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Chang, Chin-Chen, i Pei-Yu Lin. "Adaptive watermark mechanism for rightful ownership protection". Journal of Systems and Software 81, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.036.
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Ruizhen Liu i Tieniu Tan. "An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership". IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 4, nr 1 (marzec 2002): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6046.985560.
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Al-Nu’aimi, Abdallah Al-Tahan. "Using Watermarking Techniques to prove Rightful Ownership of Web Images". International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 6, nr 2 (kwiecień 2011): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitwe.2011040103.
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This article introduces intelligent watermarking scheme to protect Web images from attackers who try to counterfeit the copyright to damage the rightful ownership. Using secret signs and logos that are embedded within the digital images, the technique can investigate technically the ownership claim. Also, the nature of each individual image is taken into consideration which gives more reliable results. The colour channel used was chosen depending on the value of its standard deviation to compromise between robustness and invisibility of the watermarks. Several types of test images, logos, attacks and evaluation metrics were used to examine the performance of the techniques used. Subjective and objective tests were used to check visually and mathematically the solidity and weakness of the used scheme.
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RAWAT, SANJAY, i BALASUBRAMANIAN RAMAN. "A CHAOS-BASED ROBUST WATERMARKING ALGORITHM FOR RIGHTFUL OWNERSHIP PROTECTION". International Journal of Image and Graphics 11, nr 04 (październik 2011): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467811004263.
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Traditional singular value decomposition (SVD)-based watermarking schemes, already exist for watermark embedding on the image as a whole. In this paper, a chaos-based hybrid watermarking scheme that combines the Fourier transform and the SVD is proposed. Instead of modifying the original cover image to embed the watermark, a reference image is formed in the proposed scheme to embed the watermark. The watermark is embedded by modifying the singular values of the reference image. The watermark extraction process is semi-blind, i.e. it does not require the original image. Chaotic map is used to shuffle the pixel positions of the image, which can be used as a secret key to improve the security of the algorithm. The security of the scheme is further strengthened by applying Zig-Zag scan on the watermark before embedding. A series of experiments is conducted to prove the fidelity and robustness property of the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that our scheme is strong enough to resist common image-processing attacks, geometric distortions, and some composite attacks. The results also show that our scheme outperforms related works in most cases.
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Mohammad, Ahmad A., Ali Alhaj i Sameer Shaltaf. "An improved SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership". Signal Processing 88, nr 9 (wrzesień 2008): 2158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2008.02.015.
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Arneson, Richard J. "SELF-OWNERSHIP AND WORLD OWNERSHIP: AGAINST LEFT-LIBERTARIANISM". Social Philosophy and Policy 27, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 168–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052509990070.
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AbstractLeft-libertarianism is a version of Lockean libertarianism that combines the idea that each person is the full rightful owner of herself and the idea that each person should have the right to own a roughly equal amount of the world's resources. This essay argues against left-libertarianism. The specific target is an interesting form of left-libertarianism proposed by Michael Otsuka that is especially stringent in its equal world ownership claim. One criticism advanced is that there is more tension than Otsuka acknowledges between private ownership of self and equal ownership of the world. This emerges once one notices that self-ownership should not be conceived merely in a thin, formal way but also as a thicker substantive insistence on wide individual freedom. A second criticism is that in other respects the formal idea of self-ownership that Otsuka and other left-libertarians embrace is an extreme doctrine that merits rejection.
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Cohen, G. A. "Self-Ownership, World Ownership, and Equality: Part II". Social Philosophy and Policy 3, nr 2 (1986): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500000315.
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1. The present paper is a continuation of my “Self-Ownership, World Ownership, and Equality,” which began with a description of the political philosophy of Robert Nozick. I contended in that essay that the foundational claim of Nozick's philosophy is the thesis of self-ownership, which says that each person is the morally rightful owner of his own person and powers, and, consequently, that each is free (morally speaking) to use those powers as he wishes, provided that he does not deploy them aggressively against others. To be sure, he may not harm others, and he may, if necessary, be forced not to harm them, but he should never be forced to help them, as people are in fact forced to help others, according to Nozick, by redistributive taxation. (Nozick recognizes that an unhelping person may qualify as unpleasant or even, under certain conditions, as immoral. The self-ownership thesis says that people should be free to live their lives as they choose, but it does not say that how they choose to live them is beyond criticism.)
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Xiao-Ping Zhang i Kan Li. "Comments on "An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful Ownership"". IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 7, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2005.843357.
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Rykaczewski, R. "Comments on “An SVD-Based Watermarking Scheme for Protecting Rightful Ownership”". IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 9, nr 2 (luty 2007): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2006.886297.
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Lin, Phen-Lan. "Digital watermarking models for resolving rightful ownership and authenticating legitimate customer". Journal of Systems and Software 55, nr 3 (styczeń 2001): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0164-1212(00)00075-3.
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Qiao, Lintian, i Klara Nahrstedt. "Watermarking Schemes and Protocols for Protecting Rightful Ownership and Customer's Rights". Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 9, nr 3 (wrzesień 1998): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvci.1998.0391.
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Ansari, Irshad Ahmad, Millie Pant i Chang Wook Ahn. "ABC optimized secured image watermarking scheme to find out the rightful ownership". Optik 127, nr 14 (lipiec 2016): 5711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.03.070.
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Pandey, Punit, Shishir Kumar i Satish K. Singh. "Rightful ownership through image adaptive DWT-SVD watermarking algorithm and perceptual tweaking". Multimedia Tools and Applications 72, nr 1 (27.02.2013): 723–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1375-2.
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Rani, Asha, Balasubramanian Raman i Sanjeev Kumar. "A robust watermarking scheme exploiting balanced neural tree for rightful ownership protection". Multimedia Tools and Applications 72, nr 3 (7.06.2013): 2225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1528-3.
