Artykuły w czasopismach: „Reverse osmosis process”

1

Mann, J. "Reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration process principles". Chemical Engineering Journal 36, nr 3 (listopad 1987): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(87)80029-1.

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Ohya, H., K. Yajima i R. Miyashita. "Design of reverse osmosis process". Desalination 63 (styczeń 1987): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)90045-2.

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Salahudeen, Nurudeen. "Process simulation of modelled reverse osmosis for desalination of seawater". Water Practice and Technology 17, nr 1 (21.12.2021): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.127.

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Abstract Model equations for prediction of process parameters of reverse osmosis for desalination of seawater were developed via mathematical derivation from basic equations for the reverse osmosis process. A model equation relating the interfacial solute concentration () with the process pressure difference () was developed. Taking the of reverse osmosis as the basic independent variable, further model equations relating other process parameters such as the solute concentration polarity , water flux , osmotic pressure , water output rate (q), power density (Pd) and specific energy consumption (SEC) were developed. Simulation of hypothetical reverse osmosis data using Microsoft Excel Worksheet and Microsoft Windows 10 on a 64-bit operating system was carried out. Simulation results showed that the optimum fluid bulk concentration was = 0.0004 mole/cm3. The optimum rate of increase in the solute rejection factor per unit rise in ΔP was 0.45%. The optimum solute rejection factor was 97.6%. The optimum water output rate, specific energy consumption and power density were 103.2 L/h, 3.65 kWh/m3 and 6.09 W/m2, respectively.

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Tanaka, Yuji, Yohito Ito, Shigehisa Hanada i Tamotsu Kitade. "Environmental Friendly Seawater Reverse Osmosis Process". membrane 40, nr 2 (2015): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.40.86.

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Kimura, Shoji. "Transport Phenomena in Reverse Osmosis Process." membrane 21, nr 1 (1996): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.21.2.

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Chong, Tzyy Haur, Siew-Leng Loo i William B. Krantz. "Energy-efficient reverse osmosis desalination process". Journal of Membrane Science 473 (styczeń 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.005.

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7

Meares, P. "Reverse osmosis/ultra filtration process principles". Chemical Engineering Science 41, nr 9 (1986): 2453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(86)85104-1.

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Abdella, Dana L. "Reverse Osmosis Desalination". Marine Technology and SNAME News 31, nr 03 (1.07.1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1994.31.3.195.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is a method of producing fresh water from seawater by a process similar to filtration, rather than by traditional evaporative distillation. A semipermeable membrane allows water molecules to pass through while blocking the passage of most other ions. The qualities of RO which make it attractive for naval and marine applications are its ability to operate on electric power alone, requiring no heat source; its comparatively low system weight to other methods of freshwater production at sea; and its ability to operate automatically, requiring minimal operator attention. RO's high operational reliability has contributed to its gain in popularity in recent years. RO is used for freshwater production in commercial industry and surface ship applications worldwide. The following research paper discusses RO desalination and presents RO as an alternative to conventional distillation for naval and marine use.

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9

Saavedra, A., G. Bertoni, D. Fajner i G. C. Sarti. "Reverse osmosis treatment of process water streams". Desalination 82, nr 1-3 (sierpień 1991): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(91)85192-w.

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Maqbool, Nida. "A Short Review on Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Fouling and Control". Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, nr 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000122.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the process of separating dissolved salts from water with the help of semipermeable membranes. Membrane based solution are now widely accepted technology to combat safe drinking water shortage. Reverse osmosis has increasing market shares due to reduced cost and improvements in the process. This paper reviews the major issue of fouling that is faced during operation of RO and ways to regulate them. Fouling is categorized into many classes and the control is discussed respectively. It also discusses basics of RO, modular arrangements for RO membranes as well as multiple options for pretreatment which is a mandatory requirement of the process. Final discussion is the ways to consider while disposing of brine.

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Kurihara, Masaru. "Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination". Membranes 11, nr 4 (29.03.2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040243.

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Madaeni, S. S., i H. Daneshvar. "The concentrating of alizarin using a reverse osmosis process". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, nr 1 (2005): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0501107m.

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Membrane technologies in general and reverse osmosis in particular have been employed for the concentrating of solutions. In this study, the concentrating of a heat sensitive alizarin extracted from madder root was realized using an FT30 reverse osmosis membrane. The effects of cross flow velocity, transmembrane pressure and pH on the flux and rejection were studied. Increasing the transmembrane pressure increased the flux while the rejection was constant. At pH 7-8, the highest flux was achieved. This study showed that reverse osmosis is the process of choice for the concentrating of alizarin solutions. The optimum operating conditions were 1.0 m/s cross flow velocity, 16 bars transmembrane pressure and pH 7. The system was tested for 12 h without severe fouling problems.

