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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Aquino, Gerald Ryan R., Nicolai Krogh, Philipp Hackert, Roman Martin, Jimena Davila Gallesio, Robert W. van Nues, Claudia Schneider i in. "RNA helicase-mediated regulation of snoRNP dynamics on pre-ribosomes and rRNA 2′-O-methylation". Nucleic Acids Research 49, nr 7 (15.03.2021): 4066–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab159.
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Abstract RNA helicases play important roles in diverse aspects of RNA metabolism through their functions in remodelling ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), such as pre-ribosomes. Here, we show that the DEAD box helicase Dbp3 is required for efficient processing of the U18 and U24 intron-encoded snoRNAs and 2′-O-methylation of various sites within the 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence. Furthermore, numerous box C/D snoRNPs accumulate on pre-ribosomes in the absence of Dbp3. Many snoRNAs guiding Dbp3-dependent rRNA modifications have overlapping pre-rRNA basepairing sites and therefore form mutually exclusive interactions with pre-ribosomes. Analysis of the distribution of these snoRNAs between pre-ribosome-associated and ‘free’ pools demonstrated that many are almost exclusively associated with pre-ribosomal complexes. Our data suggest that retention of such snoRNPs on pre-ribosomes when Dbp3 is lacking may impede rRNA 2′-O-methylation by reducing the recycling efficiency of snoRNPs and by inhibiting snoRNP access to proximal target sites. The observation of substoichiometric rRNA modification at adjacent sites suggests that the snoRNPs guiding such modifications likely interact stochastically rather than hierarchically with their pre-rRNA target sites. Together, our data provide new insights into the dynamics of snoRNPs on pre-ribosomal complexes and the remodelling events occurring during the early stages of ribosome assembly.
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Shiao, Yih-Horng. "Promising Assays for Examining a Putative Role of Ribosomal Heterogeneity in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity". Life 12, nr 2 (28.01.2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020203.
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The heterogeneity of ribosomes, characterized by structural variations, arises from differences in types, numbers, and/or post-translational modifications of participating ribosomal proteins (RPs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) sequence variants plus post-transcriptional modifications, and additional molecules essential for forming a translational machinery. The ribosomal heterogeneity within an individual organism or a single cell leads to preferential translations of selected messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts over others, especially in response to environmental cues. The role of ribosomal heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection, propagation, related symptoms, or vaccine responses is not known, and a technique to examine these has not yet been developed. Tools to detect ribosomal heterogeneity or to profile translating mRNAs independently cannot identify unique or specialized ribosome(s) along with corresponding mRNA substrate(s). Concurrent characterizations of RPs and/or rRNAs with mRNA substrate from a single ribosome would be critical to decipher the putative role of ribosomal heterogeneity in the COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which hijacks the host ribosome to preferentially translate its RNA genome. Such a protocol should be able to provide a high-throughput screening of clinical samples in a large population that would reach a statistical power for determining the impact of a specialized ribosome to specific characteristics of the disease. These characteristics may include host susceptibility, viral infectivity and transmissibility, severity of symptoms, antiviral treatment responses, and vaccine immunogenicity including its side effect and efficacy. In this study, several state-of-the-art techniques, in particular, chemical probing of ribosomal components or rRNA structures, proximity ligation to generate rRNA-mRNA chimeras for sequencing, nanopore gating of individual ribosomes, nanopore RNA sequencing and/or structural analyses, single-ribosome mass spectrometry, and microfluidic droplets for separating ribosomes or indexing rRNAs/mRNAs, are discussed. The key elements for further improvement and proper integration of the above techniques to potentially arrive at a high-throughput protocol for examining individual ribosomes and their mRNA substrates in a clinical setting are also presented.
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Sleiman, Sophie, i Francois Dragon. "Recent Advances on the Structure and Function of RNA Acetyltransferase Kre33/NAT10". Cells 8, nr 9 (5.09.2019): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091035.
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Ribosome biogenesis is one of the most energy demanding processes in the cell. In eukaryotes, the main steps of this process occur in the nucleolus and include pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing, post-transcriptional modifications, and assembly of many non-ribosomal factors and ribosomal proteins in order to form mature and functional ribosomes. In yeast and humans, the nucleolar RNA acetyltransferase Kre33/NAT10 participates in different maturation events, such as acetylation and processing of 18S rRNA, and assembly of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Here, we review the structural and functional features of Kre33/NAT10 RNA acetyltransferase, and we underscore the importance of this enzyme in ribosome biogenesis, as well as in acetylation of non-ribosomal targets. We also report on the role of human NAT10 in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.
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Rivas, Mario, i George E. Fox. "Nonstandard RNA/RNA interactions likely enhance folding and stability of segmented ribosomes". RNA 28, nr 3 (7.12.2021): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.079006.121.
