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Lorek, Dariusz, i Tymoteusz Horbiński. "Interactive Web-Map of the European Freeway Junction A1/A4 Development with the Use of Archival Cartographic Sources". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, nr 7 (14.07.2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070438.
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In the article, authors have analyzed cartographic materials presenting the spatial development of Gliwice with the use of multimedia tools. The materials prove that this area has played an important part in the road system of the region, country and even part of Europe since the 19th century. The six maps from the studied area were analyzed e.g., the Urmesstischblätter map, polish topographic maps, and the OpenStreetMap. Based on these maps and their legends, vectorization of the main roads of the analyzed area was carried out. The evolution of the main road corridors on the six maps was analyzed with respect to the location of the European freeway junction (A1/A4), constituting a basis for the web map. According to the authors, the use of the interactive web map is the most comprehensive method of all technologies used by modern cartography. Spatial data collected from different cartographic publications (from the first half of the 19th century till the present) consider the most significant aspects of changes in the road network of the analyzed area in a detailed and user-friendly way.
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Chaisse, Julien. "Chinas Belt And Road Initiative: Mapping the World Trade Normative and Strategic Implications". Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 1 (1.02.2018): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018008.
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In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced that he wanted to resurrect the legendary Silk Road; he proposed a titanic project to build hundreds of roads, bridges, and railroads to connect China and Europe. In China, the government also speaks of the ‘Belt and Road initiative’ (One Belt, One Road – abbreviated OBOR) to describe the project that will span more than 50 years. OBOR is President Xi Jinping’s most important project and it marks a radical change in China’s foreign policy as it constitutes a new economic model that also aims to strengthen China’s position as an economic superpower. Despite its major impact on international trade and investment, OBOR does not belong to present-day categories of international pacts and treaties. For the first time in its modern history, China is attempting to export its development model, that is, China is relying on massive investment in infrastructure, roads, ports, and railways, at home and abroad, to accelerate industrial development throughout the region. At a time when the globalization of the economy is tilting the balance towards the East, OBOR will redistribute the maps of trade and investment to an extent which this Article assesses.
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Touya, G., F. Brisebard, F. Quinton i A. Courtial. "INFERRING THE SCALE AND CONTENT OF A MAP USING DEEP LEARNING". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (24.08.2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-17-2020.
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Abstract. Visually impaired people cannot use classical maps but can learn to use tactile relief maps. These tactile maps are crucial at school to learn geography and history as well as the other students. They are produced manually by professional transcriptors in a very long and costly process. A platform able to generate tactile maps from maps scanned from geography textbooks could be extremely useful to these transcriptors, to fasten their production. As a first step towards such a platform, this paper proposes a method to infer the scale and the content of the map from its image. We used convolutional neural networks trained with a few hundred maps from French geography textbooks, and the results show promising results to infer labels about the content of the map (e.g. ”there are roads, cities and administrative boundaries”), and to infer the extent of the map (e.g. a map of France or of Europe).
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Shilton, Simon, Bert Peeters, Wout Schwanen, Stephen Smyth i Stephen Byrne. "Determination of road surface correction factors for CNOSSOS-EU in Ireland". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, nr 1 (30.11.2023): 7276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_1095.
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Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) is a state agency in the Republic of Ireland. The primary function of TII is to provide an integrated approach to the future development and operation of the national roads network and light rail infrastructure throughout Ireland. TII are designated as the Noise Mapping Body (NMB) responsible for the development of strategic noise maps for all national roads carrying in excess of 3 million vehicles a year. Directive 2002/49/EC (commonly referred to as the Environment Noise Directive, 'the END') relates to the assessment and management of environmental noise. It is the main instrument of the European Union (EU) to quantify noise pollution levels, and trigger action within both Member States and at EU level. The END has the aim of establishing a common approach to the management of noise within the EU. Commission Directive (EU) 2015/996 established the common noise assessment methodology for Europe (CNOSSOS-EU). The CNOSSOS-EU road traffic noise emission model calculates rolling noise for different vehicle categories as a function of speed and frequency. The emission is initially calculated under reference conditions, then corrected for differing situations. For road surfaces which do not align with the reference surface, road surface correction factors should ideally be developed, otherwise a number of default values are provided within CNOSSOS-EU which are taken from the Dutch national noise assessment method, Rmg2012, and therefore contain only surfaces that are common in the Netherlands. For the implementation of CNOSSOS-EU in Ireland, a project was undertaken to develop road surface corrections for at least the three most common pavement types on the TII network with no direct match to the CNOSSOS-EU database. This paper will describe the measurements taken on Irish roads, the resulting road surface corrections, and our conclusions and recommendations for using the road surface corrections.
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Krupowicz, Wioleta, Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska i Marija Burinskienė. "MODERN TRENDS IN ROAD NETWORK DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS". Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 12, nr 1 (24.03.2017): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2017.06.
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Activities aimed at the improvement of instruments of rural development have been undertaken in Europe for many years. Those focusing on the changing the ownership structure, implemented through the traditional process of land consolidation, are gradually replaced by multifunctional activities for rural development, considering elements of environmental protection, agricultural landscape management, and solutions concerning soil and water protection. Such development must be accompanied by the application of new pro-ecological design and material-technological solutions regarding the construction of rural roads. The roads should be designed with possibly the fullest consideration of a rich resource of data on a given area, performance of many spatial analyses, and decision making in the scope of selection of the most appropriate solutions acceptable to all stakeholders (e.g. residents, farmers, local authorities, entrepreneurs, and investors). The article presents the concept of a model solution of the development of the rural road network based on the multiple-criteria model of spatial analyses with the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The research process was conducted in the geographic information systems environment. The importance of the proposed methodology was verified in actual conditions based on the example of the Harta village located in the southern part of Poland. The obtained results suggest that the process of development of rural roads with the application of the multiple-criteria model of spatial analyses is more accurate, more efficient than the traditional design method, and considers the requirements of the sustainable development of rural areas. Moreover, it permits presentation of solutions in the form of maps to the local community, almost in real time, and making excellent decisions with its active participation.
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Malo, Juan E., i Cristina Mata. "The Potential Role of Drove Roads as Connecting Corridors for Birds between Natura 2000 Sites". Birds 2, nr 3 (15.09.2021): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2030023.
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Ecological connectivity among protected Natura 2000 sites is a priority for conservation in Europe due to the increasing pressure on biodiversity from human activities and climate change. Drove roads, the traditional paths used to move livestock through the territory, have been proposed as potential ecological corridors due to their large extent, continuous nature and centennial protection from ploughing and urbanization, which allows the persistence of some tree cover and natural habitats in them. Bird communities were sampled during the reproductive season along 19 drove road transects in agrarian landscapes between Natura 2000 sites, all of them around the conurbation of Madrid (Madrid Region, Spain). Bird community nestedness was assessed by NODF computation followed by significance estimation by aleatorization, and factors explaining species richness and bird abundance were analyzed through General Linear Models fitted with environmental variables measured on official vegetation maps and orthophotos. Bird communities in drove roads were significantly nested, showing high predictability in the order of species loss from better preserved sites to those under stronger environmental pressures. Accordingly, Poisson regression showed bird richness to decrease strongly with distance from the closest Natura 2000 site and to increase with forest cover at the landscape and at the drove road scales. Bird abundance increased strongly with distance from urban areas and motorways, and it was slightly higher in areas with more forest cover and in transects with less bare ground. These results, and the higher relevance detected for landscape scale variables (500 m around transects) than for those at the drove road (50 m) scale, show that (i) they can only play a secondary role as habitat for nesting birds but (ii) they may add to the Green Infrastructure strategy as facilitators or stepping stones for bird communities if the surrounding landscape is favorable for them.
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Chen, Jiquan, Hogeun Park, Peilei Fan, Li Tian, Zutao Ouyang i Raffaele Lafortezza. "Cultural Landmarks and Urban Landscapes in Three Contrasting Societies". Sustainability 13, nr 8 (13.04.2021): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084295.
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Cultural heritage sites and landscapes are intuitively connected in urban systems. Based on available databases of cultural landmarks, we selected three pairs of cities that are currently dominated by three contrasting religions (Catholic, Buddhist and emerging culture) to compare the long-term changes in cultural landmarks, to quantify their spatial distribution in the current landscape, and to examine the potential influences these landmarks have on landscapes. The landmark database and landscapes were constructed from archived maps, satellite imagery and the UNESCO heritage sites for Barcelona, Bari, Beijing, Vientiane, Shenzhen, and Ulaanbaatar. Roads in Asian cities are mostly constructed in alignment with the four cardinal directions, forming a checkerboard-type landscape, whereas Bari and Barcelona in Europe have examples of roads radiating from major cultural landmarks. We found clear differences in the number of landmarks and surrounding landscape in these cities, supporting our hypothesis that current urban landscapes have been influenced similarly by cultural landmarks, although substantial differences exist among cities. Negative relationships between the number of cultural landmarks and major cover types were found, except with agricultural lands. Clearly, cultural landmarks need to be treated as “natural features” and considered as reference points in urban planning. Major efforts are needed to construct a global database before an overarching conclusion can be made for global cities.
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López-Rodríguez, Fernando, Justo García Sanz-Calcedo i Francisco J. Moral-García. "Spatial Analysis of Residual Biomass and Location of Future Storage Centers in the Southwest of Europe". Energies 12, nr 10 (23.05.2019): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101978.
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Forests can be exploited for obtaining biomass, which belongs to a bioenergy group with great energy potential that could replace fossil fuels. This article presents a novel procedure to quantify, map and define biomass, which takes into account both environmental and economic issues. With regard to the environment, only the annual growth of tree species is considered, and not the previous stocks. The growth is determined by logarithmic equations through an original procedure supported by a biomass estimator, which represents the amount of biomass generated annually for energy use, and by means of Excel tables, the exploitable biomass values are obtained. Previously, and by using GIS, areas with slopes exceeding 20% are discarded, thus avoiding soil erosion and damage, and in any case that biomass is not extracted for economic reasons. The same procedure is followed, discarding those areas located more than 4 km from forest roads and runways, as transport costs are increased. Finally, those layers with low energy potential are eliminated as well. Therefore, annually selected quantities of biomass can be obtained safely and abundantly by using detailed distribution maps of the resources, and through planning and performing efficient forestry extraction works.
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Popescu, Cristian, i Alina Bărbulescu. "Floods Simulation on the Vedea River (Romania) Using Hydraulic Modeling and GIS Software: A Case Study". Water 15, nr 3 (25.01.2023): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030483.
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Extreme hydro-meteorological phenomena have become more frequent in recent years compared to the year 2000 in Europe, including Romania. Flooding occurs from heavy rainfalls favored by natural and anthropogenic factors such as the valley’s flat slope or settlements situated near the river. Ţigăneşti and Brânceni villages (from southern Romania) are no exception and have been affected by floods many times. One of these events is that from 2005, when the flow reached 676 m3/s (a value 80 times higher than the normal flow of the Vedea River) in Brȃnceni. This paper aims to present a simulation of the flood that occurred during 3–6 July 2005 and its impact on the settlements, roads, and land, using field observation (including some from 2005), GIS software (ArcGIS), software for flood simulations (HEC-RAS—Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System), and flow data from the Romanian National Institute of Hydrology. Simulations were run in HEC-RAS. The obtained flooded areas imported back into GIS (Geographic Information System) were used to determine the area covered by water and the length of affected roads. The surface and number of flooded buildings were calculated using different tools from ArcMap. Results were interpreted, commented on, and compared with data and maps provided by the Romanian Water National Administration. The simulation shows that the villages would be protected from the flood by building a levee along the Vedea River. Significant losses can be prevented, and money can be saved.
