Artykuły w czasopismach: „Research Subject Categories – NATURAL SCIENCES: Neuroscience”

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Berard, Tim J. "Evaluative Categories of Action and Identity in Non-Evaluative Human Studies Research: Examples from Ethnomethodology". Qualitative Sociology Review 1, nr 1 (15.08.2005): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.1.1.02.

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Ethnomethodologists have emphasized the pragmatic and contextual nature of description as a variety of social practice, and have suggested the ramifications of this insight for the methodology and philosophy of the social sciences. However, ethnomethodologists have thereby invited difficult questions about the moral and analytic status of their own descriptions. Drawing on Atkinson’s study of suicide verdicts and Coulter’s writings on schizophrenia, ethnomethodological scholarship is shown to display the possibility and promise of disinterested description, even when the subject matter involves the evaluation of problematic actions and identities. The combination of Wittgensteinian logical grammar and empirical studies of natural language use, suggested by Coulter, is presented as especially relevant and remarkable for purposes of studying social practices including describing, naming, categorizing, classifying, labeling, diagnosing, reaching a verdict, and kindred practices of language use conceived as varieties of practical action.

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Taskin, Zehra, i Umut Al. "Natural language processing applications in library and information science". Online Information Review 43, nr 4 (12.08.2019): 676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-07-2018-0217.

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Purpose With the recent developments in information technologies, natural language processing (NLP) practices have made tasks in many areas easier and more practical. Nowadays, especially when big data are used in most research, NLP provides fast and easy methods for processing these data. The purpose of this paper is to identify subfields of library and information science (LIS) where NLP can be used and to provide a guide based on bibliometrics and social network analyses for researchers who intend to study this subject. Design/methodology/approach Within the scope of this study, 6,607 publications, including NLP methods published in the field of LIS, are examined and visualized by social network analysis methods. Findings After evaluating the obtained results, the subject categories of publications, frequently used keywords in these publications and the relationships between these words are revealed. Finally, the core journals and articles are classified thematically for researchers working in the field of LIS and planning to apply NLP in their research. Originality/value The results of this paper draw a general framework for LIS field and guides researchers on new techniques that may be useful in the field.

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Lira, Luis Alberto Núñez, Lida Violeta Asencios Trujillo, Lucia Asencios Trujillo, Carlos Jacinto La Rosa Longobardi i Óscar Alberto Urbano Ayala. "Inverted Classroom and Learning of Natural Sciences in High School Students in Times of Pandemic". NeuroQuantology 20, nr 5 (18.05.2022): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22206.

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The inverted classroom is a methodology that allows learning drivers to adapt efficiently, and in a multidisciplinary way, to the contents of the area we practice, to the objectives and to the abilities of the student, generating commitments from both the teacher and the student for their professional success. For the research, a quasiexperimental methodology was used with a student population of fifty young people of both sexes, with a control and experimental group, for whose execution four didactic procedures were carried out with their respective input-output evaluations. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the permanent improvement in the learning of natural sciences with increasing trends (means) and decreasing trends (standard deviation); that is, better learning and the homogenization of the group. Studies on the subject have shown its effectiveness in learning processes and where positive reactions as well as reorientation of students are evident.

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Ko, Myong-Hee, i Seunmin Eun. "A Review of a University Course Evaluation Research in Korea: Focusing on the Learner Variable (1994-2022)". Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, nr 4 (28.02.2023): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.4.443.

