Rozprawy doktorskie: „Residential water demand”

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Gato, Shirley, i s3024038@rmit edu au. "Forecasting Urban Residential Water Demand". RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070202.113452.

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The city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia has been recognised as having high quality drinking water, but like other urban cities in the world, its growing population means increasing water demand. Melbourne is also already on its eight year of dry climatic conditions and is currently experiencing a drought that forced water authorities to impose water restrictions after 20 years of unrestricted supply. The current drought, dwindling supplies and possible impact of climate change highlight the importance of making better use of this precious resource. The Water Resources Strategy has been developed for Melbourne, which serve as the basis for the Victorian Government to set per capita consumption reduction targets of 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively. The strategy was developed to ensure a continuation of a safe, reliable and cost effective water supply that is environmentally sustainable in the long term. This is in recognition that population growth and water consumption will eventually require additional supplies of water (Water Resources Strategy Committee for the Melbourne Area 2002). One of the key findings of the National Land and Water Resources Audit's Australian Water Resources Assessment 2000 is the lack of detailed knowledge about the end use (Australian Water Association 2001). The

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Dzisiak, Richard N. "The role of price in determining residential water demand, water pricing and residential water demand in municipalities in the Western Prairies". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0005/MQ41695.pdf.

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Gardner, Kerry. "Residential water demand modelling and behavioural economics". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539372.

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Water supply-demand balances are becoming increasingly constrained around the world and in the United Kingdom. Although there has been a policy shift toward demand management policies to address this, demand modefling evidence is limited. This thesis makes qualitative, quantitative and behavioural contributions to this area. Qualitative and quantitative (meta-analytic) literature reviews are conducted. These indicate elasticity estimates are sensitive to methodological choices. Empiricafly it is identified that summer and long-run demand are more price and income responsive than their respective counterparts; lower income groups in developed countries are more price and less income responsive than higher income groups; and geographical demand differences exist. Publication bias tests reject bias, confirming that water is an economic good (price and income exert genuine effects on demand). A behavioural investigation of water consumers' price and consumption perceptions finds that systematic misperceptions of unit prices, consumption and tariff structures exist, regardless of which tariff structure operates. In contrast, bill perceptions are relatively accurate. This motivates a 'bill price' specification in addition to existing (marginal and average) price specifications. Perception inaccuracy is empiricafly tested against a simple explanatory framework of the costs and benefits of information acquisition. Price perceptions, but not consumption perceptions, broadly support this framework. Lastly, the first available price and wealth elasticity estimates for UK households are presented. These are -0.29 for price and +0.16 for wealth. These elasticities are generally smafler in magnitude than mean international price (-0.38) and income (+0.28) elasticities. Average and 'bill price' elasticities are significantly larger at around -0.S7. UK seasonal and income group differences appear to operate in the opposite direction to international trends (summer demand and lower income groups are less price responsive than their counterparts). Long-run UK demand appears more price responsive than the short-run. However, further research is required to develop consistent dynamic demand models in the presence of multiple endogenous variables.

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Du, Plessis Jacobus Lodewikus. "Estimating domestic outdoor water demand for residential estates". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86695.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The outdoor water consumption of residential properties is a major contributor to the seasonal fluctuation of the overall water consumption of these properties. The estimation of the relating outdoor water demand has become valuable to property developers and planners alike. This could enable designers to optimise designs of water distribution networks and assist in water resource planning and gaining legislative approvals. For the purposes of this study the outdoor water-use components were mathematically defined and combined to develop an outdoor water-demand model. In order to evaluate the results of an outdoor water demand model on a monthly temporal scale it was necessary to develop a proxy outdoor water consumption evaluation method based on the metered monthly consumption of residential properties. The method entailed verifying that the generally non-seasonal indoor water consumption as a function of the winter water consumption. This entailed analysis of the total monthly, indoor and outdoor water consumption data adopted from a noteworthy North American water end-use project. The indoor water consumption estimated in this manner could then be subtracted from the overall monthly water consumption to obtain estimated monthly outdoor water consumption data. The estimated outdoor consumption could be compared with the simulated outdoor water demand, as described by the model. The parameters that formed part of the mathematical outdoor water demand model were formulated from data available for residential estates, where conditions such as types of vegetation, irrigated area and size of pool could be prescribed in a constitution, usually instituted by a home owners association. The data was derived from one estate located in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The mathematical model was simulated using the Monte Carlo method and the @Risk software. Three residential estates located in South Africa were subsequently modelled. Additionally, the model was employed to estimate outdoor water demand for houses located in Northern America for verification purposes. The Monte Carlo simulations of the outdoor water demand model presented in this study yielded realistic results when compared with the proxy outdoor consumption figures as well as the metered actual outdoor water consumption data analysed. The peak monthly outdoor water demand estimation results were particularly close to the consumption data. This study serves as a baseline for further research into outdoor water demand. Research into the effects of water restriction and conservation potential could follow from this work, especially in today’s environmentally conscious society.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die buite waterverbruik van residensiëel eiendomme dra grootliks by tot die seisoenale fluktuasie van die algehele water verbruik van hierdie eiendomme. Die beraming van die dienooreenkomstige buite wateraanvraag kan waarde toevoeg vir eiendomsontwikkelaars and beplanners, indien dit ontwerpers kan instaat stel om water verspreindingsnetwerke te optimeer en te help met water hulpbron beplanning en wetlikke goedkeurings. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is die buite waterverbruik komponente wiskundig gedefinieër en gekombineer om ‘n buite wateraanvraag model te ontwikkel. Ten einde die resultate van ‘n buite water aanvraag model op ‘n maandelikse tydskaal te evalueer, was dit nodig om ‘n benaderingsmetode te ontwikkel, gebaseer of die gemeterde maandelikse water verbruike gebruik. Die metode behels dat die data, verkry van ‘n bekende Noord-Amerikaanse water eindverbruikprojek, van die algmeen nie-seisoenale binneshuise water verbruik vergelyk word met die maandelikse winter water verbruik. Derhalwe kon die binneshuise waterverbruik wat op hierdie manier beraam is afgetrek word van die algehel maandelikse waterverbruik om die maandelikse buitewater verbruik te beraam. Die beraamde buitewater verbruik kon sodoende vergelyk kan word met ‘n gesimuleerde buite wateraanvraag soos beskryf deur die gesimuleerde model. Die parameters wat deel uitgemaak het van die wiskundige buite waterverbuik model was gedefinieër uit data wat beskikbaar was vir residensiële ontwikkelings, waar voorwaardes soos plantegroei, besproeiingsarea of swembad grote dikwels voorgeskryf kan word in ‘n grondwet ingestel deur ‘n huiseienaarsvereniging. Die data wat in hierdie model gebuik word is hoofsaaklik afskomstig van ‘n landgoed geleë in die Weskaap provinsie, Suid-Afrika. Die wiskundige model was gesimuleer met behulp van die Monte Carlo metode en die @Risk sagteware. Drie residensiële landgoede geleë in Suid-Afrika was daaropvolgend gemodelleer. Daarbenewens is die model gebruik die buite watergebruik van groepe huise geleë in Noord-Amerika te beraam vir verifikasie doeleindes. Die Monte Carlo simulasies van die buite water aanvraag model van hierdie studie het realistiese resultate in vergelyking met die beraamde buite verbruike sowel as die werklike gemeterde buite water verbruiksdata opgelewer. Die piek maandelikse buite water aanvraag beramings resultate was veral vergelykbaar met die piek maandeliks waterverbruik data. Hierdie studie dien as 'n basis vir verdere navorsing in buite waterverbruik. Navorsing gefokus op die gevolge van water beperkings en bewaring potensiaal kan as aanvullende voordele van hierdie studie ontstaan, veral in vandag se omgewingsbewuste samelewing.

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Regli, Philip Warner. "Residential demand for water in the Phoenix metropolitan area". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_160_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Boyce, Daniel J. B. "Micro-component water demand scenario modelling for catchment scale residential water use". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443748.

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AndrÃ, Diego de Maria. "Space and economic determinants of demand for residential water in fortaleza, cearÃ". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7425.

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nÃo hÃ
This paper aims to estimate a residential water demand function for the city of Fortaleza (CearÃ), considering the potential impact of the spatial effects on water consumption. The analysis is developed from the investigation of presence of spatial autocorrelation in residential water consumption. For this, the tools of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) were utilized. Subsequently, specific tests are performed to determine the sources of spatial autocorrelation, i.e., if the autocorrelation is caused by the spatial distribution of water consumption or by effects not modeled. Identified the sources of spatial autocorrelation, four water demand functions were estimated, which had as explanatory variables the average price, the difference, income, number of residents and the number of rooms, under different specifications. At first, we estimated a model without special effects; in the second, we estimated the specification of the spatial error model (SEM), which incorporates the spatial autocorrelation in the form of autocorrelation in the error terms; in the third, we estimated the spatial autoregressive model (SAR), where the spatial autocorrelation is incorporated through the spatial lag of the dependent variable; and finally, we estimated the spatial model autoregressive moving average (SARMA), which is the union of the two previous models. The results show that spatial autocorrelation exists in two forms (error and lag), indicating that the SARMA model is the most indicated to model the residential water demand in the city of Fortaleza, in contrast to suggested by Chang et al.(2010), House-Peters et al. (2010), Franczyk e Chang (2008), Ramachandran e Johnston (2011), which used the SEM model. It is concluded that it is important to consider the possibility of spatial effects in the estimation of a residential water demand function, once that not incorporate spatial effects in the analysis underestimate the effect of the variables average price and number of residents on residential water demand, while overestimating the effect of the variables income and number of rooms.
Esta dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo estimar uma funÃÃo de demanda residencial por Ãgua para a cidade de Fortaleza (CearÃ), considerando o provÃvel impacto do efeito espacial no consumo de Ãgua. A anÃlise se desenvolve a partir da investigaÃÃo a respeito da presenÃa de autocorrelaÃÃo espacial no consumo residencial de Ãgua. Para tal, foram utilizadas as tÃcnicas de anÃlise exploratÃria espacial de dados (ESDA). Posteriormente, sÃo realizados testes especÃficos para determinar as fontes da autocorrelaÃÃo espacial, ou seja, identificar se a autocorrelaÃÃo Ã causada pela distribuiÃÃo espacial do consumo de Ãgua ou pelos efeitos nÃo modelados. Identificadas as fontes de autocorrelaÃÃo espacial, foram estimadas quatro funÃÃes de demanda de Ãgua, que tinham como variÃveis explicativas o preÃo mÃdio, a diferenÃa, a renda, o nÃmero de residentes e o nÃmero de cÃmodos, sob diferentes especificaÃÃes. Na primeira, utilizou-se um modelo sem efeitos espaciais; na segunda, utilizou-se a especificaÃÃo do modelo de erros espaciais (SEM), que incorpora a autocorrelaÃÃo espacial na forma de autocorrelaÃÃo nos termos de erro; na terceira, utilizou-se o modelo espacial autorregressivo (SAR), onde a autocorrelaÃÃo espacial Ã incorporada atravÃs da defasagem espacial da variÃvel dependente; e por Ãltimo, utilizou-se o modelo espacial autorregressivo de mÃdias mÃveis (SARMA), que Ã a uniÃo dos dois modelos anteriores. Os resultados mostram que existe autocorrelaÃÃo espacial nas duas formas (erro e defasagem), indicando que o modelo SARMA Ã o mais adequado para modelar a demanda residencial por Ãgua na cidade de Fortaleza, ao contrÃrio do proposto por Chang et al. (2010), House-Peters et al. (2010), Franczyk e Chang (2008), Ramachandran e Johnston (2011), que utilizaram o modelo SEM. Conclui-se, portanto, que Ã importante levar em consideraÃÃo a possibilidade de efeitos espaciais na estimaÃÃo de uma funÃÃo de demanda residencial por Ãgua, na medida que a nÃo incorporaÃÃo dos efeitos espaciais subestima o efeito das variÃveis preÃo mÃdio e nÃmero de residentes sobre a quantidade consumida de Ãgua, enquanto superestima o efeito das variÃveis renda e nÃmero de cÃmodos.

