Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Rhetorical Techniques”

This thesis is the first indepth analysis of the jian, or advisory speeches, within a relatively unknown text, the Yanzi Chunqiu. It examines the way the Chunqiu period advisor Yanzi employs rhetorical techniques within the jian to change the conduct of his ruler Duke Jing according to Yanzi's three key political views: that the welfare of the common people is essential for the well-being of the state, that li 礼 (or ritual propriety) is of central importance in administering the state, and that the correct relationship between the minister and the ruler is he 和 (a complementary one). This study situates jian, ministerial responsibilities and Yanzi's own political views within the political and intellectual context of the Chunqiu period. It also disagrees with several scholars who claim that the text is unlikely to be a true record of this period. The rhetorical techniques within the jian (the majority of which are translated for the first time into English in this thesis), categorised according to whether they are typical (analogy, citation and chain reasoning) or atypical (provocation, song, lying and threatening resignation), are then analysed. The thesis finds that Yanzi's use of citations, analogies and chain reasoning confirms much existing research on Chinese rhetoric about the application of such techniques. However, the discoveries of Yanzi's atypical use of jian, as well as his frequent reference to Duke Huan as a historical model and his use of possible negative consequences to instill fear in his ruler, indicate that the present understanding of jian by several Western scholars largely based on the Zuozhuan and the Guoyu presents only a partial understanding of jian. The thesis suggests that more attention should be paid to lesser-known texts such as the Yanzi Chunqiu for a clearer picture of the rhetoric of this period.

This study proposes that the design of Mark's Gospel is best appreciated by recognising the particular political, social and religious situation that gave rise it, and by taking into account the concerns, experiences and emotions of both the author and the intended readers. It is argued that proposals for an Eastern provenance lack evidence and plausibility, and that the Gospel was written in Rome. The time of writing is identified as the latter months of 71, as the Gospel contains a number of indications that the Jerusalem Temple had been destroyed and that the Triumph of Vespasian and Titus in July/August 71 had recently occurred. Moreover, there are several allusions to events that had occurred within a year or two prior to that date. An investigation of the political and social situation shows that Christians had reason to be fearful, especially after the return of Titus. Through an examination of the rhetorical techniques contained within the text, it is proposed that the Gospel was a response to the protracted suffering of the Christians of Rome, addressing their doubts about God in the face of Roman power, their fear of further executions, and stresses within the community caused by apostasy and betrayal. Paying close attention to the mood of the text, an analysis of Mark's rhetoric shows how it responds to the readers' anxieties (including fear of delation), counters Flavian propaganda, and provides hope and strength. As appeals to the emotions were regarded as a key tool of ancient rhetoric, careful attention is paid to their use throughout the Gospel, showing that Mark produced a text full of pathos, matching the highly stressful atmosphere, and placing the readers' cries for help and prayers into the mouths of characters. In repeatedly stirring the readers' emotions by reminding them of their own painful experiences and by alluding to contemporary events and social attitudes, Mark explains why they are persecuted, and helps them to deal with their fear. He portrays Jesus as the one who had led the way by accepting martyrdom for the gospel in similar circumstances. He shapes many scenes to remind them of their Roman situation, especially the trials and executions of fellow Christians. Mark's rhetorical use of the disciples is also explored, showing that he aimed to elicit sympathy for those who had failed under pressure, which indicates that he was advocating their readmittance into the community. It is proposed that reading the Gospel as rhetoric addressed to this situation provides a quite different view of its nature, design and purposes, and gives a very different perspective to a number of debated issues within Markan scholarship.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-95).
The dissertation analyses the rhetorical style of Thabo Mbeki with the aim of evaluating whether his oratory was effective enough to convince his audience to support him. It does this by analysing four of the eleven annual addresses that he delivered at the occasion of the Opening of Parliament during his period in office. Mbeki held the position of President of South Africa from June 1999 to September 2008. The speeches that were chosen for analysis from this period are 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2008. The motivation for these choices is related to critical periods during the Mbeki presidency. Before analysing the speeches, the paper examines the context in detail by briefly outlining Mbeki's political and personal background in order to understand his identity in relation to his rhetoric. The current form of annual address at the opening of Parliament is placed in its historical context It also places the type of speech in context in terms of parliamentary rules and the South African Constitution and does a brief comparison with similar addresses in the United States of America and Britain. A key aspect of the dissertation is to attempt to identify how he possibly failed to gain the support his audience by missing the opportunities that his annual address to Parliament presented. In order to identity the disjuncture between the style and content of the oration and the audience. the dissertation examines the understanding of audience and speculates about the real and perceived audiences in the case of Mbeki's annual addresses. The annual address to Parliament provided Mbeki with an opportunity to speak to the nation. directly through the various forms of media as well as through the members of Parliament that were present at the addresses. The dissertation concludes that, on the basis of the in-depth rhetorical analyses of the speeches and the perception of the audience. Mbeki's form of oration resulted in him appearing distant and aloof to his audience. Mbeki used Eurocentric language and metaphors that the audience was not able to identify with thereby failing to unite the audience in support for him. He failed to use presidential rhetoric to his advantage in his speeches in Parliament but further failed to bolster the rhetorical presidency by not establishing his ethos with the people whose support he depended on in order to secure his position in office. By maintaining a strong adherence to the British notion of a president-in-parliament, he remained aloof and wasted the opportunity that the office of the President provided. While his policies may have been sound. he was not able to convince his audience of this causing him ultimately to fail.

This study of Ezra Pound's Cantos considers quotations in the poem which are clearly marked as such, not for their content, nor for the relationship between new and old contexts, but for the oral qualities of the quoted material, and for the rhetorical effects of the fact of quotation itself. After cataloguing the principal means by which quotation is marked, the thesis assesses the notion (most clearly formulated by Walter Benjamin) that the great power of quotation lies in its interruptive power rather than in its value as authority in argument (Chapter 3). Such interruptive power, drawing attention as it does to the multiplicity of voices available in the text, reinforces our sense of The Cantos as an oral text. This chapter and the one following — which traces the connections between The Cantos and oral traditions and traditional techniques — suggests that the neglect of the oral qualities of quotation has led critics to consider the poem as deeply and irretrievably fragmented. Situating The Cantos in relation to other oral works shows not only the ways in which Pound draws on the tension between the aural and the visual elements of the poem and of language (speech and song in contrast to the written) but also the pervasive omnipresence of the heard: the play of ear against eye is a play of melopoeia against phanopoeia, and the text of The Cantos is most fruitfully to be seen as a score for the speaking voice. Such orality enables Pound to draw directly upon the resources and techniques of the classical rhetorical tradition, thereby enabling him in quoting the words of others to lend their words the authority of his own voice. The poem thus achieves a strong sense of a multiplicity of voices and effects unified by the presence of the poet himself, without compromising Pound's conviction (shared with Yeats and Williams and others of his contemporaries) that rhetoric is utterly to be distinguished from poetry, and kept separate from it.
Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate

Despite proponents' claims of its embodying and enabling democratic action, collaborative learning in the composition classroom often functions to reproduce the privileged discourses and knowledge of dominant cultures, effacing and denying differences in race, class, and gender. Moreover, such functions are masked by normalized structural and discursive conditions of education and routinized pedagogical practices that rarely face critical scrutiny---what this dissertation refers to as the techniques and technologies of collaborative learning. If teachers and students in composition studies can engage in what Pierre Bourdieu calls epistemic reflexivity (a critical effort to unmask the social and intellectual unconscious embedded in routinized procedures of knowledge production), the collaborative classroom can become a site for resisting and critiquing, rather than reproducing, the status quo.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Communication and Culture, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 24, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4320. Adviser: Robert E. Terrill.

The intent of this project is to study the use of multiple narrators who occupy the same space over a spread of time. While the subject matter has been one of intense study over the years, the approach to implore this technique of fiction has opened the characters, plot, and story to greater exploration.

This project contains a literature review, a discussion, and an original feature length screenplay. The review of literature examines the various structuralist-inspired theories of narratology and the three-act structure method of screenplay construction.

