Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Revegetation – Western Australia”
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Statton, John, Kingsley W. Dixon, Renae K. Hovey i Gary A. Kendrick. "A comparative assessment of approaches and outcomes for seagrass revegetation in Shark Bay and Florida Bay". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, nr 11 (2012): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12032.
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Here, we review the literature to evaluate seagrass revegetation projects focussed on Posidonia australis and Amphibolis antarctica, the main affected species in Shark Bay in the World Heritage Area in Western Australia, together with projects from Florida Bay, an analogous system with a long history of seagrass revegetation. We assessed the effectiveness of anchoring planting units, plant-unit density and size on planting-unit survival. We found no positive trends in our assessment, suggesting that there is no discrete technique, approach or technology that could be used with confidence to deliver cost-effective, scalable revegetation. Of concern was that revegetation success was evaluated over comparatively short time frames (1–3 years), driven by the strict time frames or deadlines of governing grant funding and commercial activities, leading to concerns that long-term revegetation outcomes may be difficult to assess with confidence. Several factors influenced revegetation outcomes which were grouped into three ‘filter’ categories; abiotic, biotic and socioeconomic. We recommend that future revegetation programs involving seagrass have greater emphasis on understanding how these filters act independently or collectively to drive successful revegetation as well as developing cost-effective, proven and scalable technology supported by longer-term monitoring to ensure revegetation programs do achieve the desired ecological outcomes.
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Broadhurst, Linda, Margaret Byrne, Lyn Craven i Brendan Lepschi. "Genetic congruence with new species boundaries in the Melaleuca uncinata complex (Myrtaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 52, nr 6 (2004): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04073.
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Uninformed management decisions have the potential to create significant problems for conservation programs. In the south-western corner of Australia where conservation initiatives are directed towards restoring large tracts of land degraded by broadscale clearing and increasing levels of dryland salinity, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br. (Myrtaceae) is a species complex of considerable interest for restoration. Although M. uncinata is morphologically uniform across most of southern mainland Australia, there is considerable variation in south-western Australia and a recent morphological evaluation has recognised 11 species. Phylogenetic patterns among populations of seven of these species were examined with nuclear RFLP loci to determine whether morphological and phylogenetic boundaries were congruent before the implementation of any broadscale revegetation programs. The phylogenetic analysis was congruent with the morphological assessment, and populations of different species, including those co-occurring at the same site, clustered according to their correct morphological assignment. Some genetic structuring associated with habitat preference was also evident within two of the species. The taxonomic resolution and knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among the seven species will facilitate their further assessment for issues relevant to revegetation, such as provenance and local adaptation. It will also enable selection of appropriate germplasm in revegetation programs to maximise the genetic adaptation in restoration and minimise negative impact of plantings on remnant vegetation.
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Doherty, Tim S., Briana N. Wingfield, Vicki L. Stokes, Michael D. Craig, Jessica G. H. Lee, Hugh C. Finn i Michael C. Calver. "Successional changes in feeding activity by threatened cockatoos in revegetated mine sites". Wildlife Research 43, nr 2 (2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15053.