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Urban, Graeme John. "Probabalistic load modelling of electrical demand of residential water heating". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20071.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Energy efficiency and the move to renewable energy resources are of vital importance in growing profitable and sustainable economies. In recent years, greater emphasis has been placed on institutions, companies and individuals to reduce their electrical energy demand through energy management. In an attempt to reduce the demand, the electrical power utility in South Africa, Eskom, has introduced Demand Side Management programs and substantial increases in electricity tariffs. In addition to these, tax incentives have been offered to help off-set the capital costs associated with the investments made in replacing old electrical equipment with new electrically efficient equipment. Thus the need for accurate Measurement and Verification of electrical energy demand reduction, to substantiate fiscal claims, has become imperative. The main purpose of Measurement and Verification is to investigate the actual monetary performance of an energy savings project. Energy savings assessments, based on purely deterministic baseline demand, do not adequately represent the statistical nature of the savings impacts of many practical load systems, as disclosed in a reporting period. This thesis presents the development of a generic probabilistic methodology to determine the demand profiles of preand post-Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for practical load systems. The difference between the simulated demand of the pre- and post-ECMs for a particular set of variables represent the electrical demand impact. The electrical demand of the pre- and post-ECMs is defined in terms of Probability Density Functions, and derived using a multivariate kernel density estimation algorithm. The approach is tested using a simulation model of a waterheating geyser implemented in MATLAB. Three different ECMs are simulated using the geyser model and demand density estimation. The results of the demand impacts of the ECMs are presented and evaluated. With regards to possible future research this methodology could be applied to the evaluation of the demand impacts of heat pump technologies and solar water heaters.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: en die skuif na hernubare energiebronne is van deurslaggewende belang vir die ontwikkeling van winsgewende en volhoubare ekonomieë. Onlangs is meer klem geplaas op instansies, maatskappye en individue om hul aanvraag na energie te verminder met behulp van energiebestuur. In ‘n poging om die aanvraag te verlaag, het Eskom, Suid-Afrika se elektrisiteitsverskaffer, aansienlike elektrisiteitstariefverhogings ingelyf en Aanvraagbestuursprogramme van stapel gestuur. Bykomend hiertoe is belastingaansporings ook aangebied, waarteen kapitale kostes, geassosieer met die vervanging van ou elektriese toerusting met nuwe elektries doeltreffende toerusting, afgeset kan word. Derhalwe het die behoefte aan akkurate Meting en Verifikasie van elektriese energie aanvraagvermindering, om finansiële eise te staaf, noodsaaklik geword. Die hoofdoel van Meting en Verifikasie is om die werklike finansiële prestasie van energiebesparingsprojek te ondersoek soos bekend gemaak word tydens ’n verslagdoeningstydperk. Energiebesparingassesserings wat slegs gebaseer word op die suiwer deterministiese basislyn aanvraag na elektrisiteit, verteenwoordig nie die werklike statistiese aard van die besparingsimpakte van baie praktiese lasstelsels nie. Hierdie tesis stel die ontwikkeling van generiese waarskynlikheids-metodologie voor, om die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls se aanvraagprofiele vir sulke praktiese lasstelsels, vas te stel. Die verskil tussen die gesimuleerde aanvraag van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls vir spesifieke stel veranderlikes verteenwoordig die elektriese aanvraag impak. Die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls van die energieverbruik profieldata word gedefinieer in terme van Waarskynlikheidsdigtheidsfunksies en afgelei deur gebruik te maak van meerveranderlike kerndigtheidafskattingsalgoritme. Die benadering is getoets deur gebruik te maak van simuleringsmodel van warmwaterstelsel geïmplimenteer in MATLAB. Drie verskillende voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls is gesimuleer met behulp van die warmwaterstelselmodel en aanvraag digtheidafskatting. Die resultate van die elektriese aanvraag impakte van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls word vervolgens bespreek en geëvalueer. Met betrekking tot moontlike toekomstige navorsing kan hierdie metodologie toegepas word om die aanvraag impakte van hittepomp- en sonwaterverwarmingstegnologieë te evalueer.

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Sawangchareon, Dumrongchai. "The Analysis of the Demand for Residential Water in the City of Denton". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500727/.

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The main objective of this study is to analyze the demand for water in Denton. The data used for the study are obtained from the City of Denton Utilities Department, the Tax Appraisal District and government documents. The 121 households which have perfect ten years historical data of water consumption were selected to be the representatives of all households in Denton. The study reveals that the change in water consumption significantly relates to the change in marginal price. Furthermore, the weather variables also have strong effects on the water consumption, especially during summer. The coefficients of income and a "difference" variable are found to have the opposite sign but are not equal in magnitude. In fact, they should be equal in magnitude, but opposite in sign. While the estimated coefficients on all independent variables were highly significant statistically, the resulting coefficient on the house size variable was statistically insignificant in the model test. The results show that the difference variable is required in the model. It also had some effect on the water consumption. It is found that there is a small change in water consumption when the lot size is increased.

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Sadek, Eran Sadek Said Md. "Modellng residential water demand in Leeds using microsimulation incorporating behavioural data". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.581978.

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With an increasing world population and changing lifestyles, there is a relentless demand for water including for domestic water supplies. In order to manage water demand better, the amount of water used for domestic purposes must be estimated. A number of methods exist such as the micro-components method, which is recommended by the UK Environment Agency. Microsimulation of synthetic households is also used for demand estimation, which is an area of research that has a tradition in the School of Geography, University of Leeds. This research project follows in this tradition but extends the work by adding a behavioural component through information collected via a survey. Microsimulation is used to create a synthetic household population for the city of Leeds, which is the study area for this research. Using a Domestic Consumption Monitor (DCM) from Yorkshire Water, which contains the water consumption of a sample of households, water use is matched to the synthetic population to produce baseline demand for the city, which equates to 106 million litres per day or 148 litres per person per day, which approximates the UK average. The research then involved designing and administering a behavioural survey, which was informed by a review of other surveys that have been undertaken in the UK. The survey of more than 1,000 individuals was found to contain a representative sample by housing type and metered versus non-metered houses when compared to Leeds and England. Moreover, the number of water ecologists and water utilitarians was also evenly distributed. The results of the survey showed a number of findings regarding water conservation behaviour and measures that might encourage conservation. For example, water efficient showerheads, water displacement devices in a cistern, installing a water butt, installing a dual/low flush toilet and not washing food and vegetables under a tap are all behaviours that people would adopt in the future. The survey was then used to calculate the likelihood or probability that households would adopt a particular water conservation behaviour, disaggregated by different demographic variables such as housing type, tenure, age and social economic group. These probabilities formed the basis of scenarios in which the water savings from a particular behaviour were applied to the synthetic household population to determine overall water savings by ward and for the city of Leeds as a whole. Scenarios involving a single behavioural change and multiple behaviours together were investigated. A sensitivity analysis was applied to these results to consider over-estimation in both the probabilities of likely adoption of a particular behaviour in the future and the amount of water that would be saved by adopting the behaviour. The results showed that the maximum possible savings under the most optimistic multi-behavioural scenario is 30%. Given a more realistic scenario of adoption of the three most likely behaviours from the survey, the maximum potential savings are on the order of 7%.

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Nguyen, Khoi Anh. "Development of an Autonomous and Intelligent System for Residential Water End-Use Classification". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366417.

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The strong emphasis on ensuring a secure water supply for the population of Australia has been brought to light by the increasing frequency, severity and duration of drought events throughout the nation. This has forced State and Local government to implement alternative water supply strategies. These measures include water restrictions, campaigns to lower water consumption, and construction of new infrastructure including pipelines, improvements to stormwater and wastewater management, and desalination plants. In the urban water planning and management industry, these initiatives are relied upon to provide alternative potable supply types and reduce average daily water demand. However, understanding the actual potable water savings attributed to water demand management and source substitution initiatives requires the application of end use water consumption monitoring due to the need to establish the point of source savings related to these measures.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Wattanakuljarus, Voravit. "Estimating Residential Water Demand: a Case of Multiple-Part Tariff for Denton, Texas". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500792/.

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This paper analyzes the demand for water in case of a multiple-part tariff in Denton, Texas. The model used is developed from Billing & Agthe's model by using the following variables: marginal price, difference variable, tax assessed value, lot size, house size, temperature and rainfall.. The results indicate that temperature has the greatest effect on water demand, since this area is considered to be a very warm area. Also, marginal price seems to have a strong effect on water consumption indicating that customer is well-informed to a change in rate schedule. This test supports the original idea of the previous articles that the coefficient on difference variable and that on income should have the opposite sign. However, this test can not prove that those coefficients should be equal in magnitude, since the proxy of the income variable can not represent the individual monthly income. In addition, this article introduces another variable which can be a proxy of outdoor water use. That is lot size showing the effect on water demand. The last variable used in the model, house size,does not have much effect on water demand and is dropped out in the final model.

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Hasan, Mehedi. "Aggregator-Assisted Residential Participation in Demand Response Program". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32546.

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The demand for electricity of a particular location can vary significantly based on season, ambient temperature, time of the day etc. High demand can result in very high wholesale price of electricity. The reason for this is very short operating duration of peaking power plants which require large capital investments to establish. Those power plants remain idle for most of the time of a year except for some peak demand periods during hot summer days. This process is inherently inefficient but it is necessary to meet the uninterrupted power supply criterion. With the advantage of new technologies, demand response can be a preferable alternative, where peak reduction can be obtained during the short durations of peak demand by controlling loads. Some controllable loads are with thermal inertia and some loads are deferrable for a short duration without making any significant impact on usersâ lifestyle and comfort. Demand response can help to attain supply - demand balance without completely depending on expensive peaking power plants. In this research work, an incentive-based model is considered to determine the potential of peak demand reduction due to the participation of residential customers in a demand response program. Electric water heating and air-conditioning are two largest residential loads. In this work, hot water preheating and air-conditioning pre-cooling techniques are investigated with the help of developed mathematical models to find out demand response potentials of those loads. The developed water heater model is validated by comparing results of two test-case simulations with the expected outcomes. Additional energy loss possibility associated with water preheating is also investigated using the developed energy loss model. The preheating temperature set-point is mathematically determined to obtain maximum demand reduction by keeping thermal loss to a minimal level. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to investigate the demand response potential of water preheating. Similarly, demand response potential associated with pre-cooling operation of air-conditioning is also investigated with the help of the developed mathematical model. The required temperature set-point modification is determined mathematically and validated with the help of known outdoor temperature profiles. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to demonstrate effectiveness of this procedure. On the other hand, total load and demand response potential of a single house is usually too small to participate in an incentive-based demand response program. Thus, the scope of combining several houses together under a single platform is also investigated in this work. Monte Carlo procedure-based simulations are performed to get an insight about the best and the worst case demand response outcomes of a cluster of houses. In case of electrical water heater control, aggregate demand response potential of 25 houses is determined. Similarly, in case of air-conditioning control (pre-cooling), approximate values of maximum, minimum and mean demand reduction amounts are determined for a cluster of 25 houses. Expected increase in indoor temperature of a house is calculated. Afterwards, the air-conditioning demand scheduling algorithm is developed to keep aggregate air-conditioning power demand to a minimal level during a demand response event. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Master of Science

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Halich, Gregory Stewart. "Estimating Changes in Residential Water Demand for Voluntary and Mandatory Water-Use Restrictions Implemented during the 2002 Virginia Drought". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28479.

