Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Reservoirs – Management

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Reservoirs – Management”

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Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

1

Wilopo, Wahyu, Hendy Setiawan i Doni Prakasa Eka Putra. "Evaluation of Artificial Reservoir Management in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region". Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 17, nr 3 (14.10.2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v17i3.205-214.

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The Indonesian government has promoted reservoir (embung) development programs throughout Indonesia. This program is primarily designed at supporting agricultural irrigation, especially in the dry season. However, in its implementation, there are often many obstacles both in technical and management, causing the main purpose of the reservoir construction cannot be achieved optimally. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the condition of the reservoir located in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, in terms of physical, institutional, and management constraints. The study was conducted through a direct survey of 9 reservoirs and interviews with managers and residents around the reservoir. The results showed that two reservoirs have small damage in the reservoir building, three reservoirs do not yet have managers, and three reservoirs have not functioned following the purpose of reservoirs development. The obstacle often found in managing reservoirs is the unclear structure for the management of the reservoir, and the existing management is not effectively working. Therefore, the regulation of using reservoir water is not available. It is necessary to have a management organization involving the community and village government where the reservoir is located and also community beneficiaries of agricultural irrigation to guarantee its function and sustainability.
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Daus, Milan, Katharina Koberger, Kaan Koca, Felix Beckers, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Barbara Weisbrod, Daniel Dietrich i in. "Interdisciplinary Reservoir Management—A Tool for Sustainable Water Resources Management". Sustainability 13, nr 8 (18.04.2021): 4498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084498.

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Reservoirs are a common way to store and retain water serving for a multitude of purposes like storage of drinking and irrigation water, recreation, flood protection, navigation, and hydropower production, and have been built since centuries. Today, few reservoirs serve only one purpose, which requires management of present demands and interests. Since each reservoir project will cause negative impacts alongside desired advantages both on a local, regional and global scale, it is even more urgent to develop a common management framework in an attempt to mitigate negative impacts, incorporate different demands and make them visible within the discourse in order to avoid conflicts from early on. The scientific publications on reservoirs are manifold, yet a comprehensive and integrative holistic tool about management of this infrastructure is not available. Therefore, a comprehensive and integrated conceptual tool was developed and proposed by the authors of this paper that can contribute to the sustainable management of existing reservoirs. The tool presented herein is based on the results from the interdisciplinary CHARM (CHAllenges of Reservoir Management) project as well as the condensed outcome of relevant literature to aid and enhance knowledge of reservoir management. The incorporated results are based on field, laboratory and empirical social research. The project CHARM focused on five different aspects related to existing reservoirs in southern Germany (Schwarzenbachtalsperre, Franconian Lake District), namely: sedimentation of reservoirs, biostabilisation of fine sediments, toxic cyanobacteria(l) (blooms), greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs and social contestation, respectively consent. These five research foci contributed to the topics and setup of a conceptual tool, put together by the research consortium via delphi questioning, which can be found alongside this publication to provide insights for experts and laymen. Conceptualising and analysing the management in combination with quantitative and qualitative data in one descriptive tool presents a novelty for the case studies and area of research. The distribution within the scientific community and interested public will possibly make a positive contribution to the goal of sustainable water resources management in the future.
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Magner, T. N. "ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF THE KUTUBU RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY". APPEA Journal 35, nr 1 (1995): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94008.

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In spite of all the of the studies and analyses conducted since the initial oil discovery in 1986, considerable uncertainty existed over the expected performance of the Kutubu reservoirs prior to initial production. Extensive use of reservoir simulation during the field development helped overcome technical challenges in the development phase. Continued modelling work has increased understanding of reservoir behaviour, identified additional development opportunities and further enhanced field economics.Since First Oil in June 1992, over 100 MMSTB of light, sweet Kutubu crude oil have been produced and exported {through October 1994). At present, the field produces approximately 120,000 STBO/D from 27 vertical wells and two horizontal wells. Reservoir pressure maintenance is provided by gravity-stable re-injection of produced gas into five wells.On the whole, the reservoirs have met or exceeded expectations to date. This is in part due to the effective planning and implementation of a strategy to manage the Kutubu reservoirs. This reservoir management strategy combines an aggressive program of reservoir surveillance, data collection, computer simulation and continuous reassessment of previous assumptions.
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Setiawan, Ery, Syamsul Hidayat, Ida Bagus Giri Putra, Muhammad Bagus Budianto i Salehudin. "Evaluation of sediment management for two large reservoirs in Lombok island". MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819505002.

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Sedimentation is an important issue in reservoir rehabilitation and maintenance. This problem is worsened by seasonal water scarcity as a characteristic of arid catchments. Worldwide loss of storage capacity due to sedimentation is much higher than the increase of capacity by the construction of new reservoirs. Further, sedimentation hinders the safe operation of not only shallow reservoirs but also deep reservoirs by means of turbidity currents which sporadically transport large volumes of sediments down to the dams. This study analyses the real case of Pengga reservoir and Batujai reservoir located in Central Indonesia. Selected sediment management alternatives were analysed and evaluated based on technical, social and environmental criteria. Evaluation of sediment management alternatives was conducted by utilising the REServoir CONservation (RESCON) tool. Results showed that, first, both flushing techniques and hydrosuction are feasible whereas dredging and trucking are not. Secondly, the flushing technique outweighs the Hydrosuction Sediment Removal (HSRS) method. Thirdly, application of the HSRS method in both reservoirs shares one thing in common, i.e. it requires an appropriate combination of the number of suction pipes as well as minimum suction pipe diameters. Lastly, there are some differences in the details of implementation of the flushing technique to both reservoirs.
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O'Dell, Mike, i Edwin Lamers. "Subsurface Uncertainty Management and Development Optimization in the Harweel Cluster, South Oman". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 8, nr 02 (1.04.2005): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89110-pa.