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The ribosome is the molecular factory that catalyzes all coded protein synthesis in extant organisms. Eukaryotic ribosomes are typically assembled out of four rRNAs; namely, 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S. However, the 28S rRNA of some trypanosomatid organisms has been found to be segmented into six independent rRNAs of different sizes. The two largest segments have multiple sites where they jointly form stems comprised of standard base pairs that can hold them together. However, such regions of interaction are not observed among the four smaller RNAs. Early reports suggested that trypanosomatid segmented ribosome assembly was essentially achieved thanks to their association with rProteins. However, examination of cryo-EM ribosomal structures from Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, and Trypanosoma cruzi reveals several long-range nonstandard RNA/RNA interactions. Most of these interactions are clusters of individual hydrogen bonds and so are not readily predictable. However, taken as a whole, they represent significant stabilizing energy that likely facilitates rRNA assembly and the overall stability of the segmented ribosomes. In the context of origin of life studies, the current results provide a better understanding of the true nature of RNA sequence space and what might be possible without an RNA replicase.
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Larson, D. E., P. Zahradka i B. H. Sells. "Control points in eucaryotic ribosome biogenesis". Biochemistry and Cell Biology 69, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o91-002.
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Ribosome biogenesis in eucaryotic cells involves the coordinated synthesis of four rRNA species, transcribed by RNA polymerase I (18S, 28S, 5.8S) and RNA polymerase III (5S), and approximately 80 ribosomal proteins translated from mRNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase II. Assembly of the ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus, the site of 45S rRNA precursor gene transcription, requires the movement of 5S rRNA and ribosomal proteins from the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, respectively, to this structure. To integrate these events and ensure the balanced production of individual ribosomal components, different strategies have been developed by eucaryotic organisms in response to a variety of physiological changes. This review presents an overview of the mechanisms modulating the production of ribosomal precursor molecules and the rate of ribosome biogenesis in various biological systems.Key words: rRNA, ribosomal proteins, nucleolus, ribosome.
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O’Sullivan, Justin M., Dave A. Pai, Andrew G. Cridge, David R. Engelke i Austen R. D. Ganley. "The nucleolus: a raft adrift in the nuclear sea or the keystone in nuclear structure?" BioMolecular Concepts 4, nr 3 (1.06.2013): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0043.
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AbstractThe nucleolus is a prominent nuclear structure that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription, and hence ribosome biogenesis. Cellular demand for ribosomes, and hence rRNA, is tightly linked to cell growth and the rRNA makes up the majority of all the RNA within a cell. To fulfill the cellular demand for rRNA, the ribosomal RNA (rDNA) genes are amplified to high copy number and transcribed at very high rates. As such, understanding the rDNA has profound consequences for our comprehension of genome and transcriptional organization in cells. In this review, we address the question of whether the nucleolus is a raft adrift the sea of nuclear DNA, or actively contributes to genome organization. We present evidence supporting the idea that the nucleolus, and the rDNA contained therein, play more roles in the biology of the cell than simply ribosome biogenesis. We propose that the nucleolus and the rDNA are central factors in the spatial organization of the genome, and that rapid alterations in nucleolar structure in response to changing conditions manifest themselves in altered genomic structures that have functional consequences. Finally, we discuss some predictions that result from the nucleolus having a central role in nuclear organization.
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Wang, Xiangxiang, Zhiyong Yue, Feifei Xu, Sufang Wang, Xin Hu, Junbiao Dai i Guanghou Zhao. "Coevolution of ribosomal RNA expansion segment 7L and assembly factor Noc2p specializes the ribosome biogenesis pathway between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans". Nucleic Acids Research 49, nr 8 (6.04.2021): 4655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab218.
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Abstract Ribosomes of different species share an evolutionarily conserved core, exhibiting flexible shells formed partially by the addition of species-specific ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) with largely unexplored functions. In this study, we showed that by swapping the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 25S rRNA genes with non-S. cerevisiae homologs, species-specific rRNA variations caused moderate to severe pre-rRNA processing defects. Specifically, rRNA substitution by the Candida albicans caused severe growth defects and deficient pre-rRNA processing. We observed that such defects could be attributed primarily to variations in expansion segment 7L (ES7L) and could be restored by an assembly factor Noc2p mutant (Noc2p-K384R). We showed that swapping ES7L attenuated the incorporation of Noc2p and other proteins (Erb1p, Rrp1p, Rpl6p and Rpl7p) into pre-ribosomes, and this effect could be compensated for by Noc2p-K384R. Furthermore, replacement of Noc2p with ortholog from C. albicans could also enhance the incorporation of Noc2p and the above proteins into pre-ribosomes and consequently restore normal growth. Taken together, our findings help to elucidate the roles played by the species-specific rRNA variations in ribosomal biogenesis and further provide evidence that coevolution of rRNA expansion segments and cognate assembly factors specialized the ribosome biogenesis pathway, providing further insights into the function and evolution of ribosome.