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dos Santos Gomes, Flávia, Priscila Albuquerque da Costa, Maria Beatriz Domingues de Campos, Sônia Couri i Lourdes Maria Corrêa Cabral. "Concentration of watermelon juice by reverse osmosis process". Desalination and Water Treatment 27, nr 1-3 (marzec 2011): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2073.

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Emad, Ali, A. Ajbar i I. Almutaz. "Periodic control of a reverse osmosis desalination process". Journal of Process Control 22, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.09.001.

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15

Ning, Robert Y. "Reverse osmosis process chemistry relevant to the Gulf". Desalination 123, nr 2-3 (październik 1999): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00069-7.

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Song, Lianfa, Seungkwan Hong, J. Y. Hu, S. L. Ong i W. J. Ng. "Simulations of Full-Scale Reverse Osmosis Membrane Process". Journal of Environmental Engineering 128, nr 10 (październik 2002): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:10(960).

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17

Mccray, S. B., i Roderick J. Ray. "Concentration of Synfuel Process Condensates by Reverse Osmosis". Separation Science and Technology 22, nr 2-3 (luty 1987): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398708068979.

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Ning, Robert Y., i Thomas L. Troyer. "Tandom reverse osmosis process for zero-liquid discharge". Desalination 237, nr 1-3 (luty 2009): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.060.

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Binger, Zachary M., i Andrea Achilli. "Forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis process modeling for integration with seawater reverse osmosis desalination". Desalination 491 (październik 2020): 114583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114583.

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Al-Alalawy, Ahmed Faiq, Talib Rashid Abbas i Hadeer Kadhim Mohammed. "Comparative Study for Organic and Inorganic Draw Solutions in Forward Osmosis". Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 13, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2017.08.007.

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The present work aims to study forward osmosis process using different kinds of draw solutions and membranes. Three types of draw solutions (sodium chloride, sodium formate, and sodium acetate) were used in forward osmosis process to evaluate their effectiveness with respect to water flux and reverse salt flux. Experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale forward osmosis (FO) unit in cross flow flat sheet membrane cell. Three types of membranes (Thin film composite (TFC), Cellulose acetate (CA), and Cellulose triacetate (CTA)) were used to determine the water flux under osmotic pressure as a driving force. The effect of temperature, draw solution concentration, feed and draw solution flow rate, and membrane types, were studied with respect to water flux. The results showed an increase in water flux with increasing feed temperature and draw solution concentrations In addition, the flux increased with increasing feed flow rate while the flux was inversely proportional with the draw solution flow rate. The results showed that reverse osmosis membranes (TFC and CA) are not suitable for using in FO process due to the relatively obtained low water flux when compared with the flux obtained by forward osmosis membrane (CTA). NaCl draw solution gave higher water flux than other draw solutions and at the same time, revealed higher reverse salt flux.

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21

Khramtsov, A. G. "Technological breakthrough of the agrarian-and-food innovations in dairy case for example of universal agricultural raw materials. Reverse osmosis". Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 14 (29.06.2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2021-14-7-20.

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Aim. Consideration of the membrane technology process – reverse osmosis – by directed and controlled processing of whey and its filtrates through special semipermeable partitions (filter membranes) with a pore size from 0.1 to 1.0 nm, carried out at a pressure of 3.0 - 10.0 MPa with the release of particles (cutting off) with a molecular weight of 100 Daltons. Reverse osmosis allows you to concentrate all the compounds of whey and filtrates, separating almost distilled water (condensate). Discussion. In the molecular sieve separation system, reverse osmosis logically continues the membrane treatment of filtrates (permeates) of native, as well as separated whey and their microfiltrates, ultrafiltrates, nanofiltrates and diafiltrates. In principle, the reverse osmosis process should be implemented to pre-concentrate the whey, which will eliminate its loss (draining) and expand the range of use. OO is promising for processing salted whey with the removal of unwanted sodium chloride, as well as for cleaning the condensate of evaporation plants from the components of dairy raw materials that come with foam and secondary steam. Conclusion. In general, for the dairy industry of the food industry of the agro-industrial complex, reverse osmotic treatment is necessary for the implementation of a closed production cycle with a recycled water supply.

