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Mulhern, Brian G. "Risky business: risk tolerance in U.S. Army Special Forces". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42694.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis research looks at the issue of risk tolerance, and analyzes its role in U.S. Army Special Forces (SF). More specifically, it assesses the degree to which senior members of an organization allow junior members to make autonomous decisions, and argues that the unconventional warfare (UW) mission and nature of SF call for a higher degree of risk tolerance than is seen in conventional forces. A longitudinal case study of the conflict in Afghanistan shows that in 2001 SF had a long leash to allow for autonomy and flexibility, which was necessary to succeed in a UW environment. However, by 2006, the leash was shortened and more control measures were implemented. While a short leash may be appropriate for a conventional battlefield, it adversely impacts SF effectiveness in a UW environment. The three main reasons that induce risk aversion in SF leaders are exogenous political factors, organizational considerations including chain of command, and organizational culture, which is reinforced by the current Army officer evaluation system. This analysis suggests that the deleterious impact of these factors needs to be addressed in SF.
2
Yao, Rui. "Patterns of financial risk tolerance 1983-2001 /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1060624755.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 239 p.; also includes graphics (some col). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Sherman D. Hanna, College of Human Ecology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-239).
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Yao, Rui. "Patterns of financial risk tolerance: 1983 - 2001". The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1060624755.
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Colliander, Samuelsson David, i Henrik Ivarsson. "Privatpersoners finansiella risktolerans vid aktieinvestering : En studie om vilka aspekter som påverkar". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13957.
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The economic development in Sweden in recent years has led to increased financial savings in Swedish households. Financial savings have mostly increased on bank accounts with low interest rates, since private individuals generally have a more cautious position on stocks and stock trading. The reason for this passive position is believed to be due to the fact that decisions that benefit most economically often challenge the feeling of being in control. At the same time, cautious position that a particular individual possess is affected by the risk-tolerance. As a consequence, the risk tolerance of private individuals affects the investment decision and hence the development of the stock market. Savings and investment are two important factors that affect a nation's economic growth, which makes it important to study underlying factors to what affects an individual when making a financial decision. When talking about risk tolerance in everyday life, previous research has revealed that there are four different aspects that affect this complex concept, namely the economic aspect, physical aspect, social aspect and ethical aspect. As investment decisions are affected by financial risk tolerance and the four aspects in turn, affect risk tolerance, the issue becomes how these aspects affect a private investor's financial risk tolerance when investing in stocks. The purpose of this study has been to explain the four aspects of a person’s risk tolerance when investing in stocks. The study has been conducted using a quantitative method and deductive approach. The selection group that the study turned to is Swedish stock investors and the data collection has been done by a survey that was answered by 232 people. The underlying factors for the four aspects tested in the study are income, gender, age, education, marital status and ethical character. The study shows that all four aspects together have a combined impact on private individuals' financial risk tolerance. The study has also shown that all the four aspects, each one separately, are linked to financial risk tolerance, by the underlying factors, income level, gender, marital status and ethical character.De senaste årens ekonomiska utveckling i Sverige har lett till ett ökat finansiellt sparande i de svenska hushållen. Detta sparande har mestadels ökat på bankkonton med låga räntor då privatpersoner i allmänhet har ett mer försiktigt ställningstagande till aktie och börshandel. Anledningen till detta passiva ställningstagande tros bero på att beslut som gynnar mest ekonomiskt ofta utmanar känslan av att ha kontroll. Samtidigt påverkas ställningstagandet av den risktoleransnivå som en viss individ besitter. Följden av detta blir att privatpersoners risktolerans påverkar investeringsbeslutet och därmed även utvecklingen av aktiemarknaden. Sparande och investering är två viktiga faktorer som påverkar en nations ekonomiska tillväxt vilket gör det viktigt att studera bakomliggande faktorer till vad som påverkar en privatperson när ett finansiellt beslut ska tas. När det pratas om risktolerans i vardagslivet har tidigare forskning delgett att det finns fyra olika aspekter som påverkar detta komplexa begrepp, nämligen den ekonomiska aspekten, fysiska aspekten, sociala aspekten och etiska aspekten. Då investeringsbeslut påverkas av den finansiella risktoleransen och risktoleransen i sin tur påverkas av de fyra aspekterna blir problemfrågan hur dessa aspekter påverkar en privatpersons finansiella risktolerans vid investering i aktier. Syftet med denna studie har varit att förklara de fyra aspekterna för privatpersoners finansiella risktolerans vid aktieinvestering. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kvantitativ metod och deduktiv ansats. Den urvalsgrupp som studien vänt sig till är svenska aktieinvesterare och datainsamlingen har gjorts med hjälp av en enkätundersökning som besvarats av 232 personer. De bakomliggande faktorerna för de fyra aspekterna som har testats i studien är inkomst, kön, ålder, utbildning, civilstånd och etisk karaktär. Studien visar att alla fyra aspekter tillsammans har sammantagen påverkan på privatpersoners finansiella risktolerans. Studien har även visat att alla de fyra aspekterna har en koppling till den finansiella risktoleransen, var och en för sig, genom de underliggande faktorerna inkomstnivå, kön, civilstånd och etisk karaktär.
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Vosilov, Rustam, i Ibrahim Abdisalam Ali. "Financial Risk Tolerance: Differences Between Women and Men". Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-21225.
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The statistics has shown that men and women have different investing strategies, where men tend to choose riskier investments and women lean towards less risky investments. The financial theory states that individuals are risk averse in general, and some prior studies have shown that women are more so than men. Moreover, financial knowledge and experience have been pointed out to be one of the factors affecting one’s financial risk tolerance. This paper researches these issues by addressing the following to questions: Are there any gender differences in Financial Risk Tolerance? Does knowledge and experience have impact on Financial Risk Tolerance? A literature search has been done and relevant theory has been gathered and review, which served as a base and a framework for conducting this study. A quantitative methodological study has been carried out by handing out questionnaires, based on a 13-item Financial Risk Tolerance scale developed by Grabble & Lytton (1999). The target population was the Umeå University students. The size of the sample was 139. The findings of this paper confirm prior studies which state that women, in general, are less risk tolerant then men – female students scored lower on the Financial Risk Tolerance Score than male students. Furthermore, this study also shows that one’s Financial Risk Tolerance is affected by experience and knowledge in the field of finance – students that are studying economics had higher Financial Risk Tolerance score than students that were studying other subjects.
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Mabalane, Moira Darby. "Cultural and demographic differences in financial risk tolerance". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52990.
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The relationship between an individual s financial risk tolerance (FRT) level and
demographic factors has been widely researched because of the importance of
determining an individual s risk profile. The process by which individuals assess risk
to make financial decisions is an important part of the investment process and is an
obligatory input for financial advisors in providing financial advice for the client. The
assessment of financial risk tolerance is often subjective in nature, and with it comes
limitations to quantify it in alignment with objective risk, such as asset allocation and
portfolio constructions.
Given the importance of financial risk tolerance, both from a legislative as well as a
fiduciary perspective, it is imperative that a better understanding of these
relationships is obtained to assist financial planners, financial advisers and clients.
The aim of the study was to determine the association between an individual s
financial risk tolerance and selected demographics. Furthermore, the study aimed to
determine whether there were differences in the levels of financial risk tolerance
between South African respondents and those from Australia, the United States of
America and the United Kingdom.
The study was a cross-cultural secondary data analysis of previously collected
survey data. The survey data comprised of 6 828 respondents from all four
countries who accessed the questionnaire.
The secondary data was collected from a survey which used a financial risk
tolerance assessment measure, the FinaMetrica personal risk profiling system,
which is a commercially provided computer-based risk tolerance measurement tool.
Demographics included age, gender, marital status, level of education, income levels
and net worth. The risk tolerance components of the questionnaire included
questions about the respondent s attitude, values and financial experience. Statistical techniques used for analysis included correlation analysis, t-tests, oneway
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression. The study revealed
cultural differences in the levels of financial risk tolerance between respondents from
South Africa, Australia, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, with
South Africa having the highest mean financial risk tolerance score. The study
revealed that FRT levels are positively related to education, income and combined
income for all countries as well as for the total sample when these relationships were
considered on a univariate case. These findings were in line with other literature
measuring these relationships. For all countries except South Africa, financial risk
tolerance scores were found to have a negative relationship with age, which was in
line with literature findings. However, within a multivariate model context, age was a
consistent predictor and negatively related to financial risk tolerance levels in all
countries and for the total sample.
In the multivariate model, the total sample consisting of the data of all four countries
revealed that higher financial risk tolerance levels were associated with being male,
with a higher level of education attained, earning higher income, holding a higher
accumulated net worth, being younger and being a South African.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Financial Management
MCom
Unrestricted
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Sivarajan, Swaminathan. "Risk tolerance, return expectations and other factors impacting investment decisions". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/risk-tolerance-return-expectations-and-other-factors-impacting-investment-decisions(90fd4076-2d8f-4dc6-8ff3-a1ecd8c0d188).html.