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Lo, Amy C., Wangyi Liu, Doreen E. Culham i Ross N. Nazar. "Effects of ribosome dissociation on the structure of the ribosome-associated 5.8S RNA". Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, nr 6 (1.06.1987): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-069.
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Diethyl pyrocarbonate reactivity and thermal denaturation were used to probe potential ribosomal interactions between tRNA and the small 5.8S and 5S rRNAs. Puromycin, an analogue of the terminal aminoacyl-adenosine portion of aminoacyl-tRNA, was observed to increase the accessibility of the 5.8S rRNA, including the highly conserved GAACp sequences. EDTA which releases both tRNA and the 5S rRNA – protein complex resulted in an even greater accessibility in the 5.8S rRNA. The thermal dissociation of whole ribosomes resulted in the release of all three RNAs, with a striking similarity in the denaturation profiles. These results strongly suggest an interdependence in the ribosome-associated structures of the small rRNAs and provide in situ evidence for the various 5S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and tRNA containing ribonucleoprotein complexes previously reconstituted through affinity chromatography.
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Bogdanov, Alexey A., Olga A. Dontsova, Svetlana S. Dokudovskaya i Inna N. Lavrik. "Structure and function of 5S rRNA in the ribosome". Biochemistry and Cell Biology 73, nr 11-12 (1.12.1995): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o95-094.
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5S rRNA is a small RNA molecule that is a component of a ribosome from almost all living organisms. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of 5S rRNA and its properties as an independent structural domain of a ribosome as well as the current concepts concerning the higher order structure of 5S rRNA in free state and in its complexes with ribosomal proteins and its folding in the ribosome. Special attention is paid to recent experimental approaches that have been useful in 5S rRNA studies. Our own data on topography of 5S rRNA in the ribosomes are discussed in detail. The hypothesis describing the possible functional role of 5S rRNA for ribosome functioning is discussed.Key words: 5S rRNA, ribosomes, 23S rRNA, site-directed chemical cross-linking, RNA folding.
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Root-Bernstein, Robert, i Meredith Root-Bernstein. "The Ribosome as a Missing Link in Prebiotic Evolution III: Over-Representation of tRNA- and rRNA-Like Sequences and Plieofunctionality of Ribosome-Related Molecules Argues for the Evolution of Primitive Genomes from Ribosomal RNA Modules". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010140.
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We propose that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) formed the basis of the first cellular genomes, and provide evidence from a review of relevant literature and proteonomic tests. We have proposed previously that the ribosome may represent the vestige of the first self-replicating entity in which rRNAs also functioned as genes that were transcribed into functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding ribosomal proteins. rRNAs also encoded polymerases to replicate itself and a full complement of the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) required to translate its genes. We explore here a further prediction of our “ribosome-first” theory: the ribosomal genome provided the basis for the first cellular genomes. Modern genomes should therefore contain an unexpectedly large percentage of tRNA- and rRNA-like modules derived from both sense and antisense reading frames, and these should encode non-ribosomal proteins, as well as ribosomal ones with key cell functions. Ribosomal proteins should also have been co-opted by cellular evolution to play extra-ribosomal functions. We review existing literature supporting these predictions. We provide additional, new data demonstrating that rRNA-like sequences occur at significantly higher frequencies than predicted on the basis of mRNA duplications or randomized RNA sequences. These data support our “ribosome-first” theory of cellular evolution.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Crandall, Jacob N. "Ribosomal RNA Mutations that Inhibit the Activity of Transfer-Messenger RNA of Stalled Ribosomes". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3535.pdf.
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Kshetri, Man B. "N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF rRNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME RsmC IS IMPORTANT FOR ITS BINDING TO RNA AND RNA CHAPERON ACTIVITY". Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1621007414429417.
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Bendele, Kylie Gayle. "Molecular characterization of Theileria spp. using ribosomal RNA". Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2649.
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The molecular characterization of twenty six Theileria spp. isolates and one C. felis isolate were done on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, the 5.8S gene, and the two internal transcribed spacer regions using gDNA. The SSU rRNA gene is increasingly accepted as a widely used marker for characterization, taxonomic classification, and phylogenetic analysis and this gene has been sequenced from a variety of different organisms, resulting in a large database for sequence comparisons (Chae et al. 1998; Chae et al., 1999 a,b,c; Stockham et al., 2000; Cossio-Bayugar et al., 2002; Gubbels et al., 2000). The genomic region consists of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1), the 5.8S gene, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 gene region) and separates the SSU rRNA gene from the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. The 5.8S rRNA gene is highly conserved in size and nucleotide sequence, is relatively constant in molecular weight, and has an average chain length of approximately 160 nucleotides and has proven useful in dividing subgenera of Gyrodactylus ((Nazar, 1984; Zietara et al., 2002).