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Panda, Rames C., i S. Sobana. "Parameter Estimation of Reverse Osmosis Process Model for Desalination". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, nr 6 (5.11.2013): 2668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i6.3042.

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The present work pertains to modelling and identification of seawater desalination system using reverse osmosis. Initially the manipulated variable (feed pressure and recycle ratio) and the measured variables (flowrate, concentration and pH of permeate) are identified from reverse osmosis desalination system. The model of reverse osmosis was developed from the first principle approach using the mass balance equation (taking into consideration effect of concentration polarisation) from which the transfer function model was developed. The parameters of multi-input multi-output model are identified using the autoregressive exogenous linear identification technique. The states of the process model were also estimated using Kalman filter and parameters are identified by nonlinear least square (NNLS) algorithm. The plantâ€™s data of spiral wound model are given as input to all the identification methods. The results obtained from the predicted and the linear models are in good agreement with these obtained for the same plant data.

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23

Jabri, Hasna Al, i S. Feroz. "The Effect of Combining TiO2 and ZnO in the Pretreatment of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Process". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, nr 4 (2015): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.616.

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Choi, Yong-Jun, Tae-Mun Hwang, Hyunje Oh, Sook-Hyun Nam, Sangho Lee, Jei-cheol Jeon, Sang Jong Han i Yonkyu Chung. "Development of a simulation program for the forward osmosis and reverse osmosis process". Desalination and Water Treatment 33, nr 1-3 (wrzesień 2011): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2652.

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Choi, Yongjun, Yonghyun Shin, Hyeongrak Cho, Yongsun Jang, Tae-Mun Hwang i Sangho Lee. "Economic evaluation of the reverse osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis hybrid desalination process". Desalination and Water Treatment 57, nr 55 (20.06.2016): 26680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1190114.

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Bitaw, Tewodros Nigatu, Kiho Park i Dae Ryook Yang. "Optimization on a new hybrid Forward osmosis-Electrodialysis-Reverse osmosis seawater desalination process". Desalination 398 (listopad 2016): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.032.

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Kim, Jihye, Jijung Lee i Joon Ha Kim. "Overview of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process and hybrid application to sea water reverse osmosis process". Desalination and Water Treatment 43, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 2012): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.672170.

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M., Skala, Kůs P., Kotowski J. i Kořenková H. "Application of reverse osmosis at NPP and verification of the process for primary coolant treatment in temelín nuclear power". Nuclear Science and Technology 7, nr 2 (1.09.2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v7i2.105.

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Drained primary coolant from nuclear power plants containing boric acid is currently treated in the system of evaporators and by ion exchangers. Reverse osmosis as an alternative process to evaporator was investigated. Using reverse osmosis, the feed primary coolant is separated into two output streams: retentate and permeate. Retentate stream consists of concentrated boric acid solution together with other components, while permeate stream consists of purified water. In the first phase ofthe project the reverse osmosis modules from several manufactures were tested on a batch laboratory apparatus. Certain modifications to the pH of the feed solution were needed to enable the tested membranes to concentrate the H3BO3 in the retentate stream, separate from the pure water in the permeate stream. Furthermore, the separation capability for other compounds present in primary coolant such as K, Li or NH3 were evaluated. In the final phase of the project the pilot-plant unit of reverse osmosis was tested in nuclear power plant Temelín. It was installed in the Special Purification System SVO-6 for the regeneration of boric acid. The aim of the tests performed in Temelín nuclear power plant was to verify possible use of reverse osmosis for the treatment of primary coolant.

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Hadadian, Zeinab, Sina Zahmatkesh, Mostafa Ansari, Ali Haghighi i Eskandar Moghimipour. "Mathematical and experimental modeling of reverse osmosis (RO) process". Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38, nr 2 (12.01.2021): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0697-9.

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Thaçi, B. S., S. T. Gashi i F. I. Podvorica. "Preparation of heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes undergoing modification process". DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 118 (2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22619.

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McFall, Charles W., Panagiotis D. Christofides, Yoram Cohen i James F. Davis. "FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL OF A REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION PROCESS". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, nr 5 (2007): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070606-3-mx-2915.00145.