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Summary In the past 5 years, there has been a string of exploration successes in discovering some 350 million m3 (2 billion bbl) of oil in the Harweel Clusterin south Oman. This oil is deep, under high pressure, and comes with a high gas/oil ratio (GOR), and the fluids contain 15% CO2 and 5% H2S. Of the nine Precambrian carbonate reservoirs, six are lithostatically pressured, and three are hydrostatic. The Harweel Cluster is more than 70 km from existing infrastructure. If gas can be reinjected, miscible displacement is expected in many of the reservoirs. The Harweel Cluster is one of Oman's major opportunities for "green field" oil development. There is a large degree of subsurface uncertainty in gross rock volume and oil/water contact (OWC), reservoir architecture, faults and fractures and reservoir compartmentalization, degree of dolomitization, permeability level and heterogeneity, fluid properties, and so on. However, little is known about the scale and relative importance of each of these uncertainties. Some uncertainties, such as compositional grading, might turn out to be more important than anticipated when evaluating development options because of nonlinearities and dependencies. Analyzing the effects of all uncertainty combinations in all reservoirs is not a realistic option. Therefore, a structured scenario-based approach has been developed to analyze and assess all potential factors influencing recovery schemes, reserves, and productivity. After evaluating the range of possible values and calculating the impact of each uncertainty, realizations were created to represent the range of possible values in each new reservoir. Field-scale equation-of-state models were used to simulate both primary depletion and gas reinjection. Development scenarios were optimized for each discrete realization. The resulting reservoir models serve as a basis for the development-concept selection and the subsequent field-development plans. Introduction The Harweel Cluster consists of nine reservoirs found in two formations in seven distinct fields. The fields were discovered between 1997 and 2002, and there is an ongoing exploration program in the area. The fields are Dafaq, Ghafeer, Harweel Deep, Rabab, Sakhiya, Sarmad, and Zalzala. The formations areA2C and A3C; these names are abbreviations for Ara Formation cycle 2 and 3Carbonates. All the reservoirs are intra salt carbonate reservoirs. Only Ghafeer and Sakhiya have reservoirs in both formations. These reservoirs are collectively called the Harweel Cluster because they form a cluster of reservoirs, and Harweel Deep was the first reservoir to be discovered. The reservoirs generally have low permeability (1 to 10 md), and they contain a wide range of fluid properties from retrograde gas condensate to black oil with moderate GOR (185 m3/m3). The highest level of the development concept is that they will be developed with a shared central facility. This cost-saving measure has been decided, but more detailed aspects of the development concept are still open for rigorous study, appraisal, and testing. Rigorous study began in2001 after discovery and reserve booking exercises for the individual reservoirs. With only the highest level of the development concept fixed, the study team had to develop an uncertainty-management scheme for evaluation of the cluster. Subsurface uncertainties were organized into 24 categories in eight major groups: gross rock volume, saturation, reservoir architecture, faults and fractures, reservoir properties, pressure/volume/temperature (PVT), relative permeability, compaction, and compressibility. Analyzing the effects of all uncertainty combinations in all reservoirs (more than 1 million permutations for each of the nine reservoirs) is not a realistic option. Therefore, a structured approach is required to analyze and assess all potential factors influencing recovery schemes, reserves, and productivity. A consistent process has been set up to (1) build reservoir models, (2) identify the critical uncertainties, (3) cover the full range of potential subsurface realizations, and (4) optimize the development. These reservoir models serve as a basis for the development concept selection and the subsequent field- and asset-development plans. The scenario-modeling process is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.
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Jin, Jiaxu, Hongyue Zhang, Liang Xu, Kelin Zhou i Xiangfeng Lv. "Stability Analysis of Downstream Dam Expansion Tailings Pond". Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (2.06.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1809736.

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The buildup of tailings in China has expanded dramatically with economic development and industrial demand, and the safety of tailings reservoirs has become increasingly serious. Due to the difficulty in finding a new reservoir site, the expansion approach of building a new tailings dam downstream of the original reservoir area was investigated. The stability of the tailings reservoir after expansion was calculated using the traditional dynamic and static stability solution method and taking into account the unpredictability of dam construction materials and tailings material parameters in the reservoir area. The results reveal that throughout the tailings accumulation process in the new reservoir, the tailings will build a back pressure slope at the original reservoir’s initial dam, which can considerably improve the original reservoir’s dynamic and static stability. The Monte Carlo method clearly outperforms older methods for tailing pond stability analysis. The results of this paper’s calculations will give a theoretical foundation and practical reference for the later management and maintenance of such tailings reservoirs, as well as fresh ideas and insights for comparable projects due to limited site selection.
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Utomo, A. D., A. Wibowo, R. A. Suhaimi, D. Atminarso i L. J. Baumgartner. "Challenges balancing fisheries resource management and river development in Indonesia". Marine and Freshwater Research 70, nr 9 (2019): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19160.