La communication de recrutement s'est enrichie depuis quelques années d'un nouveau type d'annonce visant à améliorer la connaissance et la perception de l'entreprise sur le marché de l'emploi: c'est l'annonce institutionnelle de recrutement dans laquelle l'entreprise tout entière dévoile à la fois un projet de carrière mais également une culture, des préoccupations sociétales, des ambitions technologiques et humaines. Ce nouveau type de communication emprunte aux techniques de rhétorique visuelle et écrite de la publicité produit. En quoi est-elle fidèle à la tradition ? en quoi fait-elle preuve d'innovation ? Nos hypothèses de recherche s'interrogent sur les conditions d'élaboration de ces nouvelles annonces, sur le cadre particulier de leur perception. Une série d'annonces institutionnelles de grandes sociétés ont été analysées par plus de 120 futurs cadres en recherche d'emploi, puis classées en fonction de leur impact. Cette enquête a permis de confirmer la plupart de nos hypothèses initiales sur les spécificités scripturaires et iconographiques de ce type de communication institutionnelle où malgré les artifices de séduction publicitaire classique le caractère référentiel et contractuel de l'information présentée prend une large place. La persuadibilité du message obéit également à des règles propres tant la personnalité et l'attente de la cible visée est particulière. Cela nous a conduit à proposer un modèle de communication applicable à d'autres domaines de communication institutionnelle.

Since 1993, diet and fitness promoter Susan Powter has gained significant prominence with her passionate message of health and wellness. This study used fantasy theme analysis to examine Powter's view of reality and her ability to persuade her audience. The analysis revealed a coherent vision, "Stop the Insanity!," within which Powter and other dieters are viewed as heroes. Additionally, the diet and fitness industries are viewed as conspiring villains who starve dieters and exclude the unfit from exercise programs. Powter differentiates herself from these villains by promoting herself as an uneducated but sincere speaker who does not starve or exclude people. Rather, she can identify with dieters because she has experienced their pain and frustration. Because anything is better than the "starvation" and "exclusion" promoted by the diet and fitness experts, Powter's program cannot help but succeed in the eyes of those who share her vision of reality.
Department of Speech Communication

This thesis deals with the issue of propaganda in contemporary war themed videogames. Considering the current geopolitical situation on one hand, and the pervasiveness and widespread use of the videogame medium in general, and war videogames in particular, together with the collaboration between the military and the videogame industry, part of the wider military-entertainment complex, on the other hand, it cannot be excluded that military propaganda might be present in such digital media. This study explores through which persuasive techniques is propaganda manifest in war-themed videogames. The answer is achieved using theories of rhetoric and persuasiveness in videogames and by conducting a textual game analysis of 10 different war-themed videogames. A great number of persuasive techniques at work were found within the videogames, each of them working based on certain principles identified by previous literature. Through a limited set of options, players are exposed to the normalization of morally questionable acts such as civilian shooting and torture of enemy prisoners. The war videogames in question are not neutral in their playworld, mechanics, and playformance, and heavy and widespread use of propaganda can be found within them.

This essay is about the principles and rules that control persuasive computer games. The term persuasive games mean computer games, video games and other similar artifacts that are produced to shape opinion. The rhetorical scholar Ian Bogost at Georgia Tech claims that this kind of games mainly get their persuasive power by using procedural rhetoric and that games as a medium gives special conditions for procedurality.  By procedural rhetoric Bogost means an argumentation that is based on rules and choices, as opposed to texts, movies and images. (Bogost 2007). Bogost describes these procedures as quite specific for games and claims that they differ qualitatively from “ordinary” rhetorical arguments even if they just as other arguments work by establishing enthymems. However when I in my preliminary study tried this hypothesis, I seemed to distinguish several similarities with argumentation strategies used in political or juridical debate, such as Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca´s associative argumentation techniques. In this essay I examine if and how Perelman and Olbrechs-Tytecas associative argumentation techniques can be used to describe (and understand?) rulebased rhetorical procedures in persuasive games. This analysis is carried out on two recent Swedish persuasive games and proves the hypothesis fruitful. This result also points to the possibility to view rules as something that control all forms of argumentation. Despite this result, the investigation doesn´t contradict the presumption that computer games in many ways, have specific possibilities, beyond procedural rhetoric, such as the opportunity for interaction, receiver adaptation, and the capacity to process big amounts of data.

The Glossa ordinaria on the Bible stands as one of the prime achievements of the period in western intellectual history known as the Renaissance of the twelfth century. In spite of the great number of still extant manuscripts very little is known about the circumstances around its composition. This state of affairs is partly explained by the lack of modern and critical editions of the books of the Glossa ordinaria. The present work is the first critical edition of the Glossa ordinaria on the Book of Lamentations, and consists of the forewords, or prothemata, and the first book (of five) of this text, which was compiled early in the twelfth century by the theologian and Ciceronian rhetorician Gilbert the Universal (†1134), schoolmaster at Auxerre and subsequently Bishop of London. The introduction includes a background sketch of the environment in which the Glossa ordinaria was conceived – the school of Laon – with a short biography of Gilbert the Universal, as well as a study of the sources to this particular part of the Gloss, chief among them the ninth-century commentary of Paschasius Radbertus. It is shown that Gilbert’s major improvement to his source, apart from drastically rewriting it, consists of the introduction of Ciceronian rhetorical loci to the verses of Lamentations. The introduction furthermore provides the reader with an analysis of the manuscript tradition of the early twelfth century and a selective analysis of the later manuscript tradition (some 86 manuscripts have so far been traced). One of the conclusions reached is that the Gloss on Lamentations exists in two textual recensions, the one original, the other a later redaction made once the Gloss had become a success and preserved in nearly all the later manuscripts. The manuscripts of the first recension, which is the one edited in the present work, may be organised into a stemma codicum consisting of two major families originating in a single archetype. It is possible to reconstruct this archetype on the basis of the five oldest manuscripts. An English translation of the edited text is included, as well as a ‘semi-critical’ edition of the text of the second recension. An important part of the present work consists of an effort to combine the sophisticated mise-en-page of the glossed manuscripts with the standards of presentation to be expected of a modern critical edition.

Since its development, critics of electronic literature have touted all that is “new” about the field, commenting on how these works make revolutionary use of non-linear structure, hyperlinks, and user interaction. Scholars of digital narrative have most often focused their critiques within the paradigms of either the text-centric structuralist model of narrativity or post-structuralist models that implicate the text as fundamentally fluid and dependent upon its reader for meaning. But neither of these approaches can account completely for the unique modes in which digital narratives prompt readerly progression, yet still exist as independent creative artifacts marked by purposive design. I argue that, in both practice and theory, we must approach digital-born narratives as belonging to a third, hybrid paradigm. In contrast to standard critical approaches, I interrogate the presumed “newness” of digital narratives to reveal many aspects of these works that hearken to print predecessors and thus confirm classical narratological theories of structure and authorship. Simultaneously, though, I demonstrate that narrative theory must be revised and expanded to account for some of the innovative techniques inherent to digital-born narrative. Across media formats, theories of narrative beginnings, endings, and authorship contribute to understanding of readerly progress and comprehension. My analysis of Leishman’s electronically animated work Deviant: The Possession of Christian Shaw shows how digital narratives extend theories of narrative beginnings, confirming theoretical suitability of existing rules of notice, expectations for mouseover actions, and the role of institutional and authorial antetexts. My close study of Jackson’s hypertext my body: a Wunderkammer likewise informs scholarship on narrative endings, as my body does not provide a neatly linear plot, and thus does not cleanly correspond to theories of endings that revolve around conceptions of instabilities or tensions. Yet I argue that there is still compelling reason to read for narrative closure, and thus narrative coherence, within this and other digital works. Finally, my inquiry into Pullinger and Joseph’s collaboratively written Flight Paths: A Networked Novel firmly justifies the theory of implied authorship in both print and digital environments and confirms the suitability of this construct to a range of texts.

