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Cooray, Vernon, Marcos Rubinstein i Farhad Rachidi. "Modified Transmission Line Model with a Current Attenuation Function Derived from the Lightning Radiation Field—MTLD Model". Atmosphere 12, nr 2 (13.02.2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020249.
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In return strokes, the parameters that can be measured are the channel base current and the return stroke speed. For this reason, many return stroke models have been developed with these two parameters, among others, as inputs. Here, we concentrate on the current propagation type engineering return stroke models where the return stroke is represented by a current pulse propagating upwards along the leader channel. In the current propagation type return stroke models, in addition to the channel base current and the return stroke speed, the way in which the return stroke current attenuates along the return stroke channel is specified as an input parameter. The goal of this paper is to show that, within the confines of current propagation type models, once the channel base current and the return stroke speed are known, the measured radiation field can be used to evaluate how the return stroke current attenuates along the channel. After giving the mathematics necessary for this inverse transformation, the procedure is illustrated by extracting the current attenuation curve from the typical wave shape of the return stroke current and from the distant radiation field of subsequent return strokes. The derived attenuation curve is used to evaluate both the subsequent and first return stroke electromagnetic fields at different distances. It is shown that all the experimentally observed features can be reproduced by the derived attenuation curve, except for the subsidiary peak and long zero-crossing times. In order to obtain electromagnetic fields of subsequent return strokes that are in agreement with measurements, one has to incorporate the current dispersion into the model. In the case of first return strokes, both current dispersion and reduction in return stroke speed with height are needed to obtain the desired features.
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Kiky, Andreas. "Analisis Sektor Industri Pertanian pada Model CAPM". ULTIMA Management 7, nr 1 (1.06.2015): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v7i1.921.
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The most popular Asset Pricing that has been known for long time was CAPM. This model offers very simple approach and strong fundamental theory for financial literature. Base of previous research using time-series data, this model show very good explanation in explain variation of portfolio return. Aim of this research is to find some pattern in different industrial sector, especially agriculture sector. Keywords: CAPM, Empirical Evidence, Abnormal Return, Stock Return
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Javor, V. "Modeling of Lightning Strokes Using Two-Peaked Channel-Base Currents". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/318417.
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Lightning electromagnetic field is obtained by using “engineering” models of lightning return strokes and new channel-base current functions and the results are presented in this paper. Experimentally measured channel-base currents are approximated not only with functions having two-peaked waveshapes but also with the one-peaked function so as usually used in the literature. These functions are simple to be applied in any “engineering” or electromagnetic model as well. For the three “engineering” models: transmission line model (without the peak current decay), transmission line model with linear decay, and transmission line model with exponential decay with height, the comparison of electric and magnetic field components at different distances from the lightning channel-base is presented in the case of a perfectly conducting ground. Different heights of lightning channels are also considered. These results enable analysis of advantages/shortages of the used return stroke models according to the electromagnetic field features to be achieved, as obtained by measurements.
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Shaw, Lynn, i Helene Polatajko. "An Application of the Occupation Competence Model to Organizing Factors Associated with Return to Work". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 69, nr 3 (czerwiec 2002): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740206900306.
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The variations in return to work outcomes for ill or injured persons experiencing health leaves are complex. However, it is important to comprehend these variations in order to develop evidenced-based practice in work rehabilitation. Currently, a plethora of studies exist in the literature that have attempted to explain the variations in work outcomes. A 20-year review of the literature on work outcomes has revealed several limitations in using this knowledge in occupational therapy. The study of return to work outcomes is, for the most part, atheoretical and the knowledge base is fragmented and disorganized. In addition, the literature does not reflect a consistent understanding of the multidimensional nature of either work disability or the facilitators for return to work. In this paper, the Occupational Competence Model is presented as a framework for filling this gap. This model is used here to organize and synthesize the factors previously studied on work outcomes to foster an understanding of this literature from an occupational therapy perspective and the future study of work outcomes and work rehabilitation.
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Alabdulkader, A. M., A. I. Al-Amoud i F. S. Awad. " Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 2 (5.03.2012): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2011-agricecon.
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A mathematical sector model has been formulated to optimize the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia aiming at maximizing the net annual return of the agricultural sector in Saudi Arabia and ensuring the efficient allocation of the scarce water resources and arable land among the competing crops. The results showed the potential for Saudi Arabia to optimize its cropping pattern and to generate an estimated net return equivalent to about 2.42 billion US$ per year. The optimized cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia has been coupled with about 53% saving in the water use and about 48% reduction in the arable land use compared to the base-year cropping pattern. Comparable weights was given to different crop groups by allocating about 48.4%, 35.4%, 13.1%, and 3.2% to grow cereals, fruits, forages, and vegetables, respectively. These findings were in line with the national strategy to rationalize the cultivation of water-intensive crops in favour of highly water-efficient crops.
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Li, Ong Sheue. "TESTING FOR LINEAR AND NONLINEAR GRANGER CAUSALITY IN THE STOCK RETURN AND STOCK TRADING VOLUME RELATION: MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE CASES". Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance (LBIBF) 9 (16.04.2014): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/lbibf.v9i.1345.
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This study aims at examining the short-run linear and nonlinear Granger causality between stock return and trading volume in Malaysia and Singapore cases based on the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model and Taylor expansion of the nonlinear model, proposed by PéguinFeissolle, et al. (2008), respectively. We find evidence of significant bidirectional nonlinear causality between returns and trading volume in Malaysia case while unidirectional nonlinear causality from trading volume to stock return in Singapore case, which may establish useful base for future empirical work in considering nonlinearity studies for the dynamic relationship of stock return and trading volume.
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Guo, Pan, Yanlin Jia, Junwei Gan i Xiaofeng Li. "Optimal Pricing and Ordering Strategies with a Flexible Return Strategy under Uncertainty". Mathematics 9, nr 17 (30.08.2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172097.
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To coordinate the supply chain risk caused by demand uncertainty, this paper proposed a flexible return strategy under demand uncertainty, in which the retailer can choose return quantity independently by put option after the selling season, while the return quantity is usually determined by the supplier in the classical return strategy. In our novel return strategy, the exercise price is not fixed, and we developed the base model of this strategy, named the selective buyback contracts model. We have solved the optimal pricing and ordering strategies of supply chain members. Numerical studies demonstrated that the contracts can coordinate a supply chain with one retailer and one supplier, and the supplier can adjust the profit distribution of the supply chain by adjusting the option exercise price. Compared with other return strategies, the selective buyback contracts give the retailer more power of choice, and the supplier receives risk compensation from the put options.
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Fu, Zheng Rong, Jia Xin Zhuang i Liang Zhu Wang. "The Application of SWMM in the Analysis of a Campus Drainage System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (marzec 2015): 1146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1146.
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The drainage system of a part of a university campus was tapped using SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). Local drainage discharge capacity was studied under different design storm return period. Results show that flooding and overload at some junctions and in some conduits are doubled with the increase of design rain return period from one year to five year, which may deteriorate the traffic and road base.
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Arsana, I. Nengah, Irianto Irianto i Baiq Kisnawati. "ANALISIS PENGARUH FAKTOR-FAKTOR BASE LENDING RATE TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY PADA KSP. MADANI NTB". Jurnal Aplikasi Akuntansi 2, nr 2 (12.10.2018): 032–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jaa.v2i2.23.
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This study entitled "Analysis of the Effects of Base Lending Rate Factors on Return On Equity On KSP. Madani NTB ". This study aims to measure the effect of partial and simultaneous variables factors Base Lending Rate (Cost of Laonable Fund, Overhead Cost, Risk Cost, Tax Rate) on Return On Equity on KSP. Madani NTB and analyze the variable Cost of Laonable Fund, Overhead Cost, Risk Cost, Tax Rate is the most dominant and significantly affect the Return On Equity on KSP. Madani NTB.