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Indonesia’s increasing human population will require more food and potable water into the future. Constructing more reservoirs has been deemed a national priority to help meet these basic needs. The number of reservoirs in Indonesia has increased gradually over time, but this may have affected fisheries resources. Of the 100 reservoirs already built, 80% are on the island of Java. The direct effects of reservoir on fisheries resources include sedimentation, reduced water flows, eutrophication and disturbance to the fish life cycle, and indirect effects may include overfishing. Reservoirs can also alter habitat, which can change fisheries productivity. Fisheries resources management, in a reservoir, has a high possibility of success if clear boundaries are set and expectations are managed. Fishermen need to participate in management and targets must be set to establish a complete ecosystem for a growing fish population. Other interventions, such as floating cage aquaculture and fish restocking, are suitable tools for management. However, at present there is no Indonesian framework to guide such management tools. With many more reservoirs planned into the future, there is a pressing need to develop a systematic and robust management system to ensure fisheries and river development can coexist.
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Lotti, Carlo. "Management of reservoirs". International Journal of Water Resources Development 7, nr 2 (czerwiec 1991): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629108722502.

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Cheong, T. S., I. Ko i J. W. Labadie. "Development of multi-objective reservoir operation rules for integrated water resources management". Journal of Hydroinformatics 12, nr 2 (14.11.2009): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2009.054.

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Real-time monitoring, databases, optimization models and visualization tools have been integrated into a Decision Support System (DSS) for optimal water resources management of two water supply reservoirs, the Daechung Reservoir and the Yongdam Reservoir of the Geum River basin, Daejeon, Korea. The KModSim as a DSS has been designed to provide information on current reservoir conditions to operational staff and to help in making decisions for short- and long-term management. For the physical calibration, the network simulations in seasonal water allocation of both reservoirs are performed for 23 years from January 1 1983 to June 30 2006. Linear and nonlinear operating rules are developed by using the actual reservoir operation data obtained from both reservoirs which are then used in KModSim by the hydrologic state method to estimate optimized target storages of both reservoirs. For validation of hydrologic states in KModSim and scenario testing for the management simulations, the optimal network simulation for the seasonal water allocations from October 1 2002 to June 30 2006 were also performed. The results' simulation by new rules fit the measured actual reservoir storage and represent well the various outflow discharge curves measured at the gauging stations of Geum River. The developed operating rules are proven to be superior in explaining actual reservoir operation as compared to the simulated target storages by existing optimization models.
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Larraz, Beatriz, i Enrique San-Martin. "A Tale of Two Dams: The Impact of Reservoir Management on Rural Depopulation in Central Spain". Water Resources Management 35, nr 14 (12.10.2021): 4769–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02938-9.

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AbstractIn rural areas, depopulation is mainly due to a lack of economic and employment opportunities. In this context, the reservoirs already built can be a source of socioeconomic development based on tourism and outdoor leisure activities. The condition for this development to materialize is that reservoir management considers these activities. In Central Spain, a process of rural depopulation has been generated in the municipalities around the reservoirs at the Upper Tagus River, as water management allows water transfers from the Tagus to the Segura River without taking into account regulations that prioritize and protect donor basin users. Through the comparison of reservoir water management and demographic data of two rural areas close to the reservoirs, this article reveals the direct relationship between reservoir management that enables recreational uses with its consequent socioeconomic development and the maintenance of the population in the territory. Consequently, reservoir water management based on the socioeconomic development of reservoir banks is necessary and a priority over transfers to another basin.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

1

Kaseke, Evans. "Fuzzy linear programming and reservoir management". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26708.

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The presence of imprecision in parameter specification of water resources management problems leads to the formulation of fuzzy programming models. This thesis presents the formulation of a two-reservoir system problem as a fuzzy L.P. model. The aim is to determine if larger monetary benefits, over and above the usual benefits, can be obtained from the system. The other aim is to determine if desired industrial and domestic water allocations, as well as outflows for selected periods can be achieved. The problem is formulated as a conventional L.P. model. Then selected water allocations and outflows are fuzzified resulting in a fuzzy L.P. model. The alternative fuzzy L.P. model is also presented. Monetary benefits larger than those from the conventional L.P. were obtained through the fuzzy L.P. model. The desired water allocations and outflows were also realised for selected periods. Sensitivity information was obtained for fuzzy and non-fuzzy constraints. The alternative fuzzy L.P. model did not give additional valuable information than that obtained from the initial fuzzy L.P. model.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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2

Xie, Ming 1973. "Prediction of daily net inflows for management of reservoir systems". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33043.

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Operational planning of water resource systems like reservoirs and hydropower plants calls for real-time forecasting of reservoir inflow. Reservoir daily inflow forecasts provide a warning of impending floods or drought conditions and help to optimize operating policies for reservoir management based on a fine time scale. The aim of this study was to determine the best model for daily reservoir inflow prediction through linear regression, exponential smoothing and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. The Hedi reservoir, the third largest reservoir in south China with a 1.144 x 109 m 3, was selected as the study site. The performance of these forecasting models, in terms of forecasting accuracy, efficiency of model development and adaptability for future prediction, were compared to one another. All models performed well during the dry season (inflow with low variability), while the non-linear ANNs were superior to other models in frontal rainy season and typhoon season (inflow with high variability). The performance of ANN models were hardly affected by the high degree of uncertainty and variability inherent to the rainy season. Stepwise selection was very helpful in identifying significant variables for regression models and ANNs. This procedure reduced ANN's size and greatly improved forecasting accuracy for ANN models. The impact of training data series, model architecture and network internal parameters on ANNs performances were also addressed in this study. The overall evaluation indicates that ANNs are an effective and robust tool for input-output mapping under more extreme and variable conditions. ANNs provide an alternative forecasting approach to conventional time series forecasting models for daily reservoir inflow prediction.
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Malik, Kazim A. "An intelligent portfolio management approach to gas storage field deliverability maintenance and enhancement". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4833.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 105 p. : ill. (some col.) ; map (part col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-59).
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4

Seetha, Ram Katakam V. "Conjunctive And Multipurpose Operation Of Reservoirs Using Genetic Algorithms". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/222.