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Vlahek, Ana, i Matija Damjan. "The Uncompleted Privatization of Functional Land in Slovenia and Attempts at its Re-nationalization". Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, nr 4 (18.12.2020): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfub_20402a.
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The article discusses the unsettled ownership status of many tracts of urban land in Slovenian cities that persists as a consequence of the disorderly transition from the socialist into the market institutional environment. Problems arising from the privatization of real estate, which can be detected all over the former Yugoslavia, typically affect functional land, i.e. land directly intended for the regular use and functioning of a building. Frequently, the land register does not show the rightful ownership status of such plots, leading to disputes and lengthy court proceedings for the determination of ownership. This is particularly the case with shared outdoor parts of residential neighborhoods, which are often subject to unfounded ownership claims based on obsolete entries in the land register. Even some municipal authorities have attempted to bring such land into public domain under this pretense, which would, if successful, amount to a 21st-century nationalization.
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Lindani Nkosi, Sphamandla, Sogo Angel Olofinbiyi, Liso Nobanda i Shanta Balgobind Singh. "On the crisis of land reform in South Africa : from rightful ownership to criminality". Journal of Nation-building & Policy Studies v4, nr 1 (29.06.2020): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2516-3132/2020/v4n1a4.
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Singh, Priyanka, i Balasubramanian Raman. "A secured robust watermarking scheme based on majority voting concept for rightful ownership assertion". Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, nr 20 (28.10.2016): 21497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4006-x.
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Singh, Priyanka, i Balasubramanian Raman. "Reversible data hiding for rightful ownership assertion of images in encrypted domain over cloud". AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 76 (czerwiec 2017): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.03.005.
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Fleischacker, Sam. "OWNING LAND VERSUS GOVERNING A LAND: PROPERTY, SOVEREIGNTY, AND NATIONALISM". Social Philosophy and Policy 30, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2013): 373–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052513000186.
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AbstractThis essay attempts to clarify the distinction between property and sovereignty, and to bring out the importance of that distinction to a liberal nationalism. Beginning with common intuitions about what distinguishes our rights to our possessions from the state's rightful governance over us, it proceeds to explore some historical sources of these intuitions, and the importance of a sharp distinction between ownership and governance to the rise of liberalism. From here, the essay moves into an exploration of group ownership, and the ways in which group ownership can in practice turn into an illiberal kind of sovereignty The point is to shed new light on problems that nationalist states — states purporting to represent or foster a particular group identity — characteristically face. Examples of these problems, from the Israel/Palestine conflict, are put forth in the conclusion.
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Soppari. Kavitha, T Sri Vinay, G Sai Teja i P H Rohith. "Dynamically selected watermark insertion using machine learning". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, nr 3 (30.06.2023): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1078.
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Watermarking is a process of embedding one image into another image, used to protect the image from copyright infringement; the main aim of this watermarking is to provide ownership assertion- only rightful owner can extract the watermark from image to prove the ownership. Day-to-day the attacks on digital content (like images) are increasing, but still the same traditional watermarking process is used to for content protection. In traditional watermark embedding process static watermarks are used at the source which may lead to compromise of algorithm. To avoid this, in this paper a very new way of watermarking is introduced with the help of object detection, along with the concept of content-related watermarking by dynamically selecting the watermark image.
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Kharisma, Bintang Ulya. "OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TRANSFER OF OFFICIAL RESIDENCE LAND". Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, nr 1 (25.04.2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v4i1.2591.
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In a legal state, land has a very important role in human life. It can determine the existence and the sustainability of legal actions. In its development, the government or private sector companies provide Official Residences to their employees, or what may be called a state house. Based on the law, the Official Residence is a building owned by the state, and functions as a residence or a dwelling. It serves as a developmental facility for families and supports the job implementation of officials and/or government employees. The humans’ need for land as a place of dwelling may cause conflicts regarding the provision of the Official Residence. The method used in this research is the juridical-normative method. It uses secondary data. The ownership rights transfer of the Official Residence to private sectors may happen without violation of the constitution, as it is regulated in the Presidential Decree No. 11 of 2008 which states that the tenant may own the Official Residence with some conditions. For example, the house must be an Official Residence Group III. The rightful tenant must file a request to its related Department. Then, the tenant and the related department create a Lease Agreement. After the tenant settles the debt, he/she may own the house.
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Timmerman, Nicholas A. "Contested Indigenous Landscapes: Indian Mounds and the Political Creation of the Mythical “Mound Builder” Race". Ethnohistory 67, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-7888741.
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Abstract Between 1790 and 1840, a constructed belief system arose arguing that the numerous Indian mounds were constructed by a separate, more “civilized” “Mound Builder” race. The multiple Mound Builder myths corresponded with a rising nationalism and romanticism in the United States that posited an ancient connection to the Old World. These myths reflected contemporary racial perceptions of American Indians, thus denying American Indian’s ownership of the land and their rightful place in history. Furthermore, the histories of the mounds serve as a modern-day warning against nationalism and pseudo-history for political purposes.
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SUMMERS, CAROL. "‘SUBTERRANEAN EVIL’ AND ‘TUMULTUOUS RIOT’ IN BUGANDA: AUTHORITY AND ALIENATION AT KING'S COLLEGE, BUDO, 1942". Journal of African History 47, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370500085x.
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Staff petitions, sexual and disciplinary scandal and open riot pushed Buganda's leaders to close Budo College on the eve of Kabaka (King) Muteesa II's coronation. The upheaval at the school included a teachers' council that proclaimed ownership of the school, student leaders who manipulated the headmaster through scandal and school clubs and associations that celebrated affiliation over discipline. Instead of enacting and celebrating imperial partnership and order in complex, well-choreographed coronation rituals, the school's disruption delineated the fractures and struggles over rightful authority, order and patronage within colonial Buganda, marking out a future of tumultuous political transition.