The type of research used in this study is associative research. Data collection techniques conducted in this study are observation, interview and documentation. The type of data used is quantitative data. The procedure of data analysis using multiple regression model analysis.
The results of this study indicate that the Cost of Laonable Fund, Overhead Cost, Risk Cost, Tax Rate is not entirely partially have a significant effect on Return on Equity on KSP.Madani NTB, caused by 1 (one) variable Tax Rate partially has no influence significant to the Return on Equity variable (Y), and all independent variables (Cost of Laonable Fund, Overhead Cost, Risk Cost, Tax Rate) simultaneously give a significant influence on the Return on Equity variable (Y). In addition, Risk Cost variable has the most dominant influence on Return on Equity in KSP.Madani NTB.
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Petropoulos, Theofanis, Konstantinos Liapis i Eleftherios Thalassinos. "Optimal Structure of Real Estate Portfolio Using EVA: A Stochastic Markowitz Model Using Data from Greek Real Estate Market". Risks 11, nr 2 (12.02.2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11020043.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of portfolio optimization. Optimization consists of minimizing the risk for a given rate of return or achieving a bigger return for a given level of risk. We use historical data from the Bank of Greece to calculate the net return and the standard deviation (std) for each type of property that is available. The objective is to maximize the economic value added (EVA) of a property’s assets portfolio under a specific rate of standard deviation, following the classic Markowitz model (M-V). The stochastic procedure entry in the model uses the Monte Carlo Simulation method with debt to equity (DTE) following PERT distribution for the portfolio’s invested budget, and the net return for the normal distribution with the mean of the expected return and std are taken from historical data, correspondingly. The returns verify that they follow the base assumption of normality through the Lilliefors test in the Greek real estate market. We observe the maximization of EVA and the expected return maximizing concurrently, but the minimizing risk of EVA is diversified with the minimization of portfolio risk. We observe that the max weight that a residential asset takes is 22.7% because a bigger percent reduces both mean and std. The study provides an explicit portfolio optimization procedure under uncertainty in the real estate market and enriches the academic debate about EVA and revenue.
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Nahavandi, Nasim, Farzad Haghighi Rad i Saeed Farokhi. "Heat Transfer Approach to Modelling and Analysis of Reverse Logistics Inventory Models". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (październik 2011): 2811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2811.
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Modeling and analysis of inventory systems in reverse logistics is more complex than in forwards logistics, because in reverse logistics not only amount of demand is not clear, but also uncertainty of product return is appeared in the system. In this paper, an inventory system with the possibility of product return is modeled by means of simulation tools and then thermal equivalent of inventory model, using laws of heat transfer is developed. In order to provide the thermal equivalent, components of the inventory system are known and for each component the thermal equivalent is introduced and then sensitivity analysis is used to show the similar behavior of the two models. Hence, analyzing the thermal model can lead us to know the effect of different policies and parameters on inventory system performance. Thermal equivalent model presented in this paper is a strong base for inventory system analysis with more complex structures in future studies.
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Osaragi, Toshihiro. "Accessibility Evaluation: The Effects of the Free Return System on Choice Behaviour for Public Libraries". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, nr 5 (październik 2002): 637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12836.
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In the field of public library study, travel costs incurred when returning books is an important issue for the spatial distribution of users, as well as the load necessary in the process of book borrowing. In recent years, the Free Return System, which is a subsystem of Library Services, has been developed so that users can return books to any library. In this paper, a model for describing the users' choice behaviour of facilities is constructed, and a method for evaluating travel costs accrued when travelling from home to facilities is proposed. The proposed model is applied to actual data of the choice behaviour of users of public libraries. The results of numerical analyses show that the Free Return System can reduce travel costs by 20% on average, and this value is equivalent to a growth of approximately 8% in the user base.
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Serdiuk, T. M., O. V. Zavhorodnii i V. I. Havryliuk. "THE MEASUREMENT ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE IN THE REVERSE TRACTION NETWORK". Science and Transport Progress, nr 29 (25.10.2009): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2009/13615.
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The original automated method of measurement of electrical noise in the return electric-traction network is proposed. It is realized on the base of car-laboratory “Automatics, telemechanics and communication”. The mathematic model of return electric-traction network is developed to scientific bases of automated measurement. It allows us obtaining the mathematic expressions for change of voltage and current harmonics in the rail net and taking into account the inhomogeneity of lines for the following analytic determination of a source of electric noise.
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Wang, Peng, i Zhengliang Xu. "A Novel Consumer Purchase Behavior Recognition Method Using Ensemble Learning Algorithm". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (19.12.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6673535.
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With the prosperous development of e-commerce platforms, consumer returns often occur. The issue of returns has become a stumbling block to the profitability of e-commerce companies. To protect consumers’ purchase rights, the Chinese government has introduced a 7-day unreasonable return policy. In order to use the return policy to attract consumers to buy, various e-commerce platforms have created a more relaxed and convenient return environment for consumers. On the one hand, the introduction of the return policy has increased customer trust in e-commerce platforms and stimulated purchase demand. On the other hand, the return behavior also increases the cost of the e-commerce platform. With the upgrading of consumption, customers pay more attention to personalized experience. In addition to considering price when purchasing online, the quality of services provided by e-commerce platforms will also directly affect customers’ purchasing decisions and return behavior. Therefore, under the personalized return policy of the e-commerce platform, whether consumers will make another purchase is worth studying. In order to achieve this goal, an ensemble learning method (AdaBoost-FSVM) based on fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) is applied to predict the purchase intention of consumers. First, the grid search method is used to optimize the modeling parameters of the FSVM base classifier. Second, the AdaBoost-FSVM ensemble prediction model is constructed by using multiple base classifiers. In order to evaluate the performance of the prediction models used, logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), FSVM, random forest (RF), and XGBoost were used to construct prediction models for purchasing behavior. The experimental results demonstrate that the method used in this study has a more accurate prediction effect than the comparison algorithms. The predictive model used in this study can be used in the recommendation system of shopping websites and can also be used to guide e-commerce companies to customize various preferential policies and services, so as to quickly and accurately stimulate the purchase intention of more potential consumers.
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Nwachukwu, Benedict U., Conan So, William W. Schairer, Beth E. Shubin-Stein, Sabrina M. Strickland, Daniel W. Green i Emily R. Dodwell. "Economic Decision Model for First-Time Traumatic Patellar Dislocations in Adolescents". American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, nr 10 (2.05.2017): 2267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517703347.
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Background: The surgical management of traumatic patellar dislocations in adolescents is associated with a lower rate of recurrent dislocations compared with nonoperative care. However, the attendant cost of surgery and the quality-of-life benefit of a surgical treatment strategy are unclear. Purpose: To compare the cost-utility of 3 management strategies for acute first-time patellar dislocations in adolescents: (1) nonoperative treatment only, (2) initial nonoperative treatment with surgery only for recurrent dislocations, and (3) immediate surgery. Study Design: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A 10-year state-transition Markov model was constructed to compare the cost-utility of the 3 index treatment protocols. Utilities used to define health states were derived from a telephone interview of 60 adolescents with a history of acute patellar dislocations. The probability of transition between each health state was informed by the available literature. Direct costs were estimated using a statewide ambulatory surgery database, and indirect costs were estimated based on parental lost productivity. Effectiveness was expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The principal outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: In the base case for our model, nonoperative treatment only was the least costly ($7300) but also the least effective (5.30 QALYs); initial nonoperative treatment with delayed surgery cost $10,500 for a 5.93 QALY benefit, while immediate surgical treatment cost $17,100 and provided 6.32 QALY benefits. Compared with nonoperative treatment only, initial nonoperative treatment with delayed surgery was associated with an ICER of $5100 per QALY. When immediate surgery was compared with a strategy of delayed surgery, immediate surgery provided incremental benefits at an ICER of $17,000 per QALY. The model was sensitive to the probability of surgical versus nonoperative treatment to achieve a full return to preinjury activity versus an intermediate lower state. When the probability of achieving a full return to preinjury activity with initial nonoperative treatment exceeds 47.5% (compared with 34.2% in the base case), then initial nonoperative treatment with delayed surgery is preferred to immediate surgery. Similarly, when the probability of achieving a full return to full preinjury activity with surgery falls below 51% (compared with 64% in the base case), then delayed surgery after initial nonoperative treatment is preferred. Conclusion: Immediate surgery and delayed surgical treatment are both cost-effective treatment options; however, immediate surgical treatment provides the highest QALY gains within a 10-year time horizon. Our model sensitivity analysis highlights the role of optimizing functional and quality-of-life benefits in the treatment of acute traumatic patellar dislocations. These findings have implications for clinical guidelines and policy decisions relating to adolescent patellar dislocations.