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Context Provision of key habitat resources is essential for effectively managing species that have specific ecological requirements and occur in production landscapes. Threatened black cockatoos in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia have a wide range, so their conservation requires support from all land tenures, not just reserves. Mining in the jarrah forest temporarily removes cockatoo feeding habitat, so it is important to understand how cockatoos exploit revegetated areas for food resources. Aims We aimed to determine whether there were successional patterns in cockatoo feeding activity in revegetation aged from 4 to 23 years at three mine sites in the jarrah forest in south-western Australia. Methods We surveyed 232 plots in revegetation to document (1) structural and floristic variation in vegetation across mine sites and revegetation ages, (2) differences in cockatoo feeding activity across mine sites and revegetation ages on the basis of feeding residues and (3) any edge effect reflecting preferential use of vegetation at the interior or exterior of mine pits. We also documented the frequency of occurrence of cockatoo food plants and feeding residues in 480 plots in unmined forest to compare with revegetated areas. Key results Marri (Corymbia calophylla) and jarrah were commonly consumed in unmined forest and Banksia and Hakea species were also fed on to a lesser extent. Revegetated mine pits provided food within 4 years and continued to do so up until the oldest plots studied (23 years). The relative importance of food plants shifted from proteaceous species in young revegetation to myrtaceous species in intermediate to older revegetation. However, extent of feeding on myrtaceous species in older revegetation did not equate to feeding rates in unmined forest, with lower frequencies recorded in revegetation. Conclusions Black cockatoos fed in revegetation at all three mine sites, despite variations in vegetation age, structure and floristics. Feeding on proteaceous and myrtaceous food plants occurred within 4 and 7 years of revegetation being established, respectively, indicating that some food resources are restored quickly after mining disturbance of the jarrah forest. Implications Our results emphasise the importance of monitoring fauna recolonisation over appropriate time scales, to understand how successional processes in revegetation influence fauna population persistence in production landscapes.
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Clarke, C. J., G. W. Mauger, R. W. Bell i R. J. Hobbs. "Computer modelling of the effect of revegetation strategies on salinity in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia 2." Soil Research 36, nr 1 (1998): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97007.
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This is the second of 2 papers to describe computer modelling of the effect of revegetation strategies on land and stream salinity in the wheatbelt of Western Australia and deals with the impact that the higher hydraulic conductivity within major fault zones has on the effectiveness of revegetation treatments. Increasing the hydraulic conductivity by factors of 5 or 10 increases saline seepage by about 140% or 160%, respectively, for most treatments. For a treatment to have the same effect with the fault as without it requires an increase of 50% in the number of tree rows. This has major consequences for the management of water resources, as ignoring faults seriously underestimates the problem. Increasing the hydraulic conductivity has only a fairly small effect on the area of salinised land, an increase of up to 4% of the cleared area. However, tree-row spacing may need to be reduced by two-thirds to have the same effect as would be expected without the fault. Thus, although the change in salt land area is relatively small, the fault still has a big impact on the density of treatments necessary to get the same effect, which has some consequences for land managers.
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Fergusson, B., i AJ Graham. "A Quantitative Study of Soil-Plant Relations in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 20, nr 1 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980119.
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The soil and plants at a 27.4 ha field site near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, were surveyed and analysed with multivariate statistics. Cluster analysis identified four distinct plant communities at the study site. These were: Acacia acuminata shrubland Eucalyptus gvfithsii woodland Eucalyptus salrnonophloia woodland 'Ground Covers' - areas characterised by the presence of generalist herbs, low shrubs and weeds, and the absence of dominant upper storey species. Discriminant function analysis identified site elevation and soil exchangeable Ca as the primary environmental discriminants between the plant communities. Using these two variables, sample points were classified into one of the four plant communities. The two methods of classification matched well, with classification based on the two environmental variables providing an indication of which plant community would be most likely to establish in disturbed areas. This type of information can be important to revegetation programs in the region, guiding the use of appropriate plant species under different rehabilitation conditions. Key wcrds: environmental variables, plant communities, multivariate analysis, classification, revegetation
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Lee, Jessica, Hugh Finn i Michael Calver. "Feeding activity of threatened black cockatoos in mine-site rehabilitation in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 61, nr 2 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12101.
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Land clearing threatens three black cockatoo species (forest red-tailed black cockatoo, (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso), Carnaby’s cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris), and Baudin’s cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) endemic to south-western Australia, so revegetation is important to their recovery. Over three years we studied cockatoo activity in 7–14-year-old mine-site rehabilitation in the region’s jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata)–marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest to give the most detailed description to date of the use of rehabilitation by the birds. Pits varied floristically and structurally (despite similar rehabilitation prescriptions), but interior and exterior plots (100 m2) were similar within pits. Using feeding traces (e.g. chewed husks), and behavioural observations we confirmed feeding within eight years of revegetation. Plots containing feeding trace were similar to plots without, so factors determining black cockatoo feeding may not be apparent at small scales. Returning food resources reflected vegetation succession, with regenerating marri and fast-maturing proteaceous species providing most food. Carnaby’s cockatoo ate Banksia and Hakea seeds and Baudin’s cockatoo and the forest red-tailed black cockatoo consumed marri seeds. Banksia squarrosa, Hakea undulata, H. prostrata and marri were common foods in all years. Revegetation efforts elsewhere should consider these species, within the constraints of rehabilitation protocols addressing multiple aims.
