Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Revolution (Armenia : 1917-1920) fast”

After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the former nations of the Russian Empire searched for the possibility of forming their own independent countries. The situation was the same with three nations of Transcaucasia, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. After the separatist Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (signed on the 3rd of March 1918), Bolshevik Russia in practice gave away the Transcaucasia region to Germany and Turkey. Especially Turkey assumed an aggressive and annexationist stance at the time. And it was the Armenians who mainly put up the resistance. Armenia, together with Azerbaijan and Georgia, first created the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. However, the state was short-lived and it soon collapsed due to different approaches to preserving independence by the three countries. Azerbaijan tried to unite with Turkey, Georgia with Germany,while Armenia counted on the White movement Russians (led by General Denikin). Each of the three countries formed separate independent republics and one of them was the First Republic of Armenia. Germany and Turkey lost the First World War soon after but Caucasia was first attacked from the north by the White General Anton Denikin, who was supported by England and France. And later (in 1920) the country was invaded by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, thanks to the military might of the Red Army, overthrew the independent governments of those republics one by one. Subsequently, they introduced their own governments and annexed the countries into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). The RSFSR signed the Treaty of Brotherhood with Turkey on the 16th of March 1921, which was mainly directed against Great Britain and France. In order to realize this alliance, Russia and Turkey divided between themselves the Armenianlands.

After February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the nations of the previous Russian Imperium began their efforts to get their independency, among them were three nations of Transcaucasia: Armenians (Armenia), Azeris (Azerbaijan), Georgians (Georgia). After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3rd March 1918, Bolshevik Russia in reality handed over the territory of Transcaucasia to Germans and Turks. Especially Turkey became aggressive and expansive. Armenia together with Azerbaijan and then together with Georgia set up Trans-caucasian Federal Democratic Republic which collapsed soon. There were significant discrepancies among the nations. Azerbaijan wanted to get union with Turkey, but Georgia preferred Germany and Armenia counted on “white” Russia (ge¬neral Denikin). Each of these three countries set up own independent republics, among other Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soon Germany and Turkey lost the First World War, but north Caucasus was attacked by troops of General Denikin supported by England and France. Later on, in 1920, Bolsheviks entered this territory. The Red Army of Bolsheviks conquered each of the independent republics one by one, set up own governments and in¬corporated the territories into Russian Socialistic Federal Soviet Republic [RSFSR]. On 16 March 1921, RSFSR signed friendship agreement with Turkey. As a result of this agreement, Russia and Turkey divided the territory of Transcaucasian between them.

The article analyzes the collapsing of the Russian Empire and the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The process is presented as a chronicle of the creation and liquidation of state formations from 28 February 1917 to 30 December 1922 on the territory of the country, including Poland, Finland and the territories of Turkey and Austria, where Russian troops were stationed. The chronicle records the formation of 150 different authorities that claimed to be all-Russian or regional power, organized by Russian political forces or interventionist troops. The chronicle is based on information from encyclopedias and reference books. Statistics on the creation of organizations show that state construction was most intensive in 1917 (24 new formations were created), 1918 (60), and 1918 (22). During this three-year period, Anti-Bolshevik forces were more active than others and formed 50 governments, interventionists formed 17 governments, the Soviet authorities established 31 states. Some governments claimed the all-Russian status -- the Omsk government of Alexander Kolchak, the Special Meeting of Anton Denikin, the Government of the South of Russia of Pyotr Wrangel. The governments of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Khiva and Bukhara had nationwide claims. Most of the governments were regional and opportunistic, formed by local political and military circles, which were supported by the Whites, the Reds, or the interventionists. In 1920-1922, anti-Soviet forces were able to organize 4 governments, the interventionists 1, the construction of Soviet state structures was confidently underway = 32 states of different levels and 3 democratic state structures were created in the Far East under the control of the Bolsheviks. The result of state construction on 30 December 1922 recorded 7 sovereign states (USSR, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic) and two governments without territory - the Belarusian People's Republic and the Karelian United government in Vyborg. The Soviet Union was a unique, extremely complex state entity: it included 4 union republics - the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR. The Transcaucasian SFSR consisted of the Azerbaijani SSR, the Armenian SSR and the union of the Georgian SSR and the Abkhaz SSR. In addition, formally, the Soviet Union did not include two People's Soviet republics - Bukhara and Khorezm, with which the RSFSR had union treaties. The USSR included 2 labor communes, 8 autonomous republics and 12 autonomous regions. The basis of Soviet state-building was the principle of national self-determination. The Soviet experience of assembling a single state is now in demand again due to the growth of nationalism on the territory of the former USSR and the desire of Russia's geopolitical opponents to use it to destroy the country and seize its resources.