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Ortega-Reig, Mar, Carsten Schürmann, Adrian Ferrandis Martínez i Andrew Copus. "Measuring Access to Services of General Interest as a Diagnostic Tool to Identify Well-Being Disparities between Rural Areas in Europe". Land 12, nr 5 (11.05.2023): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12051049.
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The gradual reorientation of rural policy paradigms away from competitiveness and economic growth and towards well-being and sustainability creates a need for more appropriate diagnostic tools to assess disparities and policy outcomes. One of the most cited determinants of rural well-being is access to Services of General Interest. Areas with relatively poor access to services can be described as “inner peripheries”, and peripherisation literature provides helpful insights into the challenges faced and policy needs. This paper presents a methodology for modelling and mapping access to a suite of ten key services, covering all of Europe at a 2.5 km grid square level. The approach is intrinsically relative, comparing the travel time to services from each grid square with the average for surrounding regions. Maps are provided for 2017 and 2021, and changes between these dates are described. ‘Inner peripheries’ are found in every country, their configuration being influenced not only by geographical features, but also by service delivery practices. Further analysis explores patterns of risk, identifying areas in which service provision is in a precarious position. The results presented are rich in practical policy implications, not least the suggestion that, in terms of patterns of well-being, local roads are at least as important as trunk infrastructure.
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Ronco, P., M. Bullo, S. Torresan, A. Critto, R. Olschewski, M. Zappa i A. Marcomini. "KULTURisk regional risk assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 2: Application to the Zurich case study". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, nr 3 (27.03.2015): 1561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1561-2015.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is the application of the KULTURisk regional risk assessment (KR-RRA) methodology, presented in the companion paper (Part 1, Ronco et al., 2014), to the Sihl River basin, in northern Switzerland. Flood-related risks have been assessed for different receptors lying on the Sihl River valley including Zurich, which represents a typical case of river flooding in an urban area, by calibrating the methodology to the site-specific context and features. Risk maps and statistics have been developed using a 300-year return period scenario for six relevant targets exposed to flood risk: people; economic activities: buildings, infrastructure and agriculture; natural and semi-natural systems; and cultural heritage. Finally, the total risk index map has been produced to visualize the spatial pattern of flood risk within the target area and, therefore, to identify and rank areas and hotspots at risk by means of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools. Through a tailored participatory approach, risk maps supplement the consideration of technical experts with the (essential) point of view of relevant stakeholders for the appraisal of the specific scores weighting for the different receptor-relative risks. The total risk maps obtained for the Sihl River case study are associated with the lower classes of risk. In general, higher (relative) risk scores are spatially concentrated in the deeply urbanized city centre and areas that lie just above to river course. Here, predicted injuries and potential fatalities are mainly due to high population density and to the presence of vulnerable people; flooded buildings are mainly classified as continuous and discontinuous urban fabric; flooded roads, pathways and railways, most of them in regards to the Zurich central station (Hauptbahnhof) are at high risk of inundation, causing severe indirect damage. Moreover, the risk pattern for agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage is relatively less important mainly because the scattered presence of these assets. Finally, the application of the KR-RRA methodology to the Sihl River case study, as well as to several other sites across Europe (not presented here), has demonstrated its flexibility and the possible adaptation of it to different geographical and socioeconomic contexts, depending on data availability and particulars of the sites, and for other (hazard) scenarios.
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Dashpilov, Ts B. "Mapping and Analysis of Transport in Baikal-Mongolian Asia". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 46 (2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.46.53.
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The geographical location of the Baikal region has an important strategic role in the socioeconomic development of the country. Transport infrastructure is an integral part of the efficient functioning of all sectors of the economy. Of greater importance to transport is the fact that the main highways of the region are part of the transport corridors between Asia and Europe. Mapping of transport in Baikal-Mongolian Asia is intended to help in researching the problems of optimal economically balanced development of the region. The semantic classification of the cartographic signs of the transport systems of the region was created to streamline the display of all objects, processes, phenomena and interactions of the transport complex. Using this classification, a database of transport indicators of the regions was formed, which were included in the cartographic information system of the Baikal region. On the basis of this database, a transport map of Baikal-Mongolian Asia was created, which covers the Baikal region and the territory of Mongolia within the basin of Lake Baikal. Using the created maps, as well as other literary and statistical sources, an analysis of the transport of Baikal-Mongolian Asia was carried out. This analysis led to the conclusion that the southern most developed and populated areas of the Baikal region and the central part of Mongolia have a developed transport network. The northern regions of the Baikal region and the western part of Mongolia are poorly developed, with a low density of roads. In the future, transport mapping is intended to assist in solving the problems of the socio-economic development of the region.
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Ronco, P., M. Bullo, S. Torresan, A. Critto, R. Olschewski, M. Zappa i A. Marcomini. "The KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 2: Application to the Zurich case study". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, nr 7 (11.07.2014): 7875–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-7875-2014.
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Abstract. The main objective of the paper is the application of the KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment (KR-RRA) methodology, presented in the companion paper (Part 1, Ronco et al., 2014), to the Sihl River valley, in Switzerland. Through a tuning process of the methodology to the site-specific context and features, flood related risks have been assessed for different receptors lying on the Sihl River valley including the city of Zurich, which represents a typical case of river flooding in urban area. After characterizing the peculiarities of the specific case study, risk maps have been developed under a 300 years return period scenario (selected as baseline) for six identified relevant targets, exposed to flood risk in the Sihl valley, namely: people, economic activities (including buildings, infrastructures and agriculture), natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage. Finally, the total risk index map, which allows to identify and rank areas and hotspots at risk by means of Multi Criteria Decision Analysis tools, has been produced to visualize the spatial pattern of flood risk within the area of study. By means of a tailored participative approach, the total risk maps supplement the consideration of technical experts with the (essential) point of view of the relevant stakeholders for the appraisal of the specific scores and weights related to the receptor-relative risks. The total risk maps obtained for the Sihl River case study are associated with the lower classes of risk. In general, higher relative risks are concentrated in the deeply urbanized area within and around the Zurich city centre and areas that rely just behind to the Sihl River course. Here, forecasted injuries and potential fatalities are mainly due to high population density and high presence of old (vulnerable) people; inundated buildings are mainly classified as continuous and discontinuous urban fabric; flooded roads, pathways and railways, the majority of them referring to the Zurich main train station (Hauptbahnhof), are at high risk of inundation, causing huge indirect damages. The analysis of flood risk to agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage have pointed out that these receptors could be relatively less impacted by the selected flood scenario mainly because their scattered presence. Finally, the application of the KR-RRA methodology to the Sihl River case study as well as to several other sites across Europe (not presented here), has demonstrated its flexibility and possible adaptation to different geographical and socio-economic contexts, depending on data availability and peculiarities of the sites, as well as for other hazard scenarios.
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Khapugin, Anatoliy A. "Environment Status Estimation of the Forest Communities Based on Floristic Surveys in the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, Russia". Forests 12, nr 11 (28.10.2021): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111475.
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Environmental scales include species responsive to changes in environmental conditions. The present paper aims to apply floristic survey data to reveal environmental conditions in habitats studied in the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, European Russia. In total, 161 square plots were established within a selected forest area. In each plot, all species were registered to conduct a further analysis. Then, average values of six environmental factors were calculated based on the Tsyganov environmental scale. Contour maps were created for four factors to demonstrate spatial changes through the study area. All study pots were assigned to seven habitat types during the field surveys. To test the correctness of the determined classification, a principal component analysis was performed based on Tsyganov’s environmental factors. Additionally, PERMANOVA was used to test the correctness of the habitat distinguishing. The results demonstrate that differences in environmental conditions among the majority (mires, coniferous forests, broadleaved forests, mixed forests) of the distinguished habitats are statistically significant, except for water bodies, forest gaps and roads, which have no significant differences in environmental factors compared with other habitats. We assume that this is caused by the very small sampling size for these habitat types. To obtain correct results, each habitat group should be represented by at least 3–4% samples of the whole sampling set. The main conclusion represents a simple way to assess the habitat environmental status based on floristic data. Based on Tsyganov’s environmental factors, the spatial distribution of only plant specialists can be recognised well. The allocation of plant generalists is impossible based on the proposed approach. Finally, the correctness of habitat classification based on dominated plants is well-testable using environmental conditions found on these sites. We also recommend the use of the here applied approach in plant ecology studies in the subzone of coniferous–deciduous forests of Eastern Europe.
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Keller, T. "The World Beyond the Windshield: Roads and Landscapes in the United States and Europe. Edited by Christof Mauch and Thomas Zeller. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. xv + 283 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, and index. Paper $22.95". Environmental History 14, nr 3 (1.07.2009): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/14.3.591.
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Douros, John, Henk Eskes, Jos van Geffen, K. Folkert Boersma, Steven Compernolle, Gaia Pinardi, Anne-Marlene Blechschmidt, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Augustin Colette i Pepijn Veefkind. "Comparing Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO2 column observations with the CAMS regional air quality ensemble". Geoscientific Model Development 16, nr 2 (25.01.2023): 509–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-509-2023.
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Abstract. The Sentinel-5P TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument, launched in October 2017, provides unique observations of atmospheric trace gases at a high resolution of about 5 km, with near-daily global coverage, resolving individual sources like thermal powerplants, industrial complexes, fires, medium-scale towns, roads, and shipping routes. Even though Sentinel-5P (S5P) is a global mission, these datasets are especially well suited to test high-resolution regional-scale air quality (AQ) models and provide valuable input for emission inversion systems. In Europe, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) has implemented an operational regional AQ forecasting capability based on an ensemble of several European models, available at a resolution of 0.1∘ × 0.1∘. In this paper, we present comparisons between TROPOMI observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the CAMS AQ forecasts and analyses of NO2. We discuss the different ways of making these comparisons and present quantitative results in the form of maps for individual days, summer and winter months, and a time series for European subregions and cities between May 2018 and March 2021. The CAMS regional products generally capture the fine-scale daily and averaged features observed by TROPOMI in much detail. In summer, the comparison shows a close agreement between TROPOMI and the CAMS ensemble NO2 tropospheric columns with a relative difference of up to 15 % for most European cities. In winter, however, we find a significant discrepancy in the column amounts over much of Europe, with relative differences up to 50 %. The possible causes for these differences are discussed, focusing on the possible impact of retrieval and modeling errors. Apart from comparisons with the CAMS ensemble, we also present results for comparisons with the individual CAMS models for selected months. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the free tropospheric contribution to the estimation of the tropospheric column and thus include profile information from the CAMS configuration of the ECMWF's (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) global integrated model above 3 km altitude in the comparisons. We also show that replacing the global 1∘ × 1∘ a priori information in the retrieval by the regional 0.1∘ × 0.1∘ resolution profiles of CAMS leads to significant changes in the TROPOMI-retrieved tropospheric column, with typical increases at the emission hotspots up to 30 % and smaller increases or decreases elsewhere. As a spinoff, we present a new TROPOMI NO2 level 2 (L2) data product for Europe, based on the replacement of the original TM5-MP generated global a priori profile by the regional CAMS ensemble profile. This European NO2 product is compared with ground-based remote sensing measurements of six Pandora instruments of the Pandonia Global Network and nine Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments. As compared to the standard S5P tropospheric NO2 column data, the overall bias of the new product for all except two stations is 5 % to 12 % smaller, owing to a reduction in the multiplicative bias. Compared to the CAMS tropospheric NO2 columns, dispersion and correlation parameters with respect to the standard data are, however, superior.