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Objectives The current study aims to generalize what sub-categories of learner variable have an influence on university course evaluation by analyzing 30 years of related studies in Korea. Methods Among course evaluation research between 1994 and 2022, studies related to the learner variable were collected first based on titles of articles, second by abstracts of articles, and third by reading through main sections of articles. It was found that the learner variable can be divided into eight sub-categories: (a) university year; (b) gender; (c) grade; (d) responding attitude; (e) college of study(major) and subject; (f) class participation; (g) motivation; (h) learner’s willingness to evaluate. Results It was discovered that the more senior the student, the higher the mark they gave on their class evaluations, e.g., sophomores gave higher marks than freshmen, and juniors gave higher marks than sophomores. Male students tended to give higher marks on the course evaluation than their female counterparts. The better their real/expected grades, the more willing students were to participate in the course evaluation and the better the marks they gave. Regarding responding attitude, a high percentage of students(20%-62%) gave the same mark for all of the evaluation questions. Marks also varied depending on whether the subject was related to students’ majors or college of study. Major-related courses received higher marks than general education courses, and within the general education courses, dance and sports received better marks than the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. The more students participated in the course, the more satisfied they were and the higher the marks they gave in their course evaluations. Students were more likely to give better marks when they had interest, or motivated to do well, in the course. Students’ willingness to evaluate showed a positive correlation with the accuracy of their course evaluation. Conclusions These findings will enhance the understanding of our learners and offer a valuable insight into course evaluation use and the development/improvement of this measurement tool.

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Mikhailov, Igor. "Natural Computations and Artificial Intelligence". Chelovek 33, nr 2 (2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019511-9.

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The research program focused on the analysis of computational approaches to natural and artificial intelligence is one of four accepted for implementation at the Center for the Philosophy of Consciousness and Cognitive Sciences of the Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences. Presumably, it should become a direction of interdisciplinary research at the crossroad of philosophy, cognitive psychology, cognitive and social neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. The working hypothesis proposed for discussion attended by the relevant specialists is as follows: if an acceptable computational theory of mind appears, we will be able to restrict our research to a simple scientific ontology describing only parts of a physical implementation of computational algorithms, adding a relevant version of computational mathematics thereto. Another hypothesis proposed is that there is an essential ontological intersection between the mechanisms underlying human cognitive abilities and their social organization, both of which serving as an implementation medium for complex distributed cognitive computations. Particularly those which are associated with social organization are responsible for logical and verbal (“rational”) cognitive abilities. As a result of some previous research, an ontology of nested distributed computational systems was generally formulated, which, as expected, can demonstrate significant heuristic potential if supplemented with an adequate mathematical apparatus. Since only individuals with certain cognitive abilities can be social agents, a philosophical problem arises: are cognitive abilities necessary or sufficient to involve their carriers in stable social interactions? In the first case, we have a weak thesis about the cognitive determination of sociality, in the second — the strong one. The choice between these positions is, too, a subject of future research.

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Shibkova, Dariya Zakharovna, i Pavel Azifovich Baiguzhin. "NEUROSCIENCE: INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OR EXPANSION?" Психология. Психофизиология 13, nr 3 (21.10.2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/jpps200312.

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Aim. The paper aims to study the differentiation and integration of scientific disciplines in the natural sciences and humanities research areas of neuroscience based on a review of Russian scientific works and to propose a structural and functional model of neuroscience as an interdisciplinary system of knowledge about brain features that ensure human activity in various professional spheres. Methods. A theoretical analysis of scientific publications on the topic over the last ten years has been used along with such methods as comparison, generalization, and modelling. Results. The paper presents various points of view on the subject field of separate disciplines within neuroscience, as well as on the relations between them. The interdisciplinarity of neuroscience is considered by a number of authors (philosophers) as a form of disciplinary colonization, epistemic expansion or intervention. Another group of authors considers neuroscience as a systemic level of science that unites multidisciplinary research activities related to the study of the brain. The third position is represented by authors who consider neuroscience as an extension of the problem field of neurobiology or as its synonym. A number of authors pay special attention to the popularity of neuroscience among politicians, military structures, pharmacological companies and other professionals with their disciplinary totality: neurophilosophy, neuropsychology, neuroinformatics, neurogenetics, neurobiology, neurosociology, neuropedagogy, etc. The paper demonstrates that there is no unified point of view on psychophysiology as a part of neuroscience, which also has interdisciplinary connections with many sciences that study individual psychological characteristics and behavior. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the discussion, the authors emphasize the need to logically build the structural and functional relationships of individual disciplines within a unified neuroscience and determine its subject field on the basis of a systemic evolutionary approach.

