D.
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Hauser, Kris. "Motion planning for legged and humanoid robots /". May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Bartholomew, Paul D. "Optimal behavior composition for robotics". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51872.
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The development of a humanoid robot that mimics human motion requires extensive programming as well as understanding the motion limitations of the robot. Programming the countless possibilities for a robot’s response to observed human motion can be time consuming. To simplify this process, this thesis presents a new approach for mimicking captured human motion data through the development of a composition routine. This routine is built upon a behavior-based framework and is coupled with optimization by calculus to determine the appropriate weightings of predetermined motion behaviors. The completion of this thesis helps to fill a void in human/robot interactions involving mimicry and behavior-based design. Technological advancements in the way computers and robots identify human motion and determine for themselves how to approximate that motion have helped make possible the mimicry of observed human subjects. In fact, many researchers have developed humanoid systems that are capable of mimicking human motion data; however, these systems do not use behavior-based design. This thesis will explain the framework and theory behind our optimal behavior composition algorithm and the selection of sinusoidal motion primitives that make up a behavior library. This algorithm breaks captured motion data into various time intervals, then optimally weights the defined behaviors to best approximate the captured data. Since this routine does not reference previous or following motion sequences, discontinuities may exist between time intervals. To address this issue, the addition of a PI controller to regulate and smooth out the transitions between time intervals will be shown. The effectiveness of using the optimal behavior composition algorithm to create an approximated motion that mimics capture motion data will be demonstrated through an example configuration of hardware and a humanoid robot platform. An example of arm motion mimicry will be presented and includes various image sequences from the mimicry as well as trajectories containing the joint positions for both the human and the robot.
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Ma, Ou. "Dynamics of serial-type robotic manipulators". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63771.
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Cohen, Moshe. "Application of an acceleration feedback algorithm to manipulator position control". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63854.
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Hague, Tony. "Motion planning for autonomous guided vehicles". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358592.
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Hale, Joshua G. "Biomimetic motion synthesis for synthetic humanoids". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270966.
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Hogan, John Elliott. "Minimum aisle width path planning for nonholonomic mobile robots in industrial environments". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16716.
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李宏釗 i Wan-chiu Li. "Localization of a mobile robot by monocular vision". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31226371.
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Wang, Song, i 王松. "Motion planning and control simulation for robot assisted femur fracture reduction". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45161380.
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Esteves, Jaramillo Claudia Elvira. "Motion Planning : from Digital Actors to Humanoid Robots". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145201.
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Le but de ce travail est de développer des algorithmes de planification de mouvement pour des figures anthropomorphes en tenant compte de la géométrie, de la cinématique et de la dynamique du mécanisme et de son environnement.Nous proposons une approche à trois étages au problème de la planification de mouvements pour des figures anthropomorphes qui manipulent des objets encombrants tout en marchant. Dans le processus, plusieurs problèmes ainsi que des propositions pour les résoudre, sont présentés. Ceux sont principalement l'évitement tri-dimensionnel des obstacles, la manipulation des objets à deux mains, la manipulation coopérative des objets et la combinaison de comportements hétérogènes.
La contribution principale est la modélisation du problème de la génération automatique des mouvements de manipulation et de locomotion dans le contexte de mécanismes bipèdes. Les bonnes performances du planificateur sont validées avec des mécanismes différents, tant virtuels que physiques.
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Knight, Heather. "Expressive Motion for Low Degree-of-Freedom Robots". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/753.