Pairwise comparisons were done between the clones of an individual isolate and among the clones of the different isolates. Phylogenetic trees were made from the resulting sequences. This study shows that different SSU rRNA genes may be associated with ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 gene regions of distinct sequence in the same isolate. This study also demonstrates that considerable ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 gene region sequence variation may exist within a species. This may be useful for subspeciation designation, or may simply reflect considerable variation within the population. This study shows that the ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 gene region may be a useful molecular marker for the taxonomy of Theileria spp.
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Park, Tae Jin, i 朴台鎮. "Microbial community ecology in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) pyrosequencing". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/212634.
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Belotserkovsky, Jaroslav. "Studies on the functional interaction of translation initiation factor IF1 with ribosomal RNA". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för genetik, mikrobiologi och toxikologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75363.
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Translation initiation factor IF1 is a small, essential and ubiquitous protein factor encoded by a single infA gene in bacteria. Although several important functions have been attributed to IF1, the precise reason for its indispensability is yet to be defined. It is known that IF1 binds to the ribosomal A-site during initiation, where it primarily contacts ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and induces large scale conformational changes in the small ribosomal subunit. To shed more light on the function of IF1 and its interaction with the ribosome, we have employed a genetic approach to elucidate structure-function interactions between IF1 and rRNA. A selection has been used to isolate second site suppressor mutations in rRNA that restore the growth of a cold sensitive mutant IF1 with an arginine to leucine substitution in position 69 (R69L). This yielded two classes of suppressors – one class that mapped to the processing stem of 23S rRNA – a transient structure important for proper maturation of 23S rRNA; and the other class to the functional sequence of 16S rRNA. Suppressor mutations in the processing stem of 23S rRNA were shown to disrupt efficient processing of 23S rRNA. In addition, we report that at least one of the manifestations of cold sensitivity associated with the mutant IF1 is at the level of ribosomal subunit association. These results led to a model whereby the cold sensitive R69L mutant IF1 results in aberrant ribosomal subunit association properties, while the 23S processing stem mutations indirectly suppress this effect by decreasing the pool of mature 50S subunits available for association. Spontaneous suppressor mutations in 16S rRNA were diverse in position and phenotypic properties, but all mutations affected ribosomal subunit association, in most cases by directly decreasing the affinity of the 30S for 50S subunits. Site directed mutagenesis of select positions in 16S rRNA yielded additional suppressor mutations that were localized to the mRNA and streptomycin binding sites on the small ribosomal subunit. We suggest that the 16S rRNA suppressors occur in positions that affect the conformational dynamics brought about by IF1. Taken together, this work indicates that the major function of IF1 is the modulation of ribosomal subunit association brought about through conformational changes of the 30S subunit.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Ciriello, Giovanni. "Structural studies of the ribosome: rRNA building blocks characterization and interactions analysis". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426117.
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The first high resolution crystal structures initiated a new era in ribosomal studies in which investigations depend on knowledge of atomic coordinates. The studies I conducted on the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome aim to reveal and understand the ribosome modular organization, and at the same time to investigate protein-RNA interaction mechasisms. All the results presented in this thesis refer to the case study
of the large ribosomal subunit 50S of Haloarcula marismortui, omitting the 5S rRNA.
Three-dimensional RNA motifs are the basic building blocks of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) architecture. A novel method to search for these substructures, based on shape histograms, is presented in Chapter 2. The shape histogram is a vector representation of the distribution of distances between a set of points and a fixed one. Shape histograms are not only an efficient tool to compare RNA fragments, but also they well capture the structural similarities behind the flexible and highly variable structure of ribosomal RNA. The method outperforms existing ones in time efficiency, reaching the same level of correctness.
Branching points of three or more helices, named junctions, are the most variable and complex loops of rRNA, and the least characterized. Shape histograms together with angles between inter-helical fragments provide major informations on the 3D conformation of junctions: angles give informations on the eccentricity of the loop, while shape histogram range and distribution reveal the folding. Based on these features I
propose a possible classification of these motifs with respect to their 3D conformation.
Finally in Chapter 4 I dissect protein-RNA interactions within the ribosome. Statistical analysis reveal distinguishing features of the ribosome with respect to protein interactions with other RNA molecules, such as the dominant role of the ribose group.