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Clarke, C. J., G. W. Mauger, R. W. Bell i R. J. Hobbs CSIRO. "Computer modelling of the effect of revegetation strategies on salinity in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia 1. The impact of revegetation strategies". Soil Research 36, nr 1 (1998): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97006.
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The interactions between land, vegetation, and climate are highly complex and there are few demonstrations of the many potential combinations of treatments which could be used to combat dryland salinity. For this reason, computer simulations are used. This is the first of 2 papers that describe the results of computer modelling of revegetation strategies to reduce land and water salinisation in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia. A distributed parameter, physically based, cellular, 2-layer, mathematical model was used to simulate the effect of a variety of treatments. Modelling predicted that if current land use continues, 40% of the cleared area will become saline. Modelling replacement of the annual pasture with a deep-rooted perennial pasture or pristine native vegetation prevented the onset of salinity, but block or alley treatments always left a significant residual saline area and seepage even at the highest density of revegetation modelled. Combining remnant vegetation in pristine condition, 60-m-spaced tree belts and deep-rooted perennial pasture in mainly the upper mid-slope bays between tree belts reduced saline land to 10% of the cleared area and seepage volume to 30% of the untreated case. The second paper describes the impact of faults on treatment effectiveness.
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Taylor, R. J., i G. Hoxley. "Dryland salinity in Western Australia: managing a changing water cycle". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 7-8 (1.04.2003): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0690.
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Clearing of agricultural land has resulted in significant changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology. Currently about 10% of agricultural land in Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and between a quarter and a third of the area is predicted to be lost to salinity before a new hydrological equilibrium is reached. This paper develops a general statement describing the changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology of the wheatbelt of Western Australia between preclearing, the year 2000 and into the future. For typical catchments in the wheatbelt it is estimated that average groundwater recharge and surface runoff have increased about tenfold when comparing the current hydrology to that preclearing. Saline groundwater discharge and flood volumes have also increased significantly. Saline groundwater discharge and associated salt load will probably double in the future in line with the predicted increase in the area of dryland salinity. In addition, future increases in the area of dryland salinity/permanent waterlogging will probably double the volumes in flood events and further increase surface runoff in average years. The outcomes of surface and groundwater management trials have been briefly described to estimate how the hydrology would be modified if the trials were implemented at a catchment scale. These results have been used to formulate possible integrated revegetation and drainage management strategies. The future hydrology and impacts with and without integrated management strategies have been compared.
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Ho, G., S. Dallas, M. Anda i K. Mathew. "On-site wastewater technologies in Australia". Water Science and Technology 44, nr 6 (1.09.2001): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0346.
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Domestic wastewater reuse is currently not permitted anywhere in Australia but is widely supported by the community, promoted by researchers, and improvised by up to 20% of householders. Its widespread implementation will make an enormous contribution to the sustainability of water resources. Integrated with other strategies in the outdoor living environment of settlements in arid lands, great benefit will be derived. This paper describes six options for wastewater reuse under research by the Remote Area Developments Group (RADG) at Murdoch University and case studies are given where productive use is being made for revegetation and food production strategies at household and community scales. Pollution control techniques, public health precautions and maintenance requirements are described. The special case of remote Aboriginal communities is explained where prototype systems have been installed by RADG to generate windbreaks and orchards. New Australian design standards and draft guidelines for domestic greywater reuse produced by the Western Australian State government agencies for mainstream communities are evaluated. It is recommended that dry composting toilets be coupled with domestic greywater reuse and the various types available in Australia are described. For situations where only the flushing toilet will suffice the unique “wet composting” system can be used and this also is described. A vision for household and community-scale on-site application is presented.