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Toyota, Hiroko, Daiki Ito, Shuya Suzuki, Ryohei Hara i Junxiang Wang. "Mapping vanished mountain shapes – The struggle between limestone mining and establishing a natural park at Mount Bukō –". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15.07.2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-368-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This report searches for the Japanese view of beauty and nature through a study of the mapping of the transformation of a mountain’s shape. A normal map primarily intends to express existing shapes, but this report maps the vanished shape of a mountain from the limestone mining of its slopes. This is done to consider how its vanished shape has impacted the Japanese view of beauty and nature. The mountain studied is Mount Bukō located in Chichibu City and Yokozemachi in Saitama Prefecture. Mount Bukō is suitable for limestone mining, and during the Edō Period, limestone was mined on this mountain to obtain material for mortar and fertilizer. In the Meiji Period, cement was used in Japan to construct buildings and surface roads, and limestone (raw material for cement) was produced and consumed in large quantities. During the Taishō Period, corporations started to mine vast quantities of limestone. At Mount Bukō, the shape of the mountain was heavily transformed by limestone mining (Figure 1,2).</p><p>However, during the 1940s, Mount Bukō was mentioned as a candidate site for a national park. In 1957, the entire area &ndash; including the mining site &ndash; was designated the Saitama Prefectural Natural Park. Parks are designated in Japan in imitation of Europe and America, and their major purposes are to preserve beautiful scenery and serve as places for residents’ recreational activities. Thus, by the Meiji Period, national parks such as Nikko National Park (which includes the Tōshōgū Shrine) were already being designated. Considering the above historical background, the movement to designate Mount Bukō as a park can be understood as an effort to preserve its scenery and provide a place for residents’ activities. But limestone mining continues to transform the shape of the mountain as, for example, a total of roughly 6.99 million tons of limestone were mined on Mount Bukō in 2016. By analyzing the facts of this case, this study can portray the Japanese consciousness of the change of the shapes of mountains and clarify the nature of their view of beauty and nature in mountains.</p><p>This paper reports on the preparation of a stereoscopic map based on topographical maps and photos created since the start of the Meiji Period, Chichibu <i>fudasho</i> temple drawings from the Edō Period, and the chronological mapping of the shape of the mountain before and since its designation as a park. Mapping using diverse source materials to represent exposed rock and landslides caused by limestone mining permits a detailed study that would be impossible based on topographical maps lacking contour lines, photographs, or drawings from one direction, primarily from the northern side of the mountain (Figure 3,4). This study shows which parts of the disappearing Mount Bukō are important to people and which parts of the remaining mountain shape they value highly. It also portrays the Japanese view of beauty and nature from a cultural perspective to aesthetically evaluate artificially formed “nature” as seen in temple gardens or bonsai.</p>
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Regos, Adrián, i Jesús Domínguez. "The contribution of Earth observation technologies to the reporting obligations of the Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 network in a protected wetland". PeerJ 6 (21.03.2018): e4540. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4540.
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Background Wetlands are highly productive systems that supply a host of ecosystem services and benefits. Nonetheless, wetlands have been drained and filled to provide sites for building houses and roads and for establishing farmland, with an estimated worldwide loss of 64–71% of wetland systems since 1900. In Europe, the Natura 2000 network is the cornerstone of current conservation strategies. Every six years, Member States must report on implementation of the European Habitats Directive. The present study aims to illustrate how Earth observation (EO) technologies can contribute to the reporting obligations of the Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 network in relation to wetland ecosystems. Methods We analysed the habitat changes that occurred in a protected wetland (in NW Spain), 13 years after its designation as Natura 2000 site (i.e., between 2003 and 2016). For this purpose, we analysed optical multispectral bands and water-related and vegetation indices derived from data acquired by Landsat 7 TM, ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI sensors. To quantify the uncertainty arising from the algorithm used in the classification procedure and its impact on the change analysis, we compared the habitat change estimates obtained using 10 different classification algorithms and two ensemble classification approaches (majority and weighted vote). Results The habitat maps derived from the ensemble approaches showed an overall accuracy of 94% for the 2003 data (Kappa index of 0.93) and of 95% for the 2016 data (Kappa index of 0.94). The change analysis revealed important temporal dynamics between 2003 and 2016 for the habitat classes identified in the study area. However, these changes depended on the classification algorithm used. The habitat maps obtained from the two ensemble classification approaches showed a reduction in habitat classes dominated by salt marshes and meadows (24.6–26.5%), natural and semi-natural grasslands (25.9–26.5%) or sand dunes (20.7–20.9%) and an increase in forest (31–34%) and reed bed (60.7–67.2%) in the study area. Discussion This study illustrates how EO–based approaches might be particularly useful to help (1) managers to reach decisions in relation to conservation, (2) Member States to comply with the requirements of the European Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), and (3) the European Commission to monitor the conservation status of the natural habitat types of community interest listed in Annex I of the Directive. Nonetheless, the uncertainty arising from the large variety of classification methods used may prevent local managers from basing their decisions on EO data. Our results shed light on how different classification algorithms may provide very different quantitative estimates, especially for water-dependent habitats. Our findings confirm the need to account for this uncertainty by applying ensemble classification approaches, which improve the accuracy and stability of remote sensing image classification.
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Slanov, Alan A. "Cimmerian Fortification". Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, nr 2 (25.06.2024): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-2-20-26.
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Early examples of northern Iranian fortification date back to the Cimmerian era. Thus, the fortifications on the modern Kerch and Taman peninsulas, made up of a system of ramparts and ditches that fenced off the Bosporus from the steppe barbarians, were called “Cimmerian” by ancient authors. The Cimmerians are the most ancient people of southeastern Europe known to us. Their country Cimmeria covered the modern Crimean and Taman peninsulas, the Northern Black Sea region, the Azov region and the Northern Caucasus. During the Central Asian campaigns, the Cimmerians had to confront the advanced armies of that time - Assyrian and Urartian, with their perfect fortresses (in particular, the so-called “Cyclopean”, in the shape of a circle or square), which required the development of siege and assault techniques (polyorcetics), which were successfully used during hostilities. The Cimmerian Wall crosses the middle of the Kerch Peninsula (between the Kerch Peninsula and the rest of Crimea) at its narrowest point and has a length of 40-42 km. The shaft or its individual fragments are also called Asandrov, Uzunlarsky, Turkish, Akkozsky, etc. The rampart (circa 400 BC), reinforced with stonework running along its crest, reached a width of 20 m at the base, a height of up to 7-8 m, and its ditch, 5 m deep, had a width of 10-15 m. Along the entire length of the rampart, the same type of square tower-forts measuring approximately 10x12 m were erected, at a distance of about 2.5 km from each other. Roads run along the rampart, and in the rampart itself there are about a dozen passages, fortified with stone and flanking towers. The Cimmerian Wall on the Taman Peninsula began at the northeastern protrusion of the Taman Gulf and stretched for about 7 km to the shore of the Sea of Azov. According to other materials, it had a length of about 40 km and ran along the bottom from the center of the Taman Bay about 20 km to the northeast, and continued the same amount along the land part, ending before reaching the shore of the Temryuk Bay. The remains of this fortification were noted on topographic maps of the second half of the 20th century as the Cimmerian Val. The аrticle, based on dаta from аrchaeologicаl and written sources, аnаlyzes Cimmerian fortificаtion and polyorcetics. The most significant defensive structures of the Cimmeriаns are exаmined; the most charаcteristic аrchitectural forms аnd construction techniques are noted.
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HANAYI, Omirbek. "EURASIAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AS REFLECTED IN GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE AND IN MAPS FROM THE 13TH TO THE MID-17TH CENTURIES". Eurasian Research Journal 4, nr 2 (15.04.2022): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-05.
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When we talk about Eurasian Historical Geography, usually the vast steppes between Asia and Europe come to mind. However, this geography included the great lands of Eurasia spanning from East to West that was connected by the historical Silk Road that contained important ancient cities along the road. Names of the cities that we remembered or forgotten about have lived and reached today in the memories of the societies, archival materials and maps. There are numerous books has written and will be published in the future as well that examines the perception of space and time in the historical background of the place names.
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Górniak, Adam, Katarzyna Midor, Jan Kaźmierczak i Wojciech Kaniak. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Methane from CNG in Motor Vehicles in Polish Conditions". Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, nr 1 (1.09.2018): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0031.
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Abstract The current problems related to air pollution in Europe, but also in Poland, are forcing the search for solutions aimed at significantly reducing the amount of solid particles harmful to humans in the air. Road transport is responsible for almost half of the pollution, as it releases nitrogen oxides into the air. In view of the above, the authors of the article want to turn attention toward methane as a fuel alternative traditional ones, pointing to the possibility of its use by Poland and presenting its advantages and disadvantages.
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Khomenko, Sasha, Marta Cirach, Jose Barrera-Gómez, Evelise Pereira-Barboza, Tamara Iungman, Natalie Mueller, Maria Foraster i in. "Road traffic noise in European cities: Learnings from a European-wide study on the health impacts of road traffic noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, nr 7 (1.02.2023): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0093.
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Road traffic noise is one of the main environmental risks to health and wellbeing. We aimed to provide an in-depth assessment of available road traffic noise data and to estimate population exposure and health impacts for cities in Europe. We analyzed 724 cities and 25 greater cities in 25 European countries. We retrieved road traffic strategic noise maps delivered under the Environmental Noise Directive (END) or available from local sources. We assessed noise exposure using the 24h day-evening-night noise level indicator (Lden) starting at exposure levels of 55 dB Lden for the adult population aged 20 and over and estimated the health impacts of compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 53 dB Lden. Two primary health outcomes were assessed: high noise annoyance and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), using mortality from IHD causes as indicator. Almost 60 million adults were exposed to road traffic noise levels above 55 dB Lden, 11 million adults were highly annoyed and more than 3600 deaths from IHD could be prevented annually. A considerable number of adults are exposed to road traffic noise levels harmful for health. Efforts to standardize the strategic noise maps and to increase data availability at the city level are needed to provide a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of the health impacts of road traffic noise.
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Höhle, J. "ASSESSMENT OF THE THEMATIC ACCURACY OF LAND COVER MAPS". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (19.08.2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-187-2015.
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Several land cover maps are generated from aerial imagery and assessed by different approaches. The test site is an urban area in Europe for which six classes (‘building’, ‘hedge and bush’, ‘grass’, ‘road and parking lot’, ‘tree’, ‘wall and car port’) had to be derived. Two classification methods were applied (‘Decision Tree’ and ‘Support Vector Machine’) using only two attributes (height above ground and normalized difference vegetation index) which both are derived from the images. The assessment of the thematic accuracy applied a stratified design and was based on accuracy measures such as user’s and producer’s accuracy, and kappa coefficient. In addition, confidence intervals were computed for several accuracy measures. The achieved accuracies and confidence intervals are thoroughly analysed and recommendations are derived from the gained experiences. Reliable reference values are obtained using stereovision, false-colour image pairs, and positioning to the checkpoints with 3D coordinates. The influence of the training areas on the results is studied. Cross validation has been tested with a few reference points in order to derive approximate accuracy measures. The two classification methods perform equally for five classes. Trees are classified with a much better accuracy and a smaller confidence interval by means of the decision tree method. Buildings are classified by both methods with an accuracy of 99% (95% CI: 95%-100%) using independent 3D checkpoints. The average width of the confidence interval of six classes was 14% of the user’s accuracy.