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Municipal water suppliers are increasingly faced with implementing programs to address temporary water shortages in the United States. Having reliable estimates for the effectiveness of these programs will help in water supply planning. This dissertation estimates the reductions in residential water-use for voluntary and mandatory water-use restrictions used in Virginia during the 2002 drought. These restrictions were evaluated using both a conventional approach (single-dummy variable for each) and non-conventional approach where program intensity was accounted for. Program intensity was measured by information dissemination for voluntary restrictions, and by information dissemination and enforcement efforts for mandatory restrictions. An unbalanced panel with data from 21 municipal water suppliers was used in the analysis. Under the conventional approach, voluntary restrictions had no significant effect on water-use and mandatory restrictions showed a small to moderate effect. However, program intensity was found to have a significant influence on the magnitude of the water-use reductions in the non-conventional approach. These reductions ranged from 0-7% for voluntary restrictions, and from 0-22% for mandatory restrictions. Moreover, these reductions followed a pattern of increasing program effectiveness with higher levels of information and enforcement. This result indicates that water supply planners need to give considerable attention to the manner in which drought management programs are implemented. Price was also found to have an important effect on residential water-use. A moderate price increase of $3 per 1000 gallons would be expected to reduce water-use by almost 15%. Thus combining mandatory restrictions (implemented at high intensity) with a moderate to high price increase could result in water-use savings approaching 40% based on estimates from this analysis. Other important findings included: a) consumers were responding to a mix of pure marginal price and fixed fees/previous block rates, b) apartment accounts were found to be included in most of the localities residential data and had a significant impact on water-use, and c) the income parameter was measuring more than a pure income effect.
Ph. D.

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Martinez-Espineira, Roberto. "Residential water pricing for demand management in the UK : lessons from Spain". Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369321.

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Cole, Graham. "Smart Meter Enabled Disaggregation of Residential Peak Water Demand: Implications for Urban Water Planning and Tariff Reform". Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367964.

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The price of water to the urban consumer is one of the most politicised issues confronting state and federal legislators in Australia today. Water is an essential requirement of life and, arguably, there will always be a public sentiment that the price of water should not constitute an economic burden, least of all for those more economically disadvantaged members of society. As a result, and regardless of the "proper" underlying economic principles such as "user pays” and “full cost recovery”, there has always been a political willingness in Queensland, at both the state and local level, to continue with cross subsidies that distort the price of water. This has led to a political blame game amongst the major political parties that leaves the average consumer even more confused about the cost of water. Though the politics of water in Queensland may have seen the flight of rationality from public debate, the water industry itself has progressed substantially in recent years in securing a reliable future supply in South East Queensland (SEQ). On the supply side, important initiatives such as a desalination plant, dual reticulation schemes and provision for potable reuse have assured supply in SEQ for many years. The downside, however, is significant state debt and given the current public sensitivity to water pricing, passing this cost burden directly to the consumer is simply not on the agenda.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Scheepers, Hester Maria. "Deriving peak factors for residential indoor water demand by means of a probability based end-use model". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71639.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The expected peak water demand in a water distribution system (WDS) is an important consideration for WDS design purposes. In South Africa the most common method of estimating peak demand is by multiplying the average demand by a dimensionless peak factor. A peak factor is the ratio between the maximum flow rate (which refers to the largest volume of flow to be received during a relatively short time period, say , expressed as the average volume per unit time), and the average flow rate over an extended time period. The magnitude of the peak factor will vary, for a given daily water demand pattern, depending on the chosen value of . The design guidelines available give no clear indication of the time intervals most appropriate for different peak factor applications. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding regarding the effect of on the derived peak factor. A probability based end-use model was constructed as part of this study to derive diurnal residential indoor water demand patterns on a temporal scale of one second. These stochastically derived water demand patterns were subsequently used to calculate peak factors for different values of , varying from one second to one hour. The end-use model derived the water demand patterns by aggregating the synthesised end-use events of six residential indoor end-uses of water in terms of the water volume required, duration and the time of occurrence of each event. The probability distributions describing the end-use model parameters were derived from actual end-use measurements that had previously been collected in a noteworthy North-American end-use project (Mayer et al., 1999). The original comprehensive database, which included water measurements from both indoor and outdoor end-uses, was purchased for use in this project. A single execution of the end-use model resulted in the synthesised diurnal water demand pattern for a single household. The estimated water demand pattern for simultaneous water demand by groups of households was obtained by adding individual iterations of the end-use model, considering group sizes of between one and 2 000 households in the process. A total of 99 500 model executions were performed, which were statistically aggregated by applying the Monte Carlo method and forming 4 950 unique water demand scenarios representing 29 different household group sizes. For each of the 4 950 water demand scenarios, a set of peak factors was derived for eight selected values. The end-use model presented in this study yielded realistic indoor water demand estimations when compared to publications from literature. In agreement with existing knowledge, as expected, an inverse relationship was evident between the magnitude of the peak factors and . The peak factors across all time intervals were also found to be inversely related to the number of households, which agreed with other publications from literature. As the number of households increased, the degree to which the peak factor was affected by the time intervals decreased. This study explicitly demonstrated the effect of time intervals on peak factors. The results of this study could act as the basis for the derivation of a practical design guideline for estimating peak indoor flows in a WDS, and the work could be extended in future to include outdoor water demand and sensitivity to WDS pressure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verwagte water spitsaanvraag is ‘n belangrike oorweging in die ontwerp van ‘n waterverspreidingsnetwerk. Die mees algemene metode in Suid Afrika om spitsaanvraag te bereken is deur die gemiddelde wateraanvraag te vermeningvuldig met ‘n dimensielose spitsfaktor. ‘n Spitsfaktor is die verhouding tussen die maksimum watervloei tempo (wat verwys na die grootste volume water wat ontvang sal word tydens ‘n relatiewe kort tydsinterval, , uitgedruk as die gemiddelde volume per tyd eenheid), en die gemiddelde watervloei tempo gedurende ‘n verlengde tydsinterval. Die grootte van die spitsfaktor sal varieer vir ‘n gegewe daaglikse vloeipatroon, afhangende van die verkose waarde. Die beskikbare ontwerpsriglyne is onduidelik oor watter tydsintervalle meer geskik is vir die verskillende spitsfaktor toepassings. Daarom is dit belangrik om ‘n beter begrip te verkry ten opsigte van die effek van op die verkrygde spitsfaktor. ‘n Waarskynliksheidsgebaseerde eindverbruik model is opgestel om deel te vorm van hierdie studie, om daaglikse residensiële binnenshuise wateraanvraag patrone af te lei op ‘n temporale skaal van een sekonde. Die stogasties afgeleide wateraanvraag patrone is daarna gebruik om die verskeie spitsfaktore te bereken vir verskillende waardes van , wat varieer vanaf een sekonde tot een uur. Die eindverbruik model stel die daaglikse vloeipatroon van een huis saam deur die eindeverbruik gebeure van ses residensiële binnenshuise eindverbruike saam te voeg in terme van the vereiste water volume en die tyd van voorkoms van elke gebeurtenis. Die waarskynliksheids distribusie wat die eindverbruik model parameters omskryf is verkry van werklike gemete eindverbruik waardes, wat voorheen in ‘n beduidende Noord-Amerikaanse eindverbruik projek (Mayer et al. 1999) versamel is. Die oorspronklike en omvattende databasis, wat gemete waardes van binnenshuis en buite water verbruik ingesluit het, is aangekoop vir gebruik gedurende hierdie projek. ‘n Enkele uitvoering van die eindverbruik model stel gevolglik ‘n daaglikse wateraanvraag patroon saam vir ‘n elkele huishouding. Die wateraanvraag patroon vir gelyktydige water verbruik deur groepe huishoudings is verkry deur individuele iterasies van die eindverbruik model statisties bymekaar te tel met die Monte Carlo metode, terwyl groep groottes van tussen een en 2 000 huishoudings in die proses oorweeg is. ‘n Totaal van 99 500 model uitvoerings is gedoen, wat saamgevoeg is om 4 950 unieke watervraag scenarios voor te stel, wat verteenwoordigend is van 29 verskillende huishouding groep groottes. Vir elkeen van die 4 950 watervraag senarios, is ‘n stel spitsfaktore afgelei vir agt verkose waardes. Die eindverbruik model aangebied in hierdie studie lewer ‘n realistiese binnenshuise wateraanvraag skatting, wanneer dit vergelyk word met verslae in die literatuur. Ooreenkomstig met bestaande kennis is ‘n sterk inverse verhouding sigbaar tussen die grootte van die spitsfaktore en . Dit is ook gevind dat die spitsfaktore oor al die tydsintervalle ‘n inverse verband toon tot die aantal huishoudings, wat ooreenstemmend is met ander publikasies in die literatuur. Soos die aantal huishoudings toeneem, het die mate waartoe die spitsfaktor geaffekteer is deur die tydsintervalle afgeneem. Hierdie studie toon duidelik die effek van tydsintervalle op spitsfaktore. Die resultaat van hierdie studie kan dien as basis om praktiese ontwerpsriglyne te verkry in die skatting van binnenshuise spitsvloei in ‘n waterverspreidingsnetwerk, gegewe dat die werk in die toekoms uitgebrei kan word om ook buitenshuise waterverbruik in te sluit, asook sensitiwiteit tot druk in die waterverspreidingsnetwerk.

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Ara, Shihomi. "The influence of water quality on the demand for residential development around Lake Erie". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1184599591.

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Mahmoud, Attaallah Nour Aldin. "Demand Disaggregation for Non-Residential Water Users in the City of Logan, Utah, USA". DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7401.

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Non-residential users contribute to a significant portion of the total water delivered by water supplying agencies. However, a very limited number of studies have attempted to investigate the water use behavior of non-residential users. With the emergence of newer “smart” meters, water use now can be measured and recorded at a very high temporal frequency. Smart meters can help determine total water use, timing, and component end uses to better understand water use practices by non-residential users. Water end use disaggregation is the process of separating the water used by each fixture or process within a facility. This is useful because having a breakdown of the consumption of all end uses may encourage users to consume less water and gives them indications on how to do so. This project involved collecting and working with three different datasets with three different temporal scales (monthly billing data, 5-minute water use data, and 5-second water use data). We analyzed monthly billing data to solicit potential participating facilities for the study. For each participating facility, new smart devices were installed on their existing water meters, including an advanced water meter register and a pulse counting data logger. The newer registers logged and transmitted data to a web-accessible data portal at 5-minute intervals, while the pulse counters recorded water use at 5- second intervals. These devices enabled us to measure the timing and volume of different water uses (e.g., indoor versus outdoor versus industrial processes uses). In this project, we identified different water use events, average water used by each end use (from plumbing fixtures to industrial machinery), variability in end uses (faucets/toilets versus showers), variability in use by the type of user (manufacturing facilities versus assisted living homes), and the impact of the business type on the water use.

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Halper, Eve Brook. "Residential Outdoor Water Use in Tucson, Arizona: Geospatial, Demographic and Temporal Perspectives". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145443.