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Olsthoorn, Johan. "SELF-OWNERSHIP AND DESPOTISM: LOCKE ON PROPERTY IN THE PERSON, DIVINE DOMINIUM OF HUMAN LIFE, AND RIGHTS-FORFEITURE". Social Philosophy and Policy 36, nr 2 (2019): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052519000438.
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Abstract:This essay explores the meaning and normative significance of Locke’s depiction of individuals as proprietors of their own person. I begin by reconsidering the long-standing puzzle concerning Locke’s simultaneous endorsement of divine proprietorship and self-ownership. Befuddlement vanishes, I contend, once we reject concurrent ownership in the same object: while God fully owns our lives, humans are initially sole proprietors of their own person. (Our property rights in our life and body are restricted to possession, use, and usufruct.) Locke employs two conceptions of “personhood”: as expressing legal independence vis-à-vis humans and moral accountability vis-à-vis God. Humans own their person in the first sense. As original proprietors of their own person, individuals are entitled to subject themselves to self-chosen authorities, thereby incurring obligations of obedience. But they may not choose just any authority. Divine ownership of human life delimits personal self-ownership by restricting the ways in which humans can dispose of their persons: we cannot possibly consensually subject ourselves to absolute and arbitrary power. Locke’s rights-forfeiture theory for crime makes slavery and despotism nonetheless potentially rightful conditions. I argue that, paradoxically, divine dominium of human life underpins both the impermissibility of voluntary enslavement and the justifiability of penal slavery. My analysis helps explain why modern Lockean theories of self-ownership that reject Locke’s theological premises have adopted an ambiguous stance toward despotic rule.
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Suchy, Jonasz. "Czy prawo własności nieruchomości w Polsce jest nadal prawem własności?" Ekonomia 25, nr 3 (15.11.2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.25.3.5.
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Is legal estate in land still legal according to Polish law?The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of implementing Murray Rothbard’s concept of absolute property right in Polish civil procedure. The historical background of this reflection is the time of dispossessions and the policies undertaken by the Polish communist government toward rightful owners of immovable property living in post-war Warsaw. The process of dispossessions was based on the edict imposed by the president of Poland at that time, Bolesław Bierut. Therefore, another aim of the study is to examine the results of Bierut’s edict, including its substantive and procedural legal effects. Furthermore, the article has shown the advantages of primal ownership rule as a fundamental and arbitrary title to being an owner of real estate as the non-aggression principle would be restored. By taking these assumptions under consideration, the author wants to highlight that the undertaken dispossessions were lawless in the normative as well as ethical view. The logical consequence of the abovementioned philosophy is the thesis that the attitude toward this issue of recent Polish governments, which have not done anything to enable legal owners to get their ownerships back from the state, could not be tolerated as it was also unlawful. Moreover, if the Polish government had acted according to the law, the rightful owners of dispossessed legal estate would have received a convenient way to regain their property as well an opportunity to demand payment and compensation.By referring to the concept of absolute property right, the author wishes to indicate that each act of dispossession undertaken by using governmental force was unlawful as it could not be justified by ethical rules of natural law. It has also been concluded that it would be worth deliberating the implementation into Polish civil procedure of an institution which would allow owners who had lost their ownership to regain their right to property. Such proceedings would remain valid not just inter partes between the parties but also erga omnes toward all.The article is also supplemented with a reflection of the economic effects of Bierut’s edict while taking into consideration the policy’s influence upon the possibility of conducting a rational economic calculation.
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Mushore, Washington. "THE REPORTAGE OF LAND AND OWNERSHIP IN SELECTED PRIVATE MEDIA IN ZIMBABWE". Latin American Report 30, nr 2 (20.07.2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1238.
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The aim of this article is to scrutinise how the concepts of land and land ownership were discussed in the private media in Zimbabwe during the Zimbabwe land reform exercise – dubbed ‘the third Chimurenga’ that took place in the period 2000–2008. Using textual analysis, the articles argues that ownership of land, according to the so called ‘private or independent’ newspapers in Zimbabwe was supposed to be accorded to the farmer or person, regardless of the racial bias, who was more productive on the land and who was contributing more to the economic well-being of the nation (Zimbabwe). Accordingly, the private newspapers in Zimbabwe regarded land as belonging to, or as the rightful property of the white commercial farmers/settlers because they perceived them to be more productive on the land than the native people of Zimbabwe who were ultimately seen and labelled as invaders on the so-called white commercial farms. In order to substantiate the above claims and arguments, a number of The Daily News stories of the period were purposively sampled and are used as examples.
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Aziz, Atif. "Artificial Intelligence Produced Original Work: A New Approach to Copyright Protection and Ownership". European Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 2, nr 2 (16.03.2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejai.2023.2.2.15.
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The journey of copyright protection that started with the printing press in the 16th century entered a new era of challenges with the technological advancement of the 21st century. Copyright has rights and enforcement that are grounded in legislative enactments. This paper advocates that A. I.-produced work is original and deserves copyright protection. Artificial Intelligence (A. I.) has emerged as a powerful technology that has enabled the creation and assimilation of new and unique authorship. The amount of work that A. I. is producing in the fields of science, medicine, art, law, and literature is increasing dramatically. This paper addresses the question of why A. I. generated work deserves copyright protection and how it correlates with its ownership. A comparative analysis of the existing copyright laws in various jurisdictions is examined. A rundown of current challenges of digital copyright and future developments are discussed. The paper presents the idea of legal personhood and how it correlates with copyright work ownership. Five traditional ownership options are compared and considered. A hybrid ownership model that gives legal personality to the artificial intelligence (AI) system, its programmer, user, and the company under the umbrella of a legal entity like artificial personality (AiLE) is proposed. In most jurisdictions, legislative changes are required to address and provide a new foundation for copyright protection and ownership of AI. -produced original work. Hence, the need to address the current challenges of digital copyright and its rightful owner is essential in unleashing the true potential and further development of A. I.