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Sianturi, Manogari, Iswara Angela, Taat Guswantoro i Septina Severina Lumbantobing. "PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK BAHASAN GELOMBANG BERJALAN DAN GELOMBANG STASIONER BERBANTUAN LABORATORIUM VIRTUAL PHYSICS EDUCATION TECNOLOGY". Jurnal Dinamika Pendidikan 15, nr 2 (28.11.2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51212/jdp.v15i2.144.

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Student worksheets (LKS) are one of the appropriate learning alternatives for students because they can help students to add information about the concepts learned through the process of learning activities. This study aims to develop a worksheet based on a virtual physics education technology (PhET) laboratory on the material of traveling waves and stationary waves. This research was conducted at the state 42 Jakarta Senior High School (SMA) in class XI Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA) in the even semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. This research uses a research and development (R& D) method with simple random sampling. Validation was carried out for the subject matter, learning media and language used of the LKS developed. At the end of LKS development was the implementation of the LKS, a questionnaire was distributed to students to determine student responses to the developed LKS. The results of the validation of the subject matter, learning media and language obtained an average value of 81.09%, 76.96% and 82.50% with feasible, feasible, and very feasible categories for each validation carried out. While the results of student responses showed an average value of 87.39% with a very positive category.

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Belkin, Alexey I., i Eugenie V. Mochalov. "On the Question of Social and Philosophical Analysis of Anthropologic Conception of the Holy Books of the World Religions". Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 22, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.058.022.202202.160-175.

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Introduction. The practical significance of the anthropological concept of the sacred books of world religions is outlined. Four issues are identified, due to which the system of ideas of a concept of a person is reflected in the sacred text, and which are relevant in modern society. Materials and Methods. The object and subject of research are determined, and the main sources on which the research is based are indicated. The main methods are textological, historical hermeneutics, descriptive and comparative historical analysis. Results. The objects of analysis in relation to the Buddhist concept of man are the categories of “samadhi”, “insight”, the doctrine of the five virtues developing in the process of meditation, the doctrine of the essence of the five skandhas. It is shown the influence of these categories on the specifics of solving the main ideological problem – the attitude of a person to the world. In considering the biblical concept of man, the concept of “life” is defined as the key one. The subject of the analysis was the inconsistency of man’s position in the world. It is also shown the importance of ethical teaching for the study of contradictory human nature and determination of the purpose of man. When analyzing the views on the problem of man contained in the Koran, the significance of the idea of human creation and the key importance of the idea of obedience to Allah in understanding the way of life and the system of ethical norms and principles are shown. Discussion and Conclusion. The difference in approaches to the interpretation of the problem of a person in the Tripitaka, the Bible and the Koran is reflected. In Buddhism, the development of supra-natural “subtle principles” through the practice of meditation leading a person to nirvana comes to the fore. In the Christian concept, the fundamental is the idea of the dualism of human existence and the salvation of the soul. Islam develops the concept of initial unconditional obedience to Allah. It is shown the ratio of key categories and ideas related to understanding a person in Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. The attention is drawn to the scope of application of the research results.

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Cullen, Ross, i Piran C. L. White. "Interdisciplinarity in biodiversity project evaluation: a work in progress". Wildlife Research 40, nr 2 (2013): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12205.