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Do investment portfolios meet the needs and preferences of investors? Can the portfolio selection process be improved? Traditionally, investor preferences have been identified using risk tolerance questionnaires. These questionnaires have recently attracted a fair deal of criticism. However, there has been little focus as to whether the questionnaires are useful in predicting investors' risk-taking behaviour. In this thesis, an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was employed to find answers to the primary research question: what factors determine risk-taking behaviour in investment decisions? This thesis looked at the risk-taking behaviour of investors in Canada (N=192) and the risk-taking advice provided by financial advisers in Canada (N=155), collectively risk-taking decisions. The results suggested that return expectations and demographic variables were important predictors of risk-taking decisions, whereas risk tolerance questionnaires were not. Further investigation suggested that investment literacy impacted risk-taking decisions while investment experience impacted both return expectations and risk-taking decisions. In a novel contribution by this thesis, additional perspective was provided by qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews with investors and advisers. From the results of the qualitative analysis, the author suggests that discovery and self-discovery, a consistent approach and a focus on process versus outcome are key attributes valued by both investors and advisers. The thesis concluded with implications and recommendations for stakeholders, including a greater focus on return expectations, more training in discovery for advisers, simulating investment experience for prospective investors and including investment literacy in school curricula.
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Cheng, Zhujun. "Risk Tolerance and Stock Holding Behavior After the Great Recession". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155510722643481.
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Heenkenda, Shirantha. "Determination of Financial Risk Tolerance among Different Household Sectors in Sri Lanka". 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19834.
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Obrand, Nicholas. "Determining Factors of Risk Tolerance: Evidence from Fantasy Football Snake Drafts". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1795.
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This paper utilizes fantasy football snake drafts to analyze risk tolerance of individuals who are trying to maximize their present and future utility, but are faced with unknown factors and only have limited resources. Fantasy football provides a unique perspective on risk tolerance, different than the commonly researched fields of auctions, financial portfolios, and lotteries. I examine mock draft data from Fantasy Football Calculator as well as rankings data from Fantasy Pros to gauge the amount of risk associated with each draft pick. I find that the more perceived uncertainty that is connected to an individual selection, the more likely the selection will exhibit risk averse characteristics.
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Hart, Nicolas H. "Bone strength, load tolerance and injury risk in elite Australian football". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1593.
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A paucity of research exists to characterise and investigate lower-body musculoskeletal characteristics and morphological adaptations in elite Australian Footballers with the aim to improve screening, monitoring and load management practices. Given the high prevalence of lower-body skeletal injuries in Australian Football; and the ability to measure, modify and train muscle and bone strength and their derivatives; this project served to extend scientific understanding of musculoskeletal morphology and bone strength characteristics in elite level field-based team sport athletes through a series of research studies using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). In particular, studies one and two provided normative and comparative lower-body musculoskeletal profiles of elite Australian Footballers, stratified by training age (exposure), limb function (asymmetry) and injury incidence (stress fracture), while study three quantified the morphological changes and magnitude of adaptation and maladaptation experienced by Australian Footballers following an in-season and off-season annual phase. The general conclusion provided by the collective studies of this thesis promotes the importance of bone structure and geometry as potent contributors to skeletal robustness, and bone strength. Athletes with higher levels of training exposure and greater physical resilience exhibited higher tibial mass and cortical density with thicker cortical walls and larger muscle and bone cross-sectional areas. Asymmetrical adaptations from differential loading patterns between limbs through-out an in-season and off-season generate vastly different unilateral load tolerance capabilities when extrapolated overtime. The high-impact gravitational loads experienced by the support limb appear to optimise the development of robust skeletal properties specific to bone structure and geometry which may serve as a loading model to prophylactically enhance bilateral musculoskeletal strength and resilience.
Study one provided a set of normative and comparative lower-body musculoskeletal values to describe and compare muscle and bone morphology between less experienced and more experienced athletes (training age); and differential loading patterns between the kicking and support limbs (limb function). Fifty-five athletes were stratified into less experienced (≤ 3 years; n = 27) and more experienced (> 3 years; n = 28) groups in accordance with their training age. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans on the kicking and support limbs respectively. More experienced players exhibited greater tibial mass, trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD and total vBMD (p < 0.009; d ≥ 0.79); greater cortical thickness and cortical area (p < 0.001; d ≥ 0.92), and larger stress-strain indices and absolute fracture loads (p ≤ 0.018; d ≥ 0.57) than less experienced players. More experienced players also exhibited greater muscle mass and muscle cross-sectional area (p ≤ 0.016; d ≥ 0.68). Differences were also observed between limbs, with greater material (tibial mass and cortical vBMD), structural (trabecular area, cortical area, total area, periosteal area and cortical thickness) and strength (stress-strain index and absolute fracture load) characteristics evident in the support leg comparative to the kicking leg of more experienced players (d ≥ 0.20); with significantly higher asymmetries in tibial mass and cross-sectional area evident in more experienced players than less experienced players as a product of limb function over time. The findings of this study illustrate that training exposure and continued participation in Australian Football produced greater lower-body material, structural and strength adaptations; with chronic exposure to asymmetrical loading patterns developing differential morphological changes between the kicking and support
Study two provided a retrospective and comparative set of lower-body musculoskeletal data to describe and compare muscle and bone morphology between injured and non-injured Australian Football athletes, in addition to injured and non-injured limbs within injured players, in order to identify musculoskeletal characteristics which may predispose athletes to stress fractures or highlight skeletal fragility. Fifty-five athletes were stratified into injured (n = 13) and non-injured (n = 42) groups. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans across both limbs. Injured players exhibited lower tibial mass (p ≤ 0.019; d ≥ 0.68), cortical vBMD (d ≥ 0.38) and marrow vBMD (d ≥ 0.21); smaller cortical area and periosteal area (p ≤ 0.039; d ≥ 0.63); smaller trabecular area, marrow area, total area, endocortical area and cortical thickness (d ≥ 0.22); lower stress-strain indices, absolute fracture loads and relative fracture loads (support leg: p ≤ 0.043; d ≥ 0.70, kicking leg: d ≥ 0.48) than non-injured players. Injured players also exhibited lower muscle cross-sectional area and muscle mass (p ≤ 0.034; d ≥ 0.79), yet higher muscle density (d ≥ 0.28) than non-injured players. Differences between injured and non-injured limbs internal to injured players were also observed, with lower material (tibial mass and total vBMD), structural (cortical area and cortical thickness) and strength (stress-strain index and relative fracture load) in the injured limb comparative to the non-injured limb (d = 0.20 – 0.70). Muscle density was lower in the injured limb (d = 0.54). The findings of this study illustrate a general inferiority and global musculoskeletal weakness in injured players, with non-injured players ~10-12% stronger across both limbs. Injured players were skeletally slender with smaller muscle and bone cross-sectional areas and thinner cortices. Similarly, injured limbs of injured players also exhibited smaller structural proportions, highlighting the importance of cortical area and cortical thickness as key structural and geometric skeletal properties with potent contributions to bone strength and resilience. limbs. Indeed, routine high-impact, gravitational load afforded to the support limb preferentially improves bone structure and geometry (cross sectional area and thickness) as potent contributors to bone strength and skeletal fatigue resistance.
Study three provided a seasonal investigation into lower-body musculoskeletal adaptations over the course of a ~26 week in-season and ~10 week off-season period in Australian Football. Forty athletes (n = 40) and twenty-two athletes (n = 22) were recruited to quantify morphological changes in muscle and bone following the in-season and off-season periods respectively. All athletes underwent whole-body DXA scans and lower-body pQCT tibial scans for the kicking and support limbs at the commencement and conclusion of each season. Australian Football athletes exhibited increases in trabecular vBMD, total vBMD and cortical thickness in the kicking leg; with increased cortical vBMD, total vBMD, trabecular area, total area, periosteal area, cortical thickness and reduced endocortical area in the support leg following the in-season period. Percent changes between limbs were significantly different for trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD, total vBMD and trabecular area (p ≤ 0.049; d ≥ 0.46), despite similar increments in bone strength (~44 – 50 N), demonstrating asymmetrical morphological responses to differential loading patterns in-season. Conversely, Australian Football athletes exhibited material decreases in tibial mass, trabecular vBMD, cortical vBMD and total vBMD in both limbs over the off-season by similar yet opposite magnitudes to the benefits accrued during the in-season, in addition to reduced muscle area, highlighting a general musculoskeletal de-training effect. Structural adaptations were mostly maintained or increased for both limbs over the off-season, with bone strength completely reversed in the kicking leg, yet wholly preserved in the support leg; a lasting adaptation from regular high-impact, gravitational loading specific to the support leg. The findings of this study illustrate the osteogenic potential of a ~26 week in-season, and the de-training potential of a ~10 week off-season. Specifically, the kicking and support limbs continued to show asymmetrical morphological adaptations to differential in-season and off-season loading and de-loading patterns.
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Rodriguez-Mancilla, Jose Ramon. "Investment under risk tolerance constraints and non-concave utility functions: implicit risks, incentives and optimal strategies". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31468.