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Optimal operation of reservoir systems is necessary for better utilizing the limited water resources and to justify the high capital investments associated with reservoir projects. However, finding optimal policies for real-life problems of reservoir systems operation (RSO) is a challenging task as the available analytical methods can not handle the arbitrary functions of the problem and almost all methods employed are numerical or iterative type that are computer dependent. Since the computer resources in terms of memory and CPU time are limited, a limit exists for the size of the problem, in terms of arithmetic and memory involved, that can be handled. This limit is approached quickly as the dimension and the nonlinearity of the problem increases. In encountering the complex aspects of the problem all the traditionally employed methods have their own drawbacks. Linear programming (LP), though very efficient in dealing with linear functions, can not handle nonlinear functions which is the case mostly in real-life problems. Attempting to approximate nonlinear functions to linear ones results in the problem size growing enormously. Dynamic programming (DP), though suitable for most of the RSO problems, requires exponentially increasing computer resources as the dimension of the problem increases and at present many high dimensional real-life problems can not be solved using DP. Nonlinear programming (NLP) methods are not known to be efficient in RSO problems due to slow rate of convergence and inability to handle stochastic problems. Simulation methods can, practically, explore only a small portion of the search region. Many simplifications in formulations and adoption of approximate methods in literature still fall short in addressing the most critical aspects, namely multidimensionality, stochasticity, and additional complexity in conjunctive operation, of the problem. As the problem complexity increases and the possibility of arriving at the solution recedes, a near optimal solution with the best use of computational resources can be very valuable. In this context, genetic algorithms (GA) can be a promising technique which is believed to have an advantage in terms of efficient use of computer resources. GA is a random search method which find, in general, near optimal solutions using evolutionary mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics. When a pool of feasible solutions, represented in a coded form, are given fitness according to a objective function and explored by genetic operators for obtaining new pools of solutions, then the ensuing trajectories of solutions come closer and closer to the optimal solution which has the greatest fitness associated with it. GA can be applied to arbitrary functions and is not excessively sensitive to the dimension of the problem. Though in general GA finds only the near optimal solutions trapping in local optima is not a serious problem due to global look and random search. Since GA is not fully explored for RSO problems two such problems are selected here to study the usefulness and efficiency of GA in obtaining near optimal solutions. One problem is conjunctive operation of a system consisting of a surface reservoir and an aquifer, taken from the literature for which deterministic and stochastic models are solved. Another problem is real-time operation of a multipurpose reservoir, operated for irrigation (primary purpose) and hydropower production, which is in the form of a case study. The conjunctive operation problem consists of determining optimal policy for a combined system of a surface reservoir and an aquifer. The surface reservoir releases water to an exclusive area for irrigation and to a recharge facility from which it reaches the aquifer in the following period. Another exclusive area is irrigated by water pumped from the aquifer. The objective is to maximize the total benefit from the two irrigated areas. The inflow to the surface reservoir is treated as constant in deterministic model and taken at 6 different classes in stochastic model. The hydrological interactions between aquifer and reservoir are described using a lumped parameter model in which the average aquifer water table is arrived at based on the quantity of water in the aquifer, and local drawdown in pumping well is neglected. In order to evaluate the GA solution both deterministic and stochastic models are solved using DP and stochastic DP (SDP) techniques respectively. In the deterministic model, steady state (SS) cyclic (repetitive) solution is identified in DP as well as in GA. It is shown that the benefit from GA solution converges to as near as 95% of the benefit from exact DP solution at a highly discounted CPU time. In the stochastic model, the steady state solution obtained with SDP consists of converged first stage decisions, which took a 8-stage horizon, for any combination of components of the system state. The GA solution is obtained after simplifying the model to reduce the number of decision variables. Unlike SDP policy which gives decisions considering the state of the system in terms of storages, at reservoir, aquifer, and recharge facility, and previous inflow at the beginning of that period, GA gives decisions for each period of the horizon considering only the past inflow state of the period. In arriving at these decisions the effect of neglected state information is approximately reflected in the decisions by the process of refinement of the decisions, to conform to feasibility of storages in reservoir and aquifer, carried out in a simplified simulation process. Moreover, the validity of the solution is confirmed by simulating the operation with all possible inflow sequences for which the 8-stages benefit converged up to 90 % of the optimum. However, since 8 stages are required for convergence to SS, a 16-stage process is required for GA method in which the first 8 stages policy is valid. Results show that GA convergence to the optimum is satisfactory, justifying the approximations, with significant savings in CPU time. For real-time operation of a multipurpose reservoir, a rule curve (RC) based monthly operation is formulated and applied on a real-life problem involving releases for irrigation as well as power production. The RC operation is based on the target storages that have to be maintained, at each season of the year, in the reservoir during normal hydrological conditions. Exceptions to target storages are allowed when the demands have to be met or for conserving water during the periods of high inflows. The reservoir in the case study supplies water to irrigation fields through two canals where a set of turbines each at the canal heads generate hydropower. A third set of turbines operate on the river bed with the water let out downstream from the dam. The problem consists of determining the the RC target storages that facilitate maximum power production while meeting the irrigation demands up to a given reliability level. The RC target storages are considered at three different levels, corresponding to dry, normal, and wet conditions, according to the system state in terms of actual (beginning of period) storage of the reservoir. That is, if the actual beginning storage of the reservoir is less than some coefficient, dry-coe, times the normal target storage the target for the end of the period storage is taken at the dry storage target (of the three sets of storages). Similarly the wet level is taken for the end of the period target if the actual beginning storage is greater than some coefficient, wet-coe, times the normal storage. For other conditions the target is the normal storage level. The dry-coe and wet-coe parameters are obtained by trial and error analysis working on a small sequence of inflows. The three sets of targets are obtained from optimization over a 1000 year generated inflow sequence. With deterministic DP solutions, for small sequences of inflows, the optimization capability of GA-RC approach, in terms of objective function convergence, and generalization or robustness capability of GA-RC approach, for which the GA-RC benefit is obtained by simulating the reservoir operation using the previously obtained GA-RC solution, are evaluated. In both the cases GA-RC approach proves to be promising. Finally a 15 year real-time simulation of the reservoir is carried out using historical inflows and demands and the comparison with the historical operation shows significant improvement in benefit, i.e. power produced, without compromising irrigation demands throughout the simulation period.
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5