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A range of methodological frameworks is available to assist decision-makers with evaluations of projects concerned with biodiversity conservation (the protection, management or restoration of biodiversity), but their uptake has been relatively limited. Some researchers suggest a lack of research interest to be one contributory factor, in particular in relation to the application of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate methods from the natural and social sciences, despite the insights that such approaches can bring. We evaluated this assertion by examining the provenance of some examples of current research in this area. Specifically, we compared two exemplar papers published in a conservation journal and one in an interdisciplinary ecological economics journal. We scored the cited references in each paper according to standard subject categories. These scores were then weighted and aggregated to give an overall quantified subject category distribution for each of the three focal papers. Comparison of the three papers revealed an expected dominance of subject categories most closely aligned with ecological science. However, there were different patterns of provenance in the three papers. One paper from the conservation journal was dominated by citations of other papers in the biodiversity conservation literature. The second paper from the conservation journal and the paper from the ecological economics journal displayed similar overall patterns of disciplinary provenance, although they diverged in disciplinary provenance for the less commonly cited disciplines, such as the social sciences. Our results suggest that research in biodiversity project evaluation may be developing along at least three, relatively distinct, pathways rather than as a genuinely interconnected research theme. This is likely to hinder progress in research but also in practical application of the techniques, in terms of reducing the likelihood of identifying inadequate, inappropriate or inefficient conservation investments. There is still considerable opportunity for further collaboration in the areas of biodiversity evaluation among researchers in a range of disciplines, including ecology, economics, statistics, forestry and wildlife management. Biodiversity conservation evaluation is a growing field, but its potential is unlikely to be fulfilled unless biodiversity researchers seek to develop a more integrated community, and particularly, to learn from researchers in other disciplines where evaluation has a longer history.

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Palamar, Nataly I. "PRAISE AS A SUBJECT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH". Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, nr 22 (2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2021-2-22-14.

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The article considers the features of the phenomenon of praise as a subject of research in various disciplines; the connection of praise with philosophy, psychology, sociology and linguistics is analyzed; such sections of psychology as pedagogical, social and management psychology and the influence of praise on them are considered in detail; the linguistic character of praise in German and Ukrainian is determined; the conclusion on the complex analysis of the phenomenon of praise in the field of linguistics, genealogy and linguistics of the text is made. At the current stage, language development and change are often the subject of interdisciplinary research. This also applies to praise. It was seen as a phenomenon of philosophy that regarded it as a direct projection of good and defined it as a natural ability to characterize the object of interest. Praise as a psychological phenomenon is defined in the form of information about the opportuneness of the act and positive assessment. Praise embodies an important element of psychology – motivation, which appears as an incentive element to action. We consider praise from a linguistic point of view in the form of sincere approval, expression of positive attitude to the addressee, his actions, deeds, personal characteristics (thoughts, qualities), objects and things belonging to the interests or activities of the addressee so as to psychologically and emotionally affect the addressee and its stimulation to further activity in this direction. The study of a complex and multifaceted phenomenon of praise requires taking into consideration different approaches to its comprehension. Features of the cognitive processes of human consciousness have become the subject of study of humanities, including philosophy, psychology and sociology. Philosophy appears here with a combination of questions about good and evil, the relationship between man and the world, which have served as topics for discussion since ancient times. Psychology considers the features and patterns of human behavior, thinking, states and qualities of man. The proposed research considers praise as primarily a linguistic concept in the framework of pragmalinguistics and text linguistics. Each of these disciplines expands and enriches research and in general represents a single set of sciences. For this reason, the need for a brief analysis of the problem of praise in terms of liberal sciences has arisen. The connection between philosophy and the concept of praise is easy to trace. The implementation of praise requires, first of all, an object that should be characterized in accordance with the general evaluative ethical categories of “good” and “evil”. Things, concepts, actions, which are classified as “good”, deserve praise. What belongs to the category of “good” and what to “evil”, the definition of these concepts, their characteristics – is one of the issues of philosophy, which has caused debate since ancient times. To bring about praise as a speech action, certain mental processes of a person, which help them to know and characterize the object of attention, are important. These include: feelings, perception, thinking, imagination, and so on. The formation of praise is based on significant psycho-emotional principles inherent in man. An important element of praise is the stimulus. Motivation in praise is one of the incentive tools of psychology. The way of implementation of praise depends on a person’s psychological features. It helps in the field of education and upbringing, forms interpersonal relationships and helps to improve the results of work in public life. Alongside with research in the fields of philosophy and psychology, praise is also studied by linguistics. The linguistic nature of praise forms the basis of the proposed research, because the object of study is embodied primarily through specific language tools. Linguistic explorations of praise can be traced within studies of many native and foreign linguists, who have examined it in various aspects and areas of implementation. The purpose of the proposed article is a multifaceted approach and analysis of praise, in order to determine the research paradigm. Accordingly, the objectives of the article were as follows: to consider praise as a subject of various disciplines; analyze the relationship of praise with philosophy, psychology, sociology and pragmatics; determine the significance of the theory of speech acts, speech genres and text linguistics for the studied phenomenon. The following methods were used in the study: “analysis through synthesis” method, which contributed to the knowledge and awareness of the phenomenon of praise, the variety of its manifestations in different sciences; descriptive analysis made it possible to describe praise in each of the considered disciplines. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: for the proposed research, it is interesting to study the praise in terms of linguistics and pragmatics. An analysis of previous studies of this phenomenon in other languages has led to the conclusion that praise can be expressed by a speech act, or a speech genre, or even be represented by a type of text. Consequently, such versatility of praise determines its complex, multifaceted analysis using two approaches – linguo-pragmatic and rhetorical-stylistic.