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Brooker, Michael, i Lesley Brooker. "Dispersal of the Blue-breasted Fairy-wren in fragmented habitat in the wheatbelt of Western Australia". Pacific Conservation Biology 3, nr 3 (1997): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970295.
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Dispersal of the Blue-breasted Fairy-wren Malurus pulcherrimus was studied in an agricultural landscape in which 93% of their preferred habitat has been cleared for farming and the remaining 7% is highly fragmented. In these conditions, the wrens were still capable of dispersing through non-breeding habitat for distances in excess of 10 km. Most long dispersals were by juvenile females moving between habitat patches, although shorter movements were made within habitat patches by breeding females and juvenile males. While it would seem that the population in this area is not entirely limited by the ability to disperse at the present time, persistence may depend more on the rigorous maintenance of existing habitat and inter-connecting corridors than on the revegetation of farmed land.
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Clarke, C. J., R. J. George, R. W. Bell i T. J. Hatton. "Dryland salinity in south-western Australia: its origins, remedies, and future research directions". Soil Research 40, nr 1 (2002): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01028.
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Replacement of deep-rooted, perennial native vegetation with shallow-rooted, annual agricultural plants has resulted in increased recharge causing shallow saline water tables leading to dryland salinity and loss of agricultural production. Restoring the vegetation by regeneration or replanting lowers water levels locally but field evidence and computer modelling suggests this needs to be widespread for regional effects, which conflicts with the future of conventional agriculture. Alley farming allows agriculture to be continued in the bays between the rows, but needs as much perennial, preferably deep-rooted, vegetation as possible in the bays to achieve the required recharge reductions. Where the asset to be preserved is valuable and a means of safe saline effluent disposal exists, pumps and drains will be part of any salinity management system, but where these conditions are not met they will be of limited use on an economic basis. To limit the spread of dryland salinity substantial change in farming systems is required and farmers need assurance that the recommended strategies will have the desired effect. Computer modelling is the only timely way to do this. An operationally simple 1-dimensional model already exists, and a 2-dimensional one is under development and testing. Three-dimensional modelling is also probably required to support strategic, intensive interventions. computer modelling, revegetation, engineering, perennial.
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McGrath, W., R. Bell i D. Jasper. "Capping and Revegetation of Gold Residues in the Eastern Jarrah Forest in the South-West of Western Australia". Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2003, nr 1 (2003): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr03010513.
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Oversby, W., S. M. Ferguson, R. A. Davis i P. W. Bateman. "Bad news for bobtails: understanding predatory behaviour of a resource-subsidised corvid towards an island endemic reptile". Wildlife Research 45, nr 7 (2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18051.
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Context Resource subsidisation as a result of urbanisation and other human activity can have positive impacts for some opportunistic predators. Many species of corvid have benefitted from the expansion of human-dominated habitats; however, their impacts on co-occurring prey fauna are generally poorly understood. Aims We aimed to test the hypothesis that urbanisation associated with tourism impacts the predator–prey relationship between Australian ravens, or wardongs (Corvus coronoides), a ubiquitous corvid of southern Australia, and Rottnest Island bobtails (Tiliqua rugosa konowi), a subspecies of bobtail lizard isolated to a small (19km2) island off the coast of Western Australia. Methods Using clay model lizards and camera traps, we assessed the wardongs’ attack rates by distance from the settlement and by whether the model was in closed or open habitat. Key Results We found that while wardongs preyed upon Rottnest Island bobtails, predation was not affected by proximity to human settlement despite the highest number of wardongs being found there. Models in closed vegetation were attacked by wardong significantly more than were those in open vegetation. Implications Increased predation rates in closed vegetation suggests that current revegetation efforts on the island may be increasing the availability of preferred hunting habitat for the wardong. This finding may influence decisions by management on whether to control the large population of wardongs on the island.