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Outdoor water use by single-family residences in the desert city of Tucson, Arizona is investigated as a multi-scaled coupled human-environment system, using remotely sensed images, GIS data, household water use records and survey responses. Like many desert cities, Tucson's municipal water system faces stresses at multiple spatial and temporal scales: rising demand, limited supplies, competition for distant resources and the likelihood of shortages due to regional climate change. Though the need for demand management is recognized, conflict between the long-term regional scale of the ecosystem that sustains Tucson's water supply and the short-term, local scale of the municipal utility results in a "lack of fit", shown here as the inability to reduce consumption to sustainable levels.While direct regulation of outdoor water use has not been successful, geographic research suggests that modification of the built environment, the focus of the three studies comprising this dissertation, holds promise as a demand management strategy. The first study is a spatial analysis of survey responses on outdoor water use practices during a drought. Next, the potential for substituting common amenities (irrigated landscapes and swimming pools) for private ones is investigated. Residential use was found to be sensitive to park proximity, greenness (proxied by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), size and presence of a park pool. Most small parks were net water savers; large parks offered the opportunity to substitute reclaimed water for potable supplies.The last study correlates long-term Landsat-based vegetation and water use trends and integrates these with a spatial analysis of kinetic temperatures. Findings indicate that despite reduced water use, Tucson became greener over the 1995 - 2008 period. This effect is attributed to a pulse of vegetation establishment in response to a shift in the El NiÃ±o - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) around 1976 and to irrigation prior to the study period. I conclude that although the coupled human-environment system of Tucson's municipal water supply and use practices is complex, there are scale-dependent competitive advantages to be gained through thoughtful modification of the built environment.

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Maurer, Nathalie. "Modelling urban development trends and outdoor residential water demand in the Okanagan Basin, British Columbia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17533.

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The Okanagan Basin, the most arid watershed in Canada per capita, has been undergoing rapid population growth in the past 30 years. The results of this research show the varying residential water demand in the major communities in the Okanagan Basin. The outdoor water use was determined on a lot size basis for 2006 and projections were made to the year 2026 using a projected population increase and three urban development scenarios. The outdoor residential water demand varied from 30% to 60% of the annual domestic water demand depending on lot size. Two extreme urban growth cases: urban sprawl and densification, and an in-between scenario were developed using GIS for four case study communities: Vernon, Kelowna, Penticton and Osoyoos, which represent the diversity in climate and population trends in the Basin. The results showed that currently 47% of the domestic water is used for outdoor watering for the case studies. The business as usual growth scenario (urban sprawl), includes climate change and results in 7.3 Mm3 of additional water needed for outdoor residential water demand, a 55% increase from existing conditions. However, with densification, 5.7 Mm3 of outdoor residential water savings can be made. Additional water savings can be made if the existing outdoor residential water demand is reduced through more aggressive conservation practices such as effective marketing, reduced grassed area through xeriscape and mandatory watering restrictions. Using current growth projection to 2026 it is possible to significantly reduce outdoor residential water demand by more than 50% from existing conditions if densification and aggressive conservation practices are put in place. The methods and results of this research have been incorporated into the Okanagan Basin Water Supply and Demand Project, which is in the final phases of completion.

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Wright, Tiaan. "Water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79954.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula. This winter rainfall region is typified by hot and dry summer months, corresponding to peak garden water demand. Water restrictions in the area are relatively common and primarily target outdoor use. Groundwater serves as an alternative source of water to some consumers in the area, but little is known about the extent of such use and the impact thereof on potable water demand. A major part of the area is underlain by a primary, unconfined aquifer that has been reported to have high exploitation potential. Its unconsolidated sand and shallow water table provides ideal conditions for small scale groundwater abstraction. Several owners of properties situated above the aquifer unit have capitalised on this and utilise groundwater as an alternative to potable water, mostly for garden irrigation purposes. The main objective of this research was to investigate the average extent of the expected reduction in average annual municipal water demand due to private groundwater use at the selected properties in the study area. The methodology involved abstracting data from the City of Cape Town’s registration process for the private use of non-potable water. The data was recorded between 2000 and 2006 and was available only in hard copy format. The registration data was used to identify residential properties with access to private groundwater sources, based on the physical addresses recorded on the registration forms. The rate of groundwater abstraction was not recorded during the registration process, nor was any of the properties spatially referenced. The data set contained information for 4 487 properties, of which 3 764 could ultimately be used in the analysis. Data from a recent hydro-census in Hermanus (which was done by others prior to this study) was used to test the intended research method first. This trial investigation involved only 114 properties and was used to streamline the proposed methodology for application on the full-scale analysis of the City of Cape Town data. Each address was captured electronically, verified manually and filtered to extract only those representing residential properties for which groundwater use was registered. In order to identify the properties spatially, the addresses had to be converted to coordinates through a procedure called geocoding, so as to plot each spatially and obtain the attributes such as stand size, position and the unique Surveyor General’s code. This was necessary in order to link the addresses to the municipal treasury system and obtain their latest available water consumption records using a commercial software package that incorporates consumer information. Next the actual annual water consumption figures were compared with recently published water demand guidelines based on stand size as single explanatory variable. The selected residential stands were divided into pre-defined stand size categories. The average water consumption of all the stands in each size category was calculated and compared with the suggested water demand as per the guidelines used, based on the centre value of the size range of each category. The results of the comparative analysis confirm findings from two earlier studies where lower municipal water use was reported for residential properties with access to groundwater in a summer rainfall region. The results further showed that the mean average annual potable water demand of consumers in the study area with access to groundwater was on average 31.4% lower than those considered without such access in the same region. This represents an average reduction of 333 l/stand/day (about 10 kl/stand/month) in the potable water demand of the selected residential stands. This study therefore confirms that serviced residential stands with access to private groundwater sources in the Cape Peninsula have lower average metered water consumption from the municipal supply system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die water anvraag van geselekteerde residensiële erwe met toegang tot grondwater in gedienste woongebiede van die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die gebied is ‘n winterreënvalstreek, met warm, droë somermaande wat saamval met piek water aanvraag vir tuinbou. Waterbeperkings in die area is relatief algemeen, veral op die buitegebruik van water. Grondwater dien as alternatiewe bron vir sommige verbruikers, maar kennis oor die omvang van sulke gebruik, sowel as die impak wat dit het op die aanvraag na drinkbare water is beperk. Die grootste deel van die gebied ter sprake is geleë bo ‘n onbegrensde hoof waterdraer, met berigte hoë ontginningspotensiaal. Die ongekonsolideerde sand en hoë watertafel is ideal vir kleinskaalse grondwateronttrekking. Heelwat van die eienaars van grond wat bo hierdie akwafeer geleë is het die situasie uitgebuit en gebruik grondwater as alternatief vir drinkwater, veral vir tuinbesproeiïng. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing was om die gemiddelde omvang van die verwagte vermindering in gemiddelde jaarlikse munisipale wateraanvraag weens die privaat gebruik van grondwater by die geselekteerde erwe in die studiegebied te ondersoek. Die metodiek het die onttrekking van data uit die Stad Kaapstad se registrasieproses vir die privaat gebruik van nie-drinkbare water behels. Hierdie data, wat tussen 2000 en 2006 vasgelê is, was slegs in harde kopie formaat beskikbaar. Die registrasie data is gebruik om woonerwe te identifiseer met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne, volgens die fisiese adres verskaf op die registrasie vorms. Die tempo van grondwater onttrekking was nie opgeneem gedurende die registrasie proses nie, so ook nie ruimtelike aanwysings na die ligging van die eiendomme nie. Die datastel het inligting bevat oor 4 487 eiendomme, waarvan 3 764 uiteindelik bruikbaar was in die analise. Data van ‘n onlangse hidro-sensus in Hermanus (wat deur ander gedoen is voor die aanvang van hierdie studie) is gebruik om die beoogde navorsingsmetodiek eers te toets. Die toetsondersoek het slegs 114 eiendomme behels, en is gebruik om die voorgestelde metodologie meer vaartbelyn te maak voor toepassing op die volskaalse analise van die Stad Kaapstad data. Elke adres is elektronies vasgevang, met die hand geverifiëer, en dan gefilter om slegs die residensiele eiendomme waarvoor grondwater gebruik geregistreer is, te behou. Om die ruimtelike verwysing van die eiendomme verder te kon indentifiseer, moes die adresse omskep word in koördinate om sodoende die erwe te kon posisioneer en die erfgrootte, posisie en die unieke Landmeter Generaal kode van elke erf te verkry. Dit was nodig sodat die adresse aan die munisipale stelsel gekoppel kon word om sodoende die jongste beskikbare waterverbruik rekords te verkry deur gebruik te maak van ‘n kommersiële sagteware pakket wat verbruikers-inligting inkorporeer. Hierna is die werklike jaarlikse waterverbruik syfers vergelyk met onlangs gepubliseerde wateraanvraag riglyne, gebaseer op erfgrootte as enkel verklarende veranderlike. Die geselekteerde woonerwe is toe in voorafgekose kategorië verdeel volgens erfgrootte. Die gemiddelde waterverbruik van al die erwe binne elke grootte-kategorie is bereken en vergelyk met die voorgestelde wateraanvraag volgens die riglyne, gebaseer op die middelpuntwaarde van die grootte strekking van elke kategorie. Die resultate van die vergelykende analise staaf die bevindinge van twee vroeër studies wat laer munisipale watervebruik rapporteer vir residensiële eiendomme met toegang tot grondwater in ‘n somerreënvalgebied. Die resultate wys ook dat die gemiddelde jaarlikse drinkbare water aanvraag van verbruikers in die studiegebied wie toegang het tot grondwater, gemiddeld 31.4% laer is as dit van verbruikers wie beskou word sonder sulke toegang in dieselfde streek. Dit verteenwoordig ‘n gemiddelde vermindering van 333 l/erf/dag (rondom 10 kl/erf/maand) in die aanvraag na drinkbare water van die geselekteerde woonerwe. Hierdie studie bevestig dus dat gedienste residensiële erwe met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne in die Kaapse Skiereiland laer gemiddelde gemeette waterverbruik vanuit die munisipale toevoerstelsel het.

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Wanjiru, Evan. "Optimal energy-water nexus management in residential buildings incorporating renewable energy, efficient devices and water recycling". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61465.