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As social and collaborative robots move into everyday life, the need for algorithms enabling their acceptance becomes critical. People parse non-verbal communications intuitively, even from machines that do not look like people, thus, expressive motion is a natural and efficient way to communicate with people. This work presents a computational Expressive Motion framework allowing simple robots to modify task motions to communicate varying internal states, such as task status, social relationships, mood (e.g., emotive) and/or attitude (e.g., rushed, confident). By training robot motion features with humans in the loop, future robot designers can use this approach to parametrize how a robot generates its task motions. The hypothesis of this Thesis is that robots can modify the motion features of their task behaviors such to legibly communicate a variety of states. Typically, researchers build instances of expressive motion into individual robot behaviors (which is not scalable), or use an independent channel such as lights or facial expressions that do not interfere with the robot's task. What is unique about this work is that we use the same modality to do both task and expression: the robot's joint and whole-body motions. While this is not the only way for a robot to communicate expression, Expressive Motion is a channel available to all moving machines, which can work in tandem with additional communication modalities. Our methodological approach is to operationalize the Laban Effort System, a well-known technique from acting training, describing a four-dimensional state space of Time, Weight, Space and Flow. Thus, our Computational Laban Effort (CLE) framework can use four values, the Laban Effort Setting, to represent a robot's current state. Each value is reflected in the motion characteristics of the robot's movements. For example, a Laban Time Effort of `sudden' might have more abrupt accelerations and fast velocity, while a Laban Time Effort value of `sustained' could have slower acceleration and low velocity. In our experiments, we find that varying these four Effort values results in complex communications of robot state to the people around it, even for robots with low degrees of freedom. The technical contributions of this work include: 1. A Computational Laban Effort framework for layering Expressive Motion features onto robot task behaviors, fully specified for low degree of freedom robots. 2. Specifications for selecting, exploring and making generalizations about how to map these motion features to particular robot state communications. 3. Experimental studies of human-robot interaction to evaluate the legibility, attributions and impact of these technical components. 4. Sample evaluations of approaches to establish mappings between CLE features and state communications.
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Boeuf, Alexandre. "Kinodynamic motion planning for quadrotor-like aerial robots". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20169/1/Boeuf.pdf.
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Motion planning is the field of computer science that aims at developing algorithmic techniques allowing the automatic computation of trajecto- ries for a mechanical system. The nature of such a system vary according to the fields of application. In computer animation it could be a humanoid avatar. In molecular biology it could be a protein. The field of application of this work being aerial robotics, the system is here a four-rotor UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) called quadrotor. The motion planning problem consists in computing a series of motions that brings the system from a given initial configuration to a desired final configuration without generating collisions with its environment, most of the time known in advance. Usual methods explore the system’s configuration space regardless of its dynamics. By construction the thrust force that allows a quadrotor to fly is tangential to its attitude which implies that not every motion can be performed. Furthermore, the magnitude of this thrust force and hence the linear acceleration of the center of mass are limited by the physical capabilities of the robot. For all these reasons, not only position and orientation must be planned, higher derivatives must be planned also if the motion is to be executed. When this is the case we talk of kinodynamic motion planning. A distinction is made between the local planner and the global planner. The former is in charge of producing a valid trajectory between two states of the system without necessarily taking collisions into account. The later is the overall algorithmic process that is in charge of solving the motion planning problem by exploring the state space of the system. It relies on multiple calls to the local planner. We present a local planner that interpolates two states consisting of an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom (dof) and their first and second derivatives. Given a set of bounds on the dof derivatives up to the fourth order (snap), it quickly produces a near-optimal minimum time trajectory that respects those bounds. In most of modern global motion planning algorithms, the exploration is guided by a distance function (or metric). The best choice is the cost-to-go, i.e. the cost associated to the local method. In the context of kinodynamic motion planning, it is the duration of the minimal-time trajectory. The problem in this case is that computing the cost-to-go is as hard (and thus as costly) as computing the optimal trajectory itself. We present a metric that is a good approximation of the cost-to-go but which computation is far less time consuming. The dominant paradigm nowadays is sampling-based motion planning. This class of algorithms relies on random sampling of the state space in order to quickly explore it. A common strategy is uniform sampling. It however appears that, in our context, it is a rather poor choice. Indeed, a great majority of uniformly sampled states cannot be interpolated. We present an incremental sampling strategy that significantly decreases the probability of this happening.
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Esteves, Jaramillo Claudia Elvira Laumond Jean-Paul. "Motion planning from digital actors to humanoid robots /". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000454.
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Gielniak, Michael Joseph. "Adaptation of task-aware, communicative variance for motion control in social humanoid robotic applications". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43591.
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An algorithm for generating communicative, human-like motion for social humanoid robots was developed. Anticipation, exaggeration, and secondary motion were demonstrated as examples of communication. Spatiotemporal correspondence was presented as a metric for human-like motion, and the metric was used to both synthesize and evaluate motion. An algorithm for generating an infinite number of variants from a single exemplar was established to avoid repetitive motion. The algorithm was made task-aware by including the functionality of satisfying constraints. User studies were performed with the algorithm using human participants. Results showed that communicative, human-like motion can be harnessed to direct partner attention and communicate state information. Furthermore, communicative, human-like motion for social robots produced by the algorithm allows humans partners to feel more engaged in the interaction, recognize motion earlier, label intent sooner, and remember interaction details more accurately.