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The objective of this thesis is to contribute in the understanding of both the induced
behavior and the underlying risks of a decision maker who is rewarded through option-like
compensation schemes or who is subject to risk tolerance constraints.
In the first part of the thesis we consider a risk averse investor who maximizes his
expected utility subject to a risk tolerance constraint expressed in terms of the risk measure
known as Conditional Value-at-Risk. We study some of the implicit risks associated with the
optimal strategies followed by this investor. In particular, embedded probability measures
are uncovered using duality theory and used to assess the probability of surpassing a loss
threshold defined by the risk measure known as Value-at-Risk. Using one of these embedded
probabilities, we derive a measure of the financial cost of hedging the loss exposure associated
to the optimal strategies, and we show that, under certain assumptions, it is a coherent
measure of risk.
In the second part of the thesis, we analyze the investment decisions that managers
undertake when they are paid with option-like compensation packages. We consider two
particular cases:
• We study the optimal risk taking strategies followed by a fund manager who is paid
through a relatively general option-like compensation scheme. Our analysis is developed
in a continuous-time framework that permits to obtain explicit formulas. These
are used first to analyze the incentives induced by this type of compensation schemes
and, second, to establish criterions to determine appropriate parameter values for these
compensation packages in order to induce specific manager's behaviors.
• We consider a hedge fund manager who is paid through a simple option-like compensation
scheme and whose investment universe includes options. We analyze the nature of the optimal investment strategies followed by this manager. In particular, we establish
explicit optimal conditions for option investments in terms of embedded martingale
measures that are derived using duality theory. Our analysis in this case is developed
in a discrete-time framework, which allows to consider incomplete markets and fat-tailed
distributions -such as option return distributions- in a much simpler manner
than in a continuous-time framework.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
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Hallahan, Terrence Anthony, i terry hallahan@rmit edu au. "Issues in investment risk: a supply-side and demand-side analysis of the Australian managed fund industry". RMIT University. Economics, Finance and Marketing, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061206.095924.
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The investment management industry has proven to be a fertile ground for theoretical and empirical research over the past forty years, particularly in relation to the nature and quantification of risk. However, the dominance of the U.S. industry has meant that much of the academic research has focused on the U.S. market. This thesis investigates aspects of investment risk using alternative data to that used in much of the prior published research. This thesis contains an extensive analysis of aspects of risk related to both the demand side and the supply side of the managed funds market in Australia. Among the demand side characteristics, attitudes towards risk and their impact on asset allocation decisions will be an important determinant of investors' financial well-being, particularly in retirement. Accordingly, the first part of the thesis examines the financial risk tolerance of investors, exploring the relationship between subjective financial risk tolerance and a range of demographic characteristics that are widely used as a basis for heuristically derived estimates of investors' attitudes towards financial risk. The second part of the thesis contains an analysis of the supply side of the industry, focusing on risk-shifting behavior by investment fund managers. Since the time when performance and risk-shifting behavior of fund managers was first put under the spotlight 40 years ago, it is possible to identify an evolving strand in the research where performance assessment is examined within the framework of the principal-agent literature. One focus that has emerged in this literature is the adaption of the tournament model to the analysis of investment manager behavior, wherein it is hypothesized that fund managers who were interim losers were likely to increase fund volatility in the latter part of the assessment period to a greater extent than interim winners. Against this background, the second part of the thesis examines risk-shifting behavior by Australian fund managers. Both the ability of fund managers to time the market and the applicability of the tournament model of funds management to a segment of the Australian
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MORAES, MARIANA TERRA DE. "EVALUATION OF RISK TOLERANCE BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND BY TYPE OF PERSONALITY". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14162@1.
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Há algum tempo as Finanças Comportamentais vêm sendo estudadas, mas
apenas nos últimos anos têm sido mais difundidas. Seus preceitos se contrapõem
ao pressuposto de racionalidade dos tomadores de decisão adotado pelas Finanças
Tradicionais. O conceito de aversão à perda é considerado um dos pilares das
Finanças Comportamentais e diz que o investidor pondera tanto os ganhos quanto
as perdas, mas não dá a ambos o mesmo valor psicológico. Desta forma, nos
últimos anos, tem crescido entre os gestores de investimento e pesquisadores o
interesse em conhecer o comportamento do investidor em relação ao risco, ou
seja, saber se o investidor é ou não tolerante ao risco. Através da aplicação de um
questionário que unia perguntas relacionadas a características demográficas, ao
perfil psicológico e ao nível de tolerância ao risco, foi possível identificar algumas
relações interessantes e úteis entre estas variáveis com o grau de tolerância ao
risco, variável dependente. De posse destas informações, os agentes financeiros
poderão focar melhor os investimentos de acordo com o perfil percebido de seus
clientes.Behavioral Finance exists already some time, but only in recent years has its studies become more widespread. Its premises diverge from the assumption of rationality of decision-makers adopted by Traditional Finance. The concept of loss aversion is considered one of the pillars of Behavioral Finance and says that investors consider both the investor s earnings as well as the losses, but do not give them the same psychological value. Thus, in recent years, interest has grown between investment managers and researchers in understanding the investor’s risk behavior, which means the same as knowing whether investor is tolerant or not to risk. Through the application of a questionnaire that included questions related to demographic characteristics, the psychological profile and the level of risk tolerance, it was possible to identify some interesting and useful relationships between these variables with the degree of risk tolerance, the dependent variable. In possession of this information, financial agents can better focus on investment in accordance with the perceived profile of their customers.
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Toews, Bruce J. "Differences in Financial Performance and Risk Tolerance at Faith-Based Credit Unions". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1805.
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In the United States, faith-based and other small credit unions are vanishing at the rate of nearly a credit union each workday. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to provide managers of faith-based credit unions with information about differences in financial performance and risk tolerance between faith-based and non-faith-based credit unions in order to improve their investment strategy and long-term sustainability. The study included a comparison of ratios measuring the financial performance and risk tolerance of randomly selected faith-based credit unions in the United States with the corresponding ratios of non-faith-based credit unions of similar size and location from 2003 to 2012. The data were collected from the National Credit Union Association, the U.S. government regulator of federally insured credit unions. The data analysis involved t tests and one-way ANOVAs to determine the differences in mean ratios of financial performance and risk tolerance between faith-based and non-faith-based credit unions. The findings demonstrated mixed support for the theoretical framework based on the Protestant ethic theory, which holds that certain traits associated with religion (e.g., thrift and debt avoidance) might influence financial performance and risk tolerance. The findings revealed significant differences between faith-based and non-faith-based credit unions in capital adequacy, liquidity risk, and credit risk, but not in profitability and interest rate risk. The implications for social change include the potential to strengthen the risk management and investment strategies for faith-based credit unions, thereby helping to ensure the continuation of vital financial services valued by members and their communities.
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Fang, Mei-Chi. "Risk-Taking Behavior and Well-Being of Young Baby Boomers". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1230878123.
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Rowson, Steven. "Head Acceleration Experienced by Man: Exposure, Tolerance, and Applications". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37605.
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Between 1.6 and 3.8 million sports-related concussions are sustained by persons living in the United States annually. While sports-related concussion was once considered to only result in immediate neurocognitive impairment and symptoms that are transient in nature, recent research has correlated long-term neurodegenerative effects with a history of sports-related concussion. Increased awareness and current media attention have contributed to concussions becoming a primary health concern. Although much research has been performed investigating the biomechanics of concussion, little is understood about the biomechanics that cause concussion in humans. The research presented in this dissertation investigates human tolerance to head acceleration using methods that pair biomechanical data collected from human volunteers with clinical data. Head impact exposure and injury risk are quantified and presented.
In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. With this in mind, the Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) evaluation system was developed to evaluate the impact performance of footballs helmets and provide consumers with information about helmet safety. The STAR evaluation system was designed using real world data that relate impact exposure to injury risk.Ph. D.
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Oliveira, Patricia Isabel Henriques. "Socio-demographic factors and risk-taking". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14848.
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Mestrado em FinançasNa literatura financeira, existem vários estudos com o objetivo de entender melhor como determinar as diferenças individuais nas atitudes perante o risco. Estas diferenças entre os indivíduos prendem-se à maneira como eles se comportam perante situações que involvam risco, nas quais a implementação de uma ação carrega um risco. Nos dias actuais é importante perceber quais são os factores que influenciam o comportamento individual de risco, isto é quais as variáveis socio-demográficas que levam a diferentes perfis de risco. No entanto, os diversos autores tem diferentes opiniões sobre este tema, existindo várias escalas que medem o nível de risco de diferentes formas, consequentemente alcançando diferentes conclusões. Usando uma amostra de estudantes do ISEG de diferentes programas, os dados foram recolhidos com base num questionário distribuido online. De forma a aceder à relação entre as diferentes variáveis sócio-demográficas, as atitudes de risco foram medidas usando duas escalas anteriormente bem estabelecidas, que avaliam em diferentes situações as atitudes e comportamentos individuais de risco. Os resultados mostram que algumas variáveis sócio-demográficas têm influência no perfil de risco dos investidores (por exemplo o sexo), enquanto outras aparentam não ter qualquer impacto. Estas descobertas podem vir a ser importantes no futuro para as empresas ter um melhor conhecimento das necessidades dos seus investidores.