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Anda, M., K. Mathew i G. Ho. "Evapotranspiration for domestic wastewater reuse in remote indigenous communities of Australia". Water Science and Technology 44, nr 6 (1.09.2001): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0327.
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In the past sewage ponding in indigenous settlements was commonplace as a result of overcrowding combined with inappropriate septic tank and leach drain design, installation and operation. The response over the past 10 years has been to develop reticulated sewerage systems to lagoons when the funds become available. These are often successful in terms of operation, improved public health and low maintenance but are expensive and wasteful of limited water supplies. Evapotranspiration (ET) is an effective method for on-site domestic effluent disposal in areas of Western Australia with soils of low permeability. Evapotranspiration systems have been established in a number of communities both for research/demonstration and as specified by architects. The systems usually follow two septic tanks for the disposal of all domestic effluent. A case study will be presented for a remote indigenous community where the ET systems installed for greywater only have been monitored over the last two years since installation. The use of evapotranspiration has enabled reuse of effluent for successful examples of revegetation and food production and points to the need for a holistic approach to design and service delivery in these communities that includes a total environmental management plan.
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Mayence, Charles Ellery, Peter J. Carrick, Dale Van Beem, Eefje Broenland i Kingsley W. Dixon. "Seed dormancy, soil type and protective shelters influence seedling emergence at Shark Bay, Western Australia: Insight into global dryland revegetation". Ecological Management & Restoration 18, nr 2 (maj 2017): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12253.
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Johnston, Teagan R., William D. Stock i Peter R. Mawson. "Implications of Banksia seed reward for conservation and management of Carnaby’s cockatoo on the Swan coastal plain, Western Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 67, nr 1 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19057.
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The food resource utilisation of six species of Banksia by the endangered Carnaby’s cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) was investigated on the Swan coastal plain, Western Australia, over a 12-month period. The energy yield from the seeds harvested by the cockatoos was determined and the information was combined with data on the number of infructescences produced per hectare, the average seed yield per infructescence and the average rate of harvest of that species of seed by the cockatoos to calculate estimates of the number of infructescences required to support a single cockatoo per day under a range of scenarios. Over 65% of infructescences of each species of Banksia handled by the cockatoos were consumed for seed. Banksia sessilis had the largest number of infructescences and follicles manipulated by Carnaby’s cockatoos. The energy content of Banksia seed was 20–23 kJ g–1. Seed weight varied from 0.075 ± 0.016 (s.e.) g for B. attenuata to 0.007 ± 0.002 (s.e.) g for B. sessilis. The number of infructescences required to meet the birds’ daily energy intake ranged from 14 for B. grandis to 3821 for B. sessilis. The results have important implications for the continued capacity of the Swan coastal plain to support Carnaby’s cockatoos, for the future survival of obligate seeding Banksia spp. and for anthropogenic revegetation programs utilising Banksia spp.
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Morgan, John W., Paulius A. Kviecinskas i Martine Maron. "Effect of proximity of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) trees on buloke early sapling survival in a semiarid environment". Australian Journal of Botany 61, nr 4 (2013): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13002.
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Agricultural intensification has led to the dramatic decline of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) and the plant communities it dominates in southern Australia. Conservation of remnant buloke woodlands and revegetation of agricultural land are both required for the persistence and improved ecological function of this threatened community. We examined the effect of proximity of mature buloke trees on early sapling survival, to provide guidelines for revegetation aimed at enhancing degraded remnants. We planted buloke saplings at different distances from the base of remnant mature trees at a site in western Wimmera, Victoria, with and without herbaceous competition. Mature buloke trees altered most soil nutrients (positively), soil water content (negatively) and soil conductivity (positively) at different gradients from the tree base, depending on the factor measured. Mature buloke trees had a strong negative effect on conspecific sapling survival in the first summer after planting in both the presence and absence of an herbaceous understorey, possibly because of the strong effect of trees on soil moisture. Competition from mature buloke was high nearest to the trees (up to 9 m from tree base), but competition from the native understorey also appeared important for saplings in the tree gaps, as evidenced by their improved survival when the understorey was removed. We suggest that to establish buloke saplings in areas where mature trees already occur (i.e. enhancement plantings around isolated paddock trees), planting tubestock outside the canopy of mature buloke is necessary to enhance establishment success.