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Rowell, J. Martin. "Applying Map Databases to Advanced Navigation and Driver Assistance Systems". Journal of Navigation 54, nr 3 (wrzesień 2001): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463301001503.
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Navigation map databases have evolved during the last 10 years in coverage, content and accuracy to such a degree that they are being used (and considered) for applications beyond vehicle navigation. For a number of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) in Europe and North America, the navigation maps are being enhanced to offer new functions. This will complement dynamic route guidance, with location referencing, descriptions of delays, floating car data and re-routeing, all requiring developments in traffic management, road capacity balancing and routing algorithms.
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McDuffie, Erin E., Steven J. Smith, Patrick O'Rourke, Kushal Tibrewal, Chandra Venkataraman, Eloise A. Marais, Bo Zheng, Monica Crippa, Michael Brauer i Randall V. Martin. "A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017): an application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)". Earth System Science Data 12, nr 4 (15.12.2020): 3413–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3413-2020.
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Abstract. Global anthropogenic emission inventories remain vital for understanding the sources of atmospheric pollution and the associated impacts on the environment, human health, and society. Rapid changes in today's society require that these inventories provide contemporary estimates of multiple atmospheric pollutants with both source sector and fuel type information to understand and effectively mitigate future impacts. To fill this need, we have updated the open-source Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) (Hoesly et al., 2019) to develop a new global emission inventory, CEDSGBD-MAPS. This inventory includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NOx; CO; SO2; NH3; non-methane volatile organic compounds, NMVOCs; black carbon, BC; organic carbon, OC) over the time period from 1970–2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture; energy generation; industrial processes; on-road and non-road transportation; separate residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO); waste; solvent use; and international shipping) and four fuel categories (total coal, solid biofuel, the sum of liquid-fuel and natural-gas combustion, and remaining process-level emissions). The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory additionally includes monthly global gridded (0.5∘ × 0.5∘) emission fluxes for each compound, sector, and fuel type to facilitate their use in earth system models. CEDSGBD-MAPS utilizes updated activity data, updates to the core CEDS default scaling procedure, and modifications to the final procedures for emissions gridding and aggregation. Relative to the previous CEDS inventory (Hoesly et al., 2018), these updates extend the emission estimates from 2014 to 2017 and improve the overall agreement between CEDS and two widely used global bottom-up emission inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory provides the most contemporary global emission estimates to date for these key atmospheric pollutants and is the first to provide global estimates for these species as a function of multiple fuel types and source sectors. Dominant sources of global NOx and SO2 emissions in 2017 include the combustion of oil, gas, and coal in the energy and industry sectors as well as on-road transportation and international shipping for NOx. Dominant sources of global CO emissions in 2017 include on-road transportation and residential biofuel combustion. Dominant global sources of carbonaceous aerosol in 2017 include residential biofuel combustion, on-road transportation (BC only), and emissions from the waste sector. Global emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, BC, and OC all peak in 2012 or earlier, with more recent emission reductions driven by large changes in emissions from China, North America, and Europe. In contrast, global emissions of NH3 and NMVOCs continuously increase between 1970 and 2017, with agriculture as a major source of global NH3 emissions and solvent use, energy, residential, and the on-road transport sectors as major sources of global NMVOCs. Due to similar development methods and underlying datasets, the CEDSGBD-MAPS emissions are expected to have consistent sources of uncertainty as other bottom-up inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS source code is publicly available online through GitHub: https://github.com/emcduffie/CEDS/tree/CEDS_GBD-MAPS (last access: 1 December 2020). The CEDSGBD-MAPS emission inventory dataset (both annual country-total and monthly global gridded files) is publicly available under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964 (McDuffie et al., 2020c).
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T'Siobbel, Stephen, Frank Daems, Christian Kleine, Bert Boterbergh, Nele Dedene i Tom Jensen. "Road data exchange in Europa: How TN-ITS GO advanced the maintenance of digital maps for ITS with authoritative data". Transportation Research Procedia 72 (2023): 3553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.744.
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Socoró, Joan Claudi, Francesc Alías i Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès. "WASN-Based Spectro-Temporal Analysis and Clustering of Road Traffic Noise in Urban and Suburban Areas". Applied Sciences 12, nr 3 (19.01.2022): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12030981.
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Environmental noise has become one of the principal health risks for urban dwellers and road traffic noise (RTN) is considered to be the main source of these adverse effects. To address this problem, strategic noise maps and corresponding action plans have been developed throughout Europe in recent years in response to the European Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (END), especially in populated cities. Recently, wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) have started to serve as an alternative to static noise maps to monitor urban areas by gathering environmental noise data in real time. Several studies have analysed and categorized the different acoustic environments described in the END (e.g., traffic, industrial, leisure, etc.). However, most of them have only considered the dynamic evolution of the A-weighted equivalent noise levels LAeq over different periods of time. In order to focus on the analysis of RTN solely, this paper introduces a clustering methodology to analyse and group spectro-temporal profiles of RTN collected simultaneously across an area of interest. The experiments were conducted on two acoustic databases collected during a weekday and a weekend day through WASNs deployed in the pilot areas of the LIFE+ DYNAMAP project. The results obtained show that the clustering of RTN, based on its spectro-temporal patterns, yields different solutions on weekdays and at weekends in both environments, being larger than those found in the suburban environment and lower than the number of clusters in the urban scenario.
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Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis G. "More Than a Market? The Regulation of Sport in the European Union". Government and Opposition 41, nr 4 (2006): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00208.x.
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AbstractThe explanatory capacity of ideas has been contested on two grounds. First, ideas have been dismissed as epiphenomenal. Second, ideational explanations have been criticized for the limited importance that they ascribe to agency. This article examines the involvement of the European Commission in previously uncharted territory, namely the regulation of professional sport in Europe. It demonstrates that, in conditions of ambiguity and uncertainty created by the need to implement broad Treaty-based principles in new areas of socio-economic activity, ideas, first, act as road maps that direct the executive activity of the European Commission, legitimize it, and set limits to it by identifying the relevant deeply embedded conceptions of the nature of a given activity and by linking them to a wider, historically defined normative order. Second, ideas are also powerful political weapons used by political actors in their quest to advance their interests.
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Prysthon, Ângela. "Da Alegoria Continental às Jornadas Interiores: o road movie latino-americano contemporâneo". Ícone 9, nr 2 (6.10.2007): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.34176/icone.v9i2.230099.
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Assim como a literatura de viagem está geralmente associada à expansão do colonialismo europeu, o road movie é normalmente definido como um gênero cinematográfico norte-americano por excelência - aquele ao qual pertencem Easy Rider, Thelma and Louise, Lost Highway, só para mencionar alguns dos mais emblemáticos. O propósito deste artigo é comparar algumas apropriações deste gênero na América Latina. Algumas que exacerbam o caráter alegórico das viagens pelo continente (como El Viaje (1992) de Pino Solanas, Guantanamera (1996) de Tomás Gutierrez Alea e Diários de Motocicleta (2003) de Walter Salles), outras que buscam através de um maior intimismo revelar as singularidades dos seus personagens viajantes, como Terra Estrangeira (1993) de Walter Salles Jr. e alguns filmes dos anos 2000 que optam por esse segundo registro: Y tu mamá también (2001) de Alfonso Cuarón e Historias Mínimas (2002) de Carlos Sorín.
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Vedernikov, M. "National and Collective Practices for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Europe". World Economy and International Relations 65, nr 12 (2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-12-50-60.
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The article deals with the national and collective pandemic responses at the early stage of the COVID‑19 spread in Europe. It is noted that the European Union was not ready for such a cataclysm, despite the history of the spread of serious infectious diseases and the presence of special services and road maps. The virus that began to circulate in Asia, was not initially perceived by the EU representatives as a real threat. Moreover, its leadership ignored the voices of some member states of the Union, focusing on solving other problems. In turn, the countries left without Brussels’ attention began to counteract the new Coronavirus independently, using the anti-crisis tools that were prescribed in the existing pandemic plans. The existence of such national programs determined the specificity of the measures taken in the very first days. The author identifies three models of the EU member states’ behavior. The first one was common for the states of the so-called “political core of the EU” which refused to adopt strict lockdown measures due to their unwillingness to weaken democracy, violate human rights and limit civil liberties. The second group, comprised mainly of the EU‑11 countries, imposed severe measures. The author sees the rationale for this step in the fact that local authorities doubted the capabilities of national health systems in passing a pandemic stress test. The third group includes states that have chosen the way of achieving herd immunity – the most controversial option of resistance to viral infection, that has not proven its effectiveness. The article demonstrates that the period of growing national egoism was followed by a stage of decisive measures by the central authorities of the EU. They were able to develop a suitable package of measures that took into consideration the interests of the most affected countries of the Union. The consolidation of the EU after a temporary weakening became possible due to the “reset” of the Franco-German tandem.
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Ivošević, Bojana, Predrag Lugonja, Sanja Brdar, Mirjana Radulović, Ante Vujić i João Valente. "UAV-Based Land Cover Classification for Hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) Habitat Condition Assessment: A Case Study on Mt. Stara Planina (Serbia)". Remote Sensing 13, nr 16 (18.08.2021): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163272.
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Habitat degradation, mostly caused by human impact, is one of the key drivers of biodiversity loss. This is a global problem, causing a decline in the number of pollinators, such as hoverflies. In the process of digitalizing ecological studies in Serbia, remote-sensing-based land cover classification has become a key component for both current and future research. Object-based land cover classification, using machine learning algorithms of very high resolution (VHR) imagery acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was carried out in three different study sites on Mt. Stara Planina, Eastern Serbia. UAV land cover classified maps with seven land cover classes (trees, shrubs, meadows, road, water, agricultural land, and forest patches) were studied. Moreover, three different classification algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-NN (k-nearest neighbors)—were compared. This study shows that the random forest classifier performs better with respect to the other classifiers in all three study sites, with overall accuracy values ranging from 0.87 to 0.96. The overall results are robust to changes in labeling ground truth subsets. The obtained UAV land cover classified maps were compared with the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe (EPNV) and used to quantify habitat degradation and assess hoverfly species richness. It was concluded that the percentage of habitat degradation is primarily caused by anthropogenic pressure, thus affecting the richness of hoverfly species in the study sites. In order to enable research reproducibility, the datasets used in this study are made available in a public repository.
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Сухоручкина, И. Н., i А. А. Сухоручкина. "INFORMATION AND CIVILIZATION ASPECTS OF INTEGRATION OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND LANGUAGES OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD COUNTRIES". Научно-техническая информация. Серия 1: Организация и методика информационной работы, nr 7 (1.07.2023): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36535/0548-0019-2023-07-4.