In the financial literature, there are several studies with the goal to understand better how to assess individual differences in attitude towards risk. These differences among individuals rely on the way they behave in risky situations, in which the implementation of an action carries a risk. Nowadays it is important to understand which factors influence an individual's risk behavior, which sociodemographic features lead to different profiles. However, authors have different opinions on this matter and there are several scales that measure risk in different ways, consequently achieving different conclusions. Using a sample of ISEG students of different degrees and programs, data was collected based on a questionnaire distributed online. To assess the relationship between the different socio-demographic variables, risk attitudes were measured using two wellestablished existing scales which evaluate in different situations an individual's risk attitudes and behaviors. The results show that some socio-demographic variables have influence in the risk profile of the investors (e.g. gender), while other do not seem to have impact. These findings might be important in the future for companies to better understand their investors' needs.
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Linsenbigler, Mark Haight Joel M. "An examination of the relationship between employer safety practices and individual risk tolerance". [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4792/index.html.
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Rosen, Jeffrey Scott. "Remittances, Investment, and Portfolio Allocations: An Analysis of Remittance Usage and Risk-Tolerance". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172936345.
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NOGUEIRA, ROBERTO CARNEIRO GURGEL. "SPOUSAL DIFFERENCES IN FINANCIAL RISK TOLERANCE - REPLYING A RESEARCH AND PROPOSING COMPLEMENTARY ALTERNATIVES". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15541@1.
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O estudo de finanças comportamentais é relativamente recente, em especial
no Brasil. Considerando o aumento da participação das mulheres no mercado de
trabalho e do seu nível educacional, o presente estudo está replicando uma
pesquisa norte americana que busca avaliar as diferenças à tolerância a risco entre
cônjuges. O presente estudo será desenvolvido em três etapas: 1) Reprodução da
análise efetuada pelos autores (Gilliam, Goetz e Hampton, 2008) onde os
procedimentos estatísticos adotados serão igualmente reproduzidos. A amostra
piloto deste estudo foi constituída de 78 casais. Nesta avaliação foi utilizada uma
escala de risco que variará de 1 a 4, onde 4 significará tolerância ao risco máximo
e 1 nenhuma tolerância a risco. 2) Análise do resultado encontrado na pesquisa
piloto realizando-se toda uma comparação entre risco assumido e as variáveis
demográficas e econômicas consideradas no estudo. A diferença desta etapa para
a anterior e que nesta parte consideraremos o limite de significância estatística da
amostra colhida. 3) Finalmente será realizada uma crítica estatística a todo o
procedimento adotado. O objetivo aqui é permitir que no futuro o estudo possa ser
reproduzido de forma estritamente técnico cientifico. Concluímos que a amostra
apresenta (a) que os maridos possuem maior tolerância a risco que suas esposas e
(b) que quanto maior o nível educacional maior a tolerância a risco. Entendemos
que o tema deve ser aprofundado sendo de grande valia, em especial, para
assessores financeiros e instituições financeiras, para avaliar a tolerância a risco
entre cônjuges e melhor orientá-los na adequação de seus investimentos ao seu
perfil de risco.The study of behavioral finance is relatively recent, particularly in Brazil. Considering the increased participation of women in the labor market and rising education levels, this study replicates North American research and seeks to evaluate the differences in risk tolerance between spouses. This study was developed in three steps: 1) Replication of the analysis and statistical procedures of Gilliam, Goetz and Hampton (2008). Our pilot study sample consisted of 78 couples. In this evaluation we employed a risk scale that varied from 1 to 4, 4 being maximum risk tolerance and 1 zero risk tolerance. 2) Analyses in the pilot study resulted from performing a comparison of all risk behaviors and the demographic and economic variables. The difference between the previous step and this one is that here we considered the limit of statistical significance in the sample. 3) Finally we applied a critical statistic to all procedures. The objective was to ensure that future studies can be reproduced in a strictly critical statistic. We concluded that (a) husbands had a higher risk tolerance than their wives, and (b) higher educational level increased risk tolerance. We believe the matter should be investigated as it is of great value, particularly for financial advisors and institutions in order to assess risk tolerance between spouses and better guide them in adjusting their investment risk profiles.
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SANTOS, LIANA RIBEIRO DOS. "FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE AND ITS RELATION WITH DECISIONS ADDRESSING RISK TOLERANCE, INDEBTEDNESS AND INVESTMENTS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22198@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO principal objetivo da tese foi examinar a relação do conhecimento financeiro com as decisões financeiras pessoais. Para atingir este objetivo foram elaborados três ensaios, sendo o primeiro um exame da relação entre o conhecimento financeiro e a tolerância ao risco. O segundo ensaio verificou a relação do conhecimento financeiro com as decisões de endividamento, enquanto o terceiro investigou como as decisões de investimento são afetadas por esse conhecimento. Foram propostas medidas para avaliar os níveis de conhecimento financeiro básico, de crédito e de investimento, adaptadas a partir da revisão da literatura para o contexto de produtos financeiros brasileiros. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa, realizada com 467 jovens universitários, foram propostos os índices de conhecimento financeiro básico, de crédito e de investimento, usados para verificar a relação do conhecimento financeiro com a tolerância ao risco e com as decisões de endividamento e investimento. Foram estabelecidos modelos econométricos para testar as hipóteses de pesquisa. O grupo estudado apresentou bom nível de conhecimento financeiro, sendo a maior dificuldade relacionada ao conceito dos juros compostos. A compreensão das questões relativas a inflação e ilusão monetária apresentaram bons resultados, o que pode ser atribuído à experiência inflacionária vivida no país. Os resultados mostraram que existe relação entre o conhecimento financeiro e a tolerância ao risco, sugerindo que pessoas com maior conhecimento financeiro seriam mais propensas a escolher produtos financeiros de maior risco. Nos demais ensaios observou-se também relação entre conhecimento financeiro e as decisões financeiras. No que se refere ao uso do crédito, foram encontradas evidências de que pessoas com maiores níveis de conhecimento financeiro de crédito tendem a fazer uso de produtos de crédito menos onerosos. Por outro lado, na avaliação dos investimentos, o estudo revelou que os indivíduos que possuem menor grau de menor conhecimento financeiro são aqueles que não fazem investimentos.Utilizando a técnica de análise de cluster promoveu-se o agrupamento dos sujeitos em categorias de endividamento e de investimento, que em seguida foram analisadas em conjunto com as características sociodemográficas de cada grupo. Nesta análise verificou-se que os mais jovens praticamente não fazem uso de operações de crédito e usam basicamente o cartão de crédito. Estes são também os que fazem menos investimentos.Os resultados deste estudo exploratório trazem importantes contribuições para agenda de programas de educação financeira, identificando grupos mais expostos às operações de crédito mais onerosas, bem como grupos menos preparados para as incertezas financeiras do futuro. As evidências obtidas poderão ser aplicadas em políticas públicas voltadas para melhoria nos padrões de conhecimento financeiroe para melhor utilização dos produtos e serviços financeiros.
The main purpose of the thesis was to assess the relation between financial knowledge and personal financial decisions. So as to achieve such goal, three essays were carried out: the first one addressed the relation between financial knowledge and risk tolerance, while the second analyzed the relation between financial knowledge and debt decisions and the third focused on investment decisions.In order to evaluate the financial knowledge, we proposed some measurements of knowledge on basic financial concepts, on credit and investments, which were extracted from a literature review and adapted to the context of Brazilian financial products. According to the results from a research conducted with 467 young university students, some rates of knowledge on basic financial concepts, on credit and investments were suggested, so as to verify the relation between financial knowledge, risk tolerance and both debt and investment decisions. Some econometric models were set forth to test the hypothesis of such research. The studied group presented a good level of financial knowledge, and the most significant difficulty faced by these individuals was related to compound interests. In answer to questions about inflation and monetary illusion, they showed good results, which may be attributed to the recent inflationary experience lived within the country.The results showed a relation between financial knowledge and risk tolerance, thus suggesting that individuals with higher financial knowledge would be more inclined to opt for higher-risk financial products. The other essays also disclosed a relation between financial knowledge and financial decisions. As refers to the use of credits, some evidences indicate that individuals with higher financial knowledge on credit tend to make use of less onerous credit products. Besides, in relation to investments, we found that individuals with low financial knowledge are those who less likely to invest in financial products.By using the cluster analysis method, we grouped the studied individuals within categories relating to indebtedness and investment, which were subsequently assessed in the light of social and demographic characteristics of each group. Upon such analysis, we verified that the youngest individuals practically refrain from making use of credit operations, and basically use credit cards. They are also the ones who make less investment.The results from such exploratory study bring material contributions to the agenda of financial education programs, as they identified groups which are more exposed to high-cost borrowing, as well as groups which are less prepared to future financial uncertainties. The evidences hereby disclosed may be applied to public policies aimed at the improvement of financial knowledge standards, as well as at a better use of financial products and services.