Notre travail de recherche vise deux objectifs étroitement liés. Le premier consiste à proposer une aide à l’évaluation des écrits scientifique et pour cause : le nombre de publication augmente, les limites entre les domaines deviennent floues, et il devient difficile de trouver des publications pertinentes si bien qu’un besoin pratique d’évaluation surgit. Il s’agit aussi de trouver les moyens d’une aide à l’expertise, appuyée sur des indices discursifs permettant d’aider le lecteur à repérer les points clés d’une publication (phase préalable à une évaluation) notamment à travers l’identification du problème de recherche. Ces indices qui annoncent la formulation du problème de recherche dans les articles scientifiques sont repérables sous forme de « formules de discours ». Notre recherche ne s’étend pas sur la formulation de la problématique scientifique au vu de la complexité de cette notion et de la difficulté de la définir d’un point de vue de l’extraction d’information. Nous proposons une modélisation de ces formules de discours que nous avons intégrée dans l’analyseur syntaxique Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) sous forme de règles de reconnaissance. Nous avons utilisé un corpus d’articles de recherche en sciences de l’éducation extraits du corpus Scientext pour y détecter ces formules de discours. Le choix du domaine est motivé par ma participation au projet européen EERQI dont le but est de renforcer et d’améliorer la visibilité mondiale et la compétitivité de la recherche européenne en éducation. Différentes approches méthodologiques ont été adoptées afin de procéder à une étude linguistique fine de ces formules dîtes de discours entre autres : l’analyse de discours (M. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á. Sándor, A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Il s’agit donc de mettre en œuvre une approche applicative en vue de l’aide à la lecture experte à travers l’identification, la typologie et le fonctionnement des associations lexicales véhiculant le problème de recherche
Our research focuses on two interrelated objectives. The first one aims at providing assistance to the evaluation of scientific writings because of; the numbers of publication, which keep on rising, the boundaries between the areas become and it's becoming more and more difficult to find relevant publications so as the practical need for assessments is appearing as unavoidable. We also have to find new ways to help the evaluation of the research work, through a wide range of indications different from those usually used for research assessment, notably, through the identification of the research problem. These indications that announce the formulation of the research problem in scientific articles can be identified as "speech formulas." Our research does not extend to the formulation of the scientific problem because of the complexity of this concept and the difficulty of defining it from the point of view of information extraction. We propose a model of the speech forms that we have integrated into the parser Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) in pattern recognition rules. We used a corpus of Educational Sciences Research articles from the Scientext corpus to detect these speeches formulas. The choice of field is motivated by my participation in the European project EERQI which aims to strengthen and enhance the worldwide visibility and competitiveness of European research in education. Different methodological approaches were adopted to perform a fine linguistic study of these formulas as: discourse analysis (Mr. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á, Sándor A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Thus, the goal is to implement an applicative approach aiming at helping expert reading through the identification, typology and functioning of lexical associations which convey the research problem

Considerando a Música Popular Brasileira (discurso verbomusical brasileiro) enquanto prática discursiva, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar, na dinâmica identidadealteridade, os processos polêmicos de construção identitária do sujeito discursivo revelados nas canções do compositor Belchior, em diálogo com outras produções musicais brasileiras, mais especificamente com a obra dos compositores Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque e Gilberto Gil. Situando-me no domínio dos estudos discursivos, tomo como base a perspectiva da Retórica Clássica, segundo Aristóteles; da Nova Retórica e das Teorias da Argumentação, a partir de Perelman, Olbrechts-Tyteca, Meyer, Plantin, Amossy e Mosca; da Análise Dialógica do Discurso, de acordo com o Círculo de Bakhtin; e da Análise do Discurso Francesa orientada por Maingueneau. Fundamento-me também nas pesquisas sobre o discurso polêmico, apoiada em Charaudeau, Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Angenot e Maingueneau; e por fim nos trabalhos sobre o gênero canção e a música, conforme Hirschi, Wisnik e Tatit. A partir da articulação desses campos do saber, faço uma reflexão para a análise das relações polêmicas na instituição da identidade de Belchior no campo da música brasileira. A hipótese central da tese é a de que a polêmica empreendida pelo artista cearense em sua produção musical de 1974 a 1993, embora envolva diversos antagonistas, pode ser bipolarizada em dois nomes, o de Belchior (o polemizador) e o de Caetano Veloso (principal destinatário da mensagem polêmica). Na defesa dessa hipótese, investigo como os elementos discursivos gênero, cenografia, ethos e código de linguagem investidos pelos cancionistas Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque e Gilberto Gil articulam-se de modo reflexo nas canções de Belchior para a construção de um posicionamento individual polêmico, bem como os tipos de argumentos utilizados pelo cantor no estabelecimento dessas relações polêmicas. Defendo na tese de forma geral que a junção de todos esses investimentos interdiscursivos e gestos retóricos produz uma natureza específica ao discurso de Belchior, um exemplo que comprova a manifestação da retórica do discurso verbomusical brasileiro, que pode ser resumida por meio da noção de um investimento identitário polêmico
Considering the Brazilian Popular Music (Brazilian verbomusical discourse) as a discourse practice, the main target of this work is to analyze, upon the duality identity-alterity, the polemical processes of identity construction of the discourse subject revealed in the songs by the composer Belchior, in dialogue with another Brazilian music productions, especially the works of the composers Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque and Gilberto Gil. My theoretical perspectives will be the Classical Rhetoric, according to Aristotle; the New Rhetoric and the Theories of Argumentation, according to Perelman, Olbrechts-Tyteca, Meyer, Plantin, Amossy and Mosca; the Dialogical Analysis of Discourse, according to the Circle of Bakhtin and the French Analysis of Discourse (A.D.) led by Maingueneau. Another theoretical basis are the researches about the polemical discourse based on Charaudeau, Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Angenot and Maingueneau and also based on the works about music and song, according to Hirschi, Wisnik and Tatit. From the articulation of these studies, I will point out the polemical relations on how the identity of the composer Belchior was established within the field of the Brazilian music. The main hypothesis is that his polemical relations configured between 1974 and 1993, although involves several antagonists, aims at two names Belchior himself (the polemics source) and Caetano Veloso (the polemics aim). In pro of this hypothesis, I will investigate how the elements of the discourse genre, scenography, ethos and language code are invested by Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque and Gilberto Gil and reflected on the songs of Belchior in order to figure an individual polemical positioning, as well as the types of arguments used by the singer within those polemical relations. Generally speaking, I assume that the interdiscourse investments and the rhetorical gestures altogether configure a specific nature to the discourse of Belchior as an example of the rhetoric of the Brazilian verbomusical discourse, summarized by the notion of a polemical investment of identity