Seetha, Ram Katakam V. "Conjunctive And Multipurpose Operation Of Reservoirs Using Genetic Algorithms". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/222.

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Optimal operation of reservoir systems is necessary for better utilizing the limited water resources and to justify the high capital investments associated with reservoir projects. However, finding optimal policies for real-life problems of reservoir systems operation (RSO) is a challenging task as the available analytical methods can not handle the arbitrary functions of the problem and almost all methods employed are numerical or iterative type that are computer dependent. Since the computer resources in terms of memory and CPU time are limited, a limit exists for the size of the problem, in terms of arithmetic and memory involved, that can be handled. This limit is approached quickly as the dimension and the nonlinearity of the problem increases. In encountering the complex aspects of the problem all the traditionally employed methods have their own drawbacks. Linear programming (LP), though very efficient in dealing with linear functions, can not handle nonlinear functions which is the case mostly in real-life problems. Attempting to approximate nonlinear functions to linear ones results in the problem size growing enormously. Dynamic programming (DP), though suitable for most of the RSO problems, requires exponentially increasing computer resources as the dimension of the problem increases and at present many high dimensional real-life problems can not be solved using DP. Nonlinear programming (NLP) methods are not known to be efficient in RSO problems due to slow rate of convergence and inability to handle stochastic problems. Simulation methods can, practically, explore only a small portion of the search region. Many simplifications in formulations and adoption of approximate methods in literature still fall short in addressing the most critical aspects, namely multidimensionality, stochasticity, and additional complexity in conjunctive operation, of the problem. As the problem complexity increases and the possibility of arriving at the solution recedes, a near optimal solution with the best use of computational resources can be very valuable. In this context, genetic algorithms (GA) can be a promising technique which is believed to have an advantage in terms of efficient use of computer resources. GA is a random search method which find, in general, near optimal solutions using evolutionary mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics. When a pool of feasible solutions, represented in a coded form, are given fitness according to a objective function and explored by genetic operators for obtaining new pools of solutions, then the ensuing trajectories of solutions come closer and closer to the optimal solution which has the greatest fitness associated with it. GA can be applied to arbitrary functions and is not excessively sensitive to the dimension of the problem. Though in general GA finds only the near optimal solutions trapping in local optima is not a serious problem due to global look and random search. Since GA is not fully explored for RSO problems two such problems are selected here to study the usefulness and efficiency of GA in obtaining near optimal solutions. One problem is conjunctive operation of a system consisting of a surface reservoir and an aquifer, taken from the literature for which deterministic and stochastic models are solved. Another problem is real-time operation of a multipurpose reservoir, operated for irrigation (primary purpose) and hydropower production, which is in the form of a case study. The conjunctive operation problem consists of determining optimal policy for a combined system of a surface reservoir and an aquifer. The surface reservoir releases water to an exclusive area for irrigation and to a recharge facility from which it reaches the aquifer in the following period. Another exclusive area is irrigated by water pumped from the aquifer. The objective is to maximize the total benefit from the two irrigated areas. The inflow to the surface reservoir is treated as constant in deterministic model and taken at 6 different classes in stochastic model. The hydrological interactions between aquifer and reservoir are described using a lumped parameter model in which the average aquifer water table is arrived at based on the quantity of water in the aquifer, and local drawdown in pumping well is neglected. In order to evaluate the GA solution both deterministic and stochastic models are solved using DP and stochastic DP (SDP) techniques respectively. In the deterministic model, steady state (SS) cyclic (repetitive) solution is identified in DP as well as in GA. It is shown that the benefit from GA solution converges to as near as 95% of the benefit from exact DP solution at a highly discounted CPU time. In the stochastic model, the steady state solution obtained with SDP consists of converged first stage decisions, which took a 8-stage horizon, for any combination of components of the system state. The GA solution is obtained after simplifying the model to reduce the number of decision variables. Unlike SDP policy which gives decisions considering the state of the system in terms of storages, at reservoir, aquifer, and recharge facility, and previous inflow at the beginning of that period, GA gives decisions for each period of the horizon considering only the past inflow state of the period. In arriving at these decisions the effect of neglected state information is approximately reflected in the decisions by the process of refinement of the decisions, to conform to feasibility of storages in reservoir and aquifer, carried out in a simplified simulation process. Moreover, the validity of the solution is confirmed by simulating the operation with all possible inflow sequences for which the 8-stages benefit converged up to 90 % of the optimum. However, since 8 stages are required for convergence to SS, a 16-stage process is required for GA method in which the first 8 stages policy is valid. Results show that GA convergence to the optimum is satisfactory, justifying the approximations, with significant savings in CPU time. For real-time operation of a multipurpose reservoir, a rule curve (RC) based monthly operation is formulated and applied on a real-life problem involving releases for irrigation as well as power production. The RC operation is based on the target storages that have to be maintained, at each season of the year, in the reservoir during normal hydrological conditions. Exceptions to target storages are allowed when the demands have to be met or for conserving water during the periods of high inflows. The reservoir in the case study supplies water to irrigation fields through two canals where a set of turbines each at the canal heads generate hydropower. A third set of turbines operate on the river bed with the water let out downstream from the dam. The problem consists of determining the the RC target storages that facilitate maximum power production while meeting the irrigation demands up to a given reliability level. The RC target storages are considered at three different levels, corresponding to dry, normal, and wet conditions, according to the system state in terms of actual (beginning of period) storage of the reservoir. That is, if the actual beginning storage of the reservoir is less than some coefficient, dry-coe, times the normal target storage the target for the end of the period storage is taken at the dry storage target (of the three sets of storages). Similarly the wet level is taken for the end of the period target if the actual beginning storage is greater than some coefficient, wet-coe, times the normal storage. For other conditions the target is the normal storage level. The dry-coe and wet-coe parameters are obtained by trial and error analysis working on a small sequence of inflows. The three sets of targets are obtained from optimization over a 1000 year generated inflow sequence. With deterministic DP solutions, for small sequences of inflows, the optimization capability of GA-RC approach, in terms of objective function convergence, and generalization or robustness capability of GA-RC approach, for which the GA-RC benefit is obtained by simulating the reservoir operation using the previously obtained GA-RC solution, are evaluated. In both the cases GA-RC approach proves to be promising. Finally a 15 year real-time simulation of the reservoir is carried out using historical inflows and demands and the comparison with the historical operation shows significant improvement in benefit, i.e. power produced, without compromising irrigation demands throughout the simulation period.
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Pong, Chung-nam. "Water quality of reservoirs in Hong Kong /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39604238.