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Kilicaslan, Sinan. "Unconstrained Motion And Constrained Force And Motion Control Of Robots With Flexible Links". Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606011/index.pdf.
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New control methods are developed for the unconstrained motion and constrained force and motion control of flexible robots. The dynamic equations of the flexible robots are partitioned as pseudostatic equilibrium equations and deviations from them. The pseudostatic equilibrium considered here is defined as a hypothetical state where the tip point variables have their desired values while the modal variables are instantaneously constant. Then, the control torques for the pseudostatic equilibrium and for the stabilization of the deviation equations are formed in terms of tip point coordinates, modal variables and contact force components. The performances of the proposed methods are illustrated on a planar two-link robot and on a spatial three-link robot. Unmodeled dynamics and measurement noises are also taken into consideration. Performance of the proposed motion control method is compared with the computed torque method.
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LaViers, Amy. "Choreographic abstractions for style-based robotic motion". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49033.
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What does it mean to do the disco? Or perform a cheerleading routine? Or move in a style appropriate for a given mode of human interaction? Answering these questions requires an interpretation of what differentiates two distinct movement styles and a method for parsing this difference into quantitative parameters. Furthermore, such an understanding of principles of style has applications in control, robotics, and dance theory. This thesis present a definition for “style of motion” that is rooted in dance theory, a framework for stylistic motion generation that separates basic movement ordering from its precise trajectory, and an inverse optimal control method for extracting these stylistic parameters from real data. On the part of generation, the processes of sequencing and scaling are modulated by the stylistic parameters enumerated: an automation that lists basic primary movements, sets which determine the final structure of the state machine that encodes allowable sequences, and weights in an optimal control problem that generates motions of the desired quality. This generation framework is demonstrated on a humanoid robotic platform for two distinct case studies – disco dancing and cheerleading. In order to extract the parameters that comprise the stylistic definition put forth, two inverse optimal control problems are posed and solved -- one to classify individual movements and one to segment longer movement sequences into smaller motion primitives. The motion of a real human leg (recorded via motion capture) is classified in an example. Thus, the contents of the thesis comprise a tool to produce and understand stylistic motion.
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Techakittiroj, Kittiphan. "Visibility graphs and motion planning". Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935947.
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Motion planning in the presence of obstacles deals with finding efficient paths from source to target which avoid hitting any of the obstacles. Applications include motion planning in robotics and designing efficient routing systems.Theoretical concepts from graph theory, topology, and computational geometry form the basis for some of the algorithms used in motion planning. The visibility graph is a standard model used in the study of motion planning.This thesis is a report of the research project undertaken to study visibility graphs and their applications to motion planning for certain geometric objects: polygons, line segments and points.The thesis consists of two parts.Theory: This part contains the details of topics from graph theory, topology, and computational geometry in motion planning. It also includes new algorithms which were developed as a part of this thesis.Implementation: This part describes a software system to implement the theory as an example of real applications. This software also includes many tools which help in studying visibility graphs.Department of Computer Science
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Buckmaster, David J. "Compliant Motion Programming for Robust Robotic Surface Finishing". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1220637111.
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Guo, Lin 1962. "Controller estimation for the adaptive control of robotic manipulators". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63860.
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Geng, Tao. "Fast biped walking with a neuronal controller and physical computation". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/141.
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Biped walking remains a difficult problem and robot models can greatly {facilitate} our understanding of the underlying biomechanical principles as well as their neuronal control. The goal of this study is to specifically demonstrate that stable biped walking can be achieved by combining the physical properties of the walking robot with a small, reflex-based neuronal network, which is governed mainly by local sensor signals. This study shows that human-like gaits emerge without {specific} position or trajectory control and that the walker is able to compensate small disturbances through its own dynamical properties. The reflexive controller used here has the following characteristics, which are different from earlier approaches: (1) Control is mainly local. Hence, it uses only two signals (AEA=Anterior Extreme Angle and GC=Ground Contact) which operate at the inter-joint level. All other signals operate only at single joints. (2) Neither position control nor trajectory tracking control is used. Instead, the approximate nature of the local reflexes on each joint allows the robot mechanics itself (e.g., its passive dynamics) to contribute substantially to the overall gait trajectory computation. (3) The motor control scheme used in the local reflexes of our robot is more straightforward and has more biological plausibility than that of other robots, because the outputs of the motorneurons in our reflexive controller are directly driving the motors of the joints, rather than working as references for position or velocity control. As a consequence, the neural controller and the robot mechanics are closely coupled as a neuro-mechanical system and this study emphasises that dynamically stable biped walking gaits emerge from the coupling between neural computation and physical computation. This is demonstrated by different walking experiments using two real robot as well as by a Poincar\' map analysis applied on a model of the robot in order to assess its stability. In addition, this neuronal control structure allows the use of a policy gradient reinforcement learning algorithm to tune the parameters of the neurons in real-time, during walking. This way the robot can reach a record-breaking walking speed of 3.5 leg-lengths per second after only a few minutes of online learning, which is even comparable to the fastest relative speed of human walking.