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
This dissertation was born from the idea to make the analysis of the character Virgília she begins at Posthumous Reminiscences of Brás Cubas through the figures of language. To its achievement were used like teoric foundation the concepts of the next researchers: Roland Barthes, Chaïm Perelman, Paul Ricoeur, Frederick Nietzche, Olivier Reboul, Quintiliano, Aristóteles, Gèrard Genette, Tereza Lúcia Halliday, Walter de Castro, Hélio de Seixas Guimarães e Ana Cecília Lessa, Beth Brait, Vladímir Propp, Soren Kierkegaard, Márcio Gimenes de Paulo, Henri Bergson e Douglas Colin Muecke. They all, in a way or another, directly or indirectly, take their researches at Rhetoric. This subject was very important to the Greek people because, since the Antiquity, it was necessary to its intelectual upbringing, even though its main goal was to teach speaking and writing well , in other words, its objective was to study the ways of persuation present in the speech. And, how it´s known that there isn t free speech second intentions the Greeks were one of the first people to realize that the maintenance of the power come of the dominance of the persuasive techniques . This way, based on these concepts, looked for to put in evidence the rhetoric elements, or rather, the figures of the language used by Brás Cubas, the narrator of the Posthumous Reminiscences , in the description of Virgília. But, to that, it didn t lose sight this autodiegetic narrator, even though his voice is the only one to tell the respective narrative, and, of course, that he will take this opportunity to denounce the social injustices, even if he has to expose himself (as main character) and Virgília, his old affair
Esta dissertação foi concebida a partir da idéia de se fazer uma análise da personagem Virgília - das Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas - através das Figuras de Linguagem. Para sua realização, foram utilizadas como fundamentação teórica as concepções dos seguintes pesquisadores: Roland Barthes, Chaïm Perelman, Paul Ricoeur, Frederick Nietzche, Olivier Reboul, Quintiliano, Aristóteles, Gèrard Genette, Tereza Lúcia Halliday, Walter de Castro, Hélio de Seixas Guimarães e Ana Cecília Lessa, Beth Brait, Vladímir Propp, Soren Kierkegaard, Márcio Gimenes de Paula, Henri Bergson e Douglas Colin Muecke. Todos eles, de uma forma ou de outra, diretamente ou indiretamente, direcionaram seus estudos à Retórica. A importância desta disciplina advém do fato dela ser, desde a Antigüidade, imprescindível à formação intelectual do povo grego, já que seu objetivo principal era ensinar "a falar e escrever bem", ou seja, era estudar os "meios de persuasão" presentes no discurso. E como nenhum discurso é desprovido de segundas intenções, sabia-se, já naquela época, que a manutenção do poder provinha do domínio das "técnicas persuasivas". Assim, partindo desses conceitos, procurou-se justamente colocar em evidência os recursos retóricos, ou melhor, as figuras de linguagem utilizadas por Brás Cubas o narrador das "Memórias" na caracterização de Virgília. Mas, para isso, não se perdeu de vista este narrador autodiegético (a única voz a narrar a história), porque é claro que ele irá se aproveitar desta situação para denunciar as mazelas sociais, ainda que tenha de expor a si mesmo (enquanto protagonista) e Virgília, seu antigo caso amoroso

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la manière dont Aristote, Platon et Isocrate font du recours à la notion d’empeiria et de la promotion d’une certaine conception de l’expérience, le moyen de se défendre contre l’accusation d’inexpérience qui les vise et de polémiquer entre eux sur la question de l’excellence, dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cet examen permet d’éclairer sous un jour nouveau la question de l’empirisme antique, en considérant, d’une part, la critique que Platon et Aristote adressent à une certaine conception empirico-sophistique des savoirs et de la pratique, en reconsidérant de l’autre, le supposé empirisme d’Aristote. Si la notion d’empirisme n’a pas d’équivalent en grec, Platon fait de la notion d’empeiria, désignant une forme de pratique non-technique ignorant les causes, un instrument polémique permettant de souligner le défaut de technicité des différentes techniques, que les sophistes se font forts de transmettre. En mettant l’accent sur « l’expérience de la vérité », Platon remet en question l’empirisme de ceux qui ignorent la valeur théorique et pratique de la connaissance des réalités intelligibles. Aristote poursuit la réflexion, en reconsidérant le rôle positif, cognitif et pratique, de l’empeiria comme connaissance acquise à partir de la sensation. Aristote poursuit la critique d’un certain empirisme, dont se rendent coupables tous ceux qui échouent à s’élever à la connaissance de l’universel, tout en déplorant le défaut d’empeiria de ceux dont le savoir est purement théorique. Si comme Platon, Aristote n’est pas un empiriste, parce qu’il refuse de faire de la sensation le principe de la connaissance et le critère du vrai, son rationalisme diffère de celui de Platon, par le rôle reconnue à la sensation et l’expérience dans les domaines théorique, technique et pratique. Cette étude entend révéler l’urgence de distinctions en philosophie de la connaissance dans le cadre des études anciennes, comme la distinction entre le rationalisme logique de Platon et le rationalisme empirique d’Aristote, par exemple, permettant de mesurer l’originalité des doctrines antiques sur des problèmes aussi fondamentaux que l’origine et le principe de la connaissance et de l’action bonne
This dissertation investigates how Aristotle, Plato and Isocrates use the notion of empeiria and promote a certain conception of experience, in order to defend themselves from the charge of inexperience made against them, and also in order to debate about the question of excellence in the theoretical, technical and practical fields. This study sheds some new lights on ancient empiricism, by investigating, on one hand, Plato’s and Aristotle’s criticism against an empiricist sophistic approach of knowledge and action, and, on the other hand, the so-called Aristotelian empiricism. Although the concept of ‘empiricism’ has no equivalent in Greek, Plato uses the notion of empeiria to designate a non-technical form of action, in order to underlie a lack of technicality and to question the value of what some sophists claim to teach under the name of technai. While insisting on a philosophical kind of experience of truth, Plato criticizes what appears to be the empiricism of those who ignore the theoretical and practical value of the knowledge of intelligible realities. Aristotle goes beyond this stance by re-evaluating positively the role of empeiria, both in its cognitive and practical aspects, as a specific kind of knowledge, derived from sense-perception. He still criticizes the empiricism of those who fail to reach a certain kind of knowledge, namely the knowledge of universals, but also adds a criticism against those who lack the knowledge of particulars acquired through sense-perception and experience.If Aristotle is no more an empiricist than Plato, since he does not recognize sense-perception as the principle of knowledge and as the criterion of the truth, his rationalism is quite different from Plato’s, because of the important role he gives to sense-perception and experience in all areas. This study intends to break through in the direction of some distinctions in ancient philosophy, such as the distinction between Plato’s logical rationalism and Aristotle’s empirical rationalism, which would enable us to re-evaluate the originality of the Ancients on some fundamental issues like the problem of the origin and principle of knowledge and of good action

Les romans édifiants des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles – des fictions narratives en prose qui affichent clairement leur volonté de transmettre des valeurs chrétiennes et d’influencer le comportement de leurs lecteurs dans le sens de ces valeurs – développent une poétique spécifique, basée sur la recherche et le dévoilement de la vérité chrétienne à travers la fiction mondaine. Ils posent ainsi de front une question qui a hanté les écrivains et les théoriciens de l’Âge classique, à savoir la conciliation du plaisir romanesque et de la moralité. La topique du roman édifiant (personnages, lieux et temps), sa matérialité (titres, divisions internes, ensembles d’œuvres) et sa voix (narrative et rhétorique) concourent à l’élaboration d’effets de sens qui servent la visée persuasive et religieuse des ouvrages tout en créant des récits et des imaginaires propres à satisfaire le goût du lectorat pour le roman. Cette étude vise à réintégrer dans l’histoire du roman un corpus d’œuvres négligées par la critique en faisant apparaître leur contribution à l’élaboration du roman : du roman d’Ancien Régime d’abord, mais aussi du roman à thèse moderne et, par extension, de toute la fiction idéologique.
Edifying novels of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - narrative prose fictions that clearly put forth their will to convey Christian values and influence the behavior of their readers in the sense of these values - develop a specific poetics, based on the research and the unveiling of Christian truth through mundane fiction. They therefore emphasize a problem that has haunted writers and theorists of the Classical Age, namely the reconciliation of novelistic pleasure and morality. The narrative topics of the edifying novel (characters, places and times), its materiality (titles, internal divisions, groups of works) and voice (narrative and rhetorical) contribute to the development of significations that serve the persuasive and religious aim of the works while creating stories and imaginary worlds capable of satisfying the taste of the audience for the novel. This study aims to reintegrate in the history of the novel a body of works neglected by literary critics by showing their contribution to the development of the novel: the novel of the Old Regime, but also the modern novel of thesis and by extension, the entire ideological fiction.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3

碩士
國立清華大學
外國語文學系
105
English teachers in EFL context have often regarded oral presentations skills important but difficult to teach (Bruner, Sinwongsuwat & Radic-Bojanic, 2014; Jahan & Jahan, 2013; Vederber, Verderber & Sellnow, 2012). Although many EFL teachers try to bring in online resources to supplement their teaching, to date, little has been done to examine whether oral presentations delivered in real life contexts match the way they are taught in textbooks. The present study zooms in on the types of rhetorical techniques—strategies utilized by speakers to grab attention, build rapport, and help audience understand—found in presentations and examined whether and to what extent do techniques employed by expert presenters correspond to those taught in presentation textbooks. Introductions of 51 talks from the TED conference website and four commonly-used ESL/EFL textbooks were compiled for this study. Drawing on Andeweg and De Jong’s (2004) exordial model of introductions, the researchers analyzed the types and frequency of different rhetorical techniques taught in the selected textbooks and used in authentic presentations. The findings illustrate similar trend of aiming to help audience understand and gain the attention between the techniques used and taught. But the two data sources present discrepant use of rhetorical techniques to achieve the two purposes. The findings of the present study suggested that researchers and practitioners can transform the learning and instruction of oral presentation skills by systematically examine and evaluate authentic language materials available online.