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Hung, Dang Ngoc, Hoang Thi Viet Ha i Dang Thai Binh. "Application of F-Score in Predicting Fraud, Errors: Experimental Research in Vietnam". International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 7, nr 2 (10.12.2017): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v7i2.12174.
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This study investigated the situation of frauds and errors on the financial statements of listed companies on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange. Base on the research model by Dechow, Ge, & Sloan (2011), the authors added a variable is the rate of return on assets (ROA). The research data included 214 enterprises from 2014 to 2016, with 624 observations. The study results showed that three variables including accrual accounting (Rsstacc), accounts receivable customers (Chrec), percentage of asset liquidity (Softasset) have affected positively to the possibility of fraud, errors on the financial statements. In addition, the ratio of return on assets (ROA) is variable in the model also has significant influence and statistics. The ability to forecast fraud, errors in the financial statements of this model is 78.21%.
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Purwono, Novi Andhi Setyo, Atiyah Barkah, Elvina Kusumawati i Rena Ning Tyas. "The Analysis of Song Putri Reservoir Storage Area on Sedimentation Rate Using Mathematical Model Approach". Jurnal Teknik 20, nr 1 (29.06.2022): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37031/jt.v20i1.189.
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Song Putri Reservoir is an artificial reservoir with the aim of irrigation channels for rice fields and flood control. This reservoir is located in Eromoko District, Wonogiri Regency Sedimentation modeling in the Song Putri reservoir is needed to analyze the amount of sediment deposition against the Song Putri Reservoir. To analyze the flow patterns and sediment distribution that occurs in reservoirs, SMS (Surface-water Modeling System) 8.0 Softwarse is used. This study aims to determine the flow patterns and effects of sediment distribution on reservoir changes. The data used include Song Putri Reservoir technical data, daily rainfall data for 10 years (2009-2018), sediment data, reservoir inflow data, and bathymetry maps. To analyze the magnitude of inflow and outflow of Song Putri Reservoir, hydrological analysis using empirical methods is used, while sedimentation modeling simulation uses SMS 8.0. Software based on the simulation, result the highest flow velocity in the 50 year return period is 0.097 m / s and the smallest is 0.00 m / s. Based on the simulation results of changes in the reservoirs base for 720 hours (1 month), the values that in the return period of 50 years, 100 years and the highest 1000 years the highest was 5.795 m and the smallest of 0.001 m. Based on the calculation of prediction of sediment growth rates, it obtained the results of sediment growth rates with a percentage for a 50 year return period of 35.68% with a range of percentages between 19% - 21% and a percentage of 29.103% for a 100 year return period with a range of percentages between 22% - 24%, while the percentage growth rate of 1000 year return period sediments is 98 , 20% with a percentage range between 55% - 57%.
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Kosik, J. C. "A quantitative model of the magnetosphere with poloidal vector fields". Annales Geophysicae 16, nr 12 (31.12.1998): 1557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1557-9.
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Abstract. A quantitative model of the magnetospheric magnetic field is developed using poloidal vector fields. This formalism is applied to the ring current region, the distant field and the return currents. The tail model is similar to the unwarped model of Tsyganenko. Several sets of coefficients are obtained for different Kp through a fit of the NSSDC data base. Experimental ΔB contours and theoretical distributed currents contours are correctly described and are Kp-dependent. Field line topology problems and poor ring current description observed in models of similar complexity are avoided. Computer time has been kept reasonable and makes this model particularly adapted to intensive-type calculations.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric · configuration and dynamics).
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Shah, Syed Alamdar Ali, Raditya Sukmana i Bayu Arie Fianto. "Duration model for maturity gap risk management in Islamic banks". Journal of Modelling in Management 15, nr 3 (12.02.2020): 1167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-08-2019-0184.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose models of duration for maturity gap risk management in Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach A thorough review of literature on duration modeling, duration measurement in Islamic banks and Shariah compliance has been conducted to set parameters to develop Shariah-compliant maturity gap risk management mechanism. Findings Models based on durations of earning assets and return bearing liabilities using various rates of return earned and paid, benchmark rates and industry standards commonly used by Islamic and conventional banks. Practical implications Increased Shariah compliance has threefold impact. Firstly, it will increase trust of customers. Secondly, it will help improve profitability by reducing non-Shariah compliance penalties from the regulators. And finally, it will enhance market capitalization and returns stability to investors because of enhanced customer base, increased level of trust and increased profitability. Originality/value This research proposes Shariah-compliant maturity gap risk management models based on the concept of duration according to recommendations of Bank for International Settlements. As there is no such maturity gap risk management mechanism that meets the requirements of Shariah using benchmarks that are common between Islamic and conventional banks; therefore, this research presents risk management solutions that can be applied simultaneously in the entire banking sector.
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Chen, Yuechan, i Ruotong Chen. "Research on the Influence of Whether Rebalance Model on Quantitative Trading Investment Strategy Based on BEKK-MGARCH and Multi-Factor Model". BCP Business & Management 22 (15.07.2022): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v22i.1239.
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The quantitative strategy of asset pricing risk management is one of the financial theory research hot spots. In this paper, we use the BEKK-GARCH model based on the relative economic theory to predict the daily volatility of gold and bitcoin; Secondly, we establish a multi-factor model with 16 factors to predict the return rate of the two assets; Finally, we establish WR model to determine the optimal position proportion of investors every day. In building the model, we use the data in the previous period to continuously slide and train our model to prevent future information leakage. In data processing, we choose the base point (0.01%) as the measurement unit, and the missing value is filled in by the average of the data of two days before and after it.
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Laila, Nisful, i Mohammad Nasih. "INVESTIGATING STOCK MARKET REACTION ON JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX (JII) ANNOUNCEMENT". Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics 4, nr 1 (14.08.2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jibe.vol4.no1.77-84.
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The aim of this research is to investigate the stock market reaction from the event when Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) is announced. The indication of stock market reaction was shown by appearing abnormal return during the date when the emiten are in the list of JII, and also several days before and after the annaouncement day. The method of this research is called event studies. Data collected from daily stock price from Indonesian Stock Exchange data base. By using market adjusted model, it was found that 21 stocks from JII latest list, during 11 days observation shown significant abnormal return, at 5% significant level. The conclusion from this finding is that the information of JII announcement has important content that caused the abnormal return during and around the announcement day. Moreover the information is shown a positive signal for investor, so that caused positive abnormal return
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Reynolds, B. "Predicting soil acidification trends at Plynlimon using the SAFE model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, nr 3 (30.09.1997): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-717-1997.