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Developing nations face insurmountable challenges to reliably and sustainably provide energy and water to the population. These resources are intricately entwined such that decisions on the use of one affects the other (energy-water nexus). Inadequate and ageing infrastructure, increased population and connectivity, urbanization, improved standards of living and spatially uneven rainfall are some of the reasons causing this insecurity. Expanding and developing new supply infrastructure is not sustainable due to sky high costs and negative environmental impact such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and over extraction of surface water. The exponentially increasing demand, way above the capacity of supply infrastructure in most developing countries, requires urgent mitigation strategies through demand side management (DSM). The DSM strategies seek to increase efficiency of use of available resources and reducing demand from utilities in the short, medium and long term. Renewable energy, rooftop rain water harvesting, pump-storage scheme and grey water recycling are some alternatives being used to curb the insecurity. However, renewable energy and rooftop water harvesting are spasmodic in nature hampering their adoption as the sole supply options for energy and water respectively. The built environment is one of the largest energy and water consuming sectors in the world presenting a huge potential towards conserving and increasing efficiency of these resources. For this reason, coupled with the 1970s energy challenges, the concept of green buildings seeking to, among other factors, reduce the consumption of energy and water sprung up. Conventionally, policy makers, industry players and researchers have made decisions on either resource independently, with little knowledge on the effect it would have on the other. It is therefore imperative that optimal integration of alternative sources and resource efficient technologies are implemented and analysed jointly in order to achieve maximum benefits. This is a step closer to achieving green buildings while also improving energy and water security. A multifaceted approach to save energy and water should integrate appropriate resource efficient technology, alternative source and an advanced and reliable control system to coordinate their operation. In a typical South African urban residential house, water heating is one of the most energy and water intensive end uses while lawn irrigation is the highest water intensive end use occasioned by low rainfall and high evaporation. Therefore, seamless integration of these alternative supply and most resource intensive end uses provides the highest potential towards resource conservation. This thesis introduces the first practical and economical attempt to integrate various alternative energy and water supply options with efficient devices. The multifaceted approach used in this research has proven that optimal control strategy can significantly reduce the cost of these resources, bring in revenue through renewable energy sales, reuse waste water and reduce the demand for grid energy, water and waste water services. This thesis is generally divided into cold and hot water categories; both of which energy-water nexus DSM is carried out. Open-loop optimal and closed-loop model predictive (MPC) control strategies that minimize the objective while meeting present technical and operational constraints are designed. In cold water systems, open-loop optimal and MPC strategies are designed to improve water reliability through a pump storage system. Energy efficiency (EE) of the pump is achieved through optimally shifting the load to off-peak period of the time-of-use (TOU) tariff in South Africa. Thereafter, an open-loop optimal control strategy is developed for rooftop rain water harvesting for lawn irrigation. The controller ensures water is conserved by using the stored rain water and ensuring only the required amount of water is used for irrigation. Further, EE is achieved through load shifting of the pump subject to the TOU tariff. The two control strategies are then developed to operate a grey water recycling system that is useful in meeting non-potable water demand such as toilet flushing and lawn irrigation and EE is achieved through shifting of pump's load. Finally, the two control strategies are designed for an integrated rain and grey water recycling for a residential house, whose life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is carried out. The hot water category is more energy intensive, and therefore, the open-loop optimal control strategy is developed to control a heat pump water heater (HPWH) and an instantaneous shower, both powered by grid-tied renewable energy systems. Solar and wind energy are used due to their abundance in South Africa. Thereafter, the MPC strategy is developed to power same devices with renewable energy systems. In both strategies, energy is saved through the use of renewable energy sources, that also bring in revenue through sale of excess power back to the grid. In addition, water is conserved through heating the cold water in the pipes using the instantaneous shower rather than running it down the drain while waiting for hot water to arrive. LCC analysis is also carried out for this strategy. Each of the two control strategies has its strengths. The open loop optimal control is easier and cheaper to implement but is only suitable in cases where uncertainties and disturbances affecting the system do not alter the demand pattern for water in a major way. Conversely, the closed-loop MPC strategy is more complicated and costly to implement due to additional components like sensors, but comes with great robustness against uncertainties and disturbances. Both strategies are beneficial in ensuring security and reliability of energy and water is achieved. Importantly, technology alone cannot have sustainable DSM impact. Public education and awareness on importance of energy and water savings, improved efficiency and effect on supply infrastructure and greenhouse gas emissions are essential. Awareness is also important in enabling the acceptance of these technological advancements by the society.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
National Hub for Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management (EEDSM)
University of Pretoria
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted

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Boisvert, Andreanne. "An analysis of residential water demand for Ontario and the Prairie Provinces from 1989 to 1999". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26447.

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The research centred on the factors accounting for variations within residential water demand. To accomplish this task, the statistical technique of regression analysis was used to analyze water demand data compiled by Environment Canada, for five different years, within two Canadian regions: Ontario and the Prairie Provinces. Two dependent variables were analyzed: total residential water demand (TRWD) and residential water demand per capita (RWD/cap). Within the TRWD model, population served by water services was found to be the only statistically significant variable, with coefficients of determination around 0.9. It was therefore found, that for forecasting of regional water demands, multiplying a predicted population level with a per capita coefficient might be a sufficient technique at the regional level. Other variables tested included price structure, price of water services, household income and rainfall. With respect to the RWD/cap model, marginal prices were found to be statistically significant within the Prairie region, as well as for the combination of both regions. The multiple linear regression model produced R2 values that were very low (varying from 0.030 to 0.130). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Cartwright, Lauren Ashley. "The Influence of Conservation Programs on Residential Water Demand: Synthesis and Analysis for Shared Vision Planning in the Rappahannock River Basin". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30824.

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The Rappahannock River Basin Commission is undergoing a collaborative water supply planning process for Virginiaâ s Rappahannock River Basin. Participants in the planning process have indicated an interest in technical information about the possible impact conservation programs may have on reducing residential water demand. The potential influence of conservation programs is identified through a literature synthesis and a statistical analysis of residential water demand for a locality within the basin (Stafford County). In the literature synthesis, conservation programs are classified as voluntary or mandatory. Voluntary programs utilize financial incentives (such as water pricing and rebates) or educational incentives (such as radio ads and bill inserts) to encourage conservation, and mandatory programs utilize regulatory incentives (such as plumbing standards and bans on outdoor water use). The water demand statistical model was estimated to more specifically identify how Stafford residential water customers respond to water pricing/rate structure changes (financial incentives), imposition of federal regulations on plumbing standards (regulatory incentives), and a voluntary conservation program utilizing educational incentives. The results indicate that while many studies have found residential customers are responsive to price changes, Stafford residential water users have not significantly changed their water demand in response to price/rate structure changes. Previous literature also suggests federal plumbing standards potentially have a significant impact on water demand. The influence of new plumbing standards in the Stafford demand model was inconclusive and warrants further analysis. Consistent with the literature, voluntary conservation programs utilizing educational incentives alone did not substantially alter residential water demand in Stafford County.
Master of Science

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Sanchez, Diego Cesar. "Estudo para caraterização da demanda urbana de água no setor residencial da cidade de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-15022008-095605/.

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O racionamento de água potável acontece em muitas cidades do mundo e é um assunto iminente para muitas outras. Tal fato se deve ao aumento gradativo das populações nos centros urbanos, que carrega consigo os efeitos da poluição dos mananciais, da impermeabilização, da modificação do clima, entre vários outros fatores adversos desta questão, tão séria, visto que o ser-humano é totalmente dependente da água doce para sua sobrevivência. Partindo deste pressuposto e seguindo a linha do uso racional da água para atenuar a sua escassez, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo para caracterização da demanda urbana de água no setor residencial, de modo a auxiliar, entre outros fatores, a estabelecer a capacidade dos sistemas produtores, as solicitações máximas aos sistemas de distribuição, os investimentos para ampliação de capacidade e avaliação de benefício líquido potencial de medidas de conservação e uso racional da água voltadas à redução das vazões médias demandadas. Esta pesquisa foi fundamentada em uma metodologia científica que estratificou amostras de demanda de água em diferentes modalidades de moradias, assim como em diferentes classes sociais.
Potable water rationing happens in many cities in the world and it is an imminent subject for many others. Such fact is due to the gradual raise of the populations in the urban centers, which carries with them the effects of the pollution of the watershed areas, waterproofing, climate modification, among several other adverse factors of this issue that are so important, since human beings are totally dependent of water for their survival. Based on this assumption and following the line of the rational use of water to diminish its scarcity, this research had the purpose to develop a study for characterization of the urban water demand in residential sector, in order to assist, among other factors, in the establishment of the producing systems capacity, the maximum requests to the distribution systems, the investments for capacity magnification and evaluation of potential liquid benefit of measures of conservation and rational use of the water directed to the reduction of the demanded average outflows. This research was based on a scientific methodology which stratified samples of water demand in different modalities of housing, as well as in different social classes.

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Kombe, Joseph Roman. "Optimisation of water demand management opportunities in non-residential facilities within the Cape Metropolitan Area based on economic efficiency". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4773.

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Bibliography: leaves 126-134.
In 1998, after spending ten years in government business, as an economist in Tanzania, four of which in departments/ministries dealing with environmental and natural resources management in the country, I made a decision to study Environmental Science. This was triggered by the fact that I noticed there is a dearth of Environmental and Resource Economists in my county. I realised that most politicians and technocrats were paying lip service to environmental problems, and could not link environmental management issues with economic development policies and strategy.

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Cao, Xiang. "Essays on Environmental Economics with a Focus on Non-market Valuation". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91384.

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This dissertation consists of two research projects in the area of Environmental Economics: water-recycling technology adoption and its cost-effectiveness in the U.S. horticulture industry (in Chapter 2), and urban tree cover's impact on residential location decision making in Milwaukee, WI (in Chapter 3). Chapter 2 evaluates the economic effects of labeling plants grown with water-recycling technology (WRT) practices in selected nursery operations in the Mid-Atlantic region of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Partial budgeting, whole enterprise-level budgeting, sensitivity and break-even analyses are conducted to determine whether consumer premiums for plants grown with recycled water are sufficient to make WRT economically feasible combined with plant eco-labeling, and how such a labeling program would affect greenhouse/nursery production costs, gross revenues and net revenues. It is concluded that consumer premiums for plants grown with recycled water could offer nursery growers a method to improve their net returns while reducing pollution runoff and improving irrigation water usage efficiency. Chapter 3 focuses on non-market valuation of environmental (dis)amenities. Specifically, this chapter investigates the impact of urban tree cover on residential property location decision in the housing market of Milwaukee, WI. Residential sorting model embedded with "horizontal preference structure" is established to estimate the heterogeneous preferences for tree cover and other land cover attributes that vary by household socio-economic characteristics and then to identify the housing property owners' demand for these land cover attributes. The first part of this chapter mainly recovers the demand for "community trees" at the census block group level combined with 10 years property transaction data and neighborhood characteristics where the median income is aggregated to represent the household annual income. It is found that "community trees" are positively valued by the housing property owners and have a positive impact on housing price due to its positive externalities. Furthermore, income is found to be a strong exogenous demand shifter, leading to heterogeneous preference for the tree cover. The second part of Chapter 3 further investigates the impacts of both nearby trees and distant trees on residential property location decision using different spatial scales of land covers measurements. Instead of aggregating block group level median income, this study matches and merges disaggregated individual household annual incomes from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) dataset to mitigate the potential aggregation bias. It is found that different spatial scales of land cover measurement result in varying willingness to pay estimates, implying that housing property owners have heterogeneous demands for nearby trees and distant trees. In other words, preferences for urban tree cover not only vary by household annual income, but also differ across spatial scales of the tree cover measurement.
Doctor of Philosophy
This dissertation contains two research projects related to researches on environmental economics. Chapter 2 talks about how adoption of water-recycling technology affects nursery growers’ finance (i.e., production cost, gross revenue, profit) and operation management in Mid-Atlantic region of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. It is found that consumers are willing to pay more money for horticultural plants produced with recycled water and these additional moneys would be sufficient for the growers to compensate the extra costs after adopting the water-recycling technology in the production. This study helps nursery growers and policy makers assess WRT adoption to improve crop water productivity and to reduce pollution of off-site surface waters. Chapter 3 discusses the impact of urban tree cover on housing price in the area of Milwaukee, WI. It is assumed that households with different socio-economic characteristics (e.g., household annual income) would have varying preferences for tree cover and other key characteristics when they make decisions on choosing their residential property locations. The first part of this chapter mainly focuses on “community trees”, namely the trees and forest within given census block groups. The second part of this chapter further takes nearby trees into consideration besides the distant trees so as to determine how trees on/near the residential properties affect the housing prices and whether the housing property owners prefer more trees on/near their properties. It is found that urban tree cover is valued by housing property owners and households with different income levels have diverse preferences for both nearby and distant trees. The research presented in this chapter not only makes academic contributions to the literatures of residential sorting model related to landscape (dis)amenities, but also facilitates the policy making of local governments and practitioners when it comes to urban and community trees and forestry programs.