Furthermore protein interaction mechanisms with known RNA motifs are investigated, in particular with standard tetraloops, kink-turns, and single extruded nucleotides in general. A consensus interaction pattern is detected for protein contact surfaces with standard tetraloops, characterized by dense areas of contacts made by positive residues (mainly arginine). Ribosomal proteins also reveal a characteristic binding site with
kink-turns in correspondence of the extruded base. Due to its shape, this site has been called tripod. Tripods proved to be common to several single extruded nucleotides. Besides
a conserved shape, tripods show a preference towards purines, especially adenine, and typically make hydrogen bonds.Le prime strutture cristallizate ad alta risoluzione diedero inizio ad una nuova era negli studi sui ribosomi, era nella quale la ricerca beneficia delle coordinate spaziali di ogni singolo atomo. Gli studi che ho condotto sulla struttura tridimensionale del ribosoma puntano a compredere l’organizzazione modulare della molecola, ed allo stesso tempo ad investigare i meccanismi di interazione proteine-RNA. Tutti i risultati presentati in questa tesi riferiscono alla subunità principale 50S di Haloarcula marismortui, omettendo il filamento di RNA 5S. Motivi tridimensionali ricorrenti sono i mattoni basilari dell’architettura dello RNA ribosomiale: essi sono caratterizzati da una struttura 3D conservata, e ricorrono frequentemente all’interno della molecola. Un nuovo metodo per ricercare queste sotto strutture, basato su shape histogram, è presentato al Capitolo 2. Lo shape histogram è una rappresentazione vettoriale della distribuzione delle distanze di un insieme di punti da uno fissato. Gli shape histogram non sono solo strumenti efficienti per confrontare frammenti diversi di RNA, sono inoltre in grado di catturare le similarità strutturali nascoste dalla struttura flessibile ed altamente variabile dello RNA ribosomiale. Il metodo infatti si dimostra più efficiente di quelli noti in letteratura, ed ugualmente efficace in termini di correttezza dei risultati. Tra i loop studiati, le giunzioni di tre o più eliche sono il tipo più variabile e complesso, ed il meno caratterizzato. Gli shape histogram insieme alle sequenze di angoli formati dai frammenti congiungenti più eliche sono in grado di dare molte informazioni sulla conformazione tridimensionale di queste giunzioni: gli angoli forniscono indicazioni sull’eccentricità di una giunzione, mentre range e distribuzione dei valori degli shape histogram rivelano il folding. Basandosi su queste caratteristiche, propongo una classificazione per questi motivi rispetto alla loro conformazione nello spazio. Infine il Capitolo 4 esamina le interazioni proteine-RNA all’interno del ribosoma. Osservazioni di tipo statistico rivelano caratteristiche distintive del ribosoma rispetto alle interazioni proteiche con altri tipi di RNA, come ad esempio il ruolo dominante del gruppo ribosio. Inoltre vengono studiati i meccanismi di interazione delle proteine con i motivi strutturali, in particolare standard tetraloop, kink-turn e basi esposte. Un pattern comune di interazioni è rintracciato per le superfici di contatto formate dalle proteine con i tetraloop, caratterizzato da zone dense di interazioni fatte da aminoacidi a carica positiva (principalmente arginine). Le proteine ribosomiali rivelano inoltre un sito di contatto caratteristico nelle interazioni con i kink-turn, in corrispondenza della base esposta. Per la sua forma questo sito è stato chiamato tripod, ovvero tripode. I tripodi si sono dimostrati essere in realtà comuni a molti nucleotidi non accoppiati la cui base è esposta. Oltre ad una conformazione tridimensionale conservata, i tripodi dimostrano una preferenza verso le purine, soprattutto adenina, e tipicamente formano legami idrogeno.
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Zarubica, Tamara. "SPECIFICITY DETERMINANTS OF ArmA, A RIBOSOMAL RNA METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT CONFERS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2273.
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Bacterial resistance to 4,6-type aminoglycoside antibiotics, which target the 30S ribosomal subunit, has been traced to the arm/rmt family of rRNA methyltransferases. These plasmid-encoded enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N7 of the buried G1405 in the aminoglycoside binding site of 16S rRNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit. Neither 16S rRNA alone nor intact 70S ribosome is an efficient substrate for armA methyltransferase. To more fully characterize this family of enzymes, xiii we have investigated the substrate requirements of ArmA. We determined the Mg2+ dependence of ArmA activity and found that the enzyme could recognize both translationally active and translationally inactive forms of 30S subunits. To identify the site of interaction between ArmA and the 30S subunit, we used hydroxyl radical cleavage of 16S rRNA mediated by ferrous iron chelated to several sites on the ArmA molecule that were mutated to cysteine. This data suggests that significant conformational changes in 30S structure are involved in binding of ArmA. We hypothesized that a precursor intermediate in the biogenesis of the 30S subunit might be the optimal substrate for ArmA enzymes in vivo. To test this, we prepared 30S particles partially depleted of proteins by treatment with increasing concentrations of LiCl and assayed them for ArmA methylation. Even low concentrations of LiCl alter the 30S particles and greatly diminish their susceptibility to methylation. Additionally, a previously identified pre-30S particle isolated from an E. coli culture was assayed for its ability to support methylation by ArmA and found to be inferior to intact 30S particles as a methylation substrate. Thus, testing of immature particles prepared from in vitro and in vivo sources suggest that ArmA works very late in the 30S biogenesis pathway. Initiation factor 3 (IF3), a factor that only binds fully mature 30S particles, does not inhibit the ArmA methylation, while kasugamycin methyltransferase (KsgA) abolishes ArmA activity by sharing the same binding site with ArmA. From aforementioned experiments, we conclude that ArmA is most active toward 30S ribosomal subunits that are at or very near full maturation.