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Kleopa, Xenia A. "Optimal reservoir operation for drought management". Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183650664.

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Moore, David L. "Reservoir management during drought an expert system approach". Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175718241.

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Kistenmacher, Martin. "Reservoir system management under uncertainty". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49012.

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Reservoir systems are subject to several uncertainties that are the result of imperfect knowledge about system behavior and inputs. A major source of uncertainty arises from the inability to predict future inflows. Fortunately, it is often possible to generate probabilistic forecasts of inflow volumes in the form of probability density functions or ensembles. These inflow forecasts can be coupled with stochastic management models to determine reservoir release policies and provide stakeholders with meaningful information of upcoming system responses such as reservoir levels, releases, flood damage risks, hydropower production, water supply withdrawals, water quality conditions, navigation opportunities, and environmental flows, among others. This information on anticipated system responses is also expressed in the form of forecasts that must reliably represent the actual system behavior when it eventually occurs. The first part of this study presents an assessment methodology that can be used to determine the consistency of ensemble forecasts through the use of relative frequency histograms and minimum spanning trees (MST). This methodology is then used to assess a management model's ability to produce reliable ensemble forecasts. It was found that neglecting to account for hydrologic state variables and improperly modeling the finite management horizon decrease ensemble consistency. Several extensions to the existing management model are also developed and evaluated. The second portion of this study involves the management of the uncertainties in reservoir systems. Traditional management models only find management policies that optimize the expected values of system benefits or costs, thereby not allowing operators and stakeholders to explicitly explore issues related to uncertainty and risk management. A technique that can be used to derive management policies that produce desired probabilistic distributions of reservoir system outputs reflecting stakeholder preferences is developed. This technique can be embedded in a user-interactive framework that can be employed to evaluate the trade-offs and build consensus in multi-objective and multi-stakeholder systems. The methods developed in this dissertation are illustrated in case studies of real reservoir systems, including a seven-reservoir, multi-objective system in California's Central Valley.
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龐仲嵐 i Chung-nam Pong. "Water quality of reservoirs in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013809.

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Książki na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

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Votruba, Ladislav. Water management in reservoirs. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.

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United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Group, red. Yellowtail Afterbay 2000 survey. Denver, Colo: Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Group, Water Resources Services, Technical Service Center, 2003.

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Martinez, Patrick J. Coldwater reservoirs. Fort Collins, Colo: Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fish Research Section, 2005.

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L, Morris Gregory, i Fan Jiahua, red. Reservoir sedimentation handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

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Division, Montana Fisheries. Mid-Missouri Reservoirs study. Helena, ]: Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Fisheries Division, 1987.

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Zhou, Shouwei, i Fujie Sun. Sand Production Management for Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118961865.

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1937-, Cooke G. Dennis, red. Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs. Wyd. 2. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1993.

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1937-, Cooke G. Dennis, red. Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs. Wyd. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, red. Uncovered finished water reservoirs guidance manual. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Tuce, Aras, red. Reservoir sediment management. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Balkema, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

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Stephenson, David. "Drought Management of Reservoirs". W Water Supply Management, 141–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5131-3_6.

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Milanović, Petar. "Dams and Reservoirs in Karst". W Karst Management, 47–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2_3.

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Price, D. R. H. "Do reservoirs need ecological management?" W The Ecological Bases for Lake and Reservoir Management, 117–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3282-6_11.