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Исследуются информационно-цивилизационные аспекты интеграции глобальных систем связи и языков стран Великого Шелкового пути во взаимосвязи естественных языков, лингвистики, лингвогеографии, интерлингвистики, информатики, семиотики, включая социосемиотику, лингвосемиотику, этносемиотику и киберсемиотику. На информационно-цивилизационные аспекты интеграции глобальных систем связи, языков и культур современного Шелкового пути влияет развитие транспортной системы, интегрированной с глобальными сухопутными, морскими и спутниковыми системами сетей связи Евразии с другими континентами, сотрудничество государств, международных экономических, научно-технических, образовательных, патентных и метрологических организаций и учреждений ООН, академий наук и институтов - регуляторов языков, а также с сетями электросвязи и транспорта России. Проанализировано значение Шелкового пути в глобализации, интеграции и сотрудничестве стран на основе лингвокультурной этноглобализации, распространения языков и культур, глобализации и интеграции систем связи и языков, лингвогеографических языковых атласов, глобализации английского, китайского, латинского, согдийского, арабского и русского языков на маршрутах Шелкового пути. Представлена лингвогеографическая классификация 61 страны Шелкового пути по регионам - Азиатско-Тихоокеанский, Европа, Африка, арабские страны с указанием их официальных языков, количества говорящих, регулирующих организаций и их сайтов. Information and civilizational aspects of the integration of global communication systems and languages of the Great Silk Road countries with the relationship of natural languages, linguistics, linguistic geography, language maps and atlases, interlinguistics, informatics, semiotics, sociosemiotics, linguo-semiotics, ethnosemiotics and cybersemioticshave been analyzed.The information and civilizational aspects of the integration of global communication systems, languages and cultures of the modern Silk Road countries are influenced by the development of the transport system integrated with the Eurasian global terrestrial, submarine and satellite communication systems with other continents, cooperation of the UN, international economic, scientific, technical, educational, patent, metrological organizations, unions and agencies, academies of sciences,language regulators, telecommunication and transport networks in Russia. The significance of the Silk Road in globalization and cooperation of countries on the basis of linguoculturalethnoglobalization, spread of languages and cultures, globalization and integration of communication systems and languages, globalization of English, Chinese, Latin, Sogdian, Arabic and Russian languages on the Silk Road routes have been analyzed. The linguo-geographical classification of 61 countries of the Silk Road by regions such as Asia-Pacific, Europe, Africa and Arab countries, official languages, numbers of speakers, language regulators and websites has been presented.
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Akin, A., S. Aliffi i F. Sunar. "Spatio-temporal Urban Change Analysis and the Ecological Threats Concerning The Third Bridge in Istanbul City". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (19.09.2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-9-2014.
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Urban growth is a complex dynamical process associated with landscape change driving forces such as the environment, politics, geography and many others that affect the city at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Istanbul, one of the largest agglomerations in Europe and the fifth-largest city in the world in terms of population within city limits, has been growing very rapidly over the late 20th century at a rate of 3.45 %, causing to have many environmental issues. Recently, Istanbul's new third bridge and proposed new routes for across the Bosphorus are foreseen to not only threaten the ecology of the city, but also it will give a way to new areas for unplanned urbanization. The dimensions of this threat are affirmed by the urban sprawl especially after the construction of the second bridge and the connections such as Trans European Motorway (TEM). <br><br> Since the spatial and temporal components of urbanization can be more simply identified through modeling, this study aims to analyze the urban change and assess the ecological threats in Istanbul city through the proper modeling for the year 2040. For this purpose, commonly used urban modeling approach, the Markov Chain within Cellular Automata (CA), was selected to simulate urban/non-urban growth process. CA is a simple and effective tool to capture and simulate the complexity of urban system dynamic. The key factor for a Markov is the transition probability matrix, which defines change trend from past to today and into the future for a certain class type, and land use suitability maps for urban. Multi Criteria Analysis was used to build these suitability maps. Distance from each pixel to the urban, road and water classes, plus the elevation, slope and land use maps (as excluded layer) were defined as factors. Calibration data were obtained from remotely sensed data recorded in 1972, 1986 and 2013. Validation was performed by overlaying the simulated and actual 2013 urban maps and Kappa Index of Agreement was calculated. The results indicate that the urban expansion will influence mainly forest areas during the time period of 1972–2040.
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Berger, Markus, i Ralf Bill. "Combining VR Visualization and Sonification for Immersive Exploration of Urban Noise Standards". Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, nr 2 (13.05.2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3020034.
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Urban traffic noise situations are usually visualized as conventional 2D maps or 3D scenes. These representations are indispensable tools to inform decision makers and citizens about issues of health, safety, and quality of life but require expert knowledge in order to be properly understood and put into context. The subjectivity of how we perceive noise as well as the inaccuracies in common noise calculation standards are rarely represented. We present a virtual reality application that seeks to offer an audiovisual glimpse into the background workings of one of these standards, by employing a multisensory, immersive analytics approach that allows users to interactively explore and listen to an approximate rendering of the data in the same environment that the noise simulation occurs in. In order for this approach to be useful, it should manage complicated noise level calculations in a real time environment and run on commodity low-cost VR hardware. In a prototypical implementation, we utilized simple VR interactions common to current mobile VR headsets and combined them with techniques from data visualization and sonification to allow users to explore road traffic noise in an immersive real-time urban environment. The noise levels were calculated over CityGML LoD2 building geometries, in accordance with Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU) sound propagation methods.
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Bellin, Greicy Pinto Bellin, i James Remington Krause. "Cientificismo, modo fantástico e representação do gênero feminino em “O Capitão Mendonça”, de Machado de Assis". Revista Graphos 23, nr 1 (3.06.2021): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1516-1536.2021v23n1.57375.
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O presente artigo realiza uma análise do conto “O capitão Mendonça”, de Machado de Assis, procurando percebê-lo como uma crítica em relação ao cientificismo emergente no século XIX, às representações do gênero feminino na época e à apropriação do modo fantástico europeu na literatura brasileira, mais especificamente “O homem da areia”, de E. T. A. Hoffmann. Como embasamento teórico, lançaremos mão das reflexões de Joan Scott e Teresa de Lauretis, a fim de refletir sobre a questão de gênero e sobre as tecnologias envolvidas em sua construção e representação, além de Jaison Luís Crestani, no que se refere às questões editoriais, Linda Hutcheon no que se refere à utilização da paródia para o exercício da crítica, e Rosemary Jackson, David Roas, Irene Bessière e Remo Ceserani no que se refere às apropriações do modo fantástico.
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Nunes, Eduardo. "Pelos caminhos do Mundo". Revista de Estudos Literários 12 (16.11.2022): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-847x_12_5.
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As personagens-viajantes de A jangada de pedra (1986), de José Saramago, empreendem uma viagem pela Península Ibérica, acabada de se desprender da restante Europa, sem que elas próprias ou o narrador consigam dissociar a mobilidade que praticam do imaginário conformado por práticas e representações da mobilidade anteriores, fixadas em géneros literários com reconhecida tradição peninsular, como é o caso do romance de cavalaria ou do relato de naufrágio. Desse modo se situam as personagens numa extensa linhagem de figuras da mobilidade, de que elas constituem uma refiguração. Essa circunstância, no entanto, não impede que a viagem descrita no romance – tal como, por consequência, as personagens que nela participam – adquira traços distintivos e se identifique melhor com a que é usualmente representada numa categoria genológica mais recente, devedora daquelas outras, cuja presença (também) na literatura portuguesa urge cartografar: o romance de estrada (ou road novel).
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Rogulj, Katarina, Jelena Kilić Pamuković i Nikša Jajac. "A Decision Concept to the Historic Pedestrian Bridges Recovery Planning". Applied Sciences 11, nr 3 (21.01.2021): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030969.
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One of the important segments of pedestrian infrastructure are pedestrian bridges. The importance is greater if these bridges are of historical and cultural significance to the city or region. To manage these bridges, it is important to develop an approach that can enable systematic and organized decision-making for experts and policy makers. Hereby, a recovery of bridges is analyzed for the priority ranking of historic pedestrian bridges. Maps of Europe from XIX. Century for the area of Split-Dalmatia County (SDC) are used to locate the bridges. A total of nine bridges are identified, and a set of relevant criteria are defined to evaluate these bridges. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for the comparison of criteria, evidential reasoning for the assessment of bridges according to each criterion, and then the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is conducted for priority ranking of bridges for the recovery planning. To achieve the final order of bridges it was crucial to take into account mechanical, dynamical, ecological, financial, and, also, social characteristics of these bridges, which was not an easy task. For this reason, the authors proposed a model of decision support to help policy and decision makers in the managing of recovery activities of historic road bridges. The model was conducted on the bridges in the area of SDC, built until the end of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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Grgov, Aleksandra. "REPREZENTACIJA ŽENA NA RAZGLEDNICAMA PRVE POLOVINE 20. VEKA". Lipar XXIV, nr 80 (2023): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar80.061g.
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/ The paper deals with the postcards of the first half of the 20th century. The history of visual culture testifies to gender differences, the subordination of a woman, whose activities are mostly placed within the framework of “private”, closed, shaped by the virtues of love, intimacy and care for the family. Since visual media are powerful means of the social construction of reality, they are also indicators of prevailing social values. The creation and development of postcards coincides with the weakening of civil society, as a dominant social group, due to the penetration of socialist ideas. Accordingly, the averse of the maps show the cultural and moral values of the patriarchy, where man is the main figure in the family. These postcards belong to the collection of the National Museum in Leskovac and were chosen as one of the examples of simplicity and efficiency of circulating the meaning of Western European culture and analyzed in the context of the feminist theory in the era of the first wave of feminist activism (between 1848 and 1920) and its impact on a decade later. In southern Serbia, which was on the road to liberation from oriental cultural values at the time, torn between tradition and modernization, the products of mass culture from Western Europe could seem like something new and progressive, but in fact they were only another form of representation of gender differences through the constitution of stereotypes.
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Jokanović, Vesna Nikolić, Dušan Jokanović, Radovan Savić, Tijana Vulević, Aleksandar Andjelković, Katarina Lazarević, Ranka Kovačević i Natalija Momirović. "Monitoring of the Surface Water Regime of the Sava River Alluvium in Serbia Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Techniques". Water 15, nr 23 (2.12.2023): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15234175.
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In the spacious inundation area on the left bank of the lower course of the Sava River in Serbia, there is an abandoned meander Special Nature Reserve, “Obedska bara”, which represents a very important floodplain in this part of Europe. This area is characterized by an exceptional wealth of biodiversity with a significant presence of rare and endangered species of national and international importance. Hydrological conditions in the mentioned area were analyzed from the aspect of surface water movement in nature and conditions altered by human factors (after the construction of the road network, canals, etc.). The movement of surface water, i.e., the filling and emptying of the investigated area, parallel to the water level of the Sava River, is shown using a digital terrain model. Our simulation of the change in surface water level within the studied area included the display of underwater areas, both with the formation of a flood wave (i.e., increasing water level of the Sava) and with the outflow of water from the pond when the water level in the Sava was reduced in both scenarios (natural and conditions altered by human factors). GIS and terrain digitalization were used for geospatial and hydrological analyses and, based on this, maps that display endangered areas could be made. The obtained results show that the largest human impact was recorded at the water level of the Sava River 74 m above sea level. The aforementioned water regime changes were shown to negatively affect dominant vegetation, such as pedunculate oak and ash.
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Rutynskyi, Mykhailo. "Geography of Ukrainian lands in scientific heritage of famous German geographer Anton Busching". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 49 (30.12.2015): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8647.