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Abstract. The SAFE model has been applied to an acid grassland site, located on base-poor stagnopodzol soils derived from Lower Palaeozoic greywackes. The model predicts that acidification of the soil has occurred in response to increased acid deposition following the industrial revolution. Limited recovery is predicted following the decline in sulphur deposition during the mid to late 1970s. Reducing excess sulphur and NOx deposition in 1998 to 40% and 70% of 1980 levels results in further recovery but soil chemical conditions (base saturation, soil water pH and ANC) do not return to values predicted in pre-industrial times. The SAFE model predicts that critical loads (expressed in terms of the (Ca+Mg+K):Alcrit ratio) for six vegetation species found in acid grassland communities are not exceeded despite the increase in deposited acidity following the industrial revolution. The relative growth response of selected vegetation species characteristic of acid grassland swards has been predicted using a damage function linking growth to soil solution base cation to aluminium ratio. The results show that very small growth reductions can be expected for "acid tolerant" plants growing in acid upland soils. For more sensitive species such as Holcus lanatus, SAFE predicts that growth would have been reduced by about 20% between 1951 and 1983, when acid inputs were greatest. Recovery to c. 90% of normal growth (under laboratory conditions) is predicted as acidic inputs decline.
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Setyawan, I. Roni, i Sudarto ,. "DETEKSI PERBANDINGAN EKSES VOLATILITAS HARGA SERTA REAKSI EARNING TERHADAP RETURN & HARGA SAHAM SEKTOR LQ45". Media Riset Bisnis & Manajemen 6, nr 3 (16.12.2006): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mrbm.v6i3.1047.
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This paper examines the validity of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) valuation model through stock price volatility and earning volatility excesses. Our research also analyzes stock price reaction to earning. Based on existence of stock price mispricing; there is no investor who will obtain abnormal return if we follow EMH. We find JS is not efficient. Over the observation periods; investors have more concerned with stock market volatility than earning quality. Specifically they have remained to concern about earning quality from LQ 45 companies. Our study provides stock price prediction model that used by investors for decision to buy and to sell. The base for decision of investors is earning. When earning is positive; investors should hold that stock. Otherwise they should release if their earning of stock are negative.Keywords: stock price and earning volatility excesses; mispricing; efficient market,. abnormal return.
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Sunarso, Sunarso, Eswanto Sugeng Rahayu, Taufik Taufik i Irwan Kurniawan. "Gap Analysis Sectoral Shares Index during the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Indonesia Stock Exchange". Jurnal Pengembangan Wiraswasta 22, nr 3 (26.12.2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.33370/jpw.v22i3.475.
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The investment risk during the Covid-19 pandemic is difficult to calculate due to increasing uncertainty. The research presents a model that can be used in mitigating short-term investment risk during the Covid-19 Pandemic on the capital market with sectoral gap return base on the difference price between the highest position and the lowest position. The gap may indicate volatility, volume inequality, price abnormalities, directional anomaly, and transaction conspiracy. This paper focused on how to manage portfolio investment risk based on short-term risk mitigation base on gap Analysis of sectoral return compare to Composite Index. The aim to be achieved was to minimize the risk of short-term portfolio investment at the start of the short-term Pandemic in Januari 2020 to August 2020. The specific target to be achieved in this study is to present a model that can increase the yield of short-term investments in the Indonesia Stock Exchange with low level of risk. The object of this research was sectoral idex of stock price whose price movements are in the opposite direction to the composite stock price index. The result of this research shown that the highest gap was basic Industry sector 54,50%. Meanwhile, the lowest gap was consumer sector 22,35%. The highest the gap the bigger the risk.Keywords: Mitigation Model, Investment Risk, Stock Portfolio, Covid-19
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Wu, Wenqing, Zhenfang Zhu, Qiang Lu, Dianyuan Zhang i Qiangqiang Guo. "Introducing External Knowledge to Answer Questions with Implicit Temporal Constraints over Knowledge Base". Future Internet 12, nr 3 (5.03.2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12030045.
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Knowledge base question answering (KBQA) aims to analyze the semantics of natural language questions and return accurate answers from the knowledge base (KB). More and more studies have applied knowledge bases to question answering systems, and when using a KB to answer a natural language question, there are some words that imply the tense (e.g., original and previous) and play a limiting role in questions. However, most existing methods for KBQA cannot model a question with implicit temporal constraints. In this work, we propose a model based on a bidirectional attentive memory network, which obtains the temporal information in the question through attention mechanisms and external knowledge. Specifically, we encode the external knowledge as vectors, and use additive attention between the question and external knowledge to obtain the temporal information, then further enhance the question vector to increase the accuracy. On the WebQuestions benchmark, our method not only performs better with the overall data, but also has excellent performance regarding questions with implicit temporal constraints, which are separate from the overall data. As we use attention mechanisms, our method also offers better interpretability.
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Omaliko, Emeka, Bridget Akwuobi i Suday David. "Responsibility Accounting and Corporate Sustainability Growth: Evidence from Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria". Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies 2, nr 3 (8.08.2023): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jssms.v2i3.538.
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This study examined the relationship between responsibility accounting and corporate sustainability growth using listed deposit money banks as a reference point. Responsibility accounting was measured using Operating Expenses (OE), Net Income (NI), Interest Expense (IE) and Return on Investment (ROI) while corporate sustainability growth was measured using corporate sustainability growth rate (CSGR). Ex post facto design was adopted and data for this study was collected from the annual accounts and reports of all listed deposit money banks on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) for the period ended; 2016-2022. The analysis was carried out using panel least squares regression model and the results of the study show a significant and positive association between operating expenses, net income, interest expense, return on investment and sustainability growth of banks in Nigeria at 1% to 5% level of significance. The study therefore comes to the conclusion that responsibility accounting ensures sustainability growth in the banking sector. The study recommends that managers should increase their asset base, as it has been observed that banks with large asset base control their operating and interest expense which significantly ensures banks sustainability. In addition, the managers of listed deposit money banks should use return on investment and net income as a metric to evaluate and assess the sustainability of their stewardship.
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Kumar, Udaya, Rosy B. Raysaha i K. P. Dileep Kumar. "Time Domain Modelling of First Return Stroke of Lightning". Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2, nr 1 (29.12.2008): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282300802010261.
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The four most important factors that govern the return stroke evolution can be identified as: (i) electric field due to charge distributed along the channel, (ii) transient enhancement of conductance by several orders at the bridging regime (iii) the non-linear increase in channel conductance at the propagating current front and (iv) the associated dynamic electromagnetic field which support the evolution of current along the channel. For a more realistic modelling of the lightning return stroke, the present work attempts to consider these aspects in suitable manner. The charge simulation method is employed for evaluating the quasi-static field due to (i). For the dynamic field, the problem involves conduction along a thin structure with open boundary on one side. Further, in order to efficiently represent a vertically extended grounded strike object, as well as, channel of quite arbitrary geometry, boundary based approach is believed to be the ideal choice. Considering these, a time-dependent electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) along with a sub-sectional collocation form of the method of moments (MoM) is chosen for the numerical field evaluation. The dynamic variation of conductance in the channel other than the bridging zone is modelled by a first order arc equation. For the bridging zone, arc equation which explicitly portray in some sense, accumulation of energy is considered. Accordingly, formulations given by Barannik, Popovic and Toepler were scrutinized for their suitability. After some preliminary simulation studies, a self contained model for the first return stoke of a lightning flash is presented. The stability of the model is verified by running the program for longer durations with different cloud base potentials and cloud base heights. Simulation results are in agreement with the field data on current and velocity decay rate for the first one kilometer height. Also, the relation between the charge density at channel tip and the return stroke current peak favorably compares with the literature.
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Bouguessa, Mohamed. "A Mixture Model-Based Combination Approach for Outlier Detection". International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 23, nr 04 (sierpień 2014): 1460021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213014600215.