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Afnan Arummi, Yudi Adistiro,. "CHARF LĀM DALAM CERPEN AʻŪDZU BIKA MINKA KARYA ICHSĀN ʻABDUAL-QUDDŪS (KAJIAN SINTAKSIS)". Jurnal CMES 10, nr 1 (27.03.2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.10.1.19860.
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<p>This research was conducted to describe the function of "particle lām" attached word class as content syntax function and to know the meanings of appearing in the sentence. This research was done by three steps, such as :1) providing data step by using see note method .2) analysis data step by using devide direct subtance (BUL). 3) Presentation the result of analysis data step by using formal method. According to result of the reseach could be conclused that there were 107 "charf lam" by detail of 61 adhere in noun and 46 data adhere in verb.This reseach was described two materials: 1) the functionparticle lām attached word class as content syntax function in sentence such as : predicate, objective, and adverb. 2) the meanings particle lām such as : a) affirmation, reinforcement, rightful authority, ownership autentic, ownership something that abstract characteristic, the reason, the answering, delivery, the processing become, receiving autentic, receiving something that abstract characteristic, far, transitive, meaning particle ʿalā, meaning particle ilā, meaning particle min.</p>
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Smith, Emiline, Rucitarahma Ristiawan i Tular Sudarmadi. "Protection and Repatriation of Cultural Heritage – Country Report: Indonesia". Santander Art and Culture Law Review 8, nr 2 (18.04.2023): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.025.17038.
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This article provides a broad overview of Indonesia’s current post-independence legislation and practice with respect to cultural heritage protection and repatriation. We highlight several challenges that hamper the effective implementation and enforcement of this framework, particularly in relation to repatriation processes of foreign-held cultural objects. We furthermore explore how the State-centric discourse that surrounds Indonesia’s cultural heritage protection and repatriation policies impede locally-led activism related to cultural heritage, particularly in relation to value production and sense of ownership. Overall, we highlight the importance of co-creation in knowledge production processes and crime-prevention methods concerning cultural heritage to maximize effectiveness. Agency, access, and ownership were violently removed through the colonial looting of Indonesian cultural heritage, so the first step towards restorative justice should be reinstating this to the communities of origin, or to the Indonesian government when the rightful origin community cannot be identified. This concerns not only the cultural objects themselves, but also their digital and physical lives, i.e. the knowledge and expertise created based on these objects.
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Hirsch, Sandra. "THE COLORFUL WORLD OF PUBLIC HOUSES. OWNERSHIP, CLIENTELE AND LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES IN 18th CENTURY TIMIŞOARA". Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, nr 2 (2.01.2020): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.337.349.
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Timişoara became a rightful provincial capital of an Austrian domain during the 18th Century. In this period an important number of citizens chose to build and run inns or taverns as landlords or just as leaseholders. The archive documents from Timişoara put together the puzzle pieces that recreate the stories of old public houses; they also contain information regarding all sorts of activities connected to the microcosm of taverns. Therefore the aim of this paper is to discover who the owners of inns were, why did they choose this trade and what was their place in Timişoara’s society. The clientele, less highlighted in documents, also plays a role through the choices of spending their leisure time in such places, through activities they fancied: music, gambling, billiards, bowling and the products they ordered for consumption. All these aspects enable us to shed light one of the most vivid parts of 18th century urban life.
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Jecker, Nancy S., i Caesar A. Atuire. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines". Journal of Medical Ethics 47, nr 9 (7.07.2021): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107555.
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This paper gives an ethical argument for temporarily waiving intellectual property (IP) protections for COVID-19 vaccines. It examines two proposals under discussion at the World Trade Organization (WTO): the India/South Africa proposal and the WTO Director General proposal. Section I explains the background leading up to the WTO debate. Section II rebuts ethical arguments for retaining current IP protections, which appeal to benefiting society by spurring innovation and protecting rightful ownership. It sets forth positive ethical arguments for a temporary waiver that appeal to standing in solidarity and holding companies accountable. After examining built-in exceptions to existing agreements and finding them inadequate, the paper replies to objections to a temporary waiver and concludes, in section III, that the ethical argument for temporarily waiving IP protection for COVID-19 vaccines is strong.
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Mintah, Kwabena, Kingsley Tetteh Baako, Godwin Kavaarpuo i Gideon Kwame Otchere. "Skin lands in Ghana and application of blockchain technology for acquisition and title registration". Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law 12, nr 2 (4.05.2020): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jppel-12-2019-0062.
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Purpose The land sector in Ghana, particularly skin lands acquisition and title registration are fraught with several issues including unreliable record-keeping systems and land encroachments. The paper explores the potential of blockchain application in skin lands acquisition and title registration in Ghana with the aim of developing a blockchain-enabled framework for land acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to use the framework as a tool towards solving some of the loopholes in the process that leads to numerous issues bedeviling the current system. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a systematic literature review approach fused with informal discussions with key informants and leverages on the researchers’ own experiences to conceptualize blockchain application in skin lands acquisition in Ghana. Findings Problems bedeviling skin lands acquisition and title registration emanated from the issuance of allocation notes, payment of kola money and use of a physical ledger to document land transactions. As a result, the developed framework was designed to respond to these issues and deal with the problems. As the proposed blockchain framework would be a public register, it was argued that information on all transactions on a specific parcel of land could be available to the public in real-time. This enhances transparency and possibly resolves the issue of encroachments and indeterminate land boundaries because stakeholders can determine rightful owners of land parcels before initiating transactions. Practical implications Practically, blockchain technology has the potential to deal with the numerous issues affecting the smooth operation of skin lands acquisition and title registration in Ghana. Once the enumerated issues are resolved, there will be certainty of title to and ownership of land and property to drive investments because lenders could more easily ascertain owners of land parcels that could be used as collateral for securing loans. Similarly, property developers and land purchasers could easily identify rightful owners for land transactions. The government would be able to identify owners for land and property taxation. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on blockchain and application to land acquisition and title registration with a focus on a specific customary land ownership system.