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A. Busching is one of the greatest European geographers of second half of the XVIII century. The most fundamental work – Neue Erdbeschreibung oder Universal Geographie (1754) – brought him worldwide fame only during his lifetime was reprinted eight times and has been translated into almost all European languages. A. Busching systematized geographic information is very valuable source of historical geography of Ukraine. Each new reissue of the information (including statistics) A. Busching meticulously update, detailed and changed with the times era. In the 60’s gave a lengthy description of Ukrainian lands Red Ruthenia as part of the Kingdom of Poland. In the 70’s he was first among European geographers who published a geographical description of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In the 80’s A. Busching published a series of statistical-geographical studies of new data on the geography of population, economy, communications and commerce Western, Central and Southern Ukrainian lands. The role and contribution of A. Busching in a geographical study of Ukraine in the second half of the seventeenth century are considered. In 1762–1763 A. Busching introduced to the world geographical community a new generalizing geographical name of the country, which was known from earlier treatises as Kievan Rus, Red Ruthenia, Cossacks’ province. The title of the relevant section of it preserved colonial official name given in 1764 by Catherine II disbanded it Hetman state – Little Russia. But below its geographical characteristics, this definition was begun: “The country of the Cossacks, usually called Ukraine...” A. Busching filed a brief geographical reference of all provinces and major cities of Ukraine. Busching’s books interesting information about her administrative-territorial structure, number cities, geography of trade, state of the river and road transport, formation centres manufactured crafts etc. A. Busching in 1772–1775 was the first systematized scientific community for world geography major geographic information system on the new administrative-territorial unit Europe – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – successor of earlier Principality of Galicia-Volyn Rus and Rus country. A. Busching is the author of the first survey maps of Europe that reflect this geographical unit. Content and factual materials of the scientific heritage of geographer were critically analysed and modified. It is shown the value of certain works of the scientist for historical-geographical studios and territorial development of Ukrainian lands that period. Key words: Ukraine, the Ukrainian lands, historical geography, scientific heritage, A. Busching.
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Santana, Rosimere Ferreira, Romulo Delvalle, Lívia Maria Da Silva Souza, Arianna Kassiadou Menezes, Cristiane Da Silva Gabriel Capeletto, Teresa Cristina Brasil Ferreira i Uyara Garcia Melo. "Contenção mecânica em instituições de longa permanência para idosos". Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, nr 12 (2.12.2018): 3394. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i12a234527p3394-3400-2018.
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RESUMOObjetivo: identificar o uso da contenção mecânica em instituições de longa permanência para idosos. Método: trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, tipo revisão integrativa, em artigos publicados de 2005 a 2015, nas Bases de Dados MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL e SCOPUS. Apresentam-se os resultados em figuras. Realizou-se a discussão dos resultados comparando-se os estudos e conclusões com a literatura. Resultados: publicaram-se 15 artigos e o continente com maior produção foi a Europa, em seguida, a América do Norte e a Ásia. Inferiu-se que as formas mais utilizadas foram a contenção com grades no leito e a contenção pelo tronco em cadeira de rodas, em pessoas mais idosas, com alta dependência e imobilidade, e a razão para a contenção, em sua maioria, foi para prevenir o risco de quedas e a rotina institucional. Conclusão: demonstrou-se que há alta prevalência de contenção mecânica em instituições de longa permanência para idosos, com alta variabilidade e têm-se assumido esforços para se evitar eventos adversos e melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados. Reforça-se a importância de estudar o tema no país e na realidade latino-americana. Descritores: Restrição Física; Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos; Enfermagem Geriátrica; Saúde do Idoso; Cuidado de Enfermagem; Serviços de Saúde para Idosos.ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the use of mechanical restraint in long-stay institutions for the elderly. Method: this is a bibliographical study, type integrative review, in articles published from 2005 to 2015, in the Databases MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS. The results are presented in figures. The results were discussed comparing the studies and conclusions with the literature. Results: 15 articles were published and the continent with the highest production was Europe, followed by North America and Asia. It was inferred that the most used forms were the containment with grids in the bed and the containment by the trunk in wheelchair, in older people, with high dependence and immobility, and the reason for the restraint, was mostly to prevent the risk of falls and institutional routine. Conclusion: it has been demonstrated that there is a high prevalence of mechanical restraint in long-stay institutions for the elderly, with high variability, and efforts have been made to avoid adverse events and improve the quality of care. The importance of studying the theme in the country and in the Latin American reality is reinforced. Descriptors: Physical Restriction; Institution of Long Stay for the Elderly; Geriatric Nursing; Health of the Elderly; Nursing Care; Health Services for the Elderly. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar el uso de la contención mecánica en instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos. Método: se trata de un estudio bibliográfico, tipo revisión integrativa, en artículos publicados de 2005 a 2015, en las Bases de Datos MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL y SCOPUS. Se presentan los resultados en figuras. Se realizó la discusión de los resultados comparando los estudios y conclusiones con la literatura. Resultados: se publicaron 15 artículos y el continente con mayor producción fue Europa, luego, América del Norte y Asia. Se consideró que las formas más utilizadas fueron la contención con rejas en el lecho y la contención por el tronco en silla de ruedas, en personas mayores, con alta dependencia e inmovilidad, y la razón de la contención, en su mayoría, fue para prevenir el riesgo de caídas y la rutina institucional. Conclusión: se demostró que hay alta prevalencia de contención mecánica en instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos, con alta variabilidad y se han asumido esfuerzos para evitar eventos adversos y mejorar la calidad de los cuidados. Se refuerza la importancia de estudiar el tema en el país y en la realidad latinoamericana. Descriptores: Restricción Física; Hogares para Ancianos; Enfermería Geriátrica; Salud del Anciano; Atención de Enfermería; Servicios de Salud para Ancianos.
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Akulov, Anatoly, i Anna Chelombitko. "Theory and Methodology of Strategic Modernization of Industrial Regions". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2020, nr 1 (24.04.2020): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2020-5-1-62-73.
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Strategic planning documents developed for industrial regions of Russia deal with the strategic modernization of these regions. The problems associated with the development and implementation of these plans are connected with the quality of the theoretical and methodological basis, which requires the most modern ideas about the factors and road maps of industrial regions. The research objective was to systematize ideas about modern theoretical and methodological foundations of the strategic modernization of industrial regions. The success of strategic modernization proved to depend on a significant number of factors, including competitive advantages and local governments’ actions. There are two options for the strategic modernization of industrial regions: comprehensive diversification and the so-called smart specialization. The choice depends on the capacity of the local market, economic and geographical location, and the local significance of the area. The use of foreign experience plays a significant role in strategic modernization planning. The authors studied some cases of the most successful strategic modernization in the industrial regions of Western Europe, e.g. West Yorkshire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Saarland, etc., where the local authorities used the opportunities of industrial culture to solve new production problems. The competitive advantages of these regions included agglomerations, favorable transport and geographical location, spatial significance, which allowed them to fully diversify their economy, develop the service sector, and apply various innovations. Unfortunately, this is not an option for most industrial regions of Russia. Therefore, these regions should resort to smart specialization, a more developed industrial culture, an innovative ecosystem, and a larger production complex. The authors recommend the authorities of Russian industrial regions to revitalize the most problematic areas and towns, as well as to develop an interregional approach to the strategic modernization and innovative ecosystems.
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Reichel, Ernst. "High-Profile Visits of German Officials to Ukraine in 2018 – A strong Sign of Germany’s Support for Ukraine’s Reform Agenda". Diplomatic Ukraine, nr XX (2019): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-25.
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The article examines the main visits of German officials to Ukraine in 2018. It is mentioned that Ukraine is a top-priority partner for Germany; the latter provides long-term and substantial technical and financial support in energy efficiency, economic development and infrastructure, decentralisation and local governance, the rule of law and fight against corruption as well as education, science, and mass media. Besides, trade relations between Ukraine and Germany are quite robust. It is mentioned that Frank-Walter Steinmeier, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, was the first to hand over the baton of high-profile diplomatic visits of German high-ranked officials to Ukraine. In the course of the durable conversation with President Poroshenko, two parishioners of statecraft discussed the matters related to the armed conflict in Donbas. For Steinmeier, that visit came as an opportunity to talk to Ukrainian youth and encourage communication between representatives of civil society of the two states. He also urged Ukrainian society to implement reforms in the state persistently, however hard they might be and whatever obstacles might be on the road. In several hours after the departure of President Steinmeier, Heiko Maas paid a visit to Ukraine. Mr Maas reiterated President Steinmeier’s statement about the readiness to help Ukraine and focused his attention on specific actions to be taken to that end. It is stressed that it is highly important for Germany to stop the bloodshed in Europe. After visiting the destroyed city of Shyrokyne, Heiko Maas was deeply impressed with the scale of destruction and despair. The visit of Chancellor Angela Merkel, who came to Ukraine in November 2018, was also examined. After the traditional reception with bread and salt at the Boryspil Airport organised by Kyiv Mayor Vitalii Klychko, the official reception was held in the Mariinskyi Palace where President Poroshenko met the Chancellor with military honours. The negotiations focused on the necessity to ensure progress in implementing the Minsk Accords. The meeting of Chancellor Merkel with Prime Minister Hroisman was mostly devoted to the issues of bilateral relations and economic development. The Chancellor also delivered a speech before the students of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and encouraged youth to always search for the truth and not to be allured by populist promises. Key words: Germany, state visits, Ukrainian-German relations, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Heiko Maas, Angela Merkel.
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Rodrigues, Sara, Carlos Almeida, Nuno Machado i Ângela Fernandes. "Impacto do tipo de encosto na distribuição de pressões após push-up em pessoas com lesão medular". RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia 5, Supii (15.01.2024): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.51126/revsalus.v5isupii.782.
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A lesão medular (LM) apresenta uma elevada prevalência. Na Europa há cerca de 330 mil indivíduos com lesão medular (LM) e Portugal apresenta a maior taxa de incidência de LM traumáticas (Barbiellini Amidei et al., 2022). Além disso, sabe-se que 75% dos usuários de cadeira de rodas (CR) são indivíduos com LM. A prescrição da cadeira mais adequada, leva a melhorias na participação e diminuição de problemas secundários como as úlceras de pressão, no entanto os estudos nesta área focam maioritariamente o assento/almofada e não o encosto (Fadil et al., 2022; Pedersen et al., 2022). Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o impacto do tipo de encosto, flexível e rígido, de uma CR manual, na distribuição de pressões, na posição de sentado e após push-up em indivíduos com LM, recorrendo a um sistema de mapeamento de pressões. Material e Métodos: Estudo experimental, cross-over, randomizado. A amostra não probabilística por conveniência é formada por 20 participantes, pertencentes ao Centro de Reabilitação do Norte. Para caracterização da amostra aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, a escala de Braden, a media de independência funcional e o funcional reach test. A recolha de dados foi realizada com o sistema de mapeamento de pressões BodiTrak2 Lite, respeitando a randomização. A análise de dados foi realizada com o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 28. Resultados: Os resultados entre encostos apresentam diferenças significativas, nas variáveis Coeficiente de variância e Área de contacto, p=0,025 e p=0,035, respetivamente, com valores melhores no encosto rígido. Nas diferenças entre a posição de sedestação e após push-up encontram-se diferenças significativas em todas as variáveis, exceto na variável da área de contacto no encosto rígido (p=0,205), que mesmo assim apresenta melhores valores médios. Conclusões: O encosto rígido apresenta uma melhoria em todas as variáveis, mostrando ser mais eficaz na distribuição das pressões comparativamente com o encosto flexível, tanto em sedestação como pós push-up.
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Valentsova, Marina M. "Once again about archaic in the Gó ral traditional culture". Slavic Almanac, nr 3-4 (2020): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.3.02.