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Ryzhenkov, Anatoly. "Subjects and Objects of Environmental Legal Relations". Legal Concept, nr 4 (luty 2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.4.13.

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Introduction: the need to study the category “legal relationship” is generally recognized in the theory of law and state, as well as in all sectoral sciences. However, if the category “legal relationship” is sufficiently developed in relation to the “traditional” branches of law, then this issue remains relevant and new in relation to a fairly young branch of environmental law. The purpose of the research: to show the dynamics of development of modern doctrinal discussions on key issues of the theory of environmental law, namely, the categories of the subject and object of environmental legal relations. Objectives: to show the position of major Russian and foreign scientific schools on the theory of ecological legal relations; to identify the main scientific doctrine concerning the understanding of the subject of environmental legal relations; to consider the existing point of view on the category of the object of ecological relations. Methods: dialectical, system, logical, analysis, synthesis. Results: the dynamics of the doctrinal development of the concept of the subject and object of environmental relationship is investigated; the points of view of the leading environmental law schools of the CIS countries on the existing and prospective subjects of ecological legal relations are considered; the views of modern scholars regarding the recognition of climate as well as the person to be the subject of environmental legal relations are assessed within the category “the object of ecological relationship”. Conclusions: the paper argues that in the theory of environmental law, the categories “subject” and “object” of environmental legal relations are the most discussed today. The emergence of a new subject of environmental legal relations – “future generations”, mentioned in the legislation, seems to be justified. The paper presents a number of arguments in support of the existing proposals to expand the traditional list of the objects of environmental legal relations, with the addition of quasi-natural objects, agricultural ecosystem, climate, and many others.

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Crumpei, Gabriel, i Alina Gavriluţ. "Emergence, a Universal Phenomenon which Connects Reality to Consciousness, Natural Sciences to Humanities". Human and Social Studies 7, nr 2 (1.06.2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hssr-2018-0017.