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Roemer, John E. "A Challenge to Neo-Lockeanism". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 18, nr 4 (grudzień 1988): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1988.10717198.
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The neo-Lockean justification of the highly unequal distribution of income in capitalist societies is based upon two key premises: that people are the rightful owners of their labor and talents, and that the external world was, in the state of nature, unowned, and therefore up for grabs by people, who could rightfully appropriate parts of it subject to a ‘Lockean proviso.’ The argument is presented by Nozick. Counter-proposals to Nozick’s, for the most part, have either denied the premise that people should morally be viewed as the owners of their talents, or have challenged Nozick’s Lockean proviso.Rawls, and to a more limited extent Ronald Dworkin, deny self-ownership. As Rawls writes: ‘…the difference principle represents, in effect, an agreement to regard the distribution of natural talents as a common asset … The naturally advantaged are not to gain merely because they are more gifted, but only to cover the costs of training and education and for using their endowments in ways that help the less fortunate as well. No one deserves his greater natural capacity nor merits a more favorable starting place in society.’ Behind the Rawlsian veil of ignorance, those who deliberate about justice are deprived of knowledge about characteristics whose distribution is morally arbitrary. In Dworkin’s proposal for resource egalitarianism, agents calculate the insurance policy they would hypothetically ask for, were they denied knowledge of what talents they will draw in the birth lottery. Compensation for unequal talents is, according to Dworkin, properly made by taxing and transferring income according to the way it would have been distributed as a consequence of such insurance. Dworkin’s veil of ignorance is thin, because agents in the appropriate posture for deliberating about income distribution know their preferences and attitudes toward risk, but not their talents. For both Rawls and Dworkin, the self-ownership premise is challenged by constructing a veil of ignorance in which people are deprived of knowledge of certain personal characteristics, knowledge of which would bias their opinions, from a moral viewpoint.
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Paye, Michael. "Beyond a Capitalist Atlantic: Fish, Fuel, and the Collapse of Cheap Nature in Ireland, Newfoundland, and Nigeria". Irish University Review 49, nr 1 (maj 2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2019.0384.
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Irish director Risteard O'Domhnaill's 2010 film, The Pipe, documents the battle of a small Mayo community against the Corrib gas pipeline project, following a number of local residents in their eight-year struggle against state-sponsored and corporate violence. In his next major production, Atlantic (2016), a comparative documentary of fishing and fossil-fuel industries in Ireland, Newfoundland, and Norway, O'Domhnaill retreats from the possible anti-systematicity of the Rossport struggle, taking a reformist, nationalist attitude to the question of oil and fish extraction. In this article, I will demonstrate how O'Domhnaill naturalizes this mobilization and ‘cheapening’ through a vocabulary of rightful ownership and human-centric dominance. Using world-ecological and energy humanities theories, I will then demonstrate that numerous other contemporary depictions of life and labour at the fish and oil frontiers, across the Global North and South, articulate how systemic contradiction materializes as environmental violence, focusing on works by Irish author Mike McCormack, Canadian author Lisa Moore, and Nigerian author Nnedi Okorafor.
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McKenna, Rebecca Tinio. "Igorot Squatters and Indian Wards: Toward an Intra-imperial History of Land Dispossession". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, nr 2 (8.03.2019): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000683.
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AbstractThis essay considers two land disputes that took place in the first decade of U.S. rule in the Philippines and that reached the U.S. Supreme Court:Cariño v. Insular Government(1909) andReavis v. Fianza(1909). In arguing their cases, litigants were forced to reckon with the property rights regime of the former Spanish empire. In this regard, the cases affirm the import of inter-imperial frameworks for understanding colonial problems of land ownership and sovereignty. When arguing over the rightful owners of Philippine lands, parties to these cases also drew on the history and legal bases of land dispossession and settler colonialism in the American West. Further, in later decades, the arguments made in one of these cases would figure into legal conflicts over Native American lands. These cases thus suggest the value of also examining intra-imperial relationships, the emphasis of this essay. They demonstrate how histories and legal structures of settler-driven “expansion” and extra-continental colonialism informed, even constituted, each other.
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Rangelova, Rossitsa, i Katia Vladimirova. "Long-term retrospective development of agriculture in Bulgaria, 1934–1989". Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 2, nr 4 (18.12.2016): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2016.02.04.02.
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The reform of agricultural land was one of the primary tasks during the transition from centrally planned to market economy in Bulgaria. The only undoubted point was the necessity of land restitution. It was without a doubt important to return the land to its rightful owners, the so called restitution. Both politicians and theoreticians were caught off guard in the face of the much needed radical reforms. The former is the main reason rendering some of the laws voted by the Bulgarian Parliament, including Law on Ownership and Use of the Farmland (1991) inefficient. The paper is aimed at outlining the main features of the long-term agricultural development in Bulgaria throughout the 20th century, namely before and during WWII as well as the period of centrally planned economy leading up to 1989. The historical overview is employed a background for the purpose of outlining preconditions for the following process of transition once again of agriculture to market economy type.
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Rosen, Deborah A. "Acoma v. Laguna and the Transition from Spanish Colonial Law to American Civil Procedure in New Mexico". Law and History Review 19, nr 3 (2001): 513–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744272.