碩士
臺中師範學院
語文教育學系碩士班
91
Abstract The motive of this study was aroused by the researcher as a teacher when in the face of students’ poor writing ability and confronted problems in teaching students’ rhetorical readings. The researcher hoped to experiment with different rhetorical teaching models in language subjects through the self-designed “Teaching Projects of Reading and Writing Combined Rhetorical Techniques with Cooperative Learning”. Concretely speaking, the purposes of this research are as follows: 1、 To evaluate the degree of maturity of the design of reading and writing combined rhetorical teaching projects through the act of research. 2、 To revise rhetorical teaching strategy through cooperative learning by means of the research process and constant self-introspection. 3、 To improve students’ ability in the application of the rhetorical writing techniques through the teaching projects. Viewing the process of this active research, the result of the study in the process was presented at first, which included the content analysis of courses, and the content samples of the designed course projects. Then the researcher hoped to find out the effects of the designed courses being implemented, so statistical analyses and discussions by means of T-test and Pearson’s Production-Moment Correlation were proceed. In the end, the researcher investigated further into students’ viewpoints about the implemented rhetorical teaching courses and looked into the troubles and problems confronted in classes implementing rhetorical teaching projects. The findings of this study are as follows: 1、 The analyzed result of the content analysis of the designed rhetorical courses: <1>Analyzed result of the comparison between course standard and course outline: The objectives of rhetorical teaching courses (the version of year 1975, 1993, and the version of nine-year in series) were valued as more and more important through the pass of time. In the course standard of year 1975, the requirement of rhetorical teaching was enclosed in the objectives of reading and writing. Through constant changes, the requirement of rhetorical teaching now has been included in the objectives of listening, speaking, reading, and writings in the course outline of nine year in series. It’s very clear that the rhetorical teaching objectives gained different viewpoints through the changes of research era and research outcome. The rhetorical teaching content also needs to be compared and analyzed so as to redesign the objectives according to teaching requirements. <2>Results of the comparative analyses between the Chinese guidebooks, textbooks, and exercise book nine of the censored version: Among the Chinese guidebooks, textbooks, and exercise books, the settings of rhetorical teaching objectives, the teaching contents, and the rhetorical techniques in exercises topics did not match well. These censored versions all showed many phases of vertical and horizontal problems in the link of course designs. At the time we editing or designing the course plans of rhetorical teaching, these results of analyses may provide as references for course designs. 2、 The designs of rhetorical teaching course projects: <1>this within-textbook style of reading and writing combined rhetorical teaching project developed through three steps. The first step was through teachers’ preaching style; the second step was through encouraging style with learning sheets; and the third step was through play and discussion style. <2>the take-out style of cooperative learning method of reading and writing combined rhetorical teaching projects included four main steps. The first step was to lead teaching by rhetoric; the second step was to complete the rhetorical mission expert sheets; the third was to test students with rhetorical test sheets; and the fourth step was to teach with composition learning encouragement sheets. 3、 The study effect of students’ performance under rhetorical teaching projects: <1>the result of this study shows that, viewing from the result of pretest and later test, the fifth grade cooperative learning in reading and writing combined rhetorical techniques teaching projects had showed distinctively difference in pair T-test. So this project may improve the rhetorical ability of the fifth grade experimented class students in writing kinds in materials, numbers, and written word numbers. <2>after further analysis of the students’ rhetorical documents in pretest and later test, data showed that students have great improvements (from none to have) in six rhetorical techniques. They were overlapping, transforming, illustrating with examples, arraying, questioning, and quoting words. The study showed that, in the beginning, students could not apply these rhetorical techniques in writings, yet after the teachings of this research project, they can write with rhetorical techniques now. Furthermore, students have showed signs of better performance (from having to better) in four rhetorical techniques, namely, overlapping, transforming, illustrating with examples, and arraying. Through the learning process of the rhetorical teaching projects, the rhetorical techniques learned before can help students create much better work. 4、Students’ viewpoints upon rhetorical teaching courses: <1>according to the statistical result of analysis analyzed from the rhetoric teaching feedback questionnaires, eight-nine percent students valued rhetorical teaching as a very important help to composition-writing. Yet there were about twenty percent students who held opposite viewpoints. Students felt that the simplest rhetorical technique is overlapping rhetoric, for it was easily to be seen, to be found, and easy to write and use. The rhetorical technique that they like best is overlapping rhetoric, for it was simple, easily to be found, and easy to write. The hardest rhetorical technique that they felt was arraying rhetoric, the main reasons were, it was hard to be written out, and hard to be found. <2>according to the result of rhetorical teachings, students like rhetorical teaching very much, and they felt that rhetorical techniques need to be told in composition class. They also felt that the rhetoric teaching lessons in Chinese textbooks and exercises were not enough. They hoped to be taught more, and hoped that rhetoric tests be included in evaluation sheets. The main resource of students’ knowledge about rhetoric was from teachers. After the teaching of teachers, most students could analyze and read what teachers’ taught. Yet in composition writing, there were different performances showed according to levels. Basically speaking, students like the rhetoric teaching of cooperative learning methods, and they like learning sheet for auxiliary learning. 5、The difficulties confronted in classes implementing rhetorical teachings: <1>the first difficulty confronted was in setting up rhetorical teaching goals, which included teachers’ not-clear understandings about rhetorical basic knowledge, and the unclear settings of the rhetorical teaching objectives of elementary Chinese courses. <2>the second difficulty confronted was the difficulty faced in analyzing the rhetorical techniques of textbooks, which included the insufficient analysis in teaching guidebook, teachers’ incomplete knowledge about the rhetorical teaching items of textbooks, and teachers’ short of time in preparation for teaching. <3>the third difficulty was the difficulty faced in selecting auxiliary textbooks for rhetorical courses, which included difficulties in selecting auxiliary textbooks for rhetorical teaching and the difficulties in designing self-made auxiliary textbooks for rhetorical teaching. <4>the fourth difficulty confronted was the difficulty of applying rhetorical teaching method, which included the course standard and guidebooks’ not mentioning about rhetorical teaching methods, and teachers themselves did not know much about rhetorical teaching methods. <5>the fifth difficulty confronted was the difficulty faced in estimating the study effect of rhetorical learning, which included that, there were not many tests about relevant basic knowledge in rhetoric and teachers were used to the old-fashioned style of testing contents (not testing rhetoric), and so on. The researcher had proceed individual interviews with school teachers and students, and had brought up the problems (difficulties) along with their possible reasons in implementing rhetorical teaching projects. The results of this study were concluded as the conclusion, and in accordance with these, many suggestions were brought up for classes as references in designing and implementing rhetorical teaching courses and also as references for future research.