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In this paper, we propose an approach that combines different outlier detection algorithms in order to gain an improved effectiveness. To this end, we first estimate an outlier score vector for each data object. Each element of the estimated vectors corresponds to an outlier score produced by a specific outlier detection algorithm. We then use the multivariate beta mixture model to cluster the outlier score vectors into several components so that the component that corresponds to the outliers can be identified. A notable feature of the proposed approach is the automatic identification of outliers, while most existing methods return only a ranked list of points, expecting the outliers to come first; or require empirical threshold estimation to identify outliers. Experimental results, on both synthetic and real data sets, show that our approach substantially enhances the accuracy of outlier base detectors considered in the combination and overcome their drawbacks.
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Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh, Peter Josef Stauvermann, Arvind Patel, Selvin Prasad i Nikeel N. Kumar. "Profitability Determinants of the Insurance Sector in Small Pacific Island States: A Study of Fiji’s Insurance Companies". Engineering Economics 33, nr 3 (30.06.2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.33.3.19583.
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We examine the determinants of profitability of insurance companies in Fiji as a reference country. In Fiji, insurance companies and the services have grown over the years. The study uses a financial evaluation approach. Profitability is measured by the return on assets and the return on equity. Using the two measures and the data published in the key disclosure statements as a mandatory requirement by the Reserve Bank of Fiji, we develop regression models. The fixed-effects regression model and a balanced panel are considered for the analysis. The sample comprises eight insurance companies’ financial data over the period 2010-2015. First, a base model is estimated, followed by additional models which include interaction effects as part of the sensitivity analysis and further insights. The general outcome of the estimation is that premium income, underwriting expenses, administrative expenses, and volume of capital are positively associated with profitability, whereas leverage measured by total liability over equity, and contingent liability are negatively associated with profitability. Inclusion of interaction effects provides results consistent with the base model. The study is a first attempt to analyse Fiji’s insurance sectors and provides useful information in terms of financial management of the sector. The findings can assist the insurance sector and the policy makers to formulate strategies for revenue and cost management.
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Mishra, Amritkant. "Investigation of volatility and spillover in foreign ex-change return in Indian Chinese & Malaysian market". International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies 5, nr 2 (5.10.2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijaes.v5i2.8302.
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In this paper it is tried to make the comparison the foreign exchange return volatility in the three emerging economies of Asia. It is also endeavored to investigate the return co-movement and the volatility spillover between the foreign exchange markets of India, China and Malaysia with reference of US dollar, Indian Rupees, Chinese Yuan and Malaysian Ringgit in each other foreign exchange market to. The daily data have collected from Federal Reserve data base from April 2012 to March 2017. For analysis MGARCH model, the GARCH DCC as well as VAR model applied. The empirical result of volatility spillover effect shows that in Indian and Malaysian foreign exchange market the US dollar seems as shock transmitter. It also shows that the influence of US dollar in Chinese foreign exchange market is very low as compare to the Indian and Malaysian exchange rate market. In Chinese market Malaysian ringgit is dominant currency and it transmits the shocks to the US dollar. The conditional volatility result shows that among all the foreign exchange market, Indian market has high volatility return of foreign currency as compare to other market.
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Shtefan, Mariya, i Viktoriya Shubina. "Econometric Assessment of the Impact of the Buyer Company’s Financial Position on the M&A Effectiveness (in the Pharmaceutical Industry)". Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2020, nr 1 (27.02.2020): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202014.
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This article provides the assessment of the impact of the buyer company’s financial position on the M&A effectiveness on the base of the pharmaceutical industry. We have estimated this correlation using OLS method and data for the period from 2005 to 2017. As a result, the hypothesis about the dependence of the M&A efficiency from the buyer company’s financial state has been confirmed. The developed econometric model have showed that more than 80% of variation of the cumulative abnormal return, received as a result of the transaction, is explained by growth rates of revenues and net profit, assets, current liquidity, autonomy and financial leverage, return of sales and assets at the transaction time.
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Amiri, Mohamed Marouen, Kamel Naoui, Abdelkader Derbali i Mounir Ben Sassi. "Investor sentiment and the risk-return tradeoff". International Journal of Financial Engineering 07, nr 04 (grudzień 2020): 2050043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786320500437.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the risk-return tradeoff allowing for the presence of noise traders, i.e., a subset of investors who either base their trading strategies on sentiment or hold unjustified optimistic/pessimistic views regarding market prospects. We measure noise traders’ sentiment relying on two sets of indices, namely the Baker and Wurgler sentiment index and the Michigan Consumer Confidence Index, in the US stock market. Under the assumption of the presence of noise traders’ sentiment, the risk-return tradeoff is tested through two sets of models: Merton’s Intertemporal CAPM and the GARCH-in-mean model. First, we find that the relationship between risk and return allowing for the presence of noise trader risk as measured by the Baker and Wurgler sentiment index is positive and statistically significant when tested through Merton’s Intertemporal CAPM. Second, the risk-return tradeoff tested through GARCH-in-mean models augmented by noise traders’ risk as measured through survey-based measures of sentiment establishes no clear evidence for a significant mean–variance relationship. Overall, we confirm Merton’s (1973) hypothesis that the more risk an investor bears, the greater his expected returns. This paper contributes to the asset pricing literature by trying to shed some light on the risk-return tradeoff from the standpoint of behavioral finance.
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Tseng, Wee, Reong i Wu. "Considering JIT in Assigning Task for Return Vehicle in Green Supply Chain". Sustainability 11, nr 22 (17.11.2019): 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226464.
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The purpose of this study was to achieve supply chain sustainability by considering Just in Time (JIT) in return vehicle usage. In response to a general increase in modern environmental awareness, consumer and government attention towards product and service compliance with environmental protection standards has increased. Consequently, manufacturers and stakeholders are pressured to use eco-friendly supply chains. In this paper, we analyzed the JIT model, a transportation network that ensure agile responses and delivery of goods in a supply chain, which reduces inventory costs. We then compared two return vehicle transportation scenarios. In the first, goods were transported from the central warehouse to the distribution base, and the return vehicle delivered recyclable packaging materials back to the central distribution warehouse. In the second scenario, goods were transported from the manufacturer to the distribution center (warehouse) more frequently, leading to reduced inventory. We then utilized the aforementioned JIT system with ILOG CPLEX12.4 to ascertain which scenario would produce the lowest carbon emissions for the lowest total cost.
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Norouzi, Ashraf, i Amir Albadvi. "A hybrid model for customer portfolio analysis in retailing". Management Research Review 39, nr 6 (20.06.2016): 630–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2014-0082.
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Purpose Marketing/finance interface and application of its new insights in marketing decisions have recently found great interest among marketing researchers and practitioners. There is a relatively large body of marketing literature about incorporating modern portfolio theory (MPT) into customer portfolio context and taking advantage of it in marketing resource allocation decisions. Previous studies have modelled customer portfolio risk in the form of historical return/profitability volatility of customer base. However, the risk is a future-oriented measure, and deals with future volatility associated with return stream. This study aims to address this research problem. Design/methodology/approach The well-known Pareto/non-binomial distribution (NBD) approach is used to model customer purchases in a non-contractual setting of research practice. Then, the results were used to simulate the customers’ future buying behaviour and associated returns via the Monte Carlo simulation approach. Subsequently, the mean-variance portfolio optimization model was applied to find the optimal customer portfolio mix. Findings The results illustrated the better performance of the proposed efficient portfolio versus the current customer portfolio. These results are applicable in analyzing customer portfolio composition, and can be used as a guidance to make decisions about marketing resource allocation in different segments. Originality/value This study proposes a new approach to analyze customer portfolio by using the customers’ future buying behaviour. Taking advantage of rich marketing literature about statistical assumptions describing the customers’ buying behaviour, this study tries to take some steps forward in the application of the MPT theory in customer portfolio management context.
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Zhao, Li Zhu, Rui Qiang Bai i Yu Peng Shao. "Exchange Rate Risk Estimates of the Foreign Contracted Projects Based on the Model of VaR". Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (wrzesień 2014): 2327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2327.
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China implements a floating exchange rate system after reforming the exchange rate mechanism in 2005. So far, nearly eight years, the RMB against the U.S. dollar increased from 8.2:1 to 6.1:1. Exchange rate risk of China's foreign contracted engineering industry has become a serious problem in the rapid development of the industry situation, this paper established exchange rate forecasting model base on the model of VaR through analysis the daily average exchange rate from July 22, 2005 to September 30, 2013, and estimate the rate of return by using the variance - covariance, historical simulation method, providing a theoretical basis for avoiding the exchange rate risk of China's foreign contracted projects.
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Zahan, Nusrat, Amit Patel, Kate Atkinson, Shilpa Jha, Nima Heidari, Lee Parker, Alexandros Vris, Francesc Malagelada Romans i Luckshmana A. Jeyaseelan. "Outcomes and Cost Analysis of Virtual Fracture Clinic Management of 5th Metatarsal Base Fractures". Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 2473011421S0051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00513.
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Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Overwhelming demand for trauma services with increasing emergency department (ED) attendances, has increased pressure on fracture clinics in many units, with this demand exceeding capacity. Virtual fracture clinics (VFCs) have been shown to be safe and cost-effective in many specialties. Optimal treatment of 5th metatarsal base fractures remains controversial. Complications of base of 5th metatarsal fractures include delayed union and painful mal/non-union. Surgical fixation has been shown to enable faster return to sport, with lower faster union times and lower non-union rates than conservative management. The aims of this study were to assess whether the management of 5th metatarsal base fractures using a VFC model is safe, cost-effective and accceptable to the patients, whilst avoiding undesirable outcomes. Methods: All patients presenting to the VFC at our major trauma centre, with a 5th metatarsal base fracture between January 2019 and December 2019 were included in the study. One hundred and thirty six patients were identified. All patients had a standardised VFC treatment protocol including full weight bearing in a walker boot, rehabilitation planning to wean out of the boot and advice to contact the unit for follow-up if ongoing pain after 4 months. Minimum follow-up was one year. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed for baseline demographic data, including co-morbidities and smoking history. Overall complication rates, including mal and non-union as well as operative intervention rates were noted. Patients from the cohort who required face to face appointments were identified and the cause for return was identified. A cost analysis was also performed to evaluate the financial implications of the service. Results: Mean age was 41,6 years (18-92). Average time from ED attendance to VFC review was 2 days (1 - 5). Fractures were classified according to the Torg Classification with 106 (78%) Type 1 fractures, 15 (11%) Type 2 fractures and 15 (11%) Type 3 fractures. At VFC, 135/136 (99.2%) were discharged with the appropriate 5th metatarsal base fracture protocol. Twelve patients (8.8%) arranged further follow-up after initial discharge. The most common reason for return was ongoing pain (6/8 - 75.0%). This subgroup of the patients required an average of 3 (1-6) further appointments. There was 1 non-union during the study period. Based on 2 face to face visits on a traditional pathway, 248 clinic visits were saved with an approximate cost saving of nearly £40,000 ($55,500). Conclusion: Our study supports the management of 5th metatarsal base fractures in the VFC setting. We have shown that the VFC model, with well a defined protocol is both safe and cost effective. Fifth metatarsal base fractures have good outcomes with conservative management, removing the traditional need to have in-person clinic visits to confirm the diagnosis, management and prognosis.
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Neilson, E. T., D. A. MacLean, P. A. Arp, F. R. Meng, C. P.-A. Bourque i J. S. Bhatti. "Modeling carbon sequestration with CO2Fix and a timber supply model for use in forest management planning". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, Special Issue (1.03.2006): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-081.
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Carbon (C) dynamics and forest management have become integrated in recent years, largely due to the Kyoto Protocol stipulating that forest C changes may be accountable in an emissions framework. A C stock modeling framework for forest managers is introduced in this paper. Empirical growth and yield models are used to develop sustainable timber supply for forest companies. These models use linear programming to solve the complex mathematical problem of timing and allocation of forest harvest and silviculture interventions. In this paper, we evaluated the effects of “business as usual”forest management versus management objectives to maximize C sequestration. Goal programming was used to minimize the deviation of two goals for C forest management: maximizing C in the forest, and maximizing the return on investment (net present value of forest timber products). Species-specific wood-to-C content conversion factors were used to parameterize the amount of C in forest stands on Canadian Forces Base Gagetown forest lands in New Brunswick, Canada. Goal programming reduced the loss of revenue associated with increasing C stocks in the forest. Partial harvesting and high valued end-products tended to increase C stocks and provided a higher return on investment in the simulations. Key words: Carbon stock modeling framework, forest, goal programming, partial harvesting, timber supply
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R, Amritha Sharma, Debjyoti Guha, Hitesh Agarwal i Kothiya Meetkumar Harshadbhai. "Stock Market Prediction and Investment using Deep Reinforcement Learning- a Continuous Training Pipeline". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, nr 2 (30.12.2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2034.1210220.
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Fluctuating nature of the stock market makes it too hard to predict the future market trends and where to invest. Hence, there is a need for a cross application backed by an ultramodern architecture. With the latest advancement in Deep Reinforcement Learning, successive practical problems can be modeled and solved with human level accuracy. In this paper, an agent-based Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient system is proposed to imitate professional trading strategies which is a state-of-the-art framework that can predict and make investment of customers money with high return. In addition to this, dealing with interday trading strategy, the proposed architecture is designed as a continuous training pipeline so that the model saved is up-to-date with the recent market trends by giving higher accuracy in prediction. The framework outperforms the base reinforcement learning algorithms and maximizes portfolio return. The experimental result shows how natural language processing and statistical prediction can help us to choose the trending stock based on news headlines and historical data so that model invests money only in the market which gives higher return. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, comparison of our portfolio results was done with various other reinforcement learning algorithms by keeping the same configuration.
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DeFrancesco, Christopher, Drake Lebrun, Joseph Molony i Peter D. Fabricant. "COST-EFFECTIVENESS FOR RETURN-TO-PLAY (RTP) PROGRAMS AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, nr 4_suppl3 (1.04.2020): 2325967120S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00197.
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Background: Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common injury in young athletes. Safe return-to-play (RTP, i.e. sports competition) is important to patient satisfaction, and appropriate criteria for RTP may reduce the risk of graft injury. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive RTP rehabilitation protocol relative to standard post-ACL reconstruction rehabilitation. Methods: A decision-analysis model was utilized to compare standard rehabilitation with an RTP program which included supplemental neuromuscular retraining, functional testing, and clinical follow-up. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from a payer perspective. Costs of surgical procedures and rehabilitation protocols, risks of ipsilateral graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury, risk reductions due to the RTP program, and relevant utilities based on International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) outcomes were derived from the available literature. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of <$100,000/QALY was used to determine cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses were performed on pertinent model parameters to measure their effect on base-case conclusions. In the base-case analysis, the cost of an RTP program was conservatively assumed to be $1,721 more than the standard rehabilitation protocol. The relative risk of ACL graft rupture following completion of the RTP program was assumed to be 0.75 (25% reduction). Results: In the base-case analysis, the RTP program was cost-effective compared with the standard rehabilitation protocol (ICER $54,939/QALY). Based on one-way threshold analyses, the RTP program was cost-effective as long as the additional cost was <$2,092 or the RTP program decreased the incidence of graft rupture by >7.7%. Conclusion: Our data suggests that, assuming modest associated decreases in graft failure, the addition of neuromuscular retraining, functional testing, and clinical follow-up to a formal rehabilitation program is cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness of such additions is related to the costs as well as any associated decreases in subsequent event risk, as shown in Figure 1. Figures: [Figure: see text]
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Stanley Diepiriye, Davies, i Lucky Anyike Lucky. "Corporate Characteristics and Influence on Share Based Payment of Financial Service Firms in Nigeria". Asian Finance & Banking Review 2, nr 1 (27.01.2018): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v2i1.8.
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This investigates the effect of corporate characteristics on share base payment of financial service industry in Nigeria. Objective of the study is to if internal factors affects share base payments of corporate organizations in Nigeria. We analyzed five commercial banks and five insurance firms that are quoted on the floor of Nigerian Stock Exchange. Technique adopted for sampling adopted is convenience sampling. As the nature of data is panel therefore, pooled regression, fixed and random effect tests are run. Random effect results are focused after applying Hausman’s test. From the fixed effect model, tangibility, risk, management efficiency, debt equity ratio, corporate governance and cost of capital have negative but insignificant effects while return on investment, liquidity and firm size have positive and insignificant effect on share base payment. We conclude that corporate characteristics does not significantly influence share base payment of the selected financial service firms. We therefore recommend that the use of share base payment should be integrated with the corporate structure such as ownership structure, capital structure and others.
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Megrey, Bernard A., Anne Babcock Hollowed i Rebecca T. Baldwin. "Sensitivity of Optimum Harvest Strategy Estimates to Alternative Definitions of Risk". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, nr 12 (1.12.1994): 2695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-269.
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A stochastic age-structured bioeconomic simulation model was developed as a tool for evaluating economic returns to a fishery from alternative harvest policies. The model, which was applied to the Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fishery, combines the dual goals of protection of the base stock and efficient use of the public resource into an explicit objective function. This paper presents the results of several experiments in which the simulation model is used to examine the sensitivity of the optimum harvest strategy estimates to alternative definitions of risk and assumptions regarding recruitment. Alternative definitions of risk consider assumptions about stock productivity, threshold biomass, economic factors, and hybrid formulations. The bioeconomic extension of the population dynamics model is used to quantify differences in the estimates of optimum fishing mortality obtained from the different risk definitions. Model results demonstrate that estimates of optimal fishing mortality and economic return to the fishery are sensitive to the specific definition of risk used to manage the fishery. The recruitment assumption turned out to be more important to optimum harvest strategy estimates than did risk definitions.
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Javor, Vesna, Karl Lundengård, Milica Rančić i Sergei Silvestrov. "Modeling of artificially triggered lightning currents by multi-peaked analytically extended functions". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, nr 4 (2.07.2018): 1354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2017-0380.
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Purpose This paper aims to present the approximation of lightning currents waveshapes by the multi-peaked analytically extended function (MP-AEF) for the experimentally measured channel-base currents in the artificially triggered lightning discharges. Modified transmission line model of lightning return strokes having the channel current both linearly decaying and sinusoidally changing with height (MTLSIN) is used to calculate the lightning electromagnetic field. Design/methodology/approach MP-AEF’s parameters for the artificially triggered lightning channel-base currents are calculated by using Marquardt least squares method (MLSM). Lightning electromagnetic fields are calculated based on electromagnetic theory relations, thin-wire antenna model of the vertical lightning channel and the assumption of the perfectly conducting ground. MTLSIN model as an engineering model of lightning strokes is used to obtain the electric field results as these are simultaneously measured in rocket-triggered lightning experiments together with the channel-base currents. Findings MP-AEF approximates multi-peaked pulse waveshapes. Some important function parameters are chosen prior to the approximation procedure, such as current peaks and the corresponding time moments of those peaks, which presents an advantage in comparison to other functions. The desired accuracy of approximation is obtained by choosing an adequate number of function terms. MLSM is used for the estimation of unknown parameters. Using MTLSIN model, the influence of the channel height and return stroke speed on the lightning electromagnetic field waveshape is analyzed in this paper. Research limitations/implications MP-AEF may be used for approximation of various multi-peaked waveshapes. It has no errors in the points of maxima which is important for the lightning protection systems design. MTLSIN model may be validated by using simultaneously measured lightning electromagnetic fields at various distances from the channel and for channel heights estimated in the experiments. It is also possible to approximate measured current derivatives by MP-AEF and use them for further computation. Originality/value MTLSIN model is proposed in this paper for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic fields induced by artificially triggered lightning discharges. The procedure is based on the approximation of lightning channel-base currents by the multi-peaked analytically extended function previously proposed by the authors. This function may be used not only for representing lightning currents but also for other waveshapes as current derivatives, electric and magnetic fields and their derivatives, which are all important for the lightning protection design. MTLSIN gives lightning electromagnetic fields results which are in better agreement with measured fields than those obtained by other models from literature.
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Grum, Morten, i R. Hans Aalderink. "Uncertainty in return period analysis of combined sewer overflow effects using embedded Monte Carlo simulations". Water Science and Technology 39, nr 4 (1.02.1999): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0210.
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The return periods of detrimental effects are often used as design criteria in urban storm water management. Considerable uncertainty is associated with the models used. This is either ignored or pooled with the inherent event to event variation such as rainfall depth. It is here argued that uncertainty and inherent event to event variation should be treated separately, in providing engineers and managers with the distributions of return periods. It is then possible to base management decisions on knowledge of both the expected return periods and their corresponding confidence limits. It is further argued that the traditional pooling of inherent variation and uncertainty leads to meaningless return period curves with little engineering value. All quantities which are described by a probability distribution are placed in either of the two layers: an inner layer consisting of quantities varying from event to event and an outer layer consisting of uncertain but constant quantities. For each set of random realisation of the values in the outer uncertainty layer a full set of Monte Carlo simulations for the inner inherent variations layer is performed resulting in a return period curve. The many samplings in the outer layer results in a band of return period curves representing the distribution of return periods for which confidence limits may be calculated. The general methodology is here described as Embedded Error Propagation and its current implementation as Embedded Monte Carlo Simulations. The approach is demonstrated in an integrated setting involving models for rainfall characteristics, combined sewer overflow (CSO) loads and impacts on the surface water dissolved oxygen (DO). CSO loads are modelled using event lumped non-linear regression models with rainfall as input and with overflow volume, duration and relevant event mean concentrations as output. Oxygen depletion in the surface water is described using a dynamic model including oxidation of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrification. Conversion models had to be developed to integrate the output variables of the CSO model with the input variables of the surface water model. The parameters of all the models were estimated from observed data on rainfall, CSO load and surface water impacts. The background conditions of the surface water were modified creating a hypothetical, but more general and relevant case to present the methodology. Focus is in this paper on chemical effects of CSO on a surface water. The proposed distinction between event to event variation and uncertainty and the associated methodology are equally valid to the return period analysis of flooding.
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Albala, Adrián, i Victor Tricot Salomon. "Social Movements and Political Representation in Chile (1990–2013)". Latin American Perspectives 47, nr 4 (5.07.2019): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x19861699.
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Chile has witnessed an unprecedented emergence of social movements since the return to democracy in 1990. These have been characterized by limited participation by the conventional political actors who used to be the backbone of social demands in the country. In the current “Chilean model” of governance, political parties have lost their connection with their base. The existence of a difference between the needs emerging from civil society and those advanced by politicians has opened alternative opportunities for political action. Chile ha sido testigo de una emergencia inédita de movilizaciones sociales desde la vuelta a la democracia en 1990. Éstas se han caracterizado por la baja presencia y participación de actores políticos convencionales los cuales solían constituir la “columna vertebral” de las demandas sociales en el país. En el “modelo chileno” actual de gobernanza, los partidos, por más institucionalizados que sean, han abandonado su vinculación con su base. La existencia de un distanciamiento entre las necesidades que emergen desde la sociedad civil y las manifestadas por los políticos ha incidido en la aparición de espacios alternos de acción política.
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Lewis, John M. "Use of a Mixed-Layer Model to Investigate Problems in Operational Prediction of Return Flow". Monthly Weather Review 135, nr 7 (1.07.2007): 2610–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3430.1.
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Abstract Inaccuracy in the numerical prediction of the moisture content of return-flow air over the Gulf of Mexico continues to plague operational forecasters. At the Environmental Modeling Center/National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the United States, the prediction errors have exhibited bias—typically too dry in the early 1990s and too moist from the mid-1990s to present. This research explores the possible sources of bias by using a Lagrangian formulation of the classic mixed-layer model. Justification for use of this low-order model rests on careful examination of the upper-air thermodynamic structure in a well-observed event during the Gulf of Mexico Experiment. The mixed-layer constraints are shown to be appropriate for the first phase of return flow, namely, the northerly-flow or outflow phase. The theme of the research is estimation of sensitivity—change in the model output (at termination of outflow) in response to inaccuracies or uncertainties in the elements of the control vector (the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the physical and empirical parameters). The first stage of research explores this sensitivity through a known analytic solution to a reduced form of the mixed-layer equations. Numerically calculated sensitivity (via Runge–Kutta integration of the equations) is compared to the exact values and found to be most credible. Further, because the first- and second-order terms in the solution about the base state can be found exactly for the analytic case, the degree of nonlinearity in the dynamical system can be determined. It is found that the system is “weakly nonlinear”; that is, solutions that result from perturbations to the control vector are well approximated by the first-order terms in the Taylor series expansion. This bodes well for the sensitivity analysis. The second stage of research examines sensitivity for the general case that includes moisture and imposed subsidence. Results indicate that uncertainties in the initial conditions are significant, yet they are secondary to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and physical/empirical parameters. The sea surface temperatures and associated parameters, the saturation mixing ratio at the sea surface and the turbulent transfer coefficient, exert the most influence on the moisture forecast. Uncertainty in the surface wind speed is also shown to be a major source of systematic error in the forecast. By assuming errors in the elements of the control vector that reflect observational error and uncertainties in the parameters, the bias error in the moisture forecast is estimated. These bias errors are significantly greater than random errors as explored through Monte Carlo experiments. Bias errors of 1–2 g kg−1 in the moisture forecast are possible through a variety of systematic errors in the control vector. The sensitivity analysis also makes it clear that judiciously chosen incorrect specifications of the elements can offset each other and lead to a good moisture forecast. The paper ends with a discussion of research approaches that hold promise for improved operational forecasts of moisture in return-flow events.
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Guo, Fengqi, Sanhong Zhang i Shuyi Duan. "Analysis of Measured Temperature Field of Unpaved Steel Box Girder". Applied Sciences 12, nr 17 (23.08.2022): 8417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178417.
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This work used the measured data during the whole test period to study the law of temperature change in the steel rail beams, and the distribution characteristics of the sunshine temperature field, in straddle-type monorail tourist transportation systems, employing a field-test and a numerical simulation. The curve form of the temperature gradient was determined by a comparative analysis of the existing domestic and foreign norms. Finally, the generalized extreme value distribution model was used to predict the extreme value of the representative value of the temperature difference, and the value of the temperature base, for different return periods, and the complete temperature gradient model were determined. Results: During the whole test period, the maximum vertical positive temperature difference of the steel box girder was 15.21 °C, and the negative temperature difference was −5.07 °C. In addition, the effect of the ambient temperature, considering solar radiation, was found to be an important factor affecting the distribution of the vertical temperature difference. The analysis determined that the positive and negative temperature difference curves in the unpaved steel box girder were multi-segment polylines and linear straight lines, respectively. The extreme value predicts that the representative temperature differences between T1 and T2 of the 450 mm beam during the 50-year return period were 17.2 °C and 4.58 °C, respectively, and T1 and T2 under the 100-year return period were 17.38 °C and 4.62 °C, respectively.
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Navasaitienė, Stasė, Rasa Rukuižienė, Elena Kuchko i Irina Levickaya. "Conceptual outlook to social business development". Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 37, nr 4 (22.12.2015): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2015.46.
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Social business concept has no clear methodological base, so a great attention is needful on social business development. The main scientific problem in the article is focused on clarification of methodological tools for identification social business development preconditions with the research purpose – the identification of specific typologic attributes of social business for improvement social business development. The monograph and descriptive analysis is applied for overview of scientific references, the content and meta-analysis – for presenting final conceptual explanation about attributes of social business, and the methodological determination – for generalisation and synthesis of the referenced conclusions. The research results reveal the fact, that under the different business model the different financial and social return is available. Therefore, the models of social business are starting varify in civil economy according social networks, stimulation of partnership and innovation, orientation to inter-sectoral activities.
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Rodríguez, Javier, i Wilfredo Toledo. "Chinese single-listed ADRs: returns and volatility". International Journal of Managerial Finance 11, nr 4 (7.09.2015): 480–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-07-2014-0103.
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Purpose – Single-listed American depositary receipts (ADRs) are traded in US markets, while their underlying share is not listed in the firm’s home market. The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the factors affecting the returns and volatility of a sample of Chinese single-listed ADRs, in comparison with traditional Chinese ADRs. Design/methodology/approach – The methods used in this paper are similar to those used in the examination of traditional or dual-listed Chinese ADRs. However, motivated by the very nature of single-listed ADRs, the authors estimate a base model which includes factors from the two presumably most important markets for single-listed Chinese ADRs (i.e. the Chinese and US markets). In all of the estimations, the authors follow a two-step procedure. First, the authors estimate a GARCH(1,1) model with the mean equation modeled as an AR(p) process and from those models estimate GARCH (conditional) variances. Findings – In line with the evidence on traditional Chinese ADRs, the authors find that both the Chinese and the US markets are important predictors of single-listed ADR returns. The results are robust to variations in the model specifications. Originality/value – Single-listed ADR return behavior is still an under-researched topic. In this paper, the authors contribute to the literature on Chinese single-listed ADRs by empirically examining the determinants of their mean return and volatility.
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Barth, James R., Mark Bertus, Jiang Hai i Triphon Phumiwasana. "A Cross-Country Assessment of Bank Risk-Shifting Behavior". Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 11, nr 01 (marzec 2008): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091508001234.
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Banks are important for mobilizing savings and then channeling those funds to productive investment projects. While providing these and other services that contribute to economic growth and development, banks take on various types of risks with the expectation that the return they receive will compensate for the risks. This paper presents a simple model and tests the extent to which information asymmetry between bank owners and depositors induces risk-shifting behavior that allows for higher bank net interest margins. The empirical results support the hypothesis that the greater the degree of information asymmetry the higher net interest margins base upon a sample of 3,115 banks in 98 countries.
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Grzegorz, Radzki, Bocewicz Grzegorz, Dybala Bogdan i Banaszak Zbigniew. "Reactive Planning-Driven Approach to Online UAVs Mission Rerouting and Rescheduling". Applied Sciences 11, nr 19 (24.09.2021): 8898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198898.
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The presented problem concerns the route planning of a UAV fleet carrying out deliveries to spatially dispersed customers in a highly dynamic and unpredictable environment within a specified timeframe. The developed model allows for predictive (i.e., taking into account forecasted changing weather conditions) and reactive (i.e., enabling contingency UAVs rerouting) delivery mission planning (i.e., NP-hard problem) in terms of the constraint satisfaction problem. Due to the need to implement an emergency return of the UAV to the base or handling ad hoc ordered deliveries, sufficient conditions have been developed. Checking that these conditions are met allows cases to be eliminated if they do not guarantee acceptable solutions, thereby allowing the calculations to be sped up. The experiments carried out showed the usefulness of the proposed approach in DSS-based contingency planning of the UAVs’ mission performed in a dynamic environment.