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Trinquier, Aude. "Coupling between transfer RNA maturation and ribosomal RNA processing in Bacillus subtilis". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7066.
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La synthèse des protéines cellulaires requiert à la fois des ribosomes fonctionnels et des ARN de transfert (ARNt) matures comme molécules adaptatrices. Les ribosomes sont de larges complexes ribonucléoprotéiques dont la biogenèse représente la plupart de la transcription cellulaire et consomme une majeure partie de l’énergie de la cellule. Par conséquent, la biogenèse des ribosomes fait l’objet d’une régulation importante afin d’ajuster le nombre de ribosomes aux besoins de la cellule et de dégrader efficacement les particules défectueuses qui pourraient interférer avec la traduction. Les ARNs ribosomiques (ARNr) et les ARNt sont tous deux transcrits sous formes de précurseurs et sont universellement maturés pour devenir fonctionnels pour la traduction. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre en évidence un couplage entre la maturation des ARNt et la biogenèse des ribosomes chez la bactérie modèle à Gram positif Bacillus subtilis. Ainsi, l’accumulation d’ARNt immatures lors d’une déplétion en enzymes de maturation, abolit spécifiquement la maturation en 3’ de l’ARNr 16S par l’endoribonucléase YqfG/YbeY, dernière étape dans la formation de la petite sous-unité ribosomique (30S). Nous avons mis en évidence que ce défaut de maturation résultait d’un défaut d’assemblage tardif du 30S coïncidant avec des changements d’expression de plusieurs facteurs d’assemblage du ribosome. Nous avons montré que cette modulation d’expression provenait d’effets transcriptionel et post-transcriptionel. De façon inédite, nos résultats indiquent que l’accumulation d’ARNt immatures est perçue par RelA (le facteur de la réponse stringente), déclenchant la production de (p)ppGpp. Nous avons observé que cette synthèse de (p)ppGpp et la baisse concomitante des niveaux de GTP cellulaire, inhibe la maturation de l’ARNr 16S en 3’, probablement via un blocage des GTPases impliquées dans l’assemblage des ribosomes. L’inhibition de la maturation de l’ARNr 16S côté 3’ est supposée conduire, par la suite, à une dégradation des particules partiellement assemblées par la RNase R. Ainsi, nos résultats supportent un modèle où RelA jouerait un rôle central ; en percevant une déficience de maturation des ARNt et en ajustant, en conséquence, la biogenèse des ribosomes via la production de (p)ppGpp. Ce mécanisme de couplage permettrait de maintenir un équilibre fonctionnel entre ARNt et ARNr, les deux composants majeurs de la machinerie de traductionCellular protein synthesis both requires functional ribosomes and mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs) as adapter molecules. The ribosomes are large essential ribonucleoprotein complexes whose biogenesis accounts for most of cellular transcription and consumes a major portion of the cell’s energy. Ribosome biogenesis is therefore tightly adjusted to the cellular needs and actively surveilled to rapidly degrade defective particles that could interfere with translation. Interestingly, tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are both transcribed from longer primary transcripts and universally require processing to become functional for translation. In this thesis, I have characterized a coupling mechanism between tRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. Accumulation of immature tRNAs during tRNA maturase depletion, specifically abolishes 16S rRNA 3’ processing by the endonuclease YqfG/YbeY, the last step in small ribosomal subunit formation. We showed that this maturation deficiency resulted from a late small subunit (30S) assembly defect coinciding with changes in expression of several key 30S assembly cofactors, mediated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects. Interestingly, our results indicate that accumulation of immature tRNAs is sensed by the stringent factor RelA and triggers (p)ppGpp production. We showed that (p)ppGpp synthesis and the accompanying decrease in GTP levels inhibits 16S rRNA 3’ processing, most likely by affecting GTPases involved in ribosome assembly. The inhibition of 16S rRNA 3’ processing is thought to further lead to degradation of partially assembled particles by RNase R. Thus, we propose a model where RelA senses temporary slow-downs in tRNA maturation and this leads to an appropriate readjustment of ribosome biogenesis. This coupling mechanism would maintain the physiological balance between tRNAs and rRNAs, the two major components of the translation machinery
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Punekar, Avinash S. "Ribosomal RNA Modification Enzymes : Structural and functional studies of two methyltransferases for 23S rRNA modification in Escherichia coli". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Struktur- och molekylärbiologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-212394.