碩士
華梵大學
東方人文思想研究所
96
The full text divides into five chapters, use synthesizing , summing up , comparative law, by the form , content , three respects of purpose, probe into the artistry of Li He's poem rhetoric. Chapter one introduction, state research motive , purpose and method for the first time; Time talk about Li He poem origin and development that rhetoric study; Probe into the achievement that Li He poem rhetoric forefathers studies finally, in order to present the research overall picture of Li He's poem rhetoric art. Chapter two, the figure of speech on the material , namely the objective thing is alike and rhetoric walking. Probe into the metaphor , take advantage of taking the place of , setting off , imitating , quoting five kinds of figures of speech. Metaphor dose, explain clearly , metaphor , slightly explaining , taking advantage of explaining four kinds; Take advantage of taking the place of dose, divide and substitute with the characteristics or marking of the things, take the place of affiliatedly with the place of the things, substitute with the authors of the things or the producing area, substitute with materials or tool of the things , take the place of , take the place of , substitute seven kinds with concrete and abstract looks with specific things and ordinary things with the part and all of the things; Set off dose, divide it to lining with , lining with instead class IIly; Imitate dose, divide the sense of hearing is imitated, the vision is imitated, the sense of smell is imitated, the sense of taste is imitated, sense of touch is imitated, the heart thinks that six kinds are imitated; Quote dose, guide two kinds of France , dark usage clearly . Chapter three, the figure of speech on the word , chapter . Figure of speech on the word , namely all utilize word become plain rhetoric, pile , alert 2 kinds of figures of speech of slip of probing into etc.. Figure of speech on the chapter , namely all rhetoric which utilize structure of the chapter , probe into a kind of figures of speech by accident correctly. A kind of each among them, divide the reduplicated word , one kind of words and two kinds; Alert slip dose, does not divide through the alert slip of other figures of speech , alert two kinds of slip drawing support from other figures of speech. Among them the antithesis dose, to one kind in the phrase. Chapter four, the figure of speech on the artistic conception, namely the rhetoric doing in connection with subjective mood. Probe into and praise the decorations , have and ask two kinds of figures of speech. Among them praise the decorations dose, divide and enlarge and praise one kind of decorations ; Have and ask dose, divide and put questions , surge asking , hang and ask three kinds. Chapter five, the conclusion. On one hand sum up the artistic expression of counting the rhetoric by the rhetoric utility speech ; On one hand from. The rhetoric influences speeches, probe into Li He's poem to the influence of the rhetoric in later age. Put the artistic utility of Li He's poem rhetoric in order synthetically, reflect its artistry and research value.

碩士
國立中央大學
客家語文研究所
97
“ŋiet koŋ koŋ (月光光)” is a nursery rhyme that has been known for many years ago. There are a lot of nursery rhymes based on ŋiet koŋ koŋ for their subject. The nursery rhymes that had been spread are our common cultural heritage. They exist in everyone’s most precious memory of the innocent childhood. It’s also the good communication media for parents teach their children while they doing something, some like sing a song. This article is focuses on ŋiet koŋ koŋ, which is a kind of Hakkas nursery rhymes in Taiwan. From the source and spread of the nursery rhymes, first, we start from collecting the nursery rhymes which is related to ŋiet koŋ koŋ in China (mainly the Hakkas region), then categorize and analyze the result. Then to focus at the rhymes of ŋiet koŋ koŋ that has been spread to Taiwan, and takes a discussion, finally. Secondly, we tried to analyze the differences between “nursery rhymes” and “nursery songs”. In this proceed we mainly use the ŋiet koŋ koŋ of Taiwan at Hakkas region. Simultaneously, we also reference the ŋiet koŋ koŋ of China in the Southern Min region. In this paper, we had analyzed what about the writing of ŋiet koŋ koŋ lyrics, the structure of the sentences, the rhetoric and the rhyme. As for the functions of the ŋiet koŋ koŋ nursey rhyme, these are women''s recitations, facilitation on education, expressions of feelings (especially homesickness), the indication of the culture of the ethnic groups, and so forth. At meantime, we mainly use the works of Hakkas contemporary poems and modern songs of Taiwan, to mention the new variations that derived from the ŋiet koŋ koŋ nursey rhyme. Finally, we bring a conclusion as the following statements which are provided with Hakkas characteristics of ŋiet koŋ koŋ, these nursery rhymes can be used as the most meaningful learning materials in promoting the usage of mother tongue education. By these summation, discussion, and meaning deepening of this article, ŋiet koŋ koŋ can continue to be sung by the next generation, then the next generation.