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Cavalcante, Fernanda Beatriz Ferreira. "Consumo residencial de água em Uberlândia – Minas Gerais, Brasil (2006-2016) : subsídios informacionais para gestão da demanda /". Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183370.

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Orientador: Cláudio Antônio Di Mauro
Resumo: A criação de subsídios informacionais precisos e transparentes para gestão do saneamento e recursos hídricos é uma perspectiva intrínseca do planejamento e execução de políticas cidadãs, que atendem as exigências da sociedade para o meio ambiente equilibrado e saudável a todos. Entender como se comportam as demandas de água e sua distribuição espacial é um desafio constante que aprimora os métodos de ações; principalmente se o contexto for de crise hídrica e primazia por desenvolvimento sustentável com uso racional dos recursos naturais. Este trabalho utiliza os dados do cadastro de faturamento de água do Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgoto (DMAE), no tocante ao consumo domiciliar micromedido em Uberlândia (MG) – Brasil, no período 2006-2016. Informações como: quantidade de hidrômetros, economias, volume consumido dos bairros e suas habitações, e análises estatísticas da série histórica (organizados por setores: norte, sul, leste, oeste e centro), permitiram o diagnóstico da demanda residencial de água na cidade. Discutir e propor instrumentos para melhor controle do abastecimento e uso da água contribui estrategicamente no saneamento e promoção urbana/ambiental; visto que a requisição per capita por recursos hídricos no município é alta e cresce em ritmos alarmantes, revelando uso e apropriação inadequados. A metodologia da pesquisa inclui consulta a referências bibliográficas sobre o tema; criação do software experimental “CONTÁGUA” para concepção da base de dados; empr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The creation of precise and transparent informational subsidies for the management of sanitation and water resources is an intrinsic perspective of the planning and execution of citizen policies that meet the demands of society for a balanced and healthy environment for all. Understanding how water demands and their spatial distribution behave is a constant challenge that improves methods of action; especially if the context is water crisis and primacy for sustainable development with rational use of natural resources. This work uses the water billing data of the Municipal Department of Water and Sewage (DMAE), in relation to household consumption micromeasured in Uberlândia (MG) - Brazil, in the period 2006-2016. Information such as the number of hydrometers, economys of water, volume consumed in the neighborhoods and their dwellings, and statistical analyzes of the historical series (organized by sectors: north, south, east, west and center) allowed the diagnosis of residential water demand in the city. Discussing and proposing instruments for better control of water supply and use contributes strategically to sanitation and urban/environmental promotion; since the per capita requisition for water resources in the municipality is high and grows at alarming rates, revealing inadequate use and appropriation. The research methodology includes reference to bibliographical references on the subject; creation of the experimental software "CONTÁGUA" for designing the database; use... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Damiano, Rafael Gaspar. "Modelagem estocástica da demanda individualizada de água residencial". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-18032019-165703/.

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A modelagem da demanda de água residencial fornece importantes subsídios ao dimensionamento e gerenciamento de redes de abastecimento de água. O comportamento desta demanda pode ser descrito através de processos estocásticos, caracterizados pela ocorrência de pulsos retangulares de demanda de água ao longo do tempo. Nesse contexto, este trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivos monitorar e modelar a demanda de água residencial através dos modelos estocásticos dos pulsos retangulares de Neyman Scott (NSRP) e dos Pulsos Totais (OP). Enquanto que no modelo NSRP há a tentativa de simular a demanda de água através da representação dos seus constituintes elementares, no modelo OP busca-se a representação direta da demanda de água agregada dos usuários finais, como observada nos hidrômetros. A calibração e a validação dos modelos foram feitas a partir do monitoramento do consumo de água de quatro residências localizadas na cidade de São Carlos, caracterizadas por perfis de abastecimento distintos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dispositivos dataloggers, que associados aos sensores/emissores de pulsos dos hidrômetros, permitiram o monitoramento do consumo de água ao longo do tempo dos usuários residenciais individuais. Durante a elaboração da pesquisa, foram observados efeitos negativos nas modelagens relacionados à influência dos reservatórios domiciliares (caixas d\'água) no perfil temporal do consumo de água das residências. Buscando mitigar esses efeitos, foram propostas modificações nas etapas de calibração e de geração das séries sintéticas de demanda de água. De uma forma geral, observou-se que as modificações propostas contribuíram para que as séries sintéticas geradas a partir dos modelos NSRP e OP reproduzissem de forma mais acurada as estatísticas das séries observadas, principalmente com relação às intensidades e durações das demandas simuladas. Apesar de as versões modificadas dos modelos NSRP e OP apresentarem desempenho similar na reprodução das médias, variâncias e covariâncias das séries observadas, o modelo OP reproduziu de forma mais consistente os volumes consumidos diários observados.
The modelling of residential water demand provides important subsidies for the design and management of water supply networks. The behavior of this demand can be described through stochastic processes, characterized by the occurrence of rectangular pulses of water demand over time. In this context, the objectives of this research were to monitor and model residential water demand using the Neyman Scott Rectangular Pulse model (NSRP) and Overall Pulse model (OP). While in the NSRP model there is the attempt to simulate the water demand through the representation of its elementary constituents, the OP model aims to direct represent the aggregate water demand of the end users, as observed in water meters. The calibration and validation of the models were done by monitoring the water consumption of four residences located in the city of São Carlos, characterized by different supply profiles. To this end, dataloggers were developed, which, coupled with sensors/pulse emitters and water meters, allowed the monitoring of water consumption over time of individual residential users. During the research, negative effects were observed in the models, related to the influence of the domestic reservoirs on the temporal patter of water consumption of the residences. To mitigate these effects, modifications were proposed in the calibration and generation stages of the synthetic water demand generation series. In general, it was observed that these proposed modifications contributed to a more accurately reproduction of the observed series statistics by the OP and NSRP synthetic series, especially regarding the intensities and durations of the simulated demands. Although the modified versions of the NSRP and OP models presented similar performance in the reproduction of the means, variances and covariance of the observed series, the OP model reproduced in a more consistent way the observed daily consumed volumes.

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Monteiro, Henrique Pedro Currais. "Water tariffs : Methods for an Efficient Cost Recovery and for the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1541.

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Doutoramento em Economia
This work is a contribution to the study of how the Portuguese water industry can meet the goals of cost recovery and water use efficiency set out by the Water Framework Directive. We describe the Portuguese water and wastewater tariffs implemented from 1998 to 2005 and the cost recovery levels for that period. The tariff revenues collected by the water utilities are insufficient to meet the financial costs of their activities, especially regarding wastewater, and the situation has worsened in recent years. We review the existing water pricing models, highlighting some important results like the fact that efficiency requires marginal cost pricing, which may not be feasible while respecting a revenue requirement. It is not evident whether the best scheme is a two-part tariff or some other pricing mechanism like increasing block tariffs (IBT), which are abundantly used in Portugal. We incorporate the scarcity cost associated with insufficient water availability into the optimal tariff design. We show that when both demand and costs respond to climate factors, increasing marginal prices may come about as a combined result of scarcity and customer heterogeneity when the fixed charge is only allowed to cover fixed costs and the utility is required to maintain a balanced budget. Ultimately, the choice of tariff schedule design is dependent on the behavior of the price-elasticity of demand. We estimate the Portuguese residential water demand and show that the resulting recommended tariff schedule hinges crucially on the choice of functional form. After the proper specification tests, a choice between a semilogarithmic lin-log and a double-log specification is left undecided, which does not prove the superiority of IBT, but also does not enable its dismissal. We also estimate a multi-output cost function for the Portuguese water industry at the retail level. We find diseconomies of scale and scope for the average water utility. Both types of economies are more likely to exist for utilities with a large customer base.
Este trabalho é um contributo para o estudo da melhor forma de atingir os objectivos de recuperação de custos e eficiência do sector da água em Portugal traçados pela Directiva-Quadro da Água. Nele se descrevem as tarifas de água e saneamento aplicadas entre 1998 e 2005 e os níveis de recuperação de custos nesse período. As receitas tarifárias angariadas pelas entidades gestoras mostram-se insuficientes para cobrir os custos da sua actividade, especialmente no que diz respeito ao saneamento e a situação tem vindo a piorar nos últimos anos. A literatura sobre modelização da determinação dos preços da água é revista, salientando alguns resultados importantes como o facto de a eficiência exigir que o preço seja equiparado ao custo marginal, algo que pode não ser possível em simultâneo com restrições de manutenção de orçamentos equilibrados. Não é evidente qual o melhor tipo de tarifário a adoptar, a combinação de uma componente fixa com um preço volumétrico constante ou outro esquema alternativo como os tarifários crescentes por blocos, largamente utilizados em Portugal. O custo de escassez é incorporado na definição do tarifário óptimo. Demonstra-se que quando a procura e a oferta reagem ambas a factores climatéricos, preços marginais crescentes podem resultar da combinação da escassez de água com a heterogeneidade dos consumidores em situações em que à componente fixa da tarifa apenas é permitido cobrir os custos fixos e é exigido à entidade gestora que mantenha um orçamento equilibrado. A escolha do melhor tarifário depende fundamentalmente do comportamento da elasticidade-preço da procura. Neste trabalho estimamos a procura residencial de água em Portugal e mostramos que a recomendação sobre o melhor tipo de tarifário depende crucialmente da escolha da forma funcional da procura. Da realização dos testes de especificação adequados, resulta uma escolha inconclusiva entre as formas funcionais semilogaritmíca (lin-log) e loglinear, o que não permite provar a superioridade dos preços crescentes por escalões, mas também não os rejeita. Estima-se também uma função de custos multi-produto para o sector de abastecimento de água e saneamento português em baixa. Para a entidade gestora de dimensão média existem deseconomias de escala e de gama. Os dois tipos de economias tendem a existir para entidades com maior número de consumidores.

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Moughton, Lynette Jane. "Effect of Temporal and Spatial Aggregation on Cross Correlation of Indoor Residential Water Demands". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1250351156.

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Silva, Léa Marina. "Estudo da demanda de água não potável e desenvolvimento de um sistema de reúso de água cinza para habitações de interesse social". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6136.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lea Marina Silva.pdf: 9837499 bytes, checksum: d2a3d5ef17c6b5b733efab787b6d3ed7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22
This work studies the demand for unsafe drinking water and the development of a system for reuse of greywater for social interest housing (SIH). The study presents a characterization of the profile of water consumption in a community of SIH the Jabaeté Residential in Vila Velha (ES). Investigates what water conservation actions best apply in everyday community in question, analyzing the reuse compared to the other interventions evaluated and finally, proposes some possible configurations of reuse systems in this community, through architectural design, as preliminary studies. These studies indicated an average consumption of water in SIH studied of 79 l.p-1d-1 and other indexes relating to the demand for potable water in every household activity (the most representative is the laundry, responsible for approximately 41% for total consumption). The methodology was based on questionnaires and monitoring of water consumption by reading water meters. By applying a method of decision support Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) it was determined the advantage of practices such as the use of dual discharge and segregating urine basin on the reuse of greywater. Furthermore projectual studies were performed of two types of configurations reuse systems: the decentralized and semi decentralized system, for which it was budgeted deployment costs. Observed economic advantage from adopting the semi decentralized, whose implementation can be up to 112% cheaper than the decentralized system
Este trabalho estuda a demanda de água não potável e o desenvolvimento de um sistema de reúso de águas cinza para Habitações de Interesse Social (HIS). Para tanto, realiza a caracterização do perfil de consumo de água em uma comunidade formada por HIS o Residencial Jabaeté, em Vila Velha (ES); investiga quais ações de conservação de água melhor se aplicam no cotidiano da comunidade em questão, analisando o reúso frente às demais ações avaliadas; e, por fim, propõe algumas configurações possíveis de sistemas de reúso nessa comunidade por meio de projeto arquitetônico, no nível de estudo preliminar. Tais estudos apontaram um consumo médio de água nas HIS estudadas de 79 l/hab. dia e demais índices relativos à demanda de água potável em cada atividade doméstica (a mais representativa é a lavagem de roupas, responsável por aproximadamente 41% do consumo total). A metodologia utilizada foi aplicação de questionários e monitoramento do consumo de água pela leitura de hidrômetros. Através da aplicação de um método de suporte à decisão o Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), determinou-se a vantagem de práticas como uso de descarga dual e bacia segregadora de urina sobre a prática do reúso de água cinza. Além disso, foram realizados estudos projetuais de dois tipos de configurações de sistemas de reúso: o sistema descentralizado e o sistema semi-descentralizado, para os quais foram orçados os custos de implantação. Observou-se a vantagem econômica da adoção do sistema semi-descentralizado, cuja implantação pode ser até 112% mais barata que o sistema descentralizado

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Legamo, Tarekegn Mamo. "Determinants of Residential Water Demand in Hawassa, Ethiopia". Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339154.