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Taufany, Fadlilatul, Rahmasari Nur Setyono, Abdul Wasi, I. Wayan Restu Surya Krishna, Yeni Rahmawati, Ali Altway, Susianto i Siti Nurkhamidah. "Pretreatment Process on Reverse Osmosis Brine as Electrodialysis Feed". Engineering Innovations 3 (1.09.2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-g0witu.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) Brine is waste generated from the desalination process using the RO method. RO Brine is generally directly thrown back into the sea, even though it has the potential to be reprocessed because it still contains a variety of ions in it. The best method in RO Brine processing is Electrodialysis. But it has a problem of decreased membrane performance caused by the formation of fouling. The fouling problem can be overcome by doing a pretreatment process to eliminate impurities contained in RO Brine, one of which is Ca2+. The existence of Ca2+ can trigger the formation of CaSO4 deposits. Therefore, it needs excess reagent Na2CO3 with a certain amount to eliminate the whole Ca2+. Currently, it isn’t yet known the best pretreatment conditions that can eliminate impurities ions and produce high concentrations of NaCl. Pretreatment trials are needed in various variations of reagents amount to reduce impurities. The purpose of this study is to find out the best RO Brine pretreatment process that will later be used for the electrodialysis process to produce high NaCl recovery. The best results were obtained in the pretreatment process with variations NaOH excesses by 15% and Na2CO3 by 30% from the ideal stoichiometry.

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Dologlu, Pelin, i Hasan Sildir. "Data driven identification of industrial reverse osmosis membrane process". Computers & Chemical Engineering 161 (maj 2022): 107782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107782.

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Chung, Jinwook, i Jong-Oh Kim. "Wastewater treatment using membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis process". Desalination and Water Treatment 51, nr 25-27 (25.03.2013): 5298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.768769.

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Taniguchi, M. "Boron reduction performance of reverse osmosis seawater desalination process". Journal of Membrane Science 183, nr 2 (1.03.2001): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00596-2.

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Song, Lianfa, J. Y. Hu, S. L. Ong, W. J. Ng, Menachem Elimelech i Mark Wilf. "Performance limitation of the full-scale reverse osmosis process". Journal of Membrane Science 214, nr 2 (kwiecień 2003): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(02)00551-3.

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Lin, Kwang-Lung, Min-Lin Chu i Mu-Chang Shieh. "Treatment of uranium containing effluents with reverse osmosis process". Desalination 61, nr 2 (styczeń 1987): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)80013-9.

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Tu, Qingsong, Tiange Li, Ao Deng, Kevin Zhu, Yifei Liu i Shaofan Li. "A scale-up nanoporous membrane centrifuge for reverse osmosis desalination without fouling". TECHNOLOGY 06, nr 01 (marzec 2018): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547818500024.

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A scale-up nanoporous membrane centrifuge is designed and modeled. It can be used for nanoscale scale separation including reverse osmosis desalination. There are micron-size pores on the wall of the centrifuge and nanoscale pores on local graphene membrane patches that cover the micron-size pores. In this work, we derived the critical angular velocity required to counter-balance osmosis force, so that the reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination process can proceed. To validate this result, we conducted a large scale (four million atoms) full atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine the critical angular velocity required for reverse osmosis at nanoscale. It is shown that the analytical results derived based on fluid mechanics and the simulation results observed in MD simulation are consistent and well matched. The main advantage of such nanomaterial based centrifuge is its intrinsic anti-fouling ability to clear [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions accumulated at the vicinity of the pores due to the Coriolis effect. Analyses have been conducted to study the relation between osmotic pressure, centrifugal pressure, and water permeability.

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Mabrouk, Abdelnasser, Muammer Koc i Ahmed Abdala. "Technoeconomic analysis of tri hybrid reverse osmosis-forward osmosis-multi stage flash desalination process". DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 98 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21564.

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Kim, Do Yeon, Boram Gu, Joon Ha Kim i Dae Ryook Yang. "Theoretical analysis of a seawater desalination process integrating forward osmosis, crystallization, and reverse osmosis". Journal of Membrane Science 444 (październik 2013): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.035.

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Sawaki, Naomi, i Cheng-Liang Chen. "Cost evaluation for a two-staged reverse osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis desalination process". Desalination 497 (styczeń 2021): 114767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114767.

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Parlar, I., M. Hacıfazlıoğlu, N. Kabay, T. Ö. Pek i M. Yüksel. "Performance comparison of reverse osmosis (RO) with integrated nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis process for desalination of MBR effluent". Journal of Water Process Engineering 29 (czerwiec 2019): 100640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.06.002.