The period from 1917 to 1921 occupies a special place in the history of the North Caucasus. But, despite the fact that the revolutions of 1917 in Russia and their consequences attracted and continue to attract the attention of both native and foreign historians, there were gaps in foreign literature in the border areas of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of the article is to provide an overview and analysis of the works of English-language authors of the 20th century on the subject, their introduction into scholarly use to present a broader and more productive view of the problem. The study was based on the works of the 20th century foreign (Anglophone) researchers, translated by the author of the article. The main scientific methods used in the article were: the method of description, synthesis, analysis, principle of objectivity, etc. The article shows that in the first works of English-language authors material about the events in the North Caucasus was found among memoirs, descriptions of campaigns and military events recorded by military leaders, eyewitnesses and contemporaries of the period. Their attention was attracted by the troops of L. Bicherakhov and A.I. Denikin, actions in the North Caucasus, “ghost governments”, etc. By the middle of the 20th century and in the following years, monographic studies began to appear, in which, along with the study of events in the Transcaucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), one can also single out material on the North Caucasus. Researchers began to draw on more extensive material, mainly from foreign archives and libraries that had Soviet material. With the collapse of the USSR, interest in the Caucasus increased, and researchers turned to the past of the region to study the processes taking place at the present stage. The works of Anglophone authors provide an opportunity to comprehend the historical background of the peoples of the North Caucasus related to the history of Russia as a whole from the point of view of foreign researchers. Their works contain conclusions about the influence of the events of 1917-1921 in the North Caucasus on changes in the military and political situation in the Caucasus and South Russia. But some of them miss moments associated with the intervention of foreign powers. Nevertheless, the materials of Anglophone researchers significantly complement the history of the period of the Civil War and intervention in the North Caucasus, represent the view of foreign authors.

THE FIRST CONGRESS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE EAST (Stenographic report: Armenia and the Armenian Question) The first Congress of the Peoples of the East was held on September 1-7 1920 in Baku, initiated by the Comintern, but in fact − by Soviet Russia. The Congress aimed at exporting the socialist revolution to the countries of the East, rallying antiimperialist forces, beginning to struggle against Britain and preparing the ideological ground for the sovietization of the Republic of Armenia. The Bolsheviks spared no expense in achieving their aims. The Comintern headquarters attached great importance to the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement M. Kemal, the members of the former Young Turk government and Enver Pasha, who was likewise invited to Baku. In the speeches by delegates, among other countries, Armenia was mentioned as a true ally of the Western colonial states. Already on September 17, 1920 "The Presidium of the Council for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East" made a statement calling upon the Turkish and Russian troops for attacking Armenia, before the English-Persian-Armenian armies attack Turkey. In a week, the Turkish troops invaded Armenia, and on November 29, the Military-Revolutionary Committee of Armenia jointly with the Russian troops entered Armenia which was declared a Soviet Republic on December 2.