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Martin, Patrick J. "Motion description languages: from specification to execution". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33860.
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Many emerging controls applications have seen increased operational complexity due to the deployment of embedded, networked systems that must interact with the physical environment. In order to manage this complexity, we design different control modes for each system and use motion description languages (MDL) to specify a sequence of these controllers to execute at run-time.
Unfortunately, current MDL frameworks lose some of the important details (i.e. power, spatial, or communication capabilities) that affect the execution of the control modes.
This work presents several computational tools that work towards
closing MDL's specification-to-execution gap, which can result in undesirable behavior of complex systems at run-time. First, we develop the notion of an MDL compiler for control specifications with spatial, energy, and temporal constraints. We define a new MDL for networked systems and develop an algorithm that automatically generates a supervisor to prevent incorrect execution of the multi-agent MDL program. Additionally, we derive conditions for checking if an MDL program satisfies actuator constraints and develop an algorithm to insert new control modes that maintain actuator bounds during the execution of the MDL program.
Finally, we design and implement a software architecture that facilitates the development of control applications for systems with power, actuator, sensing, and communication constraints.
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Vijaykumar, R. "Motion planning for legged locomotion systems on uneven terrain /". The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487335992904418.
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Kanarat, Amnart. "Motion Planning and Robust Control for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots under Uncertainties". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28316.
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This dissertation addresses the problem of motion planning and control for nonholonomic mobile robots, particularly wheeled and tracked mobile robots, working in extreme environments, for example, desert, forest, and mine. In such environments, the mobile robots are highly subject to external disturbances (e.g., slippery terrain, dusty air, etc.), which essentially introduce uncertainties to the robot systems. The complexity of the motion planning problem is due to taking both nonholonomic and uncertainty constraints into account simultaneously. As a result, none of the conventional nonholonomic motion planning can be directly applied. The control problem is even more challenging since state constraints posed by obstacles in the environments must also be considered along with the nonholonomic and uncertainty constraints.
In this research, we systematically develop a new type of motion planning technique that determines an optimal path for a mobile robot in a given environment. This motion planning technique is based on the idea of a maximum allowable uncertainty, which is a number assigned to each free configuration in the environment. The optimal path is a path connecting given initial and goal configurations through a series of configurations respecting the nonholonomic constraint and possessing the highest maximum allowable uncertainty. Both linear and quadratic approximations of the maximum allowable uncertainty, including their corresponding motion planners, have been studied. Additionally, we develop the first real-time robust control algorithm for the mobile robot under uncertainty to follow given paths safely and accurately in cluttered environments. The control algorithm also utilizes the concept of the maximum allowable uncertainty as well as the robust control theory. The simulation results have shown the effectiveness and robustness of the control algorithm in steering the mobile robot along a given path amidst obstacles without collisions even when the level of robot uncertainty is high.Ph. D.
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Aboshosha, Ashraf. "Adaptive navigation and motion planning for autonomous mobile robots". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972518819.
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Kim, Bumsoo. "Free motion and obstacle avoidance control for mobile robots". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7663.
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Mobile robot motion control has been extensively studied based on a simplified mobile robot and actuator dynamic model. Free ion and obstacle avoidance require suitable robot and actuator models and the integration of sensor information into the system controller. In the present thesis, artificial impedance approach is used for developing the controller of an autonomous mobile robot. The control law is based on a Newtonian dynamics model of mobile the robot. Range sensor information is used in the trajectory correction for avoiding collision with obstacles. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the impedance based controller.
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Ciuca, Frank. "Robust optimal motion-tracking control of flexible-joint robots". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq52530.pdf.
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