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Grable, John E. "Investor Risk Tolerance: Testing The Efficacy Of Demographics As Differentiating and Classifying Factors". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30762.
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This study was designed to determine whether the variables gender, age, marital status, occupation, self-employment, income, race, and education could be used individually or in combination to both differentiate among levels of investor risk tolerance and classify individuals into risk-tolerance categories. The Leimberg, Satinsky, LeClair, and Doyle (1993) financial management model was used as the theoretical basis for this study. The model explains the process of how investment managers effectively develop plans to allocate a client's scarce investment resources to meet financial objectives.
An empirical model for categorizing investors into risk-tolerance categories using demographic factors was developed and empirically tested using data from the 1992 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) (N = 2,626). The average respondent was affluent and best represented the profile of an investment management client.
Based on findings from a multiple discriminant analysis test it was determined that respondent demographic characteristics were significant in differentiating among levels of risk tolerance at the p < .0001 level (i.e., gender, married, single but previously married, professional occupational status, self-employment status, income, White, Black, and Hispanic racial background, and educational level), while three demographic characteristics were found to be statistically insignificant (i.e., age, Asian racial background, and never married). Multiple discriminant analysis also revealed that the demographic variables examined in this study explained approximately 20% of the variance among the three levels of investor risk tolerance.
Classification equations were generated. The classification procedure offered only a 20% improvement-over-chance, which was determined to be a low proportional reduction in error. The classification procedure also generated unacceptable levels of false positive classifications, which led to over classification of respondents into high and no risk-tolerance categories, while under classifying respondents into the average risk-tolerance category.
Two demographic characteristics were determined to be the most effective in differentiating among and classifying respondents into risk-tolerance categories. Classes of risk tolerance differed most widely on respondents' educational level and gender. Educational level of respondents was determined to be the most significant optimizing factor. It also was concluded that demographic characteristics provide only a starting point in assessing investor risk tolerance. Understanding risk tolerance is a complicated process that goes beyond the exclusive use of demographic characteristics. More research is needed to determine which additional factors can be used by investment managers to increase the explained variance in risk-tolerance differences.Ph. D.
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Wilson, Theresa M. "The Effects of Gender, Age, Education, and Risk Tolerance on Credit Card Balances". Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1209148205.
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Nguyen, Thi My Linh. "The influence of financial risk tolerance and risk perception on individual investment decision-making in a financial advice context". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84745/1/Thi%20My%20Linh_Nguyen_Thesis.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine how risk tolerance and risk perception, two important but often misunderstood constructs, jointly influence client investment decisions in a financial advice context. By distinguishing the roles of these two risk constructs in client decision-making, in this thesis a new direction in studying financial/investment risks is provided while practice and regulation in the financial services industry is potentially informed. Based on the literature relating to risks and individual decision-making, a theoretical framework is developed and relevant hypotheses are tested in two studies with financial adviser clients in Australia. Results reveal that financial risk tolerance influences asset allocation both directly and indirectly through risk perception. The intervening role of risk perception suggests that risk tolerance affects how clients perceive the riskiness of an investment product which influences client decision-making.
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Goksel, Lorens Sarim. "Fatigue and damage tolerance assessment of aircraft structure under uncertainty". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49124.
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This thesis presents a new modeling framework and application methodology for
the study of aircraft structures. The framework provides a ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach to
structural analysis of a component, where structural integrity encompasses all phases of
its lifespan.
The methodology examines the holistic structural design of aircraft components
by integrating fatigue and damage tolerance methodologies. It accomplishes this by
marrying the load inputs from a fatigue analysis for new design, into a risk analysis for an
existing design. The risk analysis incorporates the variability found from literature,
including recorded defects, loadings, and material strength properties.
The methodology is verified via formal conceptualization of the structures, which
are demonstrated on an actual hydraulic accumulator and an engine nacelle inlet. The
hydraulic accumulator is examined for structural integrity utilizing different base
materials undergoing variable amplitude loading. Integrity is accomplished through a
risk analysis by means of fault tree analysis. The engine nacelle inlet uses the damage
tolerance philosophy for a sonic fatigue condition undergoing both constant amplitude
loading and a theoretical flight design case. Residual strength changes are examined
throughout crack growth, where structural integrity is accomplished through a risk
analysis of component strength versus probability of failure.
Both methodologies can be applied to nearly any structural application, not
necessarily limited to aerospace.
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Mincioni, Giorgio. "Risk appetite e risk tolerance: strumenti di supporto agli istituti di credito per l'assunzione di rischi in tempi di crisi". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6356/.
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Negli ultimi anni l’attenzione di legislatori e degli Organi di Vigilanza, in base alle riforme regolamentari attivate in risposta alla crisi economica, si sono focalizzate sulle pratiche di risk management delle Banche, sottolineando l’importanza dei sistemi di controllo e gestione dei rischi.
Il presente lavoro nasce con l’intento di analizzare e valutare le caratteristiche salienti del processo di assunzione e gestione dei rischi nel sistema economico finanziario attuale. Numerosi e autorevoli esperti, come gli operatori del Financial Stability Board , Institute of International Finance e Senior Supervisory Group, si sono espressi sulle cause della crisi finanziaria ed hanno sollevato dubbi circa la qualità delle azioni intraprese da alcuni manager, sulle loro politiche gestionali e sulla comprensione delle reali condizioni in cui versavano le loro Banche (in termini di esposizione ai rischi, report da aggregazione dati su performance aziendali e qualità dei dati aggregati) , si è ritenuto giusto dal punto di vista teorico approfondire in particolare i temi del Risk Appetite e Risk Tolerance, novità introdotte nelle diverse direttive e normative in risposta alle citate ed ambigue politiche di gestione ed assunzione rischi.
I concetti, qui introdotti, di appetito e tolleranza al rischio conducono ad una ampia sfera di riferimento che guarda alla necessità di fissare degli obiettivi di rischio e loro limiti per poter meglio controllare e valutare la stabilità economica/finanziaria e stimare gli effetti di condizioni peggiorative (reali o soltanto teoriche, come gli stress test) sulla solvibilità e profittabilità delle Banche nazionali ed internazionali.
Inoltre, ad integrazione di quanto precedentemente esposto sarà illustrata una survey sulla disclosure delle principali Banche europee in relazione alle informazioni sul Risk Appetite e sul Risk Tolerance.
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Lorentzon, Elin, i Linnea Westerlund. "Vad påverkar en individs riskbenägenhet vid aktieplacering? : En studie över vilka faktorer som påverkar en individs riskbenägenhet". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31338.
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The purpose is to investigate whether there are any significant differences in risk tolerance in equity investments between the genders. Further, the study intends to investigate wether independent factors such as age, income, education and confidence effects the risk tolerance of an individual.Method: The study has adapted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The primary data has been collected through surveys and semi-structured interviews. The adopted research approach is deductive and the study population consists of men and women in Sweden, which are or have been active equity investors. Theory: Describes the concept of risk tolerance in financial decisions. The theory further explains an individual’s descisionprocess in relation to risk, with its overvaluation to a positive probability and its undervaluation to a negative risk. Further, a several factors are explained and discussed that influence an individual’s risk tolerance. Conclusion: Differences in risktolerance between the genders has been proved. Furthermore, the influence of the factors age, income and education are statistically proved. Finally the impact of self confidence were proven through qualitative data.Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka om det finns några signifikanta skillnader i riskbenägenhet vid aktieplacering mellan könen. Vidare ämnar studien undersöka om oberoende faktorer som ålder, inkomst, utbildning och självförtroende påverkar riskbenägenheten hos en individ. Metod: Studien har antagit en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. Primärdata har således samlats in via enkätundersökningar samt delvis strukturerade intervjuer. Studiens sekundärdata består av tidigare forskning. Forskningsansatsen som antagits är deduktiv och studiens population utgörs av män och kvinnor i Sverige, vilka är eller någon gång har varit aktiva aktieplacerare. Teori: Beskriver begreppet riskbenägenhet vid finansiella beslut. Även teori som förklarar en individs beslutsprocess i förhållande till risk, med dess övervärderingar till en positiv sannolikhet och dess undervärdering till en negativ risk. Vidare förklaras och diskuteras ett flertal faktorer som påverkar en individs riskbenägenhet. Slutsats: Skillnad i riskbenägenhet mellan könen har påvisats. Vidare har påverkan från faktorerna ålder, inkomst och utbildning statistiskt bevisats. Avslutningsvis bevisades självförtroendes påverkan genom kvalitativ data.
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Le, Vien. "The Relationship between Household’s Risk Preference and the Homeownership Decisions among Young Adults in Changing Housing Market Conditions". Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38751.