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Abstract Progress in neuroscience has left a central question of psychism unanswered: what is consciousness? Modeling the psyche from a computational perspective has helped to develop cognitive neurosciences, but it has also shown their limits, of which the definition, description and functioning of consciousness remain essential. From Rene Descartes, who tackled the issue of psychism as the brain-mind dualism, to Chambers, who defined qualia as the tough, difficult problem of research in neuroscience, many hypotheses and theories have been issued to encompass the phenomenon of consciousness. Neuroscience specialists, such as Giulio Tononi or David Eagleman, consider consciousness as a phenomenon of emergence of all processes that take place in the brain. This hypothesis has the advantage of being supported by progress made in the study of complex systems in which the issue of emergence can be mathematically formalized and analyzed by physical-mathematical models. The current tendency to associate neural networks within the broad scope of network science also allows for a physical-mathematical formalization of phenomenology in neural networks and the construction of information-symbolic models. The extrapolation of emergence at the level of physical systems, biological systems and psychic systems can bring new models that can also be applied to the concept of consciousness. The meaning and significance that seem to structure the nature of consciousness is found as direction of evolution and teleological finality, of integration in the whole system and in any complex system at all scales. Starting from the wave-corpuscle duality in quantum physics, we can propose a model for structuring reality, based on the emergence of systems that contribute to the integration and coherence of the entire reality. Physical-mathematical models based mainly on (mereo)topology can provide a mathematical formalization path, and the paradigm of information could allow the development of a pattern of emergence, that is common to all systems, including the psychic system, the difference being given only by the degree of information complexity. Thus, the mind-brain duality, which has been dominating the representation on psychism for a few centuries, could be solved by an informational approach, describing the connection between object and subject, reality and human consciousness, between mind and brain, thus unifying the perspective on natural sciences and humanities.

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Noskova, A. V., D. V. Goloukhova, E. I. Kuzmina i D. V. Galitskaya. "Digital Competences of Teachers in the Higher Education Academic Development System: Experience of the Empirical Research". Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 31, nr 1 (7.02.2022): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2022-31-1-159-168.

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The article analyzes the problem of higher education teachers’ digital competence formation in relation to the university academic development. In the system of academic development, a higher education teacher becomes an active subject and an object of influence of the university structures.The notion of “academic capital” – a system of professional competencies of a teacher, in whose structure digital competencies acquire special importance, is introduced to assess the effectiveness of academic development.It is assumed that depending on the attitudes towards the development and integration of digital competencies into professional practices, teachers are divided into different categories according to their role in the academic development.In order to test the hypothesis, focus group research was carried out with teachers of the humanities, social and natural sciences from universities in different regions of Russia with at least three years of professional experience. A total of five focus groups of seven teachers in each were conducted.In the context of academic development, digital educational practices were analyzed, and three types of agents were identified – innovators and promoters, who contribute to the academic development of the higher education institutions, and routiners, who slow down the introduction of digital technologies. It is concluded that a possible barrier to the innovative activities for teachers is an ambiguous attitude towards the process of digitalization of the education sector.

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Topchiyiv, O. G., i V. A. Sych. "GEOGRAPHICAL IMPERATIVES – BASIC POSTULATES OF GEOGRAPHY". Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 27, nr 2(41) (26.01.2023): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2022.2(41).268757.

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Problem Statement and Purpose. The emergence of the concept of imperatives is associated with the search for ways to solve the current and complex problem of interaction between society and the natural environment. At one time, I. Kant was engaged in solving this conflict, who developed a new concept – the imperative. Where the relationship of society with nature is not regulated, it is necessary to establish an ethical and moral norm of nature management, which he designated as a moral imperative, that is, as a “moral law”. A logical question arises about the practical significance of the moral imperative. At the end of the last century, an environmental imperative was established, which acquires the status of a moral law. The concept of geographical imperatives also has a similar methodological sequence of its formation. The purpose of our research is to develop a methodological scheme of geographical imperatives. Data&Methods. As a methodological basis, we used the developments described in the scientific works of Kant I., Bagrov M. V., Rudenko L. G., Chervanev I. G., Tunitsa Yu. Yu., and previous author’s developments. When conducting the study, the authors were guided by general scientific methods in geographical research, fundamental philosophical methods, in particular the principle of comprehensive consideration of the subject, the principle of unity of logical and historical. The authors used research in the field of synergetics, coevolution and the noosphere, which reveal a fundamentally new type of connection between nature and man in their interaction and provide for the use of a conscious rational strategy of interaction with the environment by humanity. Results. The development of geographical imperatives is one of the ways to overcome the barrier of differentiation between natural and social laws in the study of the integral shell of the Earth. The article presents a methodological scheme for thedevelopment of geographical imperatives, which consists of four significant blocks: a general scientific methodology for solving problems of interaction between society and nature using the category of moral imperatives; the second block concerns the subject area of Geographical Science, which indicates the use of moral imperatives for a holistic consideration of the Earth’s shell; the third block is devoted to practical needs – rational use of Natural Resources, which should be based on the concept of geographical imperatives, the conceptual and conceptual development of which is presented in the fourth block. The article presents an overview of geographical imperatives, which denote general concepts and categories that characterize the Earth’s shell as an integral socio-natural geosphere, including the geographical imperative of the integral landscape shell of the Earth, the geographical imperative of invaironment, the geographical imperative of the environment, the imperative of geospatial position, the Geospatial imperative, the imperative of geocomplexes, the geosystem imperative, the geographical imperative of geospatial planning, the geographical imperative of Geoinformation technologies and systems.