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Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is post-transcriptionally modified by site-specific enzymes. The role of most modifications is not known and little is known about how these enzymes recognize their target substrates. In this thesis, we have structurally and functionally characterized two S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) dependent 23S rRNA methyltransferases (MTases) that act during the early stages of ribosome assembly in E. coli. RlmM methylates the 2'O-ribose of C2498 in 23S rRNA. We have solved crystal structures of apo RlmM at 1.9Å resolution and of an RlmM-SAM complex at 2.6Å resolution. The RlmM structure revealed an N-terminal THUMP domain and a C-terminal catalytic Rossmann-fold MTase domain. A continuous patch of conserved positive charge on the RlmM surface is likely used for RNA substrate recognition. The SAM-binding site is open and shallow, suggesting that the RNA substrate may be required for tight cofactor binding. Further, we have shown RlmM MTase activity on in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA and its domain V. RlmJ methylates the exocyclic N6 atom of A2030 in 23S rRNA. The 1.85Å crystal structure of RlmJ revealed a Rossmann-fold MTase domain with an inserted small subdomain unique to the RlmJ family. The 1.95Å structure of the RlmJ-SAH-AMP complex revealed that ligand binding induces structural rearrangements in the four loop regions surrounding the active site. The active site of RlmJ is similar to N6-adenine DNA MTases. We have shown RlmJ MTase activity on in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA and a minimal substrate corresponding to helix 72, specific for adenosine. Mutagenesis experiments show that residues Y4, H6, K18 and D164 are critical for catalytic activity. These findings have furthered our understanding of the structure, evolution, substrate recognition and mechanism of rRNA MTases.
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Bond, Andrew Thomas. "The Role of Dbp2p in Both Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay and rRNA Processing: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2002. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/150.
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Dbp2p, a member of the large family of DEAD-box proteins and a yeast homolog of human p68, was shown to interact with Upf1p, an essential component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p:Upf1p interaction occurs within a large conserved region in the middle of Upf1p that is largely distinct from its Nmd2p and Sup35/45p interaction domains. Deletion of DBP2, or point mutations within its highly conserved DEAD-box motifs, increased the abundance of nonsense-containing transcripts, leading us to conclude that Dbp2p also functions in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p, like Upf1p, acts before or at decapping, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and associates with polyribosomes. Interestingly, Dbp2p also plays an important role in rRNA processing. In dbp2Δ cells, polyribosome profiles are deficient in free 60S subunits and the mature 25S rRNA is greatly reduced. The ribosome biogenesis phenotype, but not the mRNA decay function, of dbp2Δ cells can be complemented by the human p68 gene. We propose a unifying model in which Dbp2p affects both nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and rRNA processing by altering rRNA structure, allowing specific processing events in one instance and facilitating dissociation of the translation termination complex in the other.
Książki na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Divan, Aysha, i Janice A. Royds. 3. RNA. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0003.
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The first RNA molecules to be discovered were those involved in protein synthesis, mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In recent years, a vast number of additional RNA molecules have been identified. ‘RNA’ explains that these are non-coding RNAs that are not involved in protein synthesis, but influence many normal cellular and disease processes by regulating gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) as one of the main ways in which gene expression is regulated is described with applications to therapy. Classes of RNA, including long non-coding RNAs and catalytic RNAs, are explained along with RNA techniques used to study RNA molecule and gene function.
Części książek na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Sharma, Sunny, i Karl-Dieter Entian. "Chemical Modifications of Ribosomal RNA". W Ribosome Biogenesis, 149–66. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_9.
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AbstractCellular RNAs in all three kingdoms of life are modified with diverse chemical modifications. These chemical modifications expand the topological repertoire of RNAs, and fine-tune their functions. Ribosomal RNA in yeast contains more than 100 chemically modified residues in the functionally crucial and evolutionary conserved regions. The chemical modifications in the rRNA are of three types—methylation of the ribose sugars at the C2-positionAbstract (Nm), isomerization of uridines to pseudouridines (Ψ), and base modifications such as (methylation (mN), acetylation (acN), and aminocarboxypropylation (acpN)). The modifications profile of the yeast rRNA has been recently completed, providing an excellent platform to analyze the function of these modifications in RNA metabolism and in cellular physiology. Remarkably, majority of the rRNA modifications and the enzymatic machineries discovered in yeast are highly conserved in eukaryotes including humans. Mutations in factors involved in rRNA modification are linked to several rare severe human diseases (e.g., X-linked Dyskeratosis congenita, the Bowen–Conradi syndrome and the William–Beuren disease). In this chapter, we summarize all rRNA modifications and the corresponding enzymatic machineries of the budding yeast.
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Merkl, Philipp E., Christopher Schächner, Michael Pilsl, Katrin Schwank, Catharina Schmid, Gernot Längst, Philipp Milkereit, Joachim Griesenbeck i Herbert Tschochner. "Specialization of RNA Polymerase I in Comparison to Other Nuclear RNA Polymerases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". W Ribosome Biogenesis, 63–70. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_4.