鄺可怡.
論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部, 1998.
參考文獻: leaves 337-384.
中英文提要.
Kuang Keyi.
Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-27
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 張大春對「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」的論述
Chapter 一、 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」的硏究範圍
Chapter 二、 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」和「政治小說」 的關係
Chapter 1. --- 論者對張大春「政治小說」的討論
Chapter 2. --- 張大春對「政治小說」評論的回應
Chapter 三、 --- 張大春對「小說」和「新聞」、「歷史」關係的論述
Chapter 第三節 --- 張大春有關小說敘事形式的討論
Chapter 一、 --- 強調小說敘事形式的實驗
Chapter 二、 --- 小說敘事形式的主張
Chapter 1. --- 展現小說「敘述」本身的價値
Chapter 2. --- 從傳統敘事形式的破壞改變讀者的期待閾
Chapter 第四節 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」及敘事形式的 評價
Chapter 一、 --- 論者對張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」的評價
Chapter 二、 --- 論者對張大春敘事手法的評價
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結
Chapter 第二章 --- 本文硏究目的和方法 --- p.28-37
Chapter 第一節 --- 本文硏究目的
Chapter 第二節 --- 本文硏究方法
Chapter 一、 --- 從小說的敘事結構探討小說主題
Chapter 二、 --- 「敘事學」以及其他理論的配合運用
Chapter 1. --- 敘事學理論框架的應用
Chapter 2. --- 敘事學的局限以及其他理論的配合運用
Chapter 三、 --- 文献資料的應用
Chapter 第三章 --- 張大春「新聞小說」和「歷史小說」的主題脈絡及 寫作背景 --- p.38-59
Chapter 第一節 --- 「解嚴」前後台灣社會的急劇轉變
Chapter 一、 --- 政治：「解嚴」帶來的急劇變化
Chapter 1. --- 「解嚴」以前的政治氛圍（1986-87)
Chapter 2. --- 「解嚴」初年的政治氛圍（1987-90)
Chapter 二、 --- 社會：權力中心的挑戰
Chapter 1. --- 「解嚴」前後台灣社會的綜合分析
Chapter 2. --- 台灣社會「傳媒」角色的改變
Chapter 第二節 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」的主題脈絡及對 台灣社會的回應
Chapter 一、 --- 張大春對文學與社會關係的討論
Chapter 1. --- 文學對社會、政治的影響力
Chapter 2. --- 文學面對傳播媒體的發展
Chapter 二、 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」對台灣社會的 回應
Chapter 1. --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」與社會關係的 討論
Chapter 2. --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」兩大主題脈絡
Chapter (i) --- 宣告一切敘述的虛構性
Chapter (ii) --- 以小說「介入」現實
Chapter 第四章 --- 張大春「新聞小說」、「歷史小說」敘述元素的綜合 比較和分析 --- p.60-77
Chapter 第一節 --- 敘述者
Chapter 第二節 --- 聚焦
Chapter 第三節 --- 敘述層次
Chapter 第四節 --- 敘述時間和敘事時間
Chapter 一、 --- 敘述時間
Chapter 二、 --- 時間序列
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結
Chapter 第五章 --- 〈印巴茲共和國事件錄〉對客觀「呈現」的探討 --- p.78-97
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 〈印巴茲共和國事件錄 〉 對客觀「呈現」的模式
Chapter 一、 --- 〈印巴茲共和國事件錄〉的「事件敘事」
Chapter 1. --- 敘事信息量增多
Chapter 2. --- 敘事者減低介入程度
Chapter 二、 --- 〈印巴茲共和國事件錄〉的「言語敘事」
Chapter 第三節 --- 敘事學以外其他元素的運用
Chapter 一、 --- 新聞報導形式的借用
Chapter 二、 --- 社會科學的分析架構
Chapter 第四節 --- 〈印巴茲共和國事件錄 〉對客觀「呈現」敘事模式的 反省
Chapter 一、 --- 敘事者道破寫作題旨
Chapter 二、 --- 諧擬「菲律賓政變」的新聞報導
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結
Chapter 第六章 --- 〈 將軍碑 〉 從敘事時間的設計質疑歷史書寫 --- p.98-131
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 〈將軍碑〉的敘事時間分析
Chapter 一、 --- 序列：時間倒錯的淡化
Chapter 1. --- 小說單元部份的分析
Chapter 2. --- 小說的整體時間分析
Chapter 二、 --- 時距：小說的敘事「快板」
Chapter 1. --- 從敘事學角度的分析
Chapter 2. --- 影響敘事速度的其他小說元素
Chapter (i) --- 張大春所言「人物角色意志的速度感」
Chapter (ii) --- 〈將軍碑〉裡人物角色意志與小說敘述速度的關係
Chapter 三、 --- 頻率
Chapter 第三節 --- 〈將軍碑〉與「魔幻現實主義」小說「似是而非」的 關係
Chapter 第四節 --- 〈將軍碑〉 敘事時間的處理對歷史書寫的質疑
Chapter 一、 --- 〈將軍碑〉對直線發展時間觀念的破壞
Chapter 二、 --- 〈將軍碑〉對因果邏輯的破壞
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結
Chapter 第七章 --- 〈大說謊家〉敘述者以及敘述交流模式的探討 --- p.132-169
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 《大說謊家》敘述者的基本分析及與「後設小說」的 關係
Chapter 一、 --- 全知敘述者的顛覆
Chapter 二、 --- 顯露敘述者的超越
Chapter 三、 --- 無信無不信的敘述者
Chapter 第三節 --- 《大說謊家》對傳統敘述交流模式的改變
Chapter 一、 --- 《大說謊家》的敘述交流情況
Chapter 二、 --- 《大說謊家》敘述者以外各種干擾的聲音
Chapter 1. --- 指涉現實世界的「本文作者」
Chapter 2. --- 指涉現實世界的「編者」
Chapter 3. --- 指涉現實世界的「本文讀者」
Chapter 第四節 --- 小結
Chapter 第八章 --- 《沒人寫信給上校》的敘述層次分析 --- p.170-199
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 《沒人寫信給上校》外、內敘述層次分析
Chapter 一、 --- 敘述外層
Chapter 二、 --- 敘述內層
Chapter 第三節 --- 《沒人寫信給上校》的「換層敘述」及對後設小說的 轉化
Chapter 一、 --- 小說中換層敘述的分析
Chapter 二、 --- 小說的換層敘述對後設小說的轉化
Chapter 第四節 --- 小說從「敘述層次」的設計回應新聞事件
Chapter 一、 --- 「正文合倂註釋」的敘述層
Chapter 二、 --- 換層敘述下既超然又局限的敘事者
Chapter 三、 --- 「向心的」換層敘述
Chapter 第五節 --- 小結
Chapter 第九章 --- 《撒謊的信徒》從聚焦設計表現對現實隱價 --- p.200-240
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 《撒謊的信徒》的聚焦分析
Chapter 一、 --- 敘述者一外聚焦者
Chapter 二、 --- 受聚焦者兼內聚焦者：李政男
Chapter 三、 --- 受聚焦者
Chapter 1. --- 不參與故事發展的受聚焦者
Chapter 2. --- 參與故事發展的受聚焦者
Chapter 第三節 --- 《撒謊的信徒》聚焦方式的設計與評價關係
Chapter 一、 --- 聚焦者觀點之間的落差
Chapter 二、 --- 「人物一受聚焦者」的並置比對
Chapter 1. --- 不參與故事發展的「人物一受聚焦者」
Chapter 2. --- 參與故事發展的「人物一受聚焦者」
Chapter 第四節 --- 小結
Chapter 第十章 --- 總論 --- p.241-255
Chapter 第一節 --- 小引
Chapter 第二節 --- 張大春「新聞小說」和「歷史小說」的評價
Chapter 一、 --- 從「上下求索」到「不假外求」的敘事形式探索
Chapter 二、 --- 小說寫作與閱讀層面的開拓
Chapter 第三節 --- 本文硏究方法的檢討
Chapter 一、 --- 「敘事學」轉化運用的試驗
Chapter 二、 --- 整體硏究方法的回顧
Chapter 第四節 --- 結語
附錄 --- p.256-336
Chapter 一、 --- 本文敘事學理論框架的設定
Chapter 二、 --- 凱南《敘事虛構作品：當代詩學》硏究對象資料整理
Chapter 三、 --- 《大說謊家》第一章新聞元素與《中國時報》 報導比較
Chapter 四、 --- 《沒人寫信給上校》小說人物與現實對應關係
Chapter 五、 --- 《沒人寫信給上校》故事事件時間序列
Chapter 六、 --- 「尹淸楓命案」新聞資料整理
Chapter 七、 --- 《撒謊的信徒》故事人物與現實對應關係
Chapter 八、 --- 小說人物李政男與李登輝比較
《撒謊的信徒》故事事件時間序列
參考書目 --- p.337-384

M.A. (English)
The main focus of study in this dissertation is the magic realism of Isabel Allende as it pertains to gender politics, specifically in the oppressive fascist regime of revolutionary Chile at the time at which her novels are set. Her narrative technique is identified and related to the environment of which she writes, with a view to associating it with the gender aspect of politics. The socio-political climate in Chile, certainly in the decades ot the 1960s and 1970s, incorporated elements of fascism, oppression and sexism: Allende successfully adapts most of her female characters to the revolution and its effects ...

Text in Afrikaans
Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture
While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures
Afrikaans & Theory of Literature
D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the rhetorical profile of one of the most prominent Czech rhetors after the Velvet revolution, physician and politician David Rath. In the theoretical part, the author comprehensively processes the history of public speaking based on the ancient but still current rhetorical tradition of ancient Greece and Rome. Furthermore, the work describes all the specifics defining both the interpersonal communication itself, as well as its individual aspects - specifically, verbal, nonverbal and psychological components, along with persuasive and manipulative techniques. The practical part is co-created by two key aspects - the career and political profile of David Rath and the analysis of his speech. The theoretical basis in combination with the knowledge of the life story of the central speaker forms the basis and context for the analysis of Rath's rhetoric. On carefully selected speeches, the author then examines in detail how the observed rhetor can adapt to various situations across the communication spectrum. The researched findings can then be used for further analyses of a similar focus.

The aim of the study is to survey the usage of closure as it is reflected in Northern Sotho Narratives. Chapter one This chapter introduces the objectives of the research and definition of the concepts narrative and closure. Reference is made to different scholars to substantiate the argument. Chapter two Plot serves as the basis of the study of closure in a novel. The interconnectedness of the elements of plot expressed by the presence of different closural patterns supports this. Major mutual relationships are distinguished, namely between author and reader as well as between author, reader and text. Chapter three The principles of brevity and single effect which differentiate a short story from other narratives play a major role in the study of closure. The five signals of closure and the mode of approaching the end also influence how closure is approached in this genre. Chapter four The study of folktales is divided into traditional and modern approaches. Despite their difference, opening and closing are commonly based on the syntactical position occupied by the opening and closing phrases. In the traditional approach the position is fixed while in the modern approach it is controlled by the presence of motifemes. This chapter embarks on the usage of closure in narrative poetry. The ending is doubly determined, based on structural elements and linguistic principles. Repetition and cessation of the idea expressed in a verse llne, are major poetic devises to illustrate closure. Chapter six This chapter summarizes the findings of the previous chapters and proposals for future research.
African Languages
D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Foundation Programme (FP) students at the University of Namibia (UNAM) Oshakati Campus display inadequate academic writing abilities. As their aim is to gain admittance to UNAM main campus science-related courses, it is vital to have effective academic writing skills. This action research (AR) study is a comparison of three writing programmes, the process approach, the modeling approach, and the process genre approach which were implemented separately to three different class groups in 2008 and 2009 to improve the writing skills of students and the teaching practice of the researcher. The effects of the interventions were examined using a combination of the quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data were collected using questionnaires, pre- and post-intervention essays and laboratory reports and interviews. The findings indicate that all three approaches improved the academic writing skills of FP students. The process genre approach had a higher rate of effect than the other two approaches.
English Studies
M. A. (Specialisation TESOL)