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Woodall, G. S., i C. J. Robinson. "Natural diversity of Santalum spicatum host species in south-coast river systems and their incorporation into profitable and biodiverse revegetation". Australian Journal of Botany 51, nr 6 (2003): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02118.
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The commercially valuable root hemiparasite Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC. (sandalwood) once grew throughout the medium- to low-rainfall areas of the south-western agricultural region of Australia; however, this resource has been exhausted by over-exploitation and clearing for agriculture. There has been growing interest from the farming community and other investors in the development of a plantation Santalum spicatum industry in southern Western Australia. This study investigated the distribution of remnant S. spicatum within the Pallinup River catchment and assessed the risk of S. spicatum population decline due to salinity. The natural range of host species at different sites (river catchments) across the south coast was also investigated. Remnant populations of S.�spicatum within and adjacent to the Pallinup River catchment were small (1–70 trees) and highly fragmented. The risk of further population decline due to salinity was concluded to be small because remnant trees were generally growing in well drained, sandy soils that were elevated above (median 9 m) their immediate drainage line. Across the seven river catchments surveyed, S. spicatum occurred in a range of vegetation associations and parasitised numerous species (68) from a wide range of genera and families. The suite of species exploited varied within and between catchments. Thirty species, including most monocots and Myrtaceae, were not successfully parasitised. Remnant S. spicatum always occurred on well drained soil types that supported open-woodland or mallee–heath communities. Sandalwood plantations, supported by numerous individuals of a range of host species (10–40 species), were shown to be productive in terms of sandalwood growth. The scale of the developing sandalwood plantation industry is likely to be small and unlikely to cover large areas of catchments. Thus, this industry alone is unlikely to address the salinity crisis through broadscale recharge management. However, additional to on-site recharge reduction, biodiverse host plantations may improve the prospects for biodiversity and rivers in salinising landscapes through the protection and enhancement of natural biodiversity, creation of new habitat, conservation of plant species and by providing a commercial incentive to protect biodiversity.
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Sluiter, Ian R. K., Andrew Schweitzer i Ralph Mac Nally. "Spinifex–mallee revegetation: implications for restoration after mineral-sands mining in the Murray–Darling Basin". Australian Journal of Botany 64, nr 6 (2016): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15265.
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Mineral-sands mining in the semiarid and arid zone of south-eastern Australia is now a widespread disturbance that may adversely affect large areas of remnant vegetation, including mallee (Eucalyptus spp.) with hummock grass or spinifex (Triodia scariosa) understorey. No broad-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to revegetate mallee Eucalyptus species with spinifex. We report on the survivorship and relative importance (spatial coverage) of hand-planted tubestock 10 years after establishment in 2001, which included mallee Eucalyptus, Triodia scariosa, Acacia spp. and Hakea spp. These taxa are the dominant plants in a semiarid dune–swale system on a former mineral-sands mine licence area in semiarid, north-western Victoria. Mean survivorship of tubestock was 0.58 ± 0.04. Spinifex (Triodia scariosa), needlewood (Hakea) and several mallee species (Eucalyptus spp.) survived substantially better than the average of all tubestock-planted species, although Acacia spp. had low survivorships. Although the plantings were undertaken in the early stages of the most severe drought in the instrumental record (the ‘Millennium drought’), several taxa survived well and species such as spinifex established and developed ground coverage greater than the benchmark values for the ecological vegetation class of the location. We conclude that hand-planting of tubestock can achieve restoration objectives for this component of spinifex–mallee vegetation, even under extremely arduous conditions associated with long-term drought. We also herald the importance of taking a long-term view to the assessment of revegetation success, in this case 10 years.