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Gó rals are a separate ethnocultural group living in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians on the borderlands of Poland and Slovakia (Silesia, Orava, Podhale, Spiš, etc.). In the ethnogenesis of this group, not only Slavic tribes and peoples took part, but also Hungarians, Ger-mans, Aromanians, Turks, etc., which enriched the Gó ral traditional culture with other ethnic elements. Both Slavic and non-Slavic elements of spiritual culture retain their antiquity, that is, the archaic features of the traditional culture of the Gó rals include the cultural archaisms of the peoples inhabiting this region. In various spheres of the spiritual cul-ture of this mountainous region, many archaic elements of the common Slavic era have been preserved, which are also known in diff erent parts of the Slavic world. In funeral rituals, these are, for example, relics of “white mourning”, the custom of lightly hitting the coffi n on the thresh-old when taking it out of the house, a wedding-funeral, prohibitions on a number of works on memorial days so as not to “clog the eyes” of the souls of the dead, etc. In the fi eld of traditional medicine, such common Slavic practices are methods of treating the evil eye and sorcery (extin-guishing coals), the magic of ensuring the life and health of a newborn (passing a baptized child through a window, treating “sukhotka” (con-sumption) by dragging through a kalatch), methods of treating fever (leaving things on the road), the belief that moonlight can cause illness in a child, etc. In folklore, such archaic (at least Balto-Slavic) motives are the transfer of objects from one mountain to another by giants and the motive of the troops sleeping in a mountain. This motive is Celtic in origin (at least in Europe), however, it has deep Indo-European origins.
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Gartner, Georg, Menno-Jan Kraak, Dirk Burghardt, Liqiu Meng, Juliane Cron, Corné van Elzakker i Britta Ricker. "Envisioning the future of academic cartographic education". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15.07.2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-89-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education:</p><p>In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor’s office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight.</p><p> </p><p>What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow:</p><p>Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as ’Where am I right now’ and ‘How-do-I-get-there?’ questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users’ spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays.</p><p> </p><p>Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences:</p><p> The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience.</p><p> Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow.</p><p> How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography:</p><p>The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. </p><p>An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users.</p><p> Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.</p>
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Arkæologisk Selskab, Jysk. "Anmeldelser 2015". Kuml 64, nr 64 (31.10.2015): 275–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v64i64.24315.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Sofie Laurine Albris: At bo, at benævne. Arkæologi og stednavne i jernalderens og vikingetidens landskab. Eksempler fra Sydvestsjælland.(Lisbeth Eilersgaard Christensen)Angelika Abegg-Wigg & Nina Lau (eds.): Kammergräber im Barbaricum. Zu Einflüssen und Übergangsphänomenen von der vorrömischen Eisenzeit bis in die Völkerwanderungszeit.(Birgit M. Rasmussen)Kasper H. Andersen og Stefan Pajung (red.): Drikkekultur i middelalderen. (Jette Linaa)Hans Dal: Arkæologi på havbunden. Historien om udgravningen af en stenalderboplads i Tybrind Vig.(Peter Moe Astrup og Claus Skriver)Peder Dam: Bebyggelser og stednavnetyper.(Per Grau Møller)Palle Eriksen & Niels H. Andersen: Stendysser. Arkitektur og funktion.(Lars Larsson)Vivian Etting: The story of the drinking horn. Drinking Culture in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages.(Jette Linaa)Hans Christian Gulløv (ed.): Northern Worlds – landscapes, interactions and dynamics(Mogens Skaaning Høegsberg)Jane F. Kershaw: Viking Identities. Scandinavian Jewellery in England. (Else Roesdahl)Lutz Klassen: Along the Road. Aspects of Causewayed Enclosures in South Scandinavia and Beyond.(Poul Otto Nielsen)Mette Svart Kristiansen & Kate Giles (red.): Dwellings, Identities and Homes. European Housing Culture from the Viking Age to the Renaissance.(Linda Qviström)Henriette Lyngstrøm: En meget mærkelig mand – Jernforskeren Robert Thomsen.(Jørgen Lund)Poul Otto Nielsen, Finn Ole S. Nielsen og Christian Adamsen (red.): Solstensøen – På sporet af Bornholms bondestenalder.(Uffe Rasmussen)Søren Olsen: Kampen om Danmarks natur. Fra fredskovforordningen til genskabelsen af Filsø.(Sven Thorsen)Anne Pedersen: Dead Warriors in Living Memory – A Study of Weapon and Equestrian Burials in Viking-Age Denmark, AD 800-1000.(Silke Eisenschmidt)Andreas Rau (Hrsg.): Nydam Mose, Band 3: Die Schiffe. Katalog, Konkordanz, Tafeln, Pläne. Nydam Mose, Band 4: Die Schiffe. Beiträge zu Form, Technik und Historie.(Jan Bill)Samantha Reiter, Heide W. Nørgaard, Zsófia Kölcze & Constanze Rassmann (eds.): Rooted in Movement. Aspects of Mobility in the Bronze Age Europe.(Sophie Bergerbrant)Else Roesdahl, Søren M. Sindbæk & Anne Pedersen (red.): Aggersborg i vikingetiden. Bebyggelsen og borgen.(Olaf Olsen)Else Roesdahl, Søren M. Sindbæk, Anne Pedersen & David M. Wilson (eds.): Aggersborg. The Viking-Age settlement and fortress.(Olaf Olsen)Søren M. Sindbæk & Athena Trakadas (red.): Verden i Vikingetiden.(David M. Wilson)Søren M. Sindbæk & Athena Trakadas (eds.): The World in the Viking Age.(David M. Wilson)Lasse Christian Arboe Sonne: Thor-kult i vikingetiden. Historiske studier i vikingetidens religion.(Mads D. Jessen)E. Stidsing, K. Høilund Nielsen & R. Fiedel (eds.): Wealth and Complexity. Economically specialised sites in Late Iron Age Denmark.(Birgitta Hårdh)Jeanette Varberg: Fortidens Slagmarker. Krig og Konflikt fra Stenalder til Vikingetid.(Klavs Randsborg)Dorthe Wille-Jørgensen: Kongens borg – 123 års arkæologi på Vordingborg.(Rikke Agnete Olsen)
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SEMENSATTO, Simone. "Revistas científicas e o movimento open-access". Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 4, nr 3 (23.10.2018): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.43.340-342.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
O Open-Access ou Acesso Aberto de publicações científicas tem sido reconhecido como uma agenda implícita por muitos movimentos, segmentos, órgãos, instituições, e outros setores nacionais e internacionais, relacionados à pesquisa, à produção de conhecimento e às publicações. Importante observar que existem muitos meios de publicar um conteúdo acadêmico, contudo, o artigo científico segue sendo considerado, para a maioria das áreas do conhecimento, o principal meio de divulgação científica pois a avaliação realizada por pares garante maior qualidade a publicação.A partir dos anos 2000 os custos elevados para a produção e manutenção de periódicos passaram a ser uma preocupação cada vez mais crescente dos órgãos envolvidos com a publicação de periódicos científicos. O programa SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) surgiu em 1998 como uma solução para tornar o conhecimento acessível a todos, principalmente aqueles produtos oriundos de verba pública. Já considerando o nível nacional tivemos a implementação do Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, no ano 2000, proporcionando aos estudantes de instituições de todo o país o acesso direto aos melhores “journals” de forma a garantir a melhoria da produção científica nacional. É fácil identificar as revistas que possuem acesso livre no Portal da CAPES: ao lado do título tem a imagem oficial do Open-Access que é um cadeado aberto.Em 2001, a nível mundial, ocorreu um importante evento: o Budapest Open Archives Initiative momento no qual foram definidas duas iniciativas de Open-Access. A chamada via verde (Green Road) que considera o trabalho do autor como auto-arquivado, ou seja, o próprio autor pode depositar o seu trabalho em site próprio ou através de outros canais de comunicação e como ocorre atualmente em muitos repositórios institucionais. E a via dourada (Gold Road) na qual o documento é disponibilizado pelos editores, a exemplo da iniciativa do programa SciELO. Atualmente o SciELO é considerado o maior provedor de periódicos indexados pelo DOAJ (Diretório de Periódicos de Acesso Aberto).Nos Estados Unidos já foi declarado que toda pesquisa financiada pelo governo deverá ter os seus resultados de pesquisa publicados em Open-Acess. E na Europa há um projeto que prevê que até 2020 todos os resultados de pesquisas financiadas pela União Europeia estejam disponibilizada da mesma forma. A Espanha, por exemplo, já exigiu de suas principais universidades a criação de repositórios institucionais e o depósito dos trabalhos científicos de todos os seus pesquisadores. As revistas científicas que disponibilizam livremente os artigos publicados fazem parte do movimento Open-Access, e nesse contexto também nasceu a Revista Eletrônica Científica da Uergs (RevUergs). Além de disponibilizar os artigos em acesso aberto possuímos a preocupação de oferecer um processo de revisão por pares duplo cego (double blind peer review), que prima pela qualificação do referido periódico por meio de indexação e divulgação, consoante com as palavras de uma das Editoras Chefe, Erli Schneider Costa (2016, p.3): A cada novo número esperamos oferecer aos nossos leitores mais artigos de qualidade bem como dar oportunidades aos autores de publicarem em um veículo sério e ético, cujas diretrizes são claramente definidas. Para tanto estamos realizando a inclusão da REV-UERGS em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais de forma a divulgar os artigos publicados. Atualmente a RevUergs é indexada em algumas bases e todos os artigos publicados recebem o registro de DOI (Digital object identifier) que é considerado um registro padrão para identificação de documentos na internet. Existem estudos que comprovam o impacto positivo do Open-Access (PACKER et al., 2014) e percebido por meio do número crescente de acessos e downloads dos artigos, bem como da ampliação das citações. Também há estudos estatísticos de usos em repositórios institucionais, a exemplo do Repositório Digital da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), é possível verificar os acessos e os downloads do documento no link Estatísticas, acessível a todosAssim sendo podemos afirmar que, com base nos dados sobre o aumento de visibilidade dos artigos científicos se comprova que um dos maiores benefícios do Open-Access para o conhecimento é a democratização da informação e a ampliação do poder de colaboração entre os pesquisadores.