The aim of this research entitled Narrative Strategies in Selected Amharic Novels from 2000 until 2010 was to shed light on the relationship among form, meaning (content) and social milieuin establishing the textual and contextual features of fictional narratives. It mainly contends that it is possible to unravel the textual and contextual qualities of fictional narratives by studying form as a narrative strategy. In this research, form, when understood as a narrative strategy, is not only considered as a textual construct which motivates textual meaning but also regarded as a product of the social milieu from which the text emerges. Having this conception, form as a narrative strategy is investigated in selected Amharic novels published from 2000 until 2010 in view of expounding the artistic and thematic features of contemporary Amharic novels, endeavouring to fill the knowledge gap in Amharic literary scholarship about their literary features. The present research applies narratological approaches that range from classical to post-classical narratology. However, it dominantly uses post-classical conceptions of narratology as guidelines for its discussion. The dissertation comprises six chapters. The first one is an introductory chapter in which the research problems, goals and assumptions are explicated. Chapter two deals with the theoretical framework where the theoretical insight the research utilizes as a guideline is outlined and methodological issues are specified. The following three chapters focus on the analysis. In the third chapter, story is investigated as a narrative strategy in Yeburqa Zemeta (Burka’s Silence) (2000); in the fourth one, focalization is treated as a narrative strategy in Gerač.a Qač.eloč (Grey Bells) (2005), and in the fifth chapter, characterization is studied as a narrative strategy in Dèrtogada (Dertogada) (2010). The dissertation concludes with a chapter in which independent findings in the three analysis chapters are summed up and generalizations on the textual and contextual features of the present day Amharic novels are made.
Afrikaans & Theory of Literature
D. Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

Text in Afrikaans with Abstracts in Afrikaans, English and isiZulu
In hierdie proefskrif word ondersoek ingestel na die parateks as narratiewe strategie vir toeganklikheid in geselekteerde Afrikaanse kinder- en jeugliteratuur. Die kern van hierdie ondersoek is die toeganklikheid van die boodskap binne die paratekstuele en narratiewe kommunikasiesituasie. Vir hierdie ondersoek is die sentrale probleemstelling soos volg geformuleer: hoe word die parateks as narratiewe strategie gebruik om kinder- en jeugliteratuur meer toeganklik vir jong lesers te maak? Gérard Genette se werk oor die parateks (1997a) en die narratologie (1983, 1990) dien as teoretiese basis vir hierdie studie se konseptuele raamwerk, aangevul deur die werk van Mieke Bal (1991, 2009). Jauss (1982) se resepsie-estetika word ook betrek ten einde toeganklikheid ten opsigte van die primêre teikenmark te formuleer. Binne die konteks van hierdie konseptuele raamwerk, word daar afsonderlik ondersoek ingestel na die ontvangers, senders en boodskap van die paratekstuele en narratiewe kommunikasiesituasie. Die ontvangers is die lesers van die parateks as narratiewe strategie vir toeganklikheid en word bespreek as die primêre, dubbele en tweeledige teikenmarkte. Die senders is die verskillende skrywers betrokke by die skepping en implementering van die parateks as narratiewe strategie vir toeganklikheid. Onderskeid word getref tussen die primêre skrywer, die tweede skrywer en die sekondêre skrywer. Laastens word die boodskap ondersoek soos dit met die visuele parateks en die talige parateks verband hou. Aan die hand van die konseptuele raamwerk van hierdie studie, en die verskillende rolspelers en boodskappe binne die paratekstuele en narratiewe kommunikasiesituasie, dui die studie aan hoe die parateks as narratiewe strategie gebruik kan word om kinder- en jeugliteratuur vir veral die primêre teikenmark meer toeganklik te maak.
This thesis sets out to illustrate how the paratext can be used as narrative strategy for accessibility in selected Afrikaans children’s and youth fiction. Central to this study is the accessibility of the message in the paratextual and narrative communication situation. In this regard, the central research question is as follows: how can the paratext be used as a narrative strategy to make children’s and youth literature more accessible for young readers? Gérard Genette’s work on the paratext (1997a) and narratology (1983, 1990) serves as the theoretical basis for this study’s conceptual framework, along with the work of Mieke Bal (1991, 2009). In order to define accessibility in terms of the primary target audience, reference is also made to Jauss’s (1982) reception theory. Within the context of this conceptual framework, focus is placed on the receivers, senders and message of the paratextual and narrative communication situation. The receivers are the readers of the paratext as narrative strategy for accessibility and are discussed as the primary, twofold and dual target audiences. The senders are the different writers involved in the creation and implementation of the paratext as narrative strategy for accessibility. Here a distinction is made between the primary writer, the second writer and the secondary writer. Lastly, the message is discussed as it relates to the visual paratext and textual paratext. Through the conceptual framework of this study, along with the different role players and messages of the paratext as narrative strategy for accessibility, this study shows how the paratext as narrative strategy can be used to make children’s and youth literature more accessible for especially the primary target audience.
Le thisisi ihlose ukuveza ukuthi umbhalo ohunyushiwe ungasetshenziswa kanjani njengesu lokuxoxa emibhalweni ekhethiwe yesiBhunu yezingane kanye naleyo yabantu abasha .Okubalulekile kulesi sifundo socwaningo wukutholakala komlayezo wombhalo ohunyushiwe kanye nesimo sokuxhumana ngengxoxo. Ngalokho-ke, umbuzo oyinsika kulesi sifundo socwaningo ngolandelayo: Ngabe inkulumo ehunyushiwe ingasetshenziswa kanjani njengesu lokuxoxa, elingenza ukuthi imibhalo yobuciko yezingane kanye naleyo yabantu abasha ukuze itholakale kalula kubafundi abasebasha? Umsebenzi kaGérard Genette i-paratext (1997a) kanye ne-narratology (1983, 1990) usebenza njengesisekelo sesakhiwo sebizo salesi sifundo socwaningo, kanti lokhu kuhambisana nomsebenzi ka MiekeBal (1991,2009). Ukuze siphumelele ukuchaza mayelana nokutholakala kwabafundi bezincwadi abahlosiwe, uyanxuswa ukuthi ufunde ithiyori emayelana nokutholakala kwabafundi bomlayezo ka Jauss (1982). Ngaphansi kwesimo sesakhiwo segama, kugxilwe kakhulu kubamukeli, kubathumeli kanye nakumlayezo wombhalo ohunyushiwe kanye nesimo sokuxhumana ngengxoxo. Abamukeli bomlayezo kungabafundi bombhalo ohunyushiwe, okuyisu elisetshenziswa ukuthola umlayezo, kanti la masu axoxwa njengalawo aqonde abafundi bokuqala, abambaxambili futhi anezinhloso ezimbili.. Abathumeli bomlayezo kungabhali abadlala indima yokwakha kanye nokusebenzisa imibhalo ehunyushiwe njengesu lokuxoxa elisetshenziswa ukuthola umlayezo. Lapha, kuvezwa umehluko ophakathi kombhali wokuqala, umbhali wesibili kanye nombhali osezingeni lesibili. Okukugcina, umlayezo uxoxwa njengoba uhlobana nombhalo ohunyushiwe obukelwayo kanye nombhalo ohunyushiwe olotshiwe Ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwesakhiwo segama salesi sifundo, esisebenzisana ndawonye nabadlali bendima abahlukahlukene kanye nemilayezo yombhalo ohunyushiwe njengesu lokuxoxa elisetshenziswa ukuthola umlayezo, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umbhalo ohunyushiwe oyisu lokuxoxa ungasetshenziswa kanjani ukwenza ukuthi imibhalo yobuciko yezingane kanye naleyo yabantu abasha ingatholakala kanjani, ikakhulukazi ngabafundi bokuqala abahlosiwe.
Afrikaans and Theory of Literature
D. Litt et Phil. (Afrikaans)