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AbstractIn archaea and bacteria the major classes of RNAs are synthesized by one DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP). In contrast, most eukaryotes have three highly specialized RNAPs to transcribe the nuclear genome. RNAP I synthesizes almost exclusively ribosomal (r)RNA, RNAP II synthesizes mRNA as well as many noncoding RNAs involved in RNA processing or RNA silencing pathways and RNAP III synthesizes mainly tRNA and 5S rRNA. This review discusses functional differences of the three nuclear core RNAPs in the yeast S. cerevisiae with a particular focus on RNAP I transcription of nucleolar ribosomal (r)DNA chromatin.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)". W Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 921. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14709.
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Schächner, Christopher, Philipp E. Merkl, Michael Pilsl, Katrin Schwank, Kristin Hergert, Sebastian Kruse, Philipp Milkereit, Herbert Tschochner i Joachim Griesenbeck. "Establishment and Maintenance of Open Ribosomal RNA Gene Chromatin States in Eukaryotes". W Ribosome Biogenesis, 25–38. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_2.
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AbstractIn growing eukaryotic cells, nuclear ribosomal (r)RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase (RNAP) I accounts for the vast majority of cellular transcription. This high output is achieved by the presence of multiple copies of rRNA genes in eukaryotic genomes transcribed at a high rate. In contrast to most of the other transcribed genomic loci, actively transcribed rRNA genes are largely devoid of nucleosomes adapting a characteristic “open” chromatin state, whereas a significant fraction of rRNA genes resides in a transcriptionally inactive nucleosomal “closed” chromatin state. Here, we review our current knowledge about the nature of open rRNA gene chromatin and discuss how this state may be established.
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Merkl, Philipp E., Christopher Schächner, Michael Pilsl, Katrin Schwank, Kristin Hergert, Gernot Längst, Philipp Milkereit, Joachim Griesenbeck i Herbert Tschochner. "Analysis of Yeast RNAP I Transcription of Nucleosomal Templates In Vitro". W Ribosome Biogenesis, 39–59. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_3.
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AbstractNuclear eukaryotic RNA polymerases (RNAPs) transcribe a chromatin template in vivo. Since the basic unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, renders the DNA largely inaccessible, RNAPs have to overcome the nucleosomal barrier for efficient RNA synthesis. Gaining mechanistical insights in the transcription of chromatin templates will be essential to understand the complex process of eukaryotic gene expression. In this article we describe the use of defined in vitro transcription systems for comparative analysis of highly purified RNAPs I–III from S. cerevisiae (hereafter called yeast) transcribing in vitro reconstituted nucleosomal templates. We also provide a protocol to study promoter-dependent RNAP I transcription of purified native 35S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene chromatin.
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Gaal, T., W. Ross i R. L. Gourse. "Ribosomal RNA Promoter-RNA Polymerase Interactions and rRNA Transcription in Escherichia coli". W Mechanisms of Transcription, 87–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60691-5_7.
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Dahlberg, A., W. Jacob, M. Santer, C. Zwieb i D. Jemiolo. "Mutagenesis of Ribosomal RNA as a Method to Investigate Interactions Between rRNA, mRNA and tRNA". W Structure and Dynamics of RNA, 265–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5173-3_21.
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Yang, Jun, Peter Watzinger i Sunny Sharma. "Mapping of the Chemical Modifications of rRNAs". W Ribosome Biogenesis, 181–97. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_11.
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AbstractCellular RNAs, both coding and noncoding, contain several chemical modifications. Both ribose sugars and nitrogenous bases are targeted for these chemical additions. These modifications are believed to expand the topological potential of RNA molecules by bringing chemical diversity to otherwise limited repertoire. Here, using ribosomal RNA of yeast as an example, a detailed protocol for systematically mapping various chemical modifications to a single nucleotide resolution by a combination of Mung bean nuclease protection assay and RP-HPLC is provided. Molar levels are also calculated for each modification using their UV (254 nm) molar response factors that can be used for determining the amount of modifications at different residues in other RNA molecules. The chemical nature, their precise location and quantification of modifications will facilitate understanding the precise role of these chemical modifications in cellular physiology.
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McCann, Kathleen L., i Susan J. Baserga. "Making Ribosomes: Pre-rRNA Transcription and Processing". W Fungal RNA Biology, 217–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05687-6_9.
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Bachellerie, Jean-Pierre, Jérôme Cavaillé i Liang-Hu Qu. "Nucleotide Modifications of Eukaryotic rRNAs: the World of Small Nucleolar RNA Guides Revisited". W The Ribosome, 191–203. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818142.ch17.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Sooknanan, Roy, Agnes Radek, John Hitchen i Anupama Khanna. "Abstract 4857: Improved technology for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) removal from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) total RNA". W Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4857.
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Papaioannou, Dimitrios, Andreas Petri, Sara Terreri, Charlotte A. Thrue, Deedra Nicolet, Frances A. Collins, Lauren A. Woodward i in. "Abstract 519: The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOXB-AS3 regulates transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in NPM1-mutated (NPM1mut) acute myeloid leukemia (AML)". W Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-519.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)"
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, i Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.
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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.