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Perez, Shelby. "Palestine…It Is Something Colonial". American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, nr 4 (29.10.2018): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i4.475.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has not existed since the beginning of time. Hatem Bazian explores the roots of the conflict, locating the Zionist movement as a settler colonial project under the tutelage of British colonial efforts. Bazian’s text is a look at and beyond first-hand accounts, an investigation of and critical analysis of settler practice in relation to similar texts such as Sari Nusseibeh’s Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life, Alan Dowty’s Israel/Palestine, and Ari Shavit’s My Promised Land. Hatem Bazian’s Palestine…it is something colonial is not an introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Readers should possess a basic understanding of the conflict and history of the region over the last century. Nor does this text provide the reader with an unbiased look at the timeline of events since the inception of the Zionist movement. Palestine…it is something colonial instead is a rich critique of the Zionist movement and British colonialism. It investigates the way British colonialism influenced Zionism and how Zionism adopted colonial ideas and practices. Bazian locates Zionism as a settler colonialist movement still at work today, which historically planned and systematically executed the removal of Palestinians from their land, with the aid of the United Kingdom and (later) the United States. Bazian examines Ottoman collapse, the colonization of Palestine by the British, Israel’s biblical theology of dispossession, as well as British colonial incubation of Zionism, Zionism as a Eurocentric episteme, the building of Israel through ethnic cleansing, and the Nakba, all of these culminating in legalized dispossession. Throughout the text, Bazian is able to tie each chapter to the present state of affairs and remind the audience of the trauma of a people forcibly removed. Bazian opens with the straightforward assertion that “Palestine is the last settler-colonial project to be commissioned in the late 19th early 20th centuries and still unfolding in the 21st century with no end in sight” (17). In chapter one, “Dissecting the Ottomans and Colonizing Palestine,” Bazian navigates the biased historiography of the fall of the Ottoman empire, linking the collapse of the empire to the colonizing forces of Europe which sought to ensure access to the newly discovered oil in the region as well as to Asia and Africa. Bazian masterfully steers the reader through the history of European intervention, and in particular on behalf of Christians as ethnic minorities in the Middle East. Europe is historically anti-Jewish; at the turn of the century, Zionism was determined to solve Europe’s “Jewish Problem” and maintain a stronghold in the Middle East, he writes. In chapter two, “Israel’s Biblical Theology of Dispossession,” Bazian explores the biblical roots of Zionist ideology. The chapter opens with a discussion of a contemporary Bedouin tribe being expelled in the Negev. Bazian writes that “the biblical text gets transformed into policy by the Zionist state, by which it then normalizes or makes legal the wholesale theft of Palestinian lands and expulsion of the population”(57) using legal documents such as the Levy Report. These policies create “facts on the ground” which lead to “legalized expulsions.” The Bible was central to the historical development of the European Christian supremacist idea of the Holy Land. The loss of the territory conquered during the Crusades ruptured this notion, a break “fixed” through Zionism. In chapter three, “British Colonialism and Incubation of Zionism,”Bazian begins to address British colonialism and Zionism as complementary. Bazian uses primary texts from British political actors of the time, such as Lord Robert Cecil and Lord Balfour, to establish the anti-Semiticinspiration for British actions of the time. Bazian also successfully uses the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and the Sykes-Picot agreement to establish the double dealings of the British in the Middle East in the early twentieth century. Bazian uses many primary texts in this chapter effectively, though their organization could leave readers confused. Chapter four, “Zionism: Eurocentric Colonial Epistemic,” continues the themes of the prior chapter as the colonial influence is cemented. In this chapter, Bazian explores the subterfuge and the genius propaganda selling Palestine as “a land without a people for a people without a land” along with “making the desert bloom”—as if the indigenous Arab people were not there. Bazian frames this chapter within the Zionist ideology of the peoples living in the land being only a barrier to a Jewish state in Palestine. Bazian uses primary sources (e.g., Herzl) to defend the assertion that the removal of the Palestinian people was always a piece of the Zionist plan. Bazian also includes Jewish critical voices (e.g., excerpts from the reporter Ella Shohat) to establish the European Jewish bias against the indigenous Arab peoples, including Sephardic Jews. Bazian that these biases and the effort to remove Palestinians from their land defined the early Zionist movement and the creation of the state of Israel in chapter five, “Building a State and Ethnic Cleansing.” This chapter draws extensively on primary sources: correspondence, reports, declarations, agreements, commissions, and maps. Bazian struggles to organize these rich resources in a clear fashion; however, his analysis matches the richness of the sources. These sources establish the “legalized” systematic removal of the Palestinians from the land by the Israelis in 1948. In chapter six, “The Nakba,” Bazian uses further legal documents and first-hand accounts to trace the forced removal of Palestinians. He pays homage to the trauma while critically dissecting the process of legalizing ethnic cleansing and peddling the innocence of the Israelis to the rest of the world. Bazian profoundly concludes his chapter with the story of a Palestinian boy who witnessed the mass executions of men and women of his village and marched away from his home. The boy, now a man, closed his story with poignant words that capture the horror of the Nakba: “The road to Ramallah had become an open cemetery” (241). After the land was emptied the new state of Israel needed to legally take possession of the Palestinian-owned property. Chapter seven, “Colonial Machination,” elaborates this process: “the State of Israel is structured to give maximum attention to fulfillment of the settler-colonial project and the state apparatus is directed toward achieving this criminal enterprise” (243). The name “Palestine” is erased as a name for the land and the peoples; former colonial and Ottoman laws were twisted to support a systematic theft of the land. Bazian concludes his book with a look to the future: “What is the way forward and Palestine’s de-colonial horizon?” (276). He lays out the options available for true and lasting peace, discounting out of hand the twostate solution as impossible due to the extent of the settlements in the West Bank. He also dismisses both the options of the removal of Palestinians and the removal of the Jewish people. He instead posits a way forward through a one-state solution, leaving how this is to be done to the reader and the people of Israel/Palestine to determine. Bazian has contributed a full-bodied analysis of primary sources to defend his assertion that Zionism has always been a settler colonial movement with its goal being a land devoid of the indigenous people. The organization of the text, the lack of sectioning in the chapters, and the technical insertion and citation of primary sources could be improved for clearer reading. Bazian thoroughly defends his thesis with tangible evidence that Zionism is something colonial, and has been something colonial from the start. This is a text that complicates the narrative of what colonialism is, what the State of Israel is, and who and what Palestine is, together establishing the book as required reading for understanding nuances of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Shelby Perez Master’s Divinity Candidate Chicago Theological Seminary
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Perez, Shelby. "Palestine…It Is Something Colonial". American Journal of Islam and Society 35, nr 4 (29.10.2018): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i4.475.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has not existed since the beginning of time. Hatem Bazian explores the roots of the conflict, locating the Zionist movement as a settler colonial project under the tutelage of British colonial efforts. Bazian’s text is a look at and beyond first-hand accounts, an investigation of and critical analysis of settler practice in relation to similar texts such as Sari Nusseibeh’s Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life, Alan Dowty’s Israel/Palestine, and Ari Shavit’s My Promised Land. Hatem Bazian’s Palestine…it is something colonial is not an introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Readers should possess a basic understanding of the conflict and history of the region over the last century. Nor does this text provide the reader with an unbiased look at the timeline of events since the inception of the Zionist movement. Palestine…it is something colonial instead is a rich critique of the Zionist movement and British colonialism. It investigates the way British colonialism influenced Zionism and how Zionism adopted colonial ideas and practices. Bazian locates Zionism as a settler colonialist movement still at work today, which historically planned and systematically executed the removal of Palestinians from their land, with the aid of the United Kingdom and (later) the United States. Bazian examines Ottoman collapse, the colonization of Palestine by the British, Israel’s biblical theology of dispossession, as well as British colonial incubation of Zionism, Zionism as a Eurocentric episteme, the building of Israel through ethnic cleansing, and the Nakba, all of these culminating in legalized dispossession. Throughout the text, Bazian is able to tie each chapter to the present state of affairs and remind the audience of the trauma of a people forcibly removed. Bazian opens with the straightforward assertion that “Palestine is the last settler-colonial project to be commissioned in the late 19th early 20th centuries and still unfolding in the 21st century with no end in sight” (17). In chapter one, “Dissecting the Ottomans and Colonizing Palestine,” Bazian navigates the biased historiography of the fall of the Ottoman empire, linking the collapse of the empire to the colonizing forces of Europe which sought to ensure access to the newly discovered oil in the region as well as to Asia and Africa. Bazian masterfully steers the reader through the history of European intervention, and in particular on behalf of Christians as ethnic minorities in the Middle East. Europe is historically anti-Jewish; at the turn of the century, Zionism was determined to solve Europe’s “Jewish Problem” and maintain a stronghold in the Middle East, he writes. In chapter two, “Israel’s Biblical Theology of Dispossession,” Bazian explores the biblical roots of Zionist ideology. The chapter opens with a discussion of a contemporary Bedouin tribe being expelled in the Negev. Bazian writes that “the biblical text gets transformed into policy by the Zionist state, by which it then normalizes or makes legal the wholesale theft of Palestinian lands and expulsion of the population”(57) using legal documents such as the Levy Report. These policies create “facts on the ground” which lead to “legalized expulsions.” The Bible was central to the historical development of the European Christian supremacist idea of the Holy Land. The loss of the territory conquered during the Crusades ruptured this notion, a break “fixed” through Zionism. In chapter three, “British Colonialism and Incubation of Zionism,”Bazian begins to address British colonialism and Zionism as complementary. Bazian uses primary texts from British political actors of the time, such as Lord Robert Cecil and Lord Balfour, to establish the anti-Semiticinspiration for British actions of the time. Bazian also successfully uses the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and the Sykes-Picot agreement to establish the double dealings of the British in the Middle East in the early twentieth century. Bazian uses many primary texts in this chapter effectively, though their organization could leave readers confused. Chapter four, “Zionism: Eurocentric Colonial Epistemic,” continues the themes of the prior chapter as the colonial influence is cemented. In this chapter, Bazian explores the subterfuge and the genius propaganda selling Palestine as “a land without a people for a people without a land” along with “making the desert bloom”—as if the indigenous Arab people were not there. Bazian frames this chapter within the Zionist ideology of the peoples living in the land being only a barrier to a Jewish state in Palestine. Bazian uses primary sources (e.g., Herzl) to defend the assertion that the removal of the Palestinian people was always a piece of the Zionist plan. Bazian also includes Jewish critical voices (e.g., excerpts from the reporter Ella Shohat) to establish the European Jewish bias against the indigenous Arab peoples, including Sephardic Jews. Bazian that these biases and the effort to remove Palestinians from their land defined the early Zionist movement and the creation of the state of Israel in chapter five, “Building a State and Ethnic Cleansing.” This chapter draws extensively on primary sources: correspondence, reports, declarations, agreements, commissions, and maps. Bazian struggles to organize these rich resources in a clear fashion; however, his analysis matches the richness of the sources. These sources establish the “legalized” systematic removal of the Palestinians from the land by the Israelis in 1948. In chapter six, “The Nakba,” Bazian uses further legal documents and first-hand accounts to trace the forced removal of Palestinians. He pays homage to the trauma while critically dissecting the process of legalizing ethnic cleansing and peddling the innocence of the Israelis to the rest of the world. Bazian profoundly concludes his chapter with the story of a Palestinian boy who witnessed the mass executions of men and women of his village and marched away from his home. The boy, now a man, closed his story with poignant words that capture the horror of the Nakba: “The road to Ramallah had become an open cemetery” (241). After the land was emptied the new state of Israel needed to legally take possession of the Palestinian-owned property. Chapter seven, “Colonial Machination,” elaborates this process: “the State of Israel is structured to give maximum attention to fulfillment of the settler-colonial project and the state apparatus is directed toward achieving this criminal enterprise” (243). The name “Palestine” is erased as a name for the land and the peoples; former colonial and Ottoman laws were twisted to support a systematic theft of the land. Bazian concludes his book with a look to the future: “What is the way forward and Palestine’s de-colonial horizon?” (276). He lays out the options available for true and lasting peace, discounting out of hand the twostate solution as impossible due to the extent of the settlements in the West Bank. He also dismisses both the options of the removal of Palestinians and the removal of the Jewish people. He instead posits a way forward through a one-state solution, leaving how this is to be done to the reader and the people of Israel/Palestine to determine. Bazian has contributed a full-bodied analysis of primary sources to defend his assertion that Zionism has always been a settler colonial movement with its goal being a land devoid of the indigenous people. The organization of the text, the lack of sectioning in the chapters, and the technical insertion and citation of primary sources could be improved for clearer reading. Bazian thoroughly defends his thesis with tangible evidence that Zionism is something colonial, and has been something colonial from the start. This is a text that complicates the narrative of what colonialism is, what the State of Israel is, and who and what Palestine is, together establishing the book as required reading for understanding nuances of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Shelby Perez Master’s Divinity Candidate Chicago Theological Seminary