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Gurung, Khum, Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Mika Sillanpää, Mohamed Chaker Ncibi i Mads Koustrup Jørgensen. "Nutrients Enrichment and Process Repercussions in Hybrid Microfiltration Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor: A Guideline for Forward Osmosis Development Based on Lab-Scale Experience". Water 12, nr 4 (12.04.2020): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041098.

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The effects of reverse salt diffusion through a forward osmosis membrane were studied in a microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactor. The reactor was used to treat and simultaneously concentrate nutrients from wastewater. The system was operated at different draw solution concentrations, leading to varying salinity conditions. A relatively low, yet stable forward osmosis flux was observed regardless of increasing draw solution conductivities from 10 to 50 mS cm−1. A substantial increase in sludge conductivity from 5.7 to 19.8 mS cm−1 was observed during the operation. Batch transmembrane pressure-step experiments showed a decline in sludge filtration properties with increasing salinity buildup in sludge due to increasing deflocculation and associated release of protein and carbohydrate fractions of extracellular polymeric substances. Mathematical simulations showed that accumulation of total dissolved solids could mainly be attributed to reverse flux of salts from the draw solution rather than by the enrichment of incoming nutrients when forward osmosis membrane’s salt permeability was high and water permeability low. Ideally, salt permeability below 0.010 L m−2 h−1 and effective water permeability above 0.13 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 are crucial to ensure enhanced nutrient enrichment and reduce sludge osmotic pressure, microbial inactivation, sludge deflocculation and membrane fouling.

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Cheng, Jian Gao, Jing Huan Ma, Zhi Wen Lin, Wei Xing Li, Zhan Sheng Ma, Qing Tong Ren i Ying Liu. "The Effect of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Membrane Fouling in the Process of Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination". Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (wrzesień 2013): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1102.

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One new pretreatment method was developed for solving the formed fouling on the equipments in the process of reverse osmosis seawater desalination, and the effect of different pretreatment methods on the membrane fouling was investigated. The experiment results showed that the flux attenuation rate of reverse osmosis membrane used in hardness-removed seawater was slower than the one of direct ultrafiltration seawater, and the salt reject rate and conductivity of output water from reverse osmosis membrane were not obviously affected by these two different pretreatment methods respectively. By according to the characterization of SEM, EDX and IR, the rapid attenuation of membrane flux was caused by the piled inorganic crystals on the membrane surface in direct ultra-filtration process, and the hardness-removed pretreatment process can effectively decrease the membrane fouling.

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Cheng, Jian Gao, Jing Huan Ma, Zhi Wen Lin i Ying Liu. "Study on the Desalination Process of Hardness-Removed Seawater with Reverse Osmosis". Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (wrzesień 2013): 2870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2870.

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The influences of the pressure, temperature and pH on the property of reverse osmosis membrane Dow SW30 were investigated in self-designed equipment unit with hardness-removed seawater as raw material. The optimal process parameters were pre-compression pressure 3.5 MPa, operation pressure 3 MPa, the temperature of feed seawater 25-30°C, pH value 7-8 and feed flow rate 60 L/h. Under these conditions, the flux of reverse osmosis membrane SW30 kept stable for long-term operation, and its salt rejection rate was above 99.4%.

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Venketeswari, Parida, Ong Say Leong i Ng How Yong. "Seawater desalination using forward osmosis process". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, nr 1 (17.07.2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.009.

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This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the forward osmosis (FO) process for seawater desalination. The leakage of boron from the seawater into the draw solution was also studied. According to the WHO guideline, the maximum permissible limit of boron in drinking water is 2.4 ppm. Preliminary results of boron rejection by forward osmosis membrane were found to be 60–70%. Minimal fouling of the FO membrane was observed in the experimental run spanning over 70 days. Under the given set of test conditions, flux of 1.4 L m−2h−1 was found throughout the run and there was no significant decline in the flux. With a flux recovery of 40% which is the same as that of the reverse osmosis (RO) process, FO could be potentially utilized for seawater desalination applications.

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Leon, Federico, i Alejandro Ramos. "An Assessment of Renewable Energies in a Seawater Desalination Plant with Reverse Osmosis Membranes". Membranes 11, nr 11 (17.11.2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110883.