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Talanova, Galina D., i Olga V. Korshunova. "META-SUBJECT EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES IN A RURAL SCHOOL: LESSON OF METHODOLOGICAL ORIENTATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF PHYSICS)". Pedagogy of Rural School 5, nr 3 (2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2686-8652-2020-3-5-93-115.

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Existing federal state educational standards of general secondary education require meta-subject results achievement. It causes reasonable didactic problems for teachers of all subjects. Despite the rather long period of school educational process implementation by new standards in regulatory way, the problem of the formation and evaluation of meta-subject results is far from a praxeological solution, so the search for effective educational practices that bring educational subjects closer to achieving the goal remains relevant. А rural school with a number of favorable educational process characteristics that determine the integrative processes inside and outside of school education, provides new peculiar options for organizing students’ meta-subject activity to summarize by a corresponding section of pedagogical science and practice. The purpose of the study is to describe the best practices of teaching physics in the context of the formation and evaluation of meta-subject results. Practices are based on developing concepts and ideas of modern education, in particular, needs for a) students to master the methodology of scientific knowledge in the way of a cycle of «facts – problem – hypothesis – model – conclusions – sequences – criteria-based experiment» (concepts of V. V. Multanovsky, V. V. Mayer, V. G. Razumovsky, Yu. A. Saurov); b) learning of the most general categories or universals, connecting students' perceptions of the world into a holistic picture (in our case, the category of symmetry); c) a value attitude formation to human cognition of the world and the search for appropriate meanings. The course of the study is reflected in the presentation logic from a review of the basic theoretical research concepts in this education area and also physics methodology to a generalized conclusion about meta-subject educational practices in a rural school and the presentation of this practice specific example – a physics lesson on the topic «Symmetry is around us and at the core of everything». Results, presented as an interpretative characteristic of a lesson with methodological orientation and its specific model can be useful for physics teachers, chemistry teachers and biology teachers of general-educational organizations, teachers of vocational education organizations methodologists in the field of natural sciences, professionaldevelopment systems for natural science teachers and their retraining.

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Njegovanović, Ana. "Financial Decision Making in The Framework of Neuroscience / Anthropology with Review to The Pandemic and Climate Change". Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, nr 4 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(4).55-65.2020.