Öz Rusya İmparatorluğu'nda 1917 Şubat devriminden sonra uzun süre çarlığın sömürge esareti altında kalan yerel halk, Kuzey Azerbaycan'ın bağımsızlığı ve toprak bütünlüğü için mücadele etmeye başladı. O dönemde çeşitli güçlerin etkisiyle Lenkeran kazasında milli, demokratik, ilerici örgütler ve diğer siyasi partilerin organları kurulmaya başlandı. Milli güçler, asayişi sağlamak amacıyla ülkedeki mevzilerini güçlendirmek için tüm imkanlarını kullansa da, bölgede faaliyet gösteren diğer güçlerin mücadelesi sonucu bölgede keyfilik hakim oldu. Bölgesinde söz sahibi olmak için burada yaşayan bolşevik-ermeni, Eser, Rus milliyetçileri savaş alanı haline gelmişti. 1919 yazında eski çar ordusunun önderliğindeki Malakan, bolşevik-ermeni eşkıyalarının Lenkeran'da yaklaşık iki yıl boyunca gerçekleştirdiği katliamlar – Türk subay Çavuş Cemal komutasındaki yerel partizan birlikleri ve Azerbaycan Milli Ordusu'nun birleşik kuvvetlerinin şehre girmesiyle sona erdi. Bölgenin milli güçlerin eline geçmesiyle Azerbaycan'ın toprak bütünlüğü yeniden sağlanmış, yerel halk katliam ve yağmalardan kurtarılmıştır. Abstract After the February revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire, the local population, which was under the colonial slavery of the tsarism for a long time, started to fight for the independence and territorial integrity of Northern Azerbaijan. At that time, under the influence of various forces, national, democratic, progressive organizations and bodies of other political parties began to be established in Lankaran district. Despite the fact that the national forces used all their capabilities to strengthen their position in the country for the purpose of maintaining order, arbitrariness reigned in the region as a result of the struggle of other forces operating in the region. The Bolshevik-Armenian works became a battle ground for the Russian nationalists living here to have a voice in the region. In Lankaran for nearly two years, In the summer of 1919, massacres committed by Malakan, Bolshevik-Armenian bandits under the leadership of the former tsarist army - As a result of the great struggle of the local partisan units and the Azerbaijani National Army under the command of the Turkish officer Sergeant Jamal, it ended when the combined forces entered the city of Lankaran. The territorial integrity of Azerbaijan was restored and the local population was saved from massacres and looting by the handing over of Gaza into the hands of the national forces.

During World War I, the activities of non-Muslims against the Ottoman railroads reached the highest level. At the end of the war, the Armistice of Mondros, signed after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, effectively ended the Ottoman Empire by imposing political, military and economic restrictions on the state administration. In particular, Articles 10 and 12 of the Armistice set forth the monitoring of telegraph and radio communications other than government correspondence and the occupation of the Taurus Tunnels by the Entente states. The fact that the control of telegraph and radio communications other than government correspondence was left to the control of the Entente states caused some negativities in the country's intelligence network. The Entente states tried to prevent the Turkish nation from reacting against the occupations by preventing possible resistance movements in different parts of the country. Especially the negative activities of the Armenian and Greek communities were a precursor of the hard conditions that the Turkish nation might face in the future. One of the important problems that the Turkish nation faced during the war was the lack of linguistic and reliable personnel. Due to this shortage, great difficulties were experienced in censorship and intelligence work at strategic points, especially in the railroad network. As a result of these experiences, following the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (TBMM) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, the first initiative of the Board of Deputies and the Ministry of Nafia (precursor to Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change) was to nationalize the railways and replace non-Muslims with Muslim civil servants. The railroads within the Western Front, which is the basis of this article and considered as "an element of national security" and "a social and economic means", were considered extremely important for national existence and security. From the early stages of the National Struggle, the staff led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha attached great importance to keeping the railroads in the western part of the country under control and directing new routes especially to the east of Anatolia. Behind this reality lies both the reconstruction of the region and the elimination of the insecurity in this area, which dates back nearly a century. During the preparation of this study, the records of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye State Archives, the Turkish Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, the Ministry of National Defense and the Turkish Revolution History Institute Archives, periodicals of the period, copyright and research works were used. In addition, the issue of the nationalization of the railway administration was evaluated through the data in The Times newspaper, one of the leading publications in England.