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Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Family Studies and Human Services
Martin Seay
For many decades, the American Dream of homeownership has been a source of pride and one of the traditional ways to improve financial and non-financial well-being for American households. However, during the recent housing crisis, millions of homeowners lost their homes or experienced negative home equity due to job loss, reductions in work hours, or a decline in home values. The recent housing crisis made many individuals and families rethink their American Dream. As with most investments, there are some risks associated with owning a home, especially when housing markets are volatile and the economy is uncertain. Understanding the relationship between household’s risk preference and homeownership decisions may help households make better and more informed decisions regarding their housing tenure choice. This study investigates the relationship between household’s risk preference and homeownership decisions among young adults made during the stability in the housing market, which occurred around 1993, and during the decline in the housing market, which occurred around 2010. This study also examined demographic and economic characteristics of homeowners during those periods. Two separate datasets from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 were utilized to address research questions and research hypotheses under the lens of the expected utility theory. The results showed shifts in household’s rick preferences, homeownership rates, and demographic and economic characteristics between periods. Compared to households who preferred lowest risk level, households who preferred highest risk level were more likely to own a home in both periods. The relationships between household’s risk preference and homeownership decisions did not change between periods. However, some relationships between household’s demographic and economic characteristics and homeownership decisions changed between periods. The findings of this study have several important implications for potential homebuyers, lenders, and personal financial planning practitioners. Household’s risk preference, as well as demographic and economic characteristics, should be considered during the home purchase process. The findings also expand the literature on expected utility theory, household’s risk preference, and homeownership research areas.
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Massol, Yann, i Alexis Molines. "Determinants of risk tolerance and investment behavior : A study of French and Swedish Business School students". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107017.
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Gooch, Caroline V. "Distress Tolerance as a Mediator and Moderator of a Brief Computer-Based Treatment Targeting Suicide Risk Factors". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1597409213712759.
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Strat, Karen M. "The Effects of Acute Consumption and Chronic Supplementation of Cocoa on Overweight and Obese Adults at Risk of Developing Diabetes". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82433.
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The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing in the United States and abroad and strategies are needed to prevent the progression from an at-risk state to the clinically diagnosed diseases. Flavanols in cocoa powder have been shown to reduce blood glucose concentrations, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease gut permeability in animals and humans, but it is unknown if this occurs in adults with prediabetes. Therefore, we first hypothesized that an acute dose of cocoa would reduce postprandial glucose and enhance insulin and incretin hormone responses to a mixed meal challenge compared to a placebo. Second, we hypothesized that 15 g cocoa/day for 4-weeks would reduce gut permeability, attenuate endotoxin response to a high fat meal, improve insulin sensitivity, and improve measures of skeletal muscle substrate flexibility in a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled parallel group design. To test the first hypothesis, 30 overweight or obese volunteers who were at-risk for diabetes completed two meal challenges using a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected hourly for 4 hours and were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Cocoa did not influence these measures. However, participants with the lowest fasting blood glucose concentrations were more likely to respond to the cocoa as hypothesized. To test our second hypothesis, 15 overweight or obese adults at risk for developing diabetes consumed either the cocoa or placebo treatments along with a controlled diet for one month. Overall, cocoa did not seem to influence insulin sensitivity, gut permeability, or endotoxin levels, although cocoa may influence skeletal muscle substrate metabolism. In conclusion, the data for both studies suggests that cocoa did not exert substantial effects on the evaluated outcomes. However, the experiments did provide valuable information about incretin hormone levels in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. More research is needed to understand how cocoa can affect glucose homeostasis for overweight or obese adults.Ph. D.
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Christiansson, David, i Gustaf Nyström. "Unga svenskars finansiella risktolerans : En kvantitativ studie om vilka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar unga svenskars finansiella risktolerans". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42406.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the financial risk tolerance of young swedish residents, which factors that affect their financial risk tolerance, and how their risk tolerance affects their investment behavior. Previous studies within the subject of financial risk tolerance have focused on a wider range of ages, and most of the studies have been made on an American population. This study also contributes with more factors in the same study than many previous studies. The factors included in this research are Gender, degree of education, relationship status, income, mood, birth order, future economic expectations, and financial knowledge. The research contains a quantitative study, where the data have been collected with a survey. The study has a deductive approach, which means that the study starts with theory and moves on with empiricism and hypotheses. The hypotheses have been developed from the results of earlier studies. The survey was dedicated to young Swedish residents in the ages of 18 to 30 years old. There were 123 respondents who answered the survey, which contained 24 questions. To measure the risk tolerance of young swedish residents, the Grable and Lytton’s Risk Tolerance Scale have been used. The result of the study tells us that the financial risk tolerance of young swedish residents are affected by the factors: Gender, future expectations on the stock market and financial knowledge. The study also tells us that there is a significant different in financial risk tolerance between young swedish residents who invest in stocks, compared to those who do not invest in stocks.
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Wat, Ming-sun Nelson, i 屈銘伸. "Genetic and environmental determinants of impaired glucose tolerance in Hong Kong: implications on health caremanagement". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37217677.
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Chandrakumara, D. P. S., i Shirantha Heenkenda. "A Canonical Analysis on the Relationship between Financial Risk Tolerance and Household Education Investment in Sri Lanka". 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19835.
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Moore, Dana Jenae. "The Relationship Between Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, and Tolerance of Infidelity Among College Women at Risk for HIV". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338086135.
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Martin, Haydn Llewellyn Herbert. "A quantitative investigation into the determinants of risk capacity". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22780.
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Mestrado Bolonha em Mathematical FinanceFor financial advisers, the Risk Profile is a crucial component of delivering the best possible experience to the client. This Risk Profile is composed of Risk Capacity, which relates to the socio-economic situation that the investor finds themselves in, and Risk Tolerance, which is associated with the psychological composition of the investor. Risk Tolerance is vague and of questionable use to the adviser in terms of determining the Risk Profile. Risk Capacity, conversely, can be measured objectively using data that is easy to obtain and process. Risk Capacity then, rather than Risk Tolerance, should be both the focus of academic research and the foundation of the Risk Profile. However, this is not true in reality. This project attempts to correct this misallocation of attention by quantita- tively assessing the determinants of Risk Capacity. It measures the effect that investment horizon, goals, net income, and net assets have on the ability of the investor to take risks using simulations via Monte Carlo methodology, mathematical derivation utilising prob- ability theory, and logical analysis. The conclusions of this project are that investors with a long investment horizon, small and flexible goals, small and stable expenses, and large and liquid net assets are able to take more risk. These findings have varied implications for advisers and supply the framework from which a model of Risk Capacity could be based on.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Odzak, Ajla, i Iqra Sahi. "Can factors such as gender affect my level of risk-taking in financial investments? : A study on risk-tolerance based on selected demographic factors in Sweden". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44422.
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Background: The traditional neoclassical model of finance has assumed that all individuals act rationally and that they update their beliefs according to the information they have obtained to maximise their utility. This concept has been challenged by behavioural finance which has over the past decades become a new approach to better understand certain behaviours. Behavioural finance is a broad area which can be divided into different areas. One of them is investor behaviour, which will be the focus of this thesis. Research has shown that investors do not act rationally when deciding how much risk to take when considering an investment. Instead, it has been found that there are other factors that influence risk-taking in an investment, for instance gender, income, marital status and age. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to better understand if a selected group of demographic factors can affect the risk attitude investors in Sweden have with regard to their investments and to determine how well these factors explain the level of risk. The chosen demographic factors are gender, age, marital status and income. Method: This study is conducted using a deductive approach and employing a quantitative research method. A multinomial logistic regression was performed in the statistical program R. The data used is secondary data collected from financial counselling meetings of 111,265 clients during the period of 2018-01-03 to 2019-04-04. It is gathered from one of Sweden’s largest bank who measures customers’ risk tolerance by using a risk assessment tool that categorises risk tolerance into five levels where one is the lowest and five is the highest. Conclusion: Statistically significant results confirm that that the selected demographic factors have an effect on the risk level an investor takes. Males have higher risk tolerance than women, the older an individual is, the less risk the person wants to take, married people have higher risk tolerance than those that are not, and risk tolerance increases slightly with income.
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Norhammar, Anna. "Diabetes mellitus, glucose abnormalities and acute coronary syndromes : studies on prevalence, risk and impact of treatment /". Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-561-1.
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Carr, Nicholas. "Reassessing the assessment: exploring the factors that contribute to comprehensive financial risk evaluation". Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17283.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Personal Financial Planning
Sonya L. Britt
This dissertation explores the personal financial planning risk-assessment process. Specifically, the study has five main purposes: 1. Explore the associations among independent risk-assessment variables. 2. Explore the concept that prudent financial risk-assessment goes beyond estimating an individual’s risk tolerance. 3. Explore the impact that each risk variable has on an individual’s overall Comprehensive Risk Profile (CRP). 4. Construct a comprehensive method of risk-assessment to estimate an individual’s overall risk profile. 5. Develop a weighted risk profile score and assign it to a target asset allocation model. Risk-assessment is one of the most instrumental components of the financial planning process. Financial planners and advisors have a fiduciary, as well as a suitability, responsibility to assess the level of risk individuals should bear with respect to their financial plan (Morse, 1998). Because of this, the evaluation of one’s risk profile impacts the success of an individual’s financial plan. If the risk-assessment is accurate, financial goals will have a higher likelihood of being met. To date, little research in the personal financial planning field has attempted to model financial risk-taking behavior in a way that is useful for practitioners, academics, and policy makers. The literature has tended to focus on either models of risk-taking rooted in economic utility theory, or tests of hypotheses related to the association among demographic and socioeconomic factors and risk-taking (Grable & Lytton, 1998). Traditional economic models do not fully account for the role that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors play in influencing individuals’ behavior beyond maximizing their expected utility (Hanna & Chen, 1997). Researchers have yet to develop a risk-profiling system that uses these behavioral or personal factors, to describe an individual’s financial risk-taking framework. Ultimately, the results of this study will lead to a multidimensional, comprehensive, accurate method of risk-assessment for both academic researchers, as well as practitioners. The following will serve as the empirical model for the study.