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Varis, Olli, Matti Kummu, Saku Härkönen i Jari T. Huttunen. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoirs". W Water Resources Development and Management, 69–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23571-9_4.

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Maritvold, R. "Frigg Field Reservoir Management". W North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs—II, 155–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0791-1_12.

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Van Koughnett, Julie Ann M., i Steven D. Wexner. "Restorative Proctectomy and Colonic Reservoirs". W Modern Management of Cancer of the Rectum, 215–29. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6609-2_15.

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Alpaslan, N. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Artificial Reservoirs". W Water Resources Planning and Management, 347–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0395-4_26.

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Zhang, Yu, Xiaodong Wang, Zhixiang Min, Shiqiang Wu, Xiufeng Wu, Jiangyu Dai, Fangfang Wang i Ang Gao. "Adaptive Regulation of Cascade Reservoirs System Under Non-stationary Runoff". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 985–1000. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_88.

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AbstractUnder the influence of climate change and human activities, the spatial and temporal distribution of river runoff has changed. The statistical characteristics of runoff such as mean, variance and extreme values have changed significantly. Hydrological stationarity has been broken, deepening the uncertainty of water resources and their utilization. Hydrological stationarity is a fundamental assumption of traditional water resources planning and management. The occurrence of non-stationarity will undoubtedly have an impact on the operation and overall benefits of reservoirs, and may even threaten the safety of reservoirs and water resources. There is uncertainty as to whether reservoirs can operate safely and still achieve their design benefits under the new runoff conditions. Therefore, it is important to carry out adaptive regulation of reservoirs in response to non-stationary runoff. Based on the multi-objective theory of large system, a multi-objective joint scheduling model of the terrace reservoir group is constructed for adaptive regulation simulation. A set of combination schemes based on optimal scheduling, flood resource utilization, water saving is constructed. The adaptive regulation is validated using a real-world example of the Xiluodu cascade and Three Gorges cascade reservoirs system in Yangtze River, China. The adaptive regulation processes are analyzed by simulation and the adaptive regulation effects are evaluated. The results show that the non-stationary runoff in upper Yangtze River has had an impact on the comprehensive benefits of large hydropower projects. The use of non-engineering measures to improve flood resource utilization, adjust upstream water use behavior and optimize reservoir scheduling are effective means to reduce the negative impact of non-stationary runoff on cascade reservoirs system.
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Sankaran, Sathish, i Hardik Zalavadia. "Hybrid Data-Driven and Physics-Informed Reservoir Modeling for Unconventional Reservoirs". W Machine Learning Applications in Subsurface Energy Resource Management, 143–64. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207009-12.

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Pokhrel, Prafulla. "De-Noising Derived Inflows to Reservoirs for Hydrologic Model Calibration and Reservoir Management". W Water Resources Development and Management, 349–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1971-0_36.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

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Khan, Moin Uddin, i Jeffrey Guy Callard. "Reservoir Management in Unconventional Reservoirs". W SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130146-ms.

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Gunkel, G., D. Lima, F. Selge, M. Sobral i S. Calado. "Aquatic ecosystem services of reservoirs in semi-arid areas: sustainability and reservoir management". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rm150171.

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Manrique, J. F., B. D. Poe i K. England. "Production Optimization and Practical Reservoir Management of Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs". W SPE Production and Operations Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/67315-ms.

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Turgeon, A. "Optimal rule curves for interconnected reservoirs". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rm070091.

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Gotoh, H., Y. Maeno, M. Takezawa i M. Ohnishi. "Flood control and small-scale reservoirs". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rm110051.

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Nicklow, John W., i Larry W. Mays. "Operation of Multiple Reservoir Systems to Control Sedimentation in Rivers and Reservoirs". W 29th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40430(1999)105.

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MOSIEJ, Józef, i Agnieszka BUS. "NEW CHALLENGES IN RURAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN POLAND – SELECTED PROBLEMS". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.078.

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State of rural water resources and selected new challenges of water resources management in rural areas in Poland are presented Problems of influence small water reservoir for water quality is presented. It is commonly believed that every kind of reservoirs should collect and reduce the nutrient contamination (N, P, heavy metals). The presented results show that water reservoirs (both pre- and main reservoirs) are a source of water pollution. The reservoirs fed by waters of inadequate or poor quality are an additional source of contamination, which accelerates the process of eutrophication. However, as the literature shows, well-designed pre-reserviors of optimum size can remarkably reduce the phosphorus import into reservoirs and help to control eutrophication from non-point sources
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Kabir, C. S., i G. R. King. "Estimation of AOFP and Average Reservoir Pressure From Transient Flow-After-Flow Test Data: A Reservoir Management Practice". W Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/29583-ms.

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Van den Hoek, P., G. Joosten, G. van Essen i G. Kaleta. "Integrated Reservoir Modeling, Assisted History Matching and Uncertainty Management in Petroleum Reservoirs". W EAGE/SPE Joint Workshop on Beyond Closed Loop Integrated Monitoring. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20132058.

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D. M. Belgrave, J., i W. R. Hovdetad. "A Comparison of reservoir management options for high relief light oil reservoirs". W IOR 1991 - 6th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411254.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Reservoirs – Management"

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Martin, F. D., A. Ouenes, W. W. Weiss i A. Chawathe. Reservoir management applications to oil reservoirs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/269032.