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Less than two years after the United States occupied New Mexico, Acoma Pueblo accused its neighbors in Laguna Pueblo of misappropriating a painting of Saint Joseph. The Indians of Acoma claimed that they had loaned the picture to the pueblo of Laguna for the purpose of celebrating Holy Week, but Laguna had subsequently refused to return it. The large oil painting on canvas, which portrayed the standing figure of Joseph holding the baby Jesus, was said to have been sent to New Mexico by Carlos II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700. Both pueblos claimed rightful ownership of the picture, both said that missionaries with the early Spanish conquerors had brought them the oil painting from Spain, and both asserted that the painting was necessary for their religious worship. It was believed that the painting of Saint Joseph, or San José, as he was referred to throughout the legal documents, worked miracles for its possessor. Most important to the pueblos was the belief that the painting brought life-sustaining rain to the parched agricultural lands that provided their main source of food.
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Akhtar, Zia. "Restorative Justice". Global Journal of Comparative Law 2, nr 1 (2013): 60–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00201003.
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The nominal sovereignty that the indigenous tribes exercise in the US is further constrained by the federal government exercising the powers of trustee and restricting their rights of alienation over lands. The plenary authority of Congress allows the enactment of all laws impacting on Indians that the federal government deems necessary. It is of overriding effect and has led to the emergence of a land law theory that preserves the power of preemption over the tribal nations. This legal framework dates back to the Marshall doctrine and the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act 1790. The issue is: can there be a reversal of the extinguished title for the indigenous peoples and an assertion of their original claim to rightful ownership? This article compares the land theory that prevails in the US with the developments that have taken place in common law countries, such as Canada and Australia, and concludes that there needs to be an affirmation of the principle of a right in land for the Native people rather than them being ‘tenants at will’ of the federal government.
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Santoyo-Garcia, Hector, Eduardo Fragoso-Navarro, Rogelio Reyes-Reyes, Clara Cruz-Ramos i Mariko Nakano-Miyatake. "Visible Watermarking Technique Based on Human Visual System for Single Sensor Digital Cameras". Security and Communication Networks 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7903198.
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In this paper we propose a visible watermarking algorithm, in which a visible watermark is embedded into the Bayer Colour Filter Array (CFA) domain. The Bayer CFA is the most common raw image representation for images captured by single sensor digital cameras equipped in almost all mobile devices. In proposed scheme, the captured image is watermarked before it is compressed and stored in the storage system. Then this method enforces the rightful ownership of the watermarked image, since there is no other version of the image rather than the watermarked one. We also take into consideration the Human Visual System (HVS) so that the proposed technique provides desired characteristics of a visible watermarking scheme, such that the embedded watermark is sufficiently perceptible and at same time not obtrusive in colour and grey-scale images. Unlike other Bayer CFA domain visible watermarking algorithms, in which only binary watermark pattern is supported, proposed watermarking algorithm allows grey-scale and colour images as watermark patterns. It is suitable for advertisement purpose, such as digital library and e-commerce, besides copyright protection.
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Ali, Musrrat, Chang Wook Ahn, Millie Pant i Patrick Siarry. "A Reliable Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Redistributed Image Normalization and SVD". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3263587.
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Digital image watermarking is the process of concealing secret information in a digital image for protecting its rightful ownership. Most of the existing block based singular value decomposition (SVD) digital watermarking schemes are not robust to geometric distortions, such as rotation in an integer multiple of ninety degree and image flipping, which change the locations of the pixels but don’t make any changes to the pixel’s intensity of the image. Also, the schemes have used a constant scaling factor to give the same weightage to the coefficients of different magnitudes that results in visible distortion in some regions of the watermarked image. Therefore, to overcome the problems mentioned here, this paper proposes a novel image watermarking scheme by incorporating the concepts of redistributed image normalization and variable scaling factor depending on the coefficient’s magnitude to be embedded. Furthermore, to enhance the security and robustness the watermark is shuffled by using the piecewise linear chaotic map before the embedding. To investigate the robustness of the scheme several attacks are applied to seriously distort the watermarked image. Empirical analysis of the results has demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
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Simic, Vedran, i André Liem. "THE SHARING ECONOMY'S SUCCESS: ADVANTAGES, DRAWBACKS, AND APPLICATIONS". Proceedings of the Design Society 3 (19.06.2023): 3493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.350.
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AbstractThe emergence of intermediary platforms created networks that facilitate peer-to-peer interactions, as well as encourage the sharing of goods and services within the context of collaborative consumption and cost saving. This article sets out to inspect “why the sharing economy is so successful” and provide a critical viewpoint on the topic's essential ideas, while also taking a perspective on the advantages and disadvantages that affect the end users. A literature review paired with case studies of Airbnb, Uber, and other applications of the shared economy, looks upon how despite their rapid market growth in the past decade and public approval, such platforms caused disruptions to the markets they operate in. Results indicate that by being involved as a part of the collaborative consumption ecosystem, either as a provider or a user, the absence of personal ownership is key, while the utilisation of the product needs to be maximised to result in a pleasant experience. However, it is critical that the development of these platforms which thrive on connecting people stays closely monitored by regulatory bodies, and that the legislation needed for prevention of unethical practices follows quickly enough to ensure rightful operation.
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del Barrio Alvarez, Daniel, i Masahiro Sugiyama. "A SWOT Analysis of Utility-Scale Solar in Myanmar". Energies 13, nr 4 (17.02.2020): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040884.
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Myanmar remains one of the few exceptions to the rapid diffusion of solar photovoltaics (PV) in power generation mixes. This is surprising considering that Myanmar is one of the countries with the largest technical potential for solar energy among Southeast Asian nations. Solar energy can complement the existing hydropower generation to address endemic energy crisis during the dry season. A continuation of paralysis on investments in solar energy could affect the security and sustainability of the sector in one of the most rapidly growing countries in the region. In this paper, we aimed to identify the barriers preventing solar energy to flourish in Myanmar and to identify policy options to unlock them. We conducted a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis with inputs from relevant stakeholders from the government, private sector, and civil society organizations. Our analysis suggested a consensus on the merits of solar energy among all factors; however, a policy framework to spur investments that contribute both to the national energy system and local development needs to be developed by considering some particularities of Myanmar, such as securing rightful land ownership and limited experience with market mechanisms (e.g., energy auction), for the promotion of investments in the energy sector.