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Törell, Kent, i Emil Axelsson. "Framtidens Finanser : En studie om svenska individers attityder till finansiellt risktagande". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73675.
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Sammanfattning Den finansiella marknaden har under de senaste decennierna till stor del präglats av både stark ekonomisk tillväxt och stora kriser, detta har lett till att risken relaterad till sparande och investeringar har blivit allt viktigare att kontrollera och undersöka. Samtidigt visar statistik från SCB att de svenska hushållen investerar allt mindre i aktier vilket kan skapa problem, både för den finansiella branschen i sig och det framtida välståndet. Dagens pensionssystem riskerar att inte klara framtidens ökande utbetalningsnivåer som krävs för att underhålla en allt större, äldre befolkning, som även lever allt längre. Detta är ett problem som gäller för hela EU och därför blir det allt viktigare med ett privat sparande, och därigenom att investera rätt. För att hjälpa privatpersoner att investera rätt, genom att utnyttja sin nivå av risktolerans, samtidigt som man gör det lättare för kreditgivare och rådgivare att kunna erbjuda korrekta produkter och investeringsstrategier, syftar denna studie huvudsakligen till att undersöka om det finns samband mellan olika demografiska och socioekonomiska variabler och nivåer av risktolerans. Med hjälp av tidigare studier valdes följande variabler att undersökas: kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, relationsstatus, sysselsättning och inkomstnivå. Som verktyg för att mäta nivåer av risktolerans valdes Grable och Lyttons 13-items risk assessment instrument, vilken har genomgått ett flertal validitetsprövningar. Då majoriteten av forskningen inom finansiell risktolerans har genomförts på den amerikanska marknaden särskiljer sig denna studie då den riktar in sig på svenska individer, från 18 år till pension. Metoden för att få in svar har varit med hjälp av en enkätstudie, både via internet och genom pappersenkäter på ett antal arbetsplatser runt om i landet. Resultatet blev totalt 206 fullständiga enkäter och stark signifikans återfanns hos kön (99 procent konfidensintervall), där män i genomsnitt hade högre risktolerans än kvinnor. Även inkomstnivå var signifikant, med ett konfidensintervall på 90 procent, men visade att sambandet inte var perfekt positivt linjärt (låg inkomst = låg risktolerans, hög inkomst = hög risktolerans). Studien syftade även till att söka övriga förklaringar och samband som risktolerans också påverkar, med hänsyn till: sparande, pensionssparande, investeringsval, framtidsutsikt för den finansiella marknaden samt förändring av investeringsbeteende på grund av de senaste årens finansiella oro.Detta resulterade i att: 13,5 procent svarade att de inte hade något som helst privat sparande; mer än hälften av individerna uppgav att de inte har något privat pensionssparande; individer med högre inkomster valde oftare aktier som främsta investeringsval än de med lägre inkomster, som föredrog sparkonton; en övervägande majoritet har inte ändrat sitt investeringsbeteende men 25 procent av respondenterna angav att de investerar mindre nu till följd de senaste årens finansiella oro på marknaden samt att 40,6 procent angav att det är mer riskfyllt med värdepapper idag; mer än hälften av respondenterna angav att de känner en viss oro inför sin framtida pension.
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Mabry, Jessica Erin. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease Patients: Associations with Physical Activity Status, Metabolic Syndrome, and Exercise Tolerance". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50607.
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in older U.S. adults and the prevalence is anticipated to rise in this age group along with obesity, a prominent risk factor for OSA. Recently, OSA was determined to be highly prevalent among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Objectives: Examine associations between OSA risk and physical activity (PA), metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), and exercise responses to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in elderly patients with AAA disease. Methods: Elderly patients (n=326 for Studies 1 and 2; n=114 for Study 3) newly diagnosed with small AAAs (aortic diameter "2.5 and < 5.5 cm) were recruited. Data collection for all participants included: extraction of medical history and drug information from medical records; completion of a physical examination to assess resting vital signs and anthropometrics; fasting blood draw for several biochemical analyses; completion of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); and completion of interviews and questionnaires for health history, PA, and OSA risk. Results: 57% of subjects were High-risk for OSA and 17% were classified in the highest-risk Berlin Risk Score (BRS) 3 group; these subjects reported fewer blocks walked/day, flights of stairs climbed/day, and expended fewer Calories when engaged in these activities compared to Low-risk counterparts, independent of obesity. Among those at High-risk for OSA, 45% had MetSyn. Subjects with the highest BRS also had the highest prevalence of MetSyn and values for the MetSyn component biomarkers. Exercise capacity and physiological responses at rest, during exercise, and recovery were similar between groups at High- and Low-risk for OSA. Conclusions: Reduced levels of PA among elderly AAA patients at High-risk for OSA could have unfavorable implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and all-cause and CVD mortality. Subjects demonstrating the most clinical symptoms of OSA showed a significantly higher prevalence for MetSyn and several of the biomarkers that determine MetSyn. In clinical practice, the BRS may be useful for identifying those AAA patients at increased risk for both OSA and MetSyn.Ph. D.
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Cavalheiro, Everton Anger. "Tolerância ao risco: uma análise sob a ótica comportamental". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4551.
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The traditional view of financial theory proposes an implicit rationality in decision making. But the
decisions taken by individuals have been inconsistent with such assumptions. In this context, the study of
risk tolerance has become increasingly more significant in today's society, because the understanding of
risk tolerance forms of investment decisions and in providing products that can meet these needs. Despite
the significance of the research topic has been inconsistent, particularly with respect to its determinants.
Historically, research has revolved around heuristics demographic and socioeconomic assumptions
neglecting emotional, cognitive and behavioral related to financial decision-making. This study aims to
evaluate what are the determinants of risk tolerance. For this, we conducted a survey to survey with 815
individuals living in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Data were collected through questionnaire and
analyzed via factor analysis, statistical tests (ANOVA, t test and correlation) and analysis of regression.
The results show three factors that explain the risk tolerance, which are: Emotion factor, factor effect
Staying Out of Factor and Self-attribution. Regression were added six variables analized in Behavioral
Finance, which are: banking money effect, cognitive dissonance, self-protection, over-confidence,
perception of risk and opportunity, effect cost already incurred and two other variables associated with the
materialism that are spending with expensive things and join before you spend. It was explained 34.92%
of the total variance of the data through these exogenous variables. Overall, and consistent, the
assumptions of unlimited rationality have been refuted, but consistent with prospect theory, which agrees
with the numerous studies that demonstrate the violation of assumptions of rationality unlimited. The
heuristics traditionally used for determining the level of risk tolerance, which implies a strong correlation
between the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were not significant in this study. The
cognitive, emotional and behavioral decision making were more significant than this traditional vision of
risk.A visão tradicional da teoria financeira propõe uma implícita racionalidade na tomada de decisão. Mas as decisões tomadas pelos indivíduos tem se mostrado inconsistentes com tais pressupostos. Sob este contexto, o estudo da tolerância ao risco tem se mostrado cada vez mais significativo na sociedade atual, pois a compreensão da tolerância ao risco dá forma a decisões de investimento e de oferta de produtos capazes de atender tais necessidades. Apesar da significância do tema as pesquisas tem se mostrado inconsistentes, especialmente quanto aos seus determinantes. Historicamente as pesquisas têm girado em torno de heurísticas demográficas e socioeconômicas negligenciando as suposições emocionais, cognitivas e comportamentais relacionadas à tomada de decisão financeira. Neste sentido, este estudo objetiva avaliar quais são os fatores determinantes da tolerância ao risco. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa survey junto a 815 indivíduos residentes na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e analisados via análise fatorial, testes estatisticos (ANOVA, teste t e correlação) e análise de regressão. Os resultados apresentam três fatores que explicam a tolerância ao risco, que são: fator Emoção, fator Efeito Ficar de Fora e Fator Auto-atribuição. Na regressão foram adicionadas seis variáveis estudadas na Finança Comportamental que são: efeito dinheiro da banca, dissonância cognitiva, auto-proteção, excesso de confiança, percepção de risco como oportunidade, efeito custo já incorridos e outras duas variáveis associadas ao Materialismo que são: gastar com coisas caras e juntar antes de gastar. Explicou-se 34,92%, da variância total dos dados através destas variáveis exógenas. De maneira geral, e consistente, as suposições de racionalidade foram refutadas, mas consistentes à Teoria dos Prospectos, corroborando com os inúmeros estudos que demonstram a violação das suposições de racionalidade. As heurísticas tradicionalmente utilizadas para a determinação do nível de tolerância ao risco e que supõem uma forte correlação entre as características demográficas e socioeconômicas não se mostraram significativas neste trabalho. As dimensões cognitivas, emocionais e comportamentais, da tomada de decisão, mostraram-se significativas.