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The purpose of this paper is interdisciplinary research of combinations of different disciplines of (natural) anthropology/neuroscience of consciousness and quantum physics and (social sciences) of financial decision making in the context of climate change and pandemics, which can be useful for finding new information, solving complex problems. The aim of this study is to provide insights into financial decision-making through the intertwining of anthropology/neuroscience and quantum physics in financial decision-making within COVID 19 and climate change and what their relationship/outcomes are. Human consciousness has slipped towards the collapse of convergent crises. Namely, health and climate change are intertwined. The causes of the COVID 19 crisis and climate change are common and their effects are approaching. The climatic situation and COVID-19, a zoonotic disease, are subject to human activity that has led to environmental degradation. Neither the climate crisis nor the zoonotic pandemic was unexpected. They have led to the loss of life that could have been prevented by delayed, insufficient, or wrong actions. Financial decision-making requires harmonizing public health improvements, creating a sustainable economic future, and better protecting remaining natural resources and biodiversity Perhaps in this context financial simplification could be defined as the coexistence of all options with different degrees of potential that we will choose (it is a superposition), other options cease to exist for us when we enter the so-called zero of the desired option (the brain prepares our decisions). The results of the research showed us that COVID 19 and climate change have caused economic risks and uncertainties that have far-reaching and profound implications for financial decision-making as well as the financial services industry and its institutions. Extending tools through anthropology/neuroscience and quantum physics has given us knowledge of the need to connect both the natural and social sciences to understand the complex world around us. Keywords: Anthropology, Neuroscience, Quantum physics, Financial Decision Making.

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Kim, Meen Chul, Seojin Nam, Fei Wang i Yongjun Zhu. "Mapping scientific landscapes in UMLS research: a scientometric review". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, nr 10 (1.10.2020): 1612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa107.

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Abstract Objective The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is 1 of the most successful, collaborative efforts of terminology resource development in biomedicine. The present study aims to 1) survey historical footprints, emerging technologies, and the existing challenges in the use of UMLS resources and tools, and 2) present potential future directions. Materials and Methods We collected 10 469 bibliographic records published between 1986 and 2019, using a Web of Science database. graph analysis, data visualization, and text mining to analyze domain-level citations, subject categories, keyword co-occurrence and bursts, document co-citation networks, and landmark papers. Results The findings show that the development of UMLS resources and tools have been led by interdisciplinary collaboration among medicine, biology, and computer science. Efforts encompassing multiple disciplines, such as medical informatics, biochemical sciences, and genetics, were the driving forces behind the domain’s growth. The following topics were found to be the dominant research themes from the early phases to mid-phases: 1) development and extension of ontologies and 2) enhancing the integrity and accessibility of these resources. Knowledge discovery using machine learning and natural language processing and applications in broader contexts such as drug safety surveillance have recently been receiving increasing attention. Discussion Our analysis confirms that while reaching its scientific maturity, UMLS research aims to boundary-span to more variety in the biomedical context. We also made some recommendations for editorship and authorship in the domain. Conclusion The present study provides a systematic approach to map the intellectual growth of science, as well as a self-explanatory bibliometric profile of the published UMLS literature. It also suggests potential future directions. Using the findings of this study, the scientific community can better align the studies within the emerging agenda and current challenges.

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Leão, Marcelo Franco, Nilma Silvania Izarias, Eniz Conceição Oliveira i José Claudio Del Pino. "CONCEPTIONS OF INDIGENOUS STUDENTS IN EARLY TRAINING ABOUT CHEMISTRY AND ITS EDUCATION". Revista de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática 10, nr 5 (7.10.2019): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rencima.v10i5.1900.

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This text describes the conceptions that some indigenous students in early training from Mato Grosso hold about chemistry and chemistry education. The research investigated eleven students from ten different ethnicities from a specific course for indigenous people, named Graduation in Mathematical and Natural Sciences at UNEMAT, Barra do Bugre-MT campus. This survey, descriptive and exploratory, is of a qualitative approach and took place in the first semester of 2014 during the Chemistry Education course. The choice of images to illustrate the chemistry before the training activities and a questionnaire consisting of three open questions and completed at the end of the course were the instruments used to collect data. The interpretation of these reports occurred through the technique titled Content Analysis. The images chosen and their justifications revealed the limited conception that the students held before the subject. From the data gathered four categories emerged: previous conceptions about chemistry and its performance; aspects of the student‟s trajectory; definition of ideal classes and contributions of chemistry to life. The study revealed the conceptions these indigenous students and future teachers hold about chemistry and teaching this discipline.

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Khrinenko, Tatyana, Mykola Sadovyi i Sergiy Ryabets. "IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODOLOGICAL AND