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Todd, M. C. L., P. F. Grierson i M. A. Adams. "Litter cover as an index of nitrogen availability in rehabilitated mine sites". Soil Research 38, nr 2 (2000): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99046.
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The spatial heterogeneity of litter cover and bioavailability of nitrogen within a 9-year-old rehabilitated bauxite mine in south Western Australia was examined. Three replicate plots (6 m by 6 m) were each divided into 100 quadrats. Litter cover, vegetation distribution, and projected foliage cover were mapped, and litter (overstorey leaves, understorey leaves, and other assorted fractions) and soil (depth: 0–5, 5–10, and 10–30 cm) were sampled from within each quadrat. Litter distribution reflected projected foliage cover, and accumulated within microtopographic depressions. Distribution of soil nitrate (NO3–) reflected the distribution of litter. The 15N natural abundance (d15N) values of soil (0–5 cm) and the understorey litter fraction were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.529, P < 0.05), whereas carbon isotope composition (d13C) of soil (0–5 cm) was significantly correlated with the distribution of the assorted litter fraction (R2 = 0.296, P < 0.05). It is concluded that site preparation practices that effect microtopography, such as contour ripping and revegetation along contours, will have a significant impact on nitrogen (N) distribution and bioavailability within rehabilitated mine sites.
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W. Arnold, G., M. Abensperg-Traun, R. J. Hobbs, D. E. Steven, L. Atkins, J. J. Viveen i D. M. Gutter. "Recovery of shrubland communities on abandoned farmland in southwestern Australia: soils, plants, birds and arthropods". Pacific Conservation Biology 5, nr 3 (1999): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990163.
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Passive recovery of land formerly used for agricultural production may be an inexpensive and rapid method of ecosystem recovery, and may provide an alternative method to active revegetation. Passive recovery may also contribute to sustainable agriculture (soil salinity). For undisturbed and disturbed areas of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, this paper reports the effects of farming history (clearing only, cultivation, duration of farming, and time since farming ceased) on the soil nutrient content, plant floristics (richness and composition) and structure, and the abundance, species richness and species composition of birds and arthropods. Only one site was cultivated for >6 years. We summarize as follows: (1) Previous clearing and cultivation has left no residual effects on the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the sandy soils. (2) There were no significant differences in terms of plant species richness but some differences in cover of woody plants, grass cover and plant species composition for farming history or time since farming ceased. (3) There were no significant differences in bird species richness but differences in species composition for time since farming ceased. (4) Arthropods showed few (and low) significant differences in their abundance, richness or species composition across different farming histories and time periods since farming ceased. Farming of these shrublands has left only minor changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation, and in the abundance, species richness and species composition of the passerine bird and arthropod assemblages. Abandoned parcels of land on the sandy soils which support shrubland may yield useful conservation benefits with relatively little input.
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Lang, J., N. Tisserat, A. Koski, D. Christensen i Y. Qian. "First Report of Brown Stripe of Saltgrass Caused by Bipolaris heveae in Colorado". Plant Disease 89, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0913a.
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Inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L.) Greene) is indigenous to western North America and Australia and is a dioecious, rhizomatous, perennial, warm-season grass. It is commonly found in areas where salinity, alkalinity, and drought have eliminated many other types of vegetation (1). It has potential for revegetation of mine spoils or use along roadsides (2). During September 2004, multiple lenticular, brown lesions were observed on leaves of saltgrass accession no. 1023 at the Horticulture Field Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Segments of symptomatic leaf tissue were surface sterilized in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and placed on one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25°C in the dark. Dark green fungal colonies with aerial mycelium consistently grew on the medium. Slightly curved, ellipsoidal, pale-to-golden brown, smooth conidia 46 to 80 μm long and 13 to 17 μm wide (average 64.5 × 14.7 μm) with 6 to 9 septations formed after 7 days in cultures grown on V8 juice agar. The morphology and bipolar germination of conidia was consistent with the genus Bipolaris, however, conidia were often shorter than previously reported (3). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of one isolate were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal fungal rDNA primers ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were sequenced (555 bp) and exhibited 99% nucleotide identity to Bipolaris heveae isolates collected from zoysiagrass and bermudagrass in Japan (3) and rubber in Nigeria (4). To confirm pathogenicity, a suspension of 104 conidia per ml of water containing 0.1% Tween 20 was sprayed on saltgrass leaves to runoff. Plants were covered with transparent plastic bags and incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 72 h, the bags were removed and plants were placed in the greenhouse. Brown stripe symptoms were observed on all plants after 7 days, and B. heveae was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of brown stripe on inland saltgrass caused by B. heveae. References: (1) D. J. Hansen et al. Am. J. Bot. 63:635, 1976. (2) K. A. Pavlicek et al. J. Range Manag. 30:377, 1977. (3) T. Tsukiboshi et al. Mycoscience 46:17, 2005. (4) G. Zhang and M. L. Berbee. Mycologia 93:1048, 2001.