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Dutta, Dr Debaleena. "From Text to Screen: Assessing SHREK through the lens of Barthes’ Narrative Functionalities and Eckart Voigt’s Metadaption". YMER Digital 21, nr 04 (20.04.2022): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.04/31.
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The debate between fidelity discourse and cinematic interpretation has been a long one, wherein critics of each side have battled over the question of rightful ownership over adaptation studies since its time of inception. The production and reception of adapted films have always suffered an anxiety of influence: their merit was often judged through hierarchical comparisons with the source-text. Of late, critics like Thomas Leitch, Eckart Voigts-Virchow and Linda Hutcheon have pointed towards the prospect of adaptedscreenplay being considered as an intermedial, intertextual work that claim artistic merit quite independently of its source text. Drawing upon the concept of narrative functionalities of Roland Barthes, Brian MacFarlene has argued that the on-screen narrative must re-invent the source-text to ply along the multimodal media of cinema. In fact, the prospect of multimodal representation itself gestates a feature of metadaptation—a term coined by Eckart Voigts, wherein the onscreen narrative has to draw upon intertextual and intermedial references, alongside self-reflexivity and subversion, to overcome the anxiety of influence and become a heuristic success among the audience. The present paper seeks to discuss the movie Shrek (2001) vis-à-vis its namesake source-text Shrek! (1990) by William Steig, in terms of narrative functionalities and metadaptive features, which, arguably, has contributed to it becoming a landmark in the tradition of fairy-tale cinema.
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Rohmati, Ulfa. "Kekuatan Pembuktian Sertifikat Hak Atas Tanah Sebagai Bukti Kepemilikan Objek Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum". Jurnal Kajian Konstitusi 1, nr 2 (15.12.2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jkk.v1i2.25959.
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ABSTRACT: Inconsistency between Article 41 paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest and Article 19 paragraph (2) letter c of Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles in conjunction with Article 32 of Regulation Government Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. Article 19 paragraph (2) letter c of the UUPA in conjunction with Article 32 of PP Number 24 of 1997 which states that the certificate is valid as a strong evidence. Meanwhile, Article 41 paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 2012 explains that the certificate is valid as a means of absolute proof and cannot be contested in the future. The sentence “inviolability in the future raises the perception that Article 41 will give birth to injustice for third parties if he is the rightful owner of the plot of land that is used as the object of land acquisition. This study aims to determine the suitability of the law on land acquisition for development in the public interest with the land registration system in Indonesia and the legal consequences if there are parties who object to proof of ownership of land acquisition objects for development in the public interest. The method used in this research is normative juridical using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The method of collecting legal materials is through literature study with deductive analysis. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the law on land acquisition for development in the public interest is not in accordance with the land registration system in Indonesia which causes if there are parties who object to the certificate as proof of ownership of the object of land acquisition, then that party will lose their land rights along with compensation. losses on the implementation of land acquisition if the objecting party can provide other evidence that can weaken the strength of proof of the certificate.
KEYWORDS: certificate, land registration, land acquisition
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Antikowati, Antikowati, Ulfa Rohmati i Andika Putra Eskanugraha. "Kekuatan Pembuktian Sertipikat Hak Atas Tanah Sebagai Bukti Kepemilikan Objek Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum". Jurnal Kajian Konstitusi 2, nr 2 (1.12.2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jkk.v2i2.33970.
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Inconsistency between Article 41 paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest and Article 19 paragraph (2) letter c of Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles in conjunction with Article 32 of Regulation Government Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. Article 19 paragraph (2) letter c of the UUPA in conjunction with Article 32 of PP Number 24 of 1997 which states that the certificate is valid as a strong evidence. Meanwhile, Article 41 paragraph (3) of Law Number 2 of 2012 explains that the certificate is valid as a means of absolute proof and cannot be contested in the future. The sentence “inviolability in the future raises the perception that Article 41 will give birth to injustice for third parties if he is the rightful owner of the plot of land that is used as the object of land acquisition. This study aims to determine the suitability of the law on land acquisition for development in the public interest with the land registration system in Indonesia and the legal consequences if there are parties who object to proof of ownership of land acquisition objects for development in the public interest. The method used in this research is normative juridical using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The method of collecting legal materials is through literature study with deductive analysis. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the law on land acquisition for development in the public interest is not in accordance with the land registration system in Indonesia which causes if there are parties who object to the certificate as proof of ownership of the object of land acquisition, then that party will lose their land rights along with compensation. losses on the implementation of land acquisition if the objecting party can provide other evidence that can weaken the strength of proof of the certificate.
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Bahar, Ujang. "PERMASALAHAN PEMBAYARAN GANTI RUGI PENGADAAN TANAH BAGI PELAKSANAAN PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK KEPENTINGAN UMUM". Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 38, nr 1 (3.03.2008): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol38.no1.166.
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AbstrakThis paper discusses the issues related to land acquisition for the purpose ofbuilding public infrastructure. The land acquisition is carried out by theMinistry of government institution/Agency/Work Unit and funded by theNational or Regional State Budget pursuant to the Presidential RegulationNo. 36/2005 dtd. 3 May 2005 which is revised in Pressidential RegulationNo. 65/2006. The common problem arising is the prolonged land-valuerelated disagreement between the party employing the land acquisition andthe local community or individuals in possession of the land ownershiprights. Often are prices set by landowners far beyond the reasonable ceiling,while fund allocated for the land clearance is very limited. If after manyconsultations an agreement on price cannot be reached, the employer of theland acquisition will determine the form and amount of the compensationpayment and delegate its disbursement to the District Court (Consignment)with jurisdiction covering the land is dispute. This consignment institution isnot legally acknowledged and is contradictory to the state expendituremechanism, which requires public expenditure to be made against legitimatedocuments and proofs for its proper as well as rightful usage. Thedisbursement mechanism of payment made available from the National StateBudget, in particular the payment related to compensation of landacquisition Jar the purpose oj public infrastructure project, requires it to bemade directly to the bearer oj the land ownership rights after the land hasbeen declared as cleared. The receipt oj consignment made to the Courtcannot be considered as a legitimate proof or public expenditure
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Susantio, Catherine, Velliana Tanaya i Cassey Regina Salamintargo. "LAND GRABBING AS UNLAWFUL ACT". Law Review, nr 1 (12.07.2022): 078. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/lr.v0i1.5100.