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This empirical study is aimed to analyze the determinants of residential water demand and performed water use practice at household level in Hawassa. This study will fill the research gap and information on factors affecting household water demand in regions being water scarce and will provide useful information for policy-makers and water utility planners in order to use scarce drinking water resource more efficiently. In this study the proposed potential factors determine household water demand in Hawassa were; Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, the average monthly household expenditure, use of water appliances and household water use patterns for various purposes, and household awareness towards water source conservation. The cross sectional survey was done in 169 rondomly selected households. The collected Data was analyzed using multiple regression models with different functional forms (linear, semi-log) and heteroskedaticity corrected model was also used in each of functional forms to examine the structural relationship between the quantity of water demand and explanatory variables. The gretl statisitcal software package was used. The descriptive statistics analysis was also followed to present results in tables, charts and graphs (mean, median, minimum, maximum, frequency...

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Barua, Suchana. "Non-residential Urban Water Demand Modelling – a Disaggregation Approach". Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/36759/.

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Rapid population growth over the 20th century and changing climate has put many urban water supply systems under pressure around the world. Such pressure also exerted on most of the Australian water supply systems, which has led to the introduction of water use restrictions to ensure environmentally sustainable water supply. To operate cost effective and reliable urban water supply systems, analysing urban water use and forecasting future water demand is an essential task. Generally, the urban water use classified as residential and non-residential water use based on different activities. In Melbourne (Australia), water authorities have used end-use models to forecast water demand, in which the residential component is extensively modelled. In these end-use models, the total household water use is broken down to the end-use level (e.g. toilets, showers, washing machines, etc.) for forecasting water demand in the residential sector. However, a simple historical trend-based annual water demand is considered for the non-residential sector, as a whole. No temporal (i.e. quarterly or monthly) and spatial disaggregation were considered in the non-residential water demand forecasts in these end-use models. It was also found that the existing work around the world on water demand modelling mainly focused on residential water use modelling. However, a significant portion of urban water usage is nonresidential. For example, around 25% of the total water use in Melbourne is used by the non-residential sector. Therefore, the modelling of non-residential urban water use has significant importance for effective water supply system in any urban area. Considering this knowledge gap for effective urban water supply, this project aims to forecast short term (i.e. month to year) non-residential water demand which is useful for system operation as well as budgeting and financial management. To achieve this aim, the water use billing data for each non-residential customer located in the Yarra Valley Water service area (in Melbourne, Australia) were used for developing non-residential water demand models in this research. All customers were disaggregated into several groups based on the homogenous water activity such as Schools, Sports Grounds, Councils, Restaurants, Hospitals, Hotels, and Laundries. The high water users (>50 ML/year) were also considered as a separate group in this study named as High Water Users. All customers in the homogenous groups were further divided into smaller groups based on the annual water use (>20 ML, >15-20 ML, >10-15 ML, 5-10 ML, and <5 ML). Data analysis was then carried out for each of these user groups to identify the water use pattern. Data analysis showed that there were some seasonal effects on Schools, Sports Grounds and Councils. Therefore, water use among these groups was modelled using the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique with the available climatic variable and water restrictions data. In the remaining groups no seasonal variations were identified during data analysis. Moreover, most of their water uses are for indoor purposes and therefore, water use modelling was carried out for these remaining groups with the past water use data only due to unavailability of data for other influential factors. All forecasting models developed in this research were validated with the observed data and the model performance was measured with the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criteria. Results showed that most of these developed models performed well except for few cases. Some issues and challenges were also identified during models development among the homogenous groups in non-residential sectors. All these issues and challenges are listed in this thesis for future research. The major innovation of this study was the development of the disaggregation approach for sector based non-residential water demand modelling. This approach is successfully demonstrated in this research by disaggregating customers based on their activity and their annual water use. The development of non-residential water demand models at individual customer level is also the knowledge advancement, as limited work was found in this area.

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"The impact of price on residential water demand: (a comparative study)". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3420.

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M.Comm.
Southern Africa is considered by the rest of the world to be a water scarce region. Previously within the region water was not regarded as a high profile subject in the development process. A paradigm shift is required in the region to recognise the need to concentrate on demand management instead. The paper briefly examines the climatic conditions as a contributing factor to scarcity of the water resources. It further focuses on the human factor which is regarded as a factor that can be managed as opposed to the climatic conditions. In managing the human factor, the usage of water cannot remain the same as it was before the scarcity problem that the SADC region is faced with. It is also recognised that water resource is necessary for survival, therefore basic human requirements are examined. This scarcity makes water to be regarded as an economic good. The paper further explains the elements that make water to be regarded as an economic good. Water being an economic good, it commands a price. The study explains pricing the resource as the only method of making the population understand about the importance of the resource. Different pricing methods are explained in detail. To demonstrate this demand management of water the study interrogates three cities namely Soweto, Cape Town and Durban. In this interrogation the demand management techniques used and their efficiency are compared and contrasted to ascertain the efficiency of the chosen demand management techniques and the existence of gaps within these techniques.

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Jacobs, Heinz Erasmus. "A conceptual end-use model for residential water demand and return flow". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/468.

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A conceptual end use model for residential water demand and return flow is presented in this thesis. The model requires a unique description of a single residential stand in terms of all its end-uses. The end-uses include toilet flushing, bathing and showering, garden watering, leaks, et cetera. Various parameters describe each of the end-uses. The model predicts five components relating to water demand and wastewater flow at a residence: indoor water demand, outdoor water demand, hot water demand, wastewater flow volume and concentration of solutes in the wastewater. Twelve monthly results are calculated, for each of the five components, to provide a typical seasonal pattern as well as an annual value. The large number of input parameters in an end-use model allows for powerful and detailed analysis. The parameters required to populate the model are discussed and guideline values are presented. The end-use model is used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of each independent parameter for each of the five individual model components. The elasticity and sensitivity is determined at a base point with respect to each parameter for all five results. A research significance index is also devised to integrate the elasticity and availability of data for each parameter. The result is a prioritised list of the most critical parameters for each of the five components, which are the ones that should receive the focus for future study and data recording. The parameters are combined to obtain a list of the overall most important parameters in the model for all components combined, and based on a combination of the elasticity-based rank and the sensitivity based rank. The five most important parameters are the household size, toilet flush frequency, toilet flush volume, the washing machine event frequency and the volume of leaks on a stand. The practical application of the model is illustrated. The researchers first apply the model to mimic a few commonly accepted characteristics of water demand. The effectiveness of some specific water demand management measures are evaluated by adjusting selected model parameters. The measures include xeriscaping, the installation of dual-flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, pool ownership and pool cover use. The model also enables practitioners to obtain an insight into the water use habits of homeowners. The model forms the basis for further research work in the field. Its relatively simple structure and realistic data requirement encourages its integration into existing commercially available software suites for water and sewer system analysis and -management in the civil engineering industry in South Africa, as well as abroad.
Prof. J. Haarhoff

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38

Machado, Susette Santos. "The impact of invoice information on Portuguese residential water demand". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11625.

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JEL Classification: Q21, Q25
The main purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of the information conveyed in the water bill on the price-elasticity of residential water demand. For this purpose, we estimate a Portuguese residential water demand model and include qualitative variables representative of billing content. The methodology relies on an econometric estimation based on cross sectional aggregate data. We found that by including in the invoice the period reserved to communicate water readings together with the available ways to do so significantly increases the price elasticity of water demand. We also evaluate the compliance level of the invoices emitted by the Portuguese water utilities with the ERSAR’s invoice recommendation. The results are unsatisfactory so we highlight the importance of implementing the invoice template issued by the regulatory authority. This work is associated with the research project ‘Pricing and behavioral responses in the water sector’ supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/EGE-ECO/114477/2009).
O objetivo principal desta dissertação é avaliar o impacto da informação veiculada na fatura de água sobre o consumo de água dos consumidores domésticos. Para este efeito, estimamos a procura de água dos consumidores domésticos portugueses, incluindo variáveis qualitativas que representam o conteúdo da fatura. A estimativa econométrica baseia-se em dados agregados de secções transversais. Concluímos que ao incluir na fatura o período reservado para comunicar as leituras de água juntamente com as formas disponíveis para fazê-lo tem um efeito significativo na elasticidade-preço da procura de água. Também avaliamos o nível de conformidade das faturas emitidas pelos serviços públicos de água com recomendação destinada ao conteúdo da fatura elaborada pela ERSAR. Os resultados são insatisfatórios e por isso destacamos a importância da implementação do modelo de fatura emitida pela autoridade reguladora. Este trabalho está associado ao projeto de investigação 'Preço e respostas comportamentais no sector da água' apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC / EGE-ECO /114477/2009).

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39

Sires, Luke Abrams. "Residential water conservation in Austin, Texas". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-609.

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This study explores the social, technological economic, and environmental development of single-family residential water conservation programs at the Austin Water Utility and asks: What makes a conservation program successful? I hypothesize that water conservation programs will be successful if both institutional-producer goals and citizen-consumer goals are satisfied. While the findings suggest that this may be partially true, it also has become clear that my original actor-network model was too simple to predict the various types of influences on program success. Not only did I find other significant ‘actors’ involved in water conservation, I also found that utility and participant groups themselves represent a wide variety of interests. This study seeks to answer the research question by creating a series of narratives that critically explore water infrastructure and water conservation programs in Austin, Texas. Through a methodological lens referred to as ‘critical constructivism,’ I use mixed methods to analyze and interpret historic documents, interviews, and quantitative data as primary sources. Literature from Science and Technology Studies (STS) are used as secondary sources. This study will add to a body of knowledge that describes how and why we manage our environmental resources. The subject of conservation is especially relevant as urban growth continues with fewer affordable opportunities to increase regional water supplies. As we enter an era of expected water conflict, knowing how to conserve water effectively will help provide more opportunities for sharing a common resource amongst communities, industry, agriculture, and the environment.
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40

CHEN, XIN-TING, i 沈信廷. "The demand of urban water uses:a case of study of water users on industrial water uses and residential water uses in Kaohsiung city". Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57524149535849758166.

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41

Elton, Kurtis. "Irritations from Shaving Peaks: Barriers to the Implementation of Residential Seasonal Water Rates in Southwestern Ontario". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4669.