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Morris, Gregory, Travis Dahl, Marielys Ramos-Villanueva, James Leech i Meg Jones. Sustainable sediment management at US Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luty 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46470.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) maintains and operates 419 reservoirs nationwide for diverse purposes. This infrastructure is essential to the nation’s continued economic progress and provides numerous benefits. Sedimentation in reservoirs causes the loss of storage capacity, leading to interference with operations, reduction of project benefits, and eventual rendering of project operation technically infeasible or uneconomical. All reservoirs trap sediment, and sustainable long-term operation can be achieved only if sedimentation is managed. With many of the USACE reservoirs now reaching 50 years of age, sedimentation is starting to encroach on the beneficial pools. Under the paradigm of sustainable use, it is important to identify and implement strategies to sustain reservoir operation in the long term, beyond the period contemplated in the original project design life. This report outlines the major types of sediment management strategies available for reservoirs. Because the rate of new reservoir construction by USACE is very low, this report focuses on remedial strategies at existing reservoirs and presents a general methodology for the preliminary analysis of such sites. This report examines four example USACE reservoirs with known sedimentation issues to highlight the types of problems encountered and the development of strategies that can lead to sustainable use.
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Koerner, Roy, Don Clarke i Scott Walker. Increasing Waterflooding Reservoirs in the Wilmington Oil Field through Improved Reservoir Characterization and Reservoir Management. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14439.

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Clarke, Don, Roy Koerner, Dan Moos, John Nguyen, Chris Phillips, Kwasi Tagbor i Scott Walker. Increasing Waterflooding Reservoirs in the Wilmington Oil Field through Improved Reservoir Characterization and Reservoir Management. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14446.

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Koerner, Roy, Don Clarke, Scott Walker, Chris Phillips, John Nguyen, Dan Moos i Kwasi Tagbor. Increasing Waterflooding Reservoirs in the Wilmington Oil Field through Improved Reservoir Characterization and Reservoir Management, Class III. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784131.

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Hernandez-Abram, Darixa D., Susan E. Bailey i S. Kyle McKay. Environmental Effects of Sediment Release from Dams : Conceptual Model and Literature Review for the Kansas River Basin. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44880.

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Passing sediment from reservoirs to downstream channels is a potential solution to aging infrastructure and reservoir storage capacity loss, which is a pressing challenge nationwide. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) sediment management actions at reservoirs such as flushing may drive ecological changes that may be beneficial or detrimental to downstream ecosystems. However, these potential effects are currently not well understood or documented. An exploratory study of the potential ecological effects of releasing sediment downstream from reservoirs is presented in this technical note (TN). We focus on Tuttle Creek Reservoir in Kansas and use fish species as indicators of ecological change. A literature review of Kansas fishes was conducted and three conceptual models illustrating potential benefits or negative effects of releasing sediment downstream of Tuttle Creek Reservoir was developed. Some fish species may benefit from sediment releases, while others may be negatively affected. Further research and tools are needed to develop a greater understanding of these effects.
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Jung, Jacob, Richard Fischer, Chester McConnell i Pam Bates. The use of US Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs as stopover sites for the Aransas–Wood Buffalo population of whooping crane. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44980.

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This technical report summarizes the use of US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) reservoirs as spring and fall migration stopover sites for the endangered Aransas–Wood Buffalo population of whooping cranes (WHCR), which proved much greater than previously known. We assessed stopover use within the migration flyway with satellite transmitter data on 68 WHCR during 2009–2018 from a study by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and collaborators, resulting in over 165,000 location records, supplemented by incidental observations from the US Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice (USFWS) and the USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) databases. Significant stopover use was observed during both spring and fall migration, and one reservoir served as a wintering location in multiple years. Future efforts should include (a) continued monitoring for WHCR at USACE reservoirs within the flyway; (b) reservoir-specific management plans at all projects with significant WHCR stopover; (c) a USACE-specific and range-wide Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(1) conservation plan that specifies proactive conservation actions; (d) habitat management plans that include potential pool-level modifications during spring and fall to optimize stopover habitat conditions; and (e) continued evaluation of habitat conditions at USACE reservoirs.
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Deri, B., J. Kotovsky i C. Spadaccini. Assessment of Latent Heat Reservoirs for Thermal Management of QCW Laser Diodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973856.

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Medina, Victor, Afrachanna Butler, Erich Emery i Gerald Clyde. Evaluation of water quality/environmental management surveys on USACE managed reservoirs and waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), sierpień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/33703.

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Silva, Mario, Tor Bjørnstad i Sissel Opsahl Viig. Tracer-based interwell Sor-monitoring and evaluation of efficiency in EOR-methods. University of Stavanger, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.207.

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A partitioning inter-well tracer test (PITT) determines the residual (or even remaining) oil saturation (SOR) in the flooded region between well-pairs. This type of tracer test can be used to identify improved oil recovery (IOR) targets, evaluate IOR projects, evaluate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, and improve reservoir description for efficient hydrocarbon production. Thus, the main objective of the work with inter-well oil/water partitioning tracers developed within the framework of the IOR Centre is to provide tools and methodologies to improve reservoir description for efficient management of resources. The present report aims to provide insight to its users on the deployment of tracer technology in the inter- well region of water-flooded reservoirs to determine SOR. In turn, this parameter can be used as basis to evaluate the efficiency of several oil-production related operations. It will explain workflows, expertise, and tools needed as well as the importance of the information obtained, and methods to obtain it. This report is directed towards operators, primarily to reservoir engineers and reservoir managers, and service companies, particularly those already engaged on the deployment of tracer technology or those who aim to begin this activity. R&D personnel working in both operators and service companies may also benefit from the contents of the present report.
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