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Poole, Holly L., Laily Mukaromah, Halina T. Kobryn i Patricia A. Fleming. "Spatial analysis of limiting resources on an island: diet and shelter use reveal sites of conservation importance for the Rottnest Island quokka". Wildlife Research 41, nr 6 (2014): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14083.
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Context For conservation of any species, we need baseline data that will guide conservation planning strategies. Identifying plant resources used by animal species for food and shelter is the first important step towards fauna conservation. The second step is to determine the extent and distribution of these resources and thus identify prime habitat or habitat that could be improved through suitable management actions. This information provides the necessary spatial targeting required to make the most of few resources and a shortage of time. Aims Applying this model approach, we identified plant species used as food or shelter resources by the conservationally significant quokka (Setonix brachyurus) across Rottnest Island, Western Australia in the aftermath of the hottest and driest summer on record. Methods Dietary analysis was carried out using microhistological examination of plant cuticle remains from faecal samples for 67 locations across the island. Plants acting as diurnal rest shelters (n = 73 sites) were identified through observation of individuals flushed during surveys. Identifying key resources requires both a comprehensive analysis of the current use, as well as knowledge of availability of resources to determine selectivity. We therefore compared food plants or rest sites with a comprehensive survey of floristic diversity and abundance for 210 stratified-randomly located sites across the island. Key results We identified eight plant species that quokkas fed on preferentially and identified four plant species that were the principal shelter sites. We then used hyperspectral remote sensing data to map the distribution of these plant species to quantify their distribution and identify key habitat areas. Conclusions Understanding resource limitation over the most physiologically challenging time of the year provides important information for quokka conservation. Quokkas prefer Malvaceae species as food plants, and use dense, abundant shrubs for shelter. Implications Quokkas appear to have shifted their use of food plants since a previous study (50 years ago), likely reflecting modification of island vegetation due to anthropogenic influences, fire and herbivory over time. In the face of changing climate, this information will serve as an important guide towards conservation management actions on the island (e.g. future planning of revegetation and habitat protection/enhancement).
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Waters, C., G. Melville i A. Grice. "Genotypic variation among sites within eleven Australian native grasses". Rangeland Journal 25, nr 1 (2003): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03006.
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Eleven species of native grass were collected from 51 sites throughout western New South Wales and south-west Queensland. Approximately 10 whole plants of each species were collected from a site but not all species were collected from each site. Plants were grown in a common environment at Trangie in central western New South Wales and plant morphological and floristic characteristics measured. Data reported here are for observations made in the third year, by which time differences between populations were likely to be more genetic than environmental. Principal component and discriminant analyses revealed a strong relationship between site of origin and plant morphological characteristics, which explained between 61% and 93% of the variation within species. For all but one species, site was significantly correlated with these morphological characteristics. Site could be predicted from morphological characters with a success rate usually greater than 80%. These morphological characteristics must reflect genotypic differences among the collection from the different sites. We were unable to relate this variation to any of a range of site characteristics. Distance between sites could not be used as an indicator of morphological differences between populations. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of providing strong evidence for the existence of ecotypes and for obtaining appropriate seed sources for revegetation/restoration programs.