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Pettersson, Julia, i Lucas Chapman. "Social Media's Influence on Investment Decisions : A qualitative study based on an individual’s financial literacy". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184182.
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With the current technological trends pointing to people having more capabilities to independently manage their financial future, the financial knowledge a person possesses will become evermore essential to create a sustainable financial future. Simultaneously, the growth of social media platforms and users have substantially increased over the past ten years, which has allowed people to find and create countless types of content. The potential problem culminating from these trends is that people who do not have the necessary financial knowledge to make educated investment decisions will have the opportunity to do so. Furthermore, if people have a lack of understanding about financial concepts, supplementing their lack of knowledge with information and recommendations from social media could lead to people making investment decisions based on unknown individuals' opinions. As a result, this study aims to determine if there is a connection between the financial literacy a person possesses and the usage of social media. We found that the financial literacy of university students in Sweden was not a determinant of social media influences on their investment decisions. Despite this overall conclusion, it was apparent that every participant in this study had been influenced by social media in some capacity when making investment decisions whether they intentionally or unintentionally used social media as a reference or unexpected circumstance.
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Messer, Monica Shutts. "Development of a Tool for Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment and Preventive Interventions in Ancillary Services Patients". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4161.
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Development of a Tool for Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment
and Preventive Interventions in Ancillary Services Patients
Monica S. Messer
Abstract
The incidence of nosocomial pressure ulcers has increased 70 percent in U.S. hospitals over the past 15 years despite implementation of preventive guidelines and the wide-spread use of validated risk assessment tools. Most preventive efforts have been focused primarily on patients who are bed-ridden or immobile for extended periods. What has not been well studied or identified is the risk for pressure injury to patients undergoing diagnostic procedures in hospital ancillary units where extrinsic risk factors such as high interface pressures on procedure tables and friction and shear from positioning and transport can greatly magnify the effect of patient-specific intrinsic risk factors which might not otherwise put these patients at high risk on an inpatient unit. The purpose of this study was to develop a risk assessment tool designed explicitly to quantify the combination of these intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in individual patients undergoing ancillary services procedures, and to identify targeted preventive interventions based on the individual level of risk.
Empirically and theoretically-derived risk factors for the tool were tested in a nation-wide hospital database of over 6 million patient discharge records using bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify significant predictors of pressure ulcer outcomes. The statistically significant factors emerging were then used to develop the risk assessment scale. These predictors included; advanced age, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, sepsis, and fever. The scale was tested for internal validity using the split-sample cross-validation method, and for accuracy using the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve. The optimum score cut point was identified to provide a predictive accuracy of 71 percent. Interventions for the tool were identified from national clinical practice guidelines and aligned in sets based on patient levels of risk identified by the scoring portion of the tool. The entire tool was evaluated for content validity by a panel of five international nurse experts in pressure ulcer prevention and tool development. The content validity index calculated from their ratings was .91 indicating excellent agreement on content validity.
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Zellweger, Oliver. "Risk tolerance of institutional investors /". 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/363115838.pdf.
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Liao, Yen-yu, i 廖彥宇. "Emergency Fund and Risk Tolerance". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86947543032661050738.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
商業教育學系
90
The theory of consumption and saving behavior like permanent income hypothesis and life cycle hypothesis all presume people live in a certain environment. But it is questionable. Scholars indicated that the theories didn’t correspond to the reality. But precautionary saving could explain the paradox between theories and reality. Like precautionary saving, emergency fund also based on preventing uncertainty. Emergency fund and precautionary saving were addressed individually by economists and financial scholars. Both of them were used to reduce the strike of uncertainty and stressed the importance of fluidity. They have lots of similarities. In the limited resources, it is hard to decide the optimal ratio between emergency fund and general investment. It decides by the individual risk tolerance. A person who has low risk tolerance will ask for more emergency fund. On the contrary, a person with high risk tolerance will increase the weight of the investment. The study used the data of American survey of consumer finance. It took emergency fund and risk tolerance as endogenous variables and used the methodology of structure equation model. The mainly goal is probing into the causal relationship of emergency fund and risk tolerance. The results show that emergency fund has a positive effect toward risk tolerance, but risk tolerance affects emergency fund reversely.
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Chen, Li-Yu, i 陳麗宇. "Risk Tolerance and Asset Allocation". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01791204455083727785.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
商業教育學系
91
Risk preference is an important variable to predict an individual’s utility. Deaton (1992) pointed out that risk preference would change the curve of the utility function. Besides, Palsson (1996) gave at least two reasons why risk preference could not be neglected in economic analysis. First, risk-averse investors perceived higher price of risk assets. They would reduce any kinds of risk investments. And it cost the slow down of economic growth. Secondly, risk preference would reallocate household resource. Risk-takers were more likely to invest their money in risk assets than their counterparts. In other words, risk preference is a key factor that affects an individual’s investing, saving and borrowing or lending behavior. Due to the important impact of risk preference on consumers’ investing behavior and national economy, the purpose of this study is to investigate empirically the relationship between risk preference and asset allocation by using 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances. The results showed that consumers’ objective risk preference is different from their subjective preference. The determinants of subjective risk preference include age, number of children, homeownship, race, the interaction term of gender and martial status, education, expectation of future economy, expected interest rate, income and net wealth. The factors that significantly affect age, age square, number of children, homeownship, race, the interaction term of gender and martial status, education, employment status, expectation of future economy, income and net wealth.
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Shahtaheri, Yasaman. "A Risk Based Approach to Module Tolerance Specification". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8346.
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This research investigates tolerance strategies for modular systems on a project specific basis. The objective of the proposed research is to form a guideline for optimizing the construction costs/risks with the aim of developing an optimal design of resilient modular systems. The procedures for achieving the research objective included: (a) development of 3D structural analysis models of the modules, (b) strength/stability investigation of the structure, (c) developing the fabrication cost function, (e) checking elastic and inelastic distortion, and (f) constructing the site-fit risk functions. The total site-fit risk function minimizes the cost/risk associated with fabrication, transportation; alignment, rework, and safety, while maximizing stiffness in terms of story drift values for site re-alignment and fitting alternatives. The fabrication cost function was developed by collecting 61 data points for the investigated module chassis using the SAP2000 software while reducing the initial section sizes, in addition to the fabrication costs at each step (61 steps). With the reduction of the structural reinforcement, story drift values increase, therefore there will be a larger distortion in the module. This generic module design procedure models a trade-off between the amount of reinforcement and expected need for significant field alterations. Structural design software packages such as SAP2000, AutoCAD, and Autodesk were used in order to model and test the module chassis. This research hypothesizes that the influential factors in the site-fit risk functions are respectively: fabrication, transportation, alignment, safety, and rework costs/risks. In addition, the site-fit risk function provides a theoretical range of possible solutions for the construction industry. The maximum allowable modular out-of-tolerance value, which requires the minimum amount of cost with respect to the defined function, can be configured using this methodology. This research concludes that over-reinforced or lightly-reinforced designs are not the best solution for mitigating risks, and reducing costs. For this reason the site-fit risk function will provide a range of pareto-optimal building solutions with respect to the fabrication, transportation, safety, alignment, and rework costs/risks.
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Chen, Chun-Yang, i 陳濬暘. "A Study on Risk Tolerance and Investment Decisions". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47119067318973722880.
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碩士世新大學
資訊傳播學研究所(含碩專班)
99
In this study, wealth management and banking from the customer side, through a questionnaire survey to explore the degree to bear the risk of financial products and investment decisions of the associated choice. Research conclusions drawn are: wealth management banking customers in the men's risk tolerance degree than females and more active type of trend growth, investment decisions of men more than females tend to sources of information and investor confidence. The age of 51 years of age, their risk tolerance performance than the age of 31 degrees to 40 years of age tend to more conservative. Married investment decisions tend to invest more than single people motivated. Education in high schools (inclusive), their risk tolerance level of education degree for the Institute than the performance (or more) who tend to be more conservative. Working seniority of more than 26 years, their risk tolerance degree than either work seniority of five years following wealth management banking customers more tend to be conservative, working seniority of 16 to 25 years, their investment decision-making performance than work seniority of five years. The following tend to invest more motivation and confidence of investors. Average annual income of 3,000,001 yuan or more, their investment decisions than the average performance of various dimensions of one million yuan annual income of below trend more significant. Finally, according to the conclusions put forward recommendations to the Bank as wealth management sector, wealth management and banking customers and future researchers of the reference.