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The purpose of our study was to reduce the carbon footprint of seawater desalination plants that use reverse osmosis membranes by introducing on-site renewable energy sources. By using new-generation membranes with a low energy consumption and considering wind and photovoltaic energy sources, it is possible to greatly reduce the carbon footprint of reverse osmosis plants. The objective of this study was to add a renewable energy supply to a desalination plant that uses reverse osmosis technology. During the development of this research study, photovoltaic energy was discarded as a possible source of renewable energy due to the wind conditions in the area in which the reverse osmosis plant was located; hence, the installation of a wind turbine was considered to be the best option. As it was a large-capacity reverse osmosis plant, we decided to divide the entire desalination process into several stages for explanation purposes. The desalination process of the facility consists of several phases: First, the seawater capture process was performed by the intake tower. This water was then transported and stored, before going through a physical and chemical pre-treatment process, whereby the highest possible percentage of impurities and organic material was eliminated in order to prevent the plugging of the reverse osmosis modules. After carrying out the appraisals and calculating the amount of energy that the plant consumed, we determined that 15% of the plant’s energy supply should be renewable, corresponding to 1194 MWh/year. As there was already a wind power installation in the area, we decided to use one of the wind turbines that had already been installed—specifically, an Ecotecnia turbine (20–150) that produced an energy of 1920 MWh /year. This meant that only a single wind turbine was required for this project.

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Ruiz-García, A., i I. Nuez. "Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions". Processes 8, nr 6 (14.06.2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060692.

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Reverse osmosis is the leading process in seawater desalination. However, it is still an energy intensive technology. Feed spacer geometry design is a key factor in reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane module performance. Correlations obtained from experimental work and computational fluid dynamics modeling were used in a computational tool to simulate the impact of different feed spacer geometries in seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules with different permeability coefficients in pressure vessels with 6, 7 and 8 elements. The aim of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of different feed spacer geometries in combination with the water and solute permeability coefficients on seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules performance. The results showed a higher impact of feed spacer geometries in the membrane with the highest production (highest water permeability coefficient). It was also found that the impact of feed spacer geometry increased with the number of spiral wound membrane modules in series in the pressure vessel. Installation of different feed spacer geometries in reverse osmosis membranes depending on the operating conditions could improve the performance of seawater reverse osmosis systems in terms of energy consumption and permeate quality.

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Tavares, Tomás, Jorge Tavares, Federico A. León-Zerpa, Baltasar Peñate-Suárez i Alejandro Ramos-Martín. "Assessment of Processes to Increase the Useful Life and the Reuse of Reverse Osmosis Elements in Cape Verde and Macaronesia". Membranes 12, nr 6 (13.06.2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060613.

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Reverse osmosis membranes could be reused in the same or another desalination plant by replacing the membranes in the dirtiest first positions with those in the least damaged last positions, also changing the best first stage membranes to the second and vice versa. The useful life of these membranes could be extended by chemical cleaning and giving them a second life in tertiary treatment plants, as well as reusing them in industrial processes where special reverse osmosis membranes are used and degrade rapidly, in processes with leachates from landfill waste, and also an interesting option is the oxidation of reverse osmosis elements to obtain nanofiltration, ultrafiltration or microfiltration membranes for the elimination of physical dirt. The main categories of recycling by thermal processing commonly used in the industry include incineration and pyrolysis to produce energy, gas and fuel. These processes can be applied to mixed plastic waste, such as the combination of materials used in the manufacture of reverse osmosis membranes. Recycling of reverse osmosis elements from desalination plants is shown to be an opportunity, and pioneering initiatives are already underway in Europe. Energy recovery via incineration is feasible but is not considered in line with the environmental, social and political problems it may generate. However, the recycling of reverse osmosis elements via the pyrolytic industry for fuel production can be centralized in a new industry already planned in the Macaronesia area, and all obsolete osmosis membranes can be sent there. This is a technically and economically viable business opportunity with a promising future in today’s recycling market, as discussed in the article.

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Wild, P. M., G. W. Vickers i N. Djilali. "The fundamental principles and design considerations for the implementation of centrifugal reverse osmosis". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 211, nr 2 (1.05.1997): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954408971529566.

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The paper describes the fundamental principles of a new desalination technology, centrifugal reverse osmosis (CRO), which offers significant benefits relative to the leading existing desalination technology, conventional reverse osmosis. Relations are developed that quantify the primary benefit of the process, reduced energy consumption, and it is shown that the energy efficiency of the process increases with system capacity. Other benefits are discussed, including lower membrane costs and enhanced reliability. The key technical obstacles to the practical implementation of centrifugal reverse osmosis are identified as well as novel and patented design features which overcome these obstacles. A prototype which incorporates these features has been designed, built and tested aboard the Canadian Forces vessel, the St Anthony.

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