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The water soft path (WSP) has been formulated as a progressive paradigm in water management. The WSP has four main principles: water should be viewed as a service; ecological sustainability is of utmost importance; water quantity and quality should be conserved; and planning should be done from the future backwards, not projected from the present. It may be possible to use conservation-based water pricing programs, especially at the residential level, in order to incrementally implement the WSP. Moreover, the implementation of residential seasonal water rates has been suggested as a method to curb peak demand in municipal water systems, thereby deferring infrastructure expansion. The purpose of this thesis is to answer the question: what are the barriers to implementing residential seasonal water rates in the Region of Waterloo? This question is addressed using a variety of data sources, with the majority of the information coming from academic and non-academic literature, and from interviews with water professionals and local councillors. The results provide a descriptive case study concerning the barriers to implementing seasonal water rates in one particular region of southwestern Ontario, but the conclusions can be generalized to describe some of the barriers to the implementation of seasonal water rates in Ontario. Results suggest that some barriers are more severe than others, and that the more serious ones may be addressed by: expounding the potential for seasonal water rates to curb peak demand; carefully designing a rate study to be administered with non-price programs; and implementing the designed rate structure as a pilot study. It is suggested that the implementation of seasonal water rates can be used as an incremental step towards the adoption of WSP principles, but not without first envisioning a desirable future.

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42

Cardoso, Maria Leonor Bandeira de Melo Barreiros. "Modeling Portuguese water demand with quantile regression". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/9715.

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A literatura recente sobre a estimação da procura de água indica que a elasticidade-preço da procura de água residencial pode não ser constante ao longo da distribuição do consumo de água. Se assim for, a elasticidade-preço da média da amostra ou da população de consumidores em questão é insuficiente para prever os possíveis impactos de uma mudança de preço. A aplicação da regressão de quantis para estimar os impactos esperados das variáveis explicativas normalmente aceites na literatura, como é o caso do preço (marginal ou médio), o rendimento ou variáveis relacionadas com o tempo, pretende mostrar que tais impactos são diferentes dependendo dos níveis de consumo de água. Em diferentes percentis da distribuição o efeito dos regressores é diferente. Os resultados de uma amostra de 383 famílias Portuguesas que são sujeitas a tarifas crescentes por bloco mostram precisamente isso. Especialmente, quando se consideram os efeitos da variável preço, em que as famílias com baixos níveis de consumo de água reagem mais às variações de preço em comparação com as famílias com consumos superiores. Este resultado põe em causa um objetivo comum da estrutura de preços aplicada, onde é esperado que os blocos superiores induzam à poupança de água. Estes resultados mostram que está em falta uma nova reapreciação das estruturas de preços com escalões.
Recent research on water demand has pointed out that the price-elasticity of residential water demand may not be constant throughout the consumption distribution. If this is so, knowing the price elasticity of the average of the sample or population of consumers is insufficient to predict the possible impacts of a price change. The introduction of Quantile Regression to estimate the impacts of explanatory variables, commonly accepted in literature such as price, income or weather variables, aims to show that such impacts differ depending on water consumption levels. At different quantiles of the distribution the regressors effect is different. The results for a sample of 383 Portuguese households facing increasing-block tariffs show precisely that. Specially, when considering the effects of price, show that low water consumption levels react more to changes in price comparing to high consumption levels. These results contradict one of the common aims of increasing-block tariffs, higher blocks are expected to induce water savings. The result shows that a rethinking of increasing-block tariffs might be in order.

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43

"Whiskey is for Drinking; Water is for Fighting Over: Population Growth, Infrastructure Change, and Conservation Policy as Drivers of Residential Water Demand". Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25803.

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abstract: As urban populations grow, water managers are becoming increasingly concerned about water scarcity. Water managers once relied on developing new sources of water supply to manage scarcity but economically feasible sources of unclaimed water are now rare, leading to an increased interest in demand side management. Water managers in Las Vegas, Nevada have developed innovative demand side management strategies due to the cities rapid urbanization and limited water supply. Three questions are addressed. First, in the developed areas of the Las Vegas Valley Water District service areas, how did vegetation area change? To quantify changes in vegetation area, the Matched Filter Vegetation Index (MFVI) is developed from Mixture Tuned Match Filtering estimates of vegetation area calibrated against vegetation area estimates from high-resolution aerial photography. In the established city core, there was a small but significant decline in vegetation area. Second, how much of the observed decline in per capita consumption can be explained by Las Vegas land cover and physical infrastructure change that resulted from extensive new construction and new use of water conserving technology, and how much can be attributed to water conservation policy choices? A regression analysis is performed, followed by an analysis of three counter-factual scenarios to decompose reductions in household water into its constituent parts. The largest citywide drivers of change in water consumption were increased water efficiency associated with new construction and rapid population growth. In the established urban core, the most significant driver was declining vegetation area. Third, water savings generated by a conservation program that provides incentives for homeowners to convert grass into desert landscaping are estimated. In the city core, 82 gallons of water are saved in June for each square meter of landscape converted in the first year after conversion, but the savings attenuate to 33 gallons per meter converted as the landscape ages. Voluntary landscape conversion programs can generate substantial water savings. The most significant result is that the most effective way to ensure long term, sustainable reductions in water consumption in a growing city without changing water prices is to support the construction of water efficient infrastructure.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2014

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44

Chang, Tsai-feng, i 張彩鳳. "Spec-Heating and Water-Heater Energy Demand of Elderly Households - Residential Energy Consumption Survey Data in America 1993". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16068527728489378474.

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碩士
淡江大學
產業經濟學系
87
The selection of energy appliances is always ignored in many energy demand models. Which many incur some estimation biases in the econometric analysis. Unlike most of these literature, this thesis uses a two-stage model by considering the above energy appliances selection problem. Moreover, the space-heating and water-heater energy demand analysis is investigated rather than the whole energy demand since they are two main end-use energy consumption in USA. It is believed that the energy conservation program can be implemented well after we capturing these energy uses. While the aged are usually less interested to attend the energy conservation program, thus the energy consumption of the aged is also investigated in this thesis. The data of 1993 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) is used in this study. First of all Chow Test is applied to test our hypothesis: the space-heating and water-heater energy demand significant differences by different age structures. Then we used multilogit model to examine the space-heating and water-heater systems selection bias problem. And then we used OLSQ to analyze the energy demand after modifying selection biases. The analysis shows that selection biases exist in natural gas and electronic demand of space-heating system and in electronic demand of water-heater system. And the significantly different energy demand is found among the three populations of elderly households. It is hope our study here can provide some evidences for government in implementing the demand side management programs according to our accurate energy demand analysis, and the difference in elderly households energy consumption analysis.

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To, Thi Dieu Hang. "Three essays on applied econometrics : testing for purchasing power parity, modifying the ESTAR Model and factors affecting residential water demand". Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151496.

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This thesis consists of three main essays on applied econometrics, using time series and cross-sectional data. The first essay focuses on the issue of testing for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Given that the presence of transaction costs in trading implies a nonlinear adjustment process of real exchange rates towards PPP, the traditional tests for PPP using a linear framework may be inappropriate. The first essay models the dynamics of the adjustment towards PPP using a nonlinear exponential smooth transition autoregressive (ESTAR) process and tests for the validity of PPP in a nonlinear framework. Using quarterly data from 10 APEC countries, the study finds strong evidence of nonlinear stationary adjustment in real exchange rates. The primary contribution of this first essay is to provide evidence supporting PPP and resolve the inconclusiveness from previous empirical results in testing for PPP. The ESTAR model in the first essay is useful in modeling nonlinear adjustment processes, and is a growing part of the econometrics literature. However, it is limited by the assumption of symmetric adjustment in the transition to equilibrium. The second essay focuses on this issue and addresses the problem of asymmetry in the adjustment mechanism towards an equilibrium state. The contribution of this essay is fourfold. First, the study proposes a modification of the ESTAR model to account for cases where the adjustment mechanism towards equilibrium is not symmetric around an equilibrium point. Second, it develops a testing procedure to detect the presence of a nonlinear stationary process by establishing the limiting non-standard asymptotic distribution of the proposed test-statistic under the new ESTAR model, and finding critical values via Monte-Carlo simulation. This proposed test, which allows for both symmetric and asymmetric adjustment under the alternative hypothesis, is an improvement on the test based on the current ESTAR model. Third, it performs Monte Carlo simulations to access small sample performance and highlight the power gain of the new procedure over existing tests for a unit root. Fourth, the study applies the new test to 10 APEC real exchange rates and finds stronger evidence of nonlinear mean reversion supporting PPP. The third essay analyzes the determinants of residential water demand and determines the factors that affect water-saving behaviors using a household-based data set for 10 GECD countries. The study finds that water prices and unit water charges have significantly negative effects on water consumption. Having a dual flush toilet is also found to reduce water use. In determining the factors that affect water-saving behaviors, the study finds that water prices, unit water charges and attitudinal characteristics are important factors that have a positive effect on the likelihood of undertaking water-saving behaviors. The contribution of this essay is to provide insight into the determinants of residential water demand and propose policies to promote water conservation. This study suggests that price policies are important tools in promoting water conservation and these price policies would be more effective if implemented simultaneously with non-price policies such as subsidies for the adoption of dual flush toilets, public information and education campaigns.

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Fortier, Julia Maureen. "Examining the Social Acceptability of Cisterns in Rainwater Harvesting for Residenital Use in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5242.

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As water infrastructure in urban Ontario strains to meet the demands of a growing population, alternatives to the conventional water supply approach that complement demand management strategies are important to enable more sustainable water use at the household level. The adoption of rainwater harvesting (RWH), for indoor and outdoor uses by single-family households can reduce a households withdrawals on municipal water by 30% if rainwater is used for toilet flushing, laundry and outdoor uses (Despins 2009). The amount of potable water savings because of RWH is influenced by the rate of adoption and the allowed uses of rainwater at the individual household scale. The adoption of RWH systems would lead to reductions in potable water demand, which, in turn would lead to reduced demands on municipal water sources (e.g., groundwater or surface water), and storm water infrastructure resulting in overall reduced ecosystem stress and increased resiliency for climate change adaptation. Greater onsite storm water retention would mimic natural processes and would help reduce excess overland runoff that can result in water contamination. Presently, RWH systems tend to be more accepted and utilized in rural areas. However, there is a history of cistern use in rural and non-rural Waterloo. This history and capacity seems to be largely forgotten or unknown by urban citizens and local government officials. Century houses’ cisterns are often removed or filled in due to: a perceived lack of need, safety concerns and disrepair because of disuse. The increasing popularity of “green” building features and certifications have added some RWH systems for indoor and outdoor use to the urban environment, however, these remain limited instances. Moving RWH forward requires commitment from the Provincial and municipal government. Municipalities’ actions must support the sustainability objectives often referenced in their legislation and policy. This study establishes the drivers of RWH and examines the barriers to practice in the urban environment by examining existing examples and academic literature RWH systems within Canada and internationally. Results from a survey conducted in the City of Waterloo are used to reflect the systems user’s perspective. Interviews with municipal officials and RWH experts further highlight the drivers and barriers to RWH in urban Ontario. Based on the surveys, participants were generally willing to consider adopting RWH systems and a greater use of rainwater in the house, although a lack of information acts as significant barrier. However, Waterloo municipal officials who participated in the interviews described a much less enthusiastic attitude towards RWH. Although barriers identified in this research, including: legislative barriers, risk tolerance, perceptions of water abundance and economic realities shape the willingness to adopt RWH, this study indicates the barriers are surmountable through education and economic signaling.

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