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<p>Land cases in Indonesia are one of the most common types of cases in Indonesia. The forms of land cases that often arise are related to land grabbing, namely illegal taking of land belonging to other party. An example of a land grabbing case can be seen in the Supreme Court Decision Number 1071 K/PDT/2020 where the Plaintiff is the rightful owner of a piece of land with property rights in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province as proven by the Certificate of Ownership, but then Defendant I came to take the land belonging to the Plaintiff by constructing a building on the land without a permit and refusing to move even though it has been given a warning, so that the Plaintiff feels aggrieved. Therefore, the author intends to find out how an act can be classified as against the law and what kind of compensation arrangements are in accordance with applicable regulations. The research method used is normative legal research method and the approach used is law approach and case approach. The results showed that land grabbing done by Defendant I could be classified as an act against the law because all the elements had been fulfilled; while related to losses due to unlawful acts in the form of land grabbing, the most appropriate compensation is the return of the Plaintiff’s condition to its original state.</p>
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V, Varshad, i Vinay Prasad M. S. "A Web Application for Drug Traceability in Healthcare System using Blockchain". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 8 (31.08.2022): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46221.
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Abstract: In current situation, we come across various problems in pharmaceutical supply chain in India which can be solved with different ideas. Since a drug’s ownership changes from manufacturer to distributor and then to the pharmacist before reaching the customer . The manufacturers don’t know how their drug is being used. At the same time, consumers don’t know whether the drug has come from the rightful source including inaccurate information, lack of transparency and limited data provenance. It is difficult to detect counterfeits because these drugs pass through different complex distributed networks, thus forming opportunities for counterfeits to enter the authentic supply chain. Most existing track and trace systems are centralized leading to data privacy, transparency and authenticity issues in healthcare supply chains. In this project work, an end-to-end drug tracking system across the pharmaceutical supply chain is built as a Web Application. It attempts to prevent drug counterfeiting, add traceability, security, and visibility to the pharmaceutical supply chain using Blockchain technology and AWS S3 service. The system guarantees data provenance, eliminates the need for intermediaries and provides a secure immutable history of transactions to all stakeholders. We developed a Web application which provides traceability of drug manufacturers and other information to emulate the data tampering scenario. We also create a tampering application to exhibit the false transactions of a node. We perform testing and validation to recover the original data to evaluate it’s effectiveness to enhance traceability within pharmaceutical supply chain.
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Montenegro, María. "Subverting the universality of metadata standards". Journal of Documentation 75, nr 4 (8.07.2019): 731–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-08-2018-0124.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the underlying meanings, effects and cultural patterns of metadata standards, focusing on Dublin Core (DC), and explore the ways in which anticolonial metadata tools can be applied to exercise and promote Indigenous data sovereignty. Design/methodology/approach Applying an anticolonial approach, this paper examines the assumptions underpinning the stated roles of two of DC’s metadata elements, rights and creator. Based on that examination, the paper considers the limitations of DC for appropriately documenting Indigenous traditional knowledge (TK). Introduction of the TK labels and their implementation are put forward as an alternative method to such limitations in metadata standards. Findings The analysis of the rights and creator elements revealed that DC’s universality and supposed neutrality threaten the rightful attribution, specificity and dynamism of TK, undermining Indigenous data sovereignty. The paper advocates for alternative descriptive methods grounded within tribal sovereignty values while recognizing the difficulties of dealing with issues of interoperability by means of metadata standards given potentially innate tendencies to customization within communities. Originality/value This is the first paper to directly examine the implications of DC’s rights and creator elements for documenting TK. The paper identifies ethical practices and culturally appropriate tools that unsettle the universality claims of metadata standards. By introducing the TK labels, the paper contributes to the efforts of Indigenous communities to regain control and ownership of their cultural and intellectual property.
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LUBIS, DIANA. "PERALIHAN HAK ATAS TANAH YANG TIDAK DIKETAHUI KEBERADAAN PEMILIKNYA". Recital Review 3, nr 1 (6.05.2021): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/rr.v3i1.10654.
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ABSTRACT
Land is one of sources of livelihood and subsistence for individuals and society so that it becomes basic needs of human beings. The urgency of land for humans’ life is appreciated by Government of the Republic of Indonesia through land national policy by the issuance of Law Number 5/1960 on the Basic Agrarian Regulations. BPN (the National Land Office) is specifically obliged to provide legal certainty to land management for citizens with various types of ownership rights to be properly used. In order to avoid any kinds of disputes, the society has to firstly understand whether the land has already had an owner, is abandoned or is still owned by the State. The research problems are how about the criteria of land that can be owned by society, how about the transfer of land title whose owner is unknown, and what role is played by the Government concerning land title transfer whose owner is unknown.This is a normative juridical research with normative juridical approach. Circumstances are not present and the legal consequences according to Indonesian Civil Law, Unknown condition of a person can lead to various problems including which will affect the legal status of that person, his wealth and marriage. This is the case with land owned by someone who is declared missing or absent (Afwezigheid) require ruling on death notification issued by a Judge; thus, all heirs who, pursuant to the laws, are rightful to transfer all authorities over their properties, are suggested to organize inherited wealth and property.
Keywords: Title Transfer, Land, Owners’ Existence.