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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Retrofitting building envelope”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Retrofitting building envelope"

Felius, Laurina C., Mohamed Hamdy, Fredrik Dessen i Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Upgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studies". Buildings 10, nr 11 (3.11.2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110200.

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Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.

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Chiradeja, Pathomthat, i Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. "Energy and Economic Analysis of Tropical Building Envelope Material in Compliance with Thailand’s Building Energy Code". Sustainability 11, nr 23 (3.12.2019): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236872.

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The building envelope has a direct impact on the overall energy consumption of a building. Thus, an improvement in the building envelope using energy-efficient material can yield the desired energy performance. This study is based on the materials and compositions used in building envelopes in compliance with the building energy code of Thailand. The building under study is an educational building located in Bangkok, Thailand. Both the energy and the economic aspects of retrofitted building envelopes are discussed in this study. The energy performance was evaluated by calculating the thermal transfer value and whole building energy consumption using the building energy code (BEC) software. The simulation was done under the assumption that the building envelope in the case study building was retrofitted with different materials and compositions. The study determines the feasibility of retrofitting buildings using energy-efficient material by utilizing the discounted payback period and internal rate of return (IRR) as indicators. The results show that retrofitted building envelopes in every case can reduce the whole building energy consumption. In the best envelope configuration, energy consumption can decrease by 65%. In addition, the economic potential is also high, with an IRR value of approximately 15% and a payback period of 23 less than nine years. These finding indicate that a building envelope made with energy-efficient material can achieve good results for both energy performance and economic feasibility.

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Zuluaga, Simon Sanchez, Stylianos Kallioras i Anastasios Tsiavos. "Optimization of Synergetic Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Based on Timber Beams and Bio-Based Infill Panels: Application to an Existing Masonry Building in Switzerland". Buildings 12, nr 8 (29.07.2022): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081126.

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This paper presents an optimization process for the design of a novel synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting strategy that combines the favorable mechanical properties of timber and the attractive thermal insulation properties of bio-based materials. The novel method, defined as Strong Thermal and Seismic Backs (STSB), comprises the attachment of timber frames and bio-based thermal insulation panels on the vertical envelope and the facade walls of existing masonry buildings, thus improving both the seismic behavior and the energy performance of these buildings. This strategy is integrated and visualized in a novel synergetic framework for the holistic evaluation of the seismic behavior, the energy performance and the carbon footprint of existing buildings, defined as the Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Scoreboard (SERS). The benefit of the novel retrofitting strategy is quantified based on the numerical simulation of the seismic behavior of an unreinforced masonry building located in Switzerland, an assessment of the energy performance of the building and an evaluation of the carbon footprint of the proposed retrofit solution. Three retrofitting alternatives are investigated for the synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting of the building, comprising timber beams and two different bio-based materials for the thermal insulation of the vertical envelope of the building: cork and recycled natural grass. The optimal seismic and energy retrofitting strategy for the building among the alternatives assessed in this study is chosen based on a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) procedure.

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Darula, S., i M. Malikova. "Building envelope and energy demand in retrofitting office". International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 9, nr 2 (grudzień 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.2.1.

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Building envelopes have a significant role in the protection of interiors against weather conditions. While wind, rain barriers and barriers against excessive heat gains were constructed from insufficient elements in the past, the current requirements for envelope functions are different. New materials and technologies allow for more complex design and evaluation of parameters in regard to the needs of occupants and economical interior performance. This paper is focused on the daylighting solutions inside lit office space in which renovation of the lighting system is expected. Several retrofit scenarios based on window shading variations and lighting systems are investigated. Achieved results are evaluated from the point of view of energy demand. The integrative multi-platform tool, the Lighting Retrofit Adviser (LRA) is applied to calculate energy renovation preferences and to accept decision.

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Huang, Chun Hua, Sheng Liu i Yi Ming Liu. "Analysis of Building Envelope Materials Retrofitting of Timber Dwellings Based on Energy Efficiency". Key Engineering Materials 723 (grudzień 2016): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.687.

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To find out the optimum building envelope retrofitting methods for timber dwellings in Western Hunan, China, energy efficiency retrofitting strategies of building envelope materials are optimized by an orthogonal test and energy simulation tool, DeST-h. On the premise of protecting their architectural styles, a comprehensive materials retrofitting strategy, a polyurethane foam insulation layer for the double-fir external wall envelope, reed foil for the clay insulation layer roof, using ordinary insulating glass units window material, is provided for the existing timer-structured dwellings in rural area of Western Hunan. After retrofitting, this passive strategy can achieve an energy-saving rate of 64.97%, short 4 years dynamic payback period of investment, and increase by 847h acceptable temperature hours in one year.

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Rached, Ehab, i Maha Anber. "Energy retrofitting strategies for office buildings in hot arid climate". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac031.

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Abstract The building sector consumes ~30% of the primary energy consumption. Energy retrofitting of buildings contributes greatly to reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research aims at revealing the potential energy savings resulting from applying energy retrofitting strategies to office buildings in hot arid climate. The study is applied on Cairo, Egypt, representing the hot arid climate. The case study building was selected to be an existing office building with an area of 12 000 m2. The energy simulation software used is the DesignBuilder software. The suggested retrofitting strategies are upgrading the lighting systems to use LED lights, upgrading the air conditioning performance, using external shading devices, improving AC efficiency, improving the building’s air tightness and improving the R-value of the building envelope by using insulation for exterior walls and roof and substituting the existing window glazing. Those strategies were applied to the building for evaluating their potential for achieving energy savings. The conclusion of the applied study was that by combining the most effective strategies has resulted in annual energy consumption reduction by 86%.

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Venegas, Tomás P., Byron A. Espinosa, Francisco A. Cataño i Diego A. Vasco. "Impact Assessment of Implementing Several Retrofitting Strategies on the Air-Conditioning Energy Demand of an Existing University Office Building in Santiago, Chile". Infrastructures 8, nr 4 (21.04.2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8040080.

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This work analyzed the thermal behavior of an existing building, considering different retrofitting strategies. The methodology starts with an in-situ survey that allowed for obtaining information about occupation, work schedules, envelope materials, lighting, and equipment, which was vital to develop an energy model of the building. Then, the thermal analysis, employing simulations, demonstrates a higher relevance of heat flows through the building’s envelope than internal loads and higher cooling rather than heating demands. Afterward, several retrofit strategies focusing on modifying architectural elements were assessed. Finally, these strategies were compared based on their impact on the air-conditioning energy demand. A systematic review identified a lack of studies relating certification and energy policies to buildings retrofitting. Therefore, we assessed the energy performance of the building, when modified to meet the baseline requirements set on the Chilean certification requirements for sustainable buildings, to verify if the certification is a suitable method to assess the energy efficiency of an office building. Although the study only involves a single building, it aims to illustrate identified limitations using the energy policies for Chilean public buildings. The Chilean certification for sustainable buildings seems not to be suitable for the evaluation of energy consumption for the retrofit of existing buildings. Although this study does not demonstrate general trends, it presents a precedent for subsequent studies to evaluate the relevance of the Chilean certification guidelines.

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Ramos, N. M. M., I. M. Ribeiro, P. Santos, João M. P. Q. Delgado i V. P. de Freitas. "Optimisation of Envelope Insulation for the Retrofit of an Educational Building". Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (kwiecień 2011): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1137.

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This paper presents ongoing work for the definition of an optimal design strategy for retrofitting educational buildings. The term “optimal design” refers to the selection of different retrofitting solutions to ensure an energy efficient building that can be developed which will not compromise hygrothermal comfort, indoor air quality, health and durability. In this paper, a selection model of thermal insulation thickness of envelope elements is developed, aiming the control of surface condensation and upgrade of hygrothermal comfort. The mathematical formulation of this model leads to a nonlinear program with linear objective function. The software Gmas/Minos was chosen to solve the optimization problem and to develop a calculation program to solve this specific application. The software Energy-Plus developed by the US Department of Energy was used to simulate hygrothermal performance of the building, providing results for a comparison with the developed simulation tool. The paper presents an example of an optimal design problem for a specific classroom of a retrofit educational building.

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Rauf, K., i R. Paraschiv. "Retrofitting Old Silk Factory in Valmadrera, Italy with Insulated Envelope Solutions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1026, nr 1 (1.05.2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1026/1/012026.

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Abstract Building industry is responsible for almost 50% of the world’s total energy demand. It takes more energy to operate buildings than it takes to run the manufacturing or transportation industry. In the drive for climate change, a lot of work is being done by policy makers for making new projects better aligned with environmental and energy conservation goals. It is not enough to only focus on improving the climate response of new construction. Work also needs to be done on improving the energy performance of existing building projects which will in turn, further reduce the CO2 footprint of the building operations industry. One way to reduce the energy consumption of existing buildings, is to add insulation to façade elements during building retrofitting projects. The purpose of this research is to shed light on probable options and benefits for adding insulation to traditional envelopes. This will enhance the operating capacity of buildings without the need for demolition or re-construction. This project demonstrates the energy efficient retrofitting of an old silk factory in the historic city of Valmadrera, Italy to act as a prototype project testing suitable options for adding insulation to existing structural systems. One of the biggest challenges for this type of upgrade is the porous nature of the existing building material and how it conflicts with the hygroscopy of synthetic insulation materials. The research suggests the use of organic insulating materials for the envelope elements. At the same time it also offers valuable suggestions for future explorations. This research has a high impact value globally, due to the vast treasure of historical architecture buildings which need to be preserved, but also need improvement in terms of their technological performance. Furthermore, it holds strong relevance for the Saudi Vision 2030 because preserving local architectural practices, materials and techniques is a significant part of the national motivation to preserve Saudi cultural identity.

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Verma, Jaineshwar, i Satish Parihar. "Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Concrete Block Masonry Buildings Before and After Retrofitting: A Case Study". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 5 (31.05.2022): 4612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43183.

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Abstract: This article presents the results of a case study on the performance of unreinforced concrete block masonry building system. The configuration and materials used for the single-story building are typical of those found in the northern areas of 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The retrofitting of the building was done using Ferro-cement overlay and cement based grout injection. Combined shear and flexure failure was observed during the test before retrofitting. The lateral load capacity of the retrofitted building was significantly improved and the damage mechanism was transformed from mixed compression-flexureshear to a more stable flexural rocking mode. Damage patterns and deformation behavior of the retrofitted structure are compared to the intact structure to quantify the benefits of retrofitting scheme, which is proposed as an efficient approach for the rehabilitation of the existing buildings. Study data were analyzed and presented in the form of force-deformation loops and envelope curves. Based on the measured data, different performance levels before and after retrofitting of the structure have been established. The results from this study are expected to guide future efforts on development of design recommendations and vulnerability assessment of buildings. Keywords: Earthquake; Unreinforced Concrete Block Masonry; Retrofitting; Quasi Static Test; Ferro-Cement Overlay; Rehabilitation; Vulnerability assessment;

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Retrofitting building envelope"

Botha, Jaco. "The profitability of green retrofitting the building envelope of commercial buildings in Cape Town". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27428.

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A notion exists that the operational savings stemming from Deep Energy Retrofits are not sufficient to justify its capital outlay. This notion has focused property developers' attention on the construction of new green buildings, rather than optimizing existing building stock. Producing new buildings, while many existing properties are utilized on a sub-optimal level, with low rental income and high vacancies is not only resource inefficient, but also contributes to a much greater carbon footprint. The aim of this research is to establish whether retrofitting is a viable means of optimizing energy consumption in buildings based on investment return. The literature reveals that the façade is the most significant variable in energy optimisation in buildings and concluded that over-cladding strategies are generally the most efficient means to reduce heat transfer and control lighting levels. The research have been conducted by means of a two tiered methodology involving a case study approach, along with an experimental design, which was conducted through a simulation. A hypothetical building, representative of Cape Town's building stock was modeled and a number of façade over-clad strategies simulated to derive the most optimal solution. The simulation is conducted in DOE Energy Plus and COMFEN GUI. Capital cost data was collected and compared to energy cost savings in order to determine payback values. It was found that over-clad strategies may be economically feasible, which delivered payback periods of between 5 and 19 years, depending on the strategy. A partial retrofit, involving only the East and West facades was found to be the most feasible from an investment point of view, where woven mesh screens delivered the best results.

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Surmeli, Ayse Nesen. "Assessing Thermal Performance Of Office Building Envelopes". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12604916/index.pdf.

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In this study, the energy conservation potential of selected retrofitting interventions on an office building were investigated, on the basis of which some rational strategies for the improvement of building envelopes in terms of energy, environment and comfort design were proposed. Examined were various measures on envelope constructions that can be retrofitted to existing buildings. By using simulation techniques, the effectiveness of such measures in reducing energy consumption and environmental threat were also assessed. Effects of glazing types, effect of insulation and thermal mass were analyzed as energy efficient retrofit measures to the Engineering Building (MM building) situated on Middle East Technical University Campus, Ankara. The Energy-10 computer program was used for the modeling and simulation of the energy flows through the envelope to examine measures for reducing thermal load. Within this framework, the energy conservation potential of single and combined retrofitting actions was investigated. Based on results from the evaluation model, it was found that a saving of 161.20 MWh in the annual heating load could result, depending on the glazing type. The evaluation showed that thermal insulation is the most effective factor in thermal performance when placed as an exterior layer on walls. The study showed thermal mass has significant impact on increasing the duration, where highest temperatures were achieved, under passive mode. The study also revealed that applying a combination of retrofitting measures which responded to the challenges and opportunities presented by different faç
ade orientations, a saving of 52.41% can be achieved in annual heating energy use in case study building.

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Alkenaidari, Abdullah. "Moving toward energy efficient buildings: A growing economic challenge for Saudi Arabia". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563271864341021.

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Części książek na temat "Retrofitting building envelope"

Seghier, Taki Eddine, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Lim Yaik Wah i Muhamad Farhin Harun. "Data Management Using Computational Building Information Modeling for Building Envelope Retrofitting". W Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings, 205–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37635-2_13.

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Staiger, Robert. "Green Retrofit Energy Efficiency Potential on Existing Building Envelope for Residential and Non-Residential Building". W Retrofitting for Optimal Energy Performance, 219–49. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9104-7.ch010.

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The chapter deals with the green energetic consideration of today's building envelopes for residential and non-residential buildings. It investigates the energetic effects the envelopes have on energy efficiency, energy consumption, material use, sustainable use of resources, lifetime considerations, economic and ecological impact. Today's it is estimated that approximately 30% of the annual primary energy demand for residential and non-residential buildings is needed. Energy resources for heat, electricity, air conditioning and cooling purposes, fossil fuels in form of gas and liquid are predominantly used.

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Erdoğdu, M. Mustafa, Coşkun Karaca i Ali Kurultay. "Economic Potentials of Energy-Efficient Residential Building Envelope Retrofitting in Turkey". W Architecture and Design, 728–55. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7314-2.ch027.

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The amount of energy consumption in the residential buildings has a very significant share with nearly 30 percent in the total amount of energy consumption. Therefore, residential sector is identified in this chapter as being one of the areas with a large potential for energy savings. Inefficient dwelling construction and design methods are widely used in Turkey and only about five percent of residential buildings are insulated. Concerning the importance and immediate need in Turkey for energy-efficient residential building retrofitting, this chapter identifies economic benefits of such retrofitting by particularly focusing on heat transfers by conductivity, where the rate can be determined by surface size, thermal resistance of the building materials and their thickness.

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Erdoğdu, M. Mustafa, Coşkun Karaca i Ali Kurultay. "Economic Potentials of Energy-Efficient Residential Building Envelope Retrofitting in Turkey". W Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 340–67. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0440-5.ch015.

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"Energy Retrofitting for Social Housing by Improving the Building Envelope: Madrid, 1939-1979". W The Sustainable Renovation of Buildings and Neighbourhoods, redaktorzy Ignacio Oteiza, Carmen Alonso, Fernando Martín-Consuegra, Juan Monjo i Mariam González-Moya, 3–32. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681080642115010004.

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Staiger, Robert. "Economic Analysis for Green Residential and Non-Residential Building Envelopes". W Retrofitting for Optimal Energy Performance, 250–82. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9104-7.ch011.

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Renovating buildings is more useful than ever. Due to future rising energy prices, energy costs in poorly insulated buildings are an important component of operating costs. Another important point is the rapidly growing emissions from the combustion of fossil energy sources. Good insulation in buildings reduces the amount of primary energy and thus, less greenhouse gases are emitted. The renovation potential is high. A large part of the properties consumes more energy than would actually be necessary. Common construction without thermal insulation is responsible for this. It is advisable to invest in renovation, also, in thermal insulation. This will benefit you in two ways. The ancillary (additional) costs will be reduced massively, the living comfort increases and by today's state subsidies in many countries they will make a contribution to the investment costs.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Retrofitting building envelope"

Olshesky, Janice. "Retrofitting a Historic Building Envelope for Disaster Resilience and Sustainability". W ATC & SEI Conference on Advances in Hurricane Engineering 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412626.018.

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LIM, YAIK-WAH, TAKI EDDINE SEGHIER, MUHAMAD FARHIN HARUN, MOHD HAMDAN AHMAD, AZURAH A. SAMAH i HAIRUDIN ABDUL MAJID. "COMPUTATIONAL BIM FOR GREEN RETROFITTING OF THE EXISTING BUILDING ENVELOPE". W BIM 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/bim190041.

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Fan, Yuiing, i Xiaohua Xia. "An optimal maintenance plan for building envelope insulation materials after retrofitting". W 2015 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac.2015.7382845.

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Li, Yuming, Yiqun Pan i Chen Chen. "Study on Energy Saving Retrofitting Strategies for Existing Public Buildings in Shanghai". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90262.

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Public buildings include office building, schools, hotels, hospitals, retails and others. This paper selects two types of existing public buildings — office and hotel to conduct research. It firstly introduces and analyzes the feasible energy saving retrofitting strategies and technologies for existing public buildings in Shanghai, mainly about building envelope, HVAC system and lighting system. Then it builds up prototypical models, with whole building energy analysis software—EnergyPlus, for office and hotel respectively to simulate and calculate the annual energy saving and payback period of the various strategies. Therefore the different features of the two types of buildings and the energy saving effects of various strategies used on them are studied. The results show that the energy saved by each one strategy may be different for different types of existing buildings. For office buildings, such ECMs (energy conservation measures) as external shading, energy efficient lighting system, daylighting in perimeter area and variable pumps have short payback period. While for hotels, external shading, variable pumps and temperature reset have short payback period.

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Laera, Rossana, Inmaculada Martínez Pérez, Luis de Pereda Fernández, Ricardo Tendero Caballero i Francesco Iannone. "The role of Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) in building energy retrofitting: energy diagnosis and management". W The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.109.

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Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) play a major role in building envelope integration. TABS operate at low temperatures, enabling efficient utilization of renewable sources. Moreover, their combination with other building energy systems provides a high degree of dynamic interactivity with users, improving the quality of the indoor thermal environment. In this research, the efficiency of the technology of active pipe-embedded structures is investigated within its practical application in an existing office building energy retrofit in Spain. Concrete Core Activation (CCA) of the original horizontal structure aims at exploiting its thermal inertial properties and potential storage capability in combination with low-grade energy production systems and devices, such as geothermal heat pumps. A proper methodology of energy diagnosis is aimed at the optimization of TABS performance in building retrofitting. Significant energy savings could be achieved by applying appropriate solutions, control strategies and corrective actions for TABS. The continuity of energy management and follow-up has been proven necessary to keep high standards in terms of TABS energy performance, targeting the identification of energy saving opportunities for the improvement of energy efficiency.

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Brannigan, A., i C. A. Booth. "Building envelop energy efficient retrofitting options for domestic buildings in the UK". W THE SUSTAINABLE CITY 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc130401.

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Cirrincione, Laura, Maria La Gennusa, Concettina Marino, Antonino Nucara, Giorgia Peri, Gianfranco Rizzo i Gianluca Scaccianoce. "Retrofitting existing buildings by means of innovative envelope components: low-impacting new assemblies". W 2020 IEEE 20th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference ( MELECON). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/melecon48756.2020.9140532.

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CLEANTHOUS, ADONIS, MARKELLA MENIKOU i NINA ELIASSIDES. "RETRO CLAD Design and Development of Alternative Retrofitting Strategies for Existing Building Envelopes utilizing Recycled paper Prefabricated Cladding and Shading Systems". W Sixth International Conference on Advances in Civil Structural and Mechanical Engineering CSM 2018. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-150-4-22.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Retrofitting building envelope"

Borodinecs, Anatolijs, Aleksandrs Zajacs i Arturs Palcikovskis. Modular retrofitting approach for residential buildings. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541598583.

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Residential buildings are one of the crucial energy consumers. The vast majority of the existing buildings require urgent retrofitting due to the very poor thermal insulation properties of their external building envelope. There are many building retrofitting technologies available on the market. However, thermal insulation technologies, such as rendered and double facades, require large amount of on-site human working hours. One of the most promising technologies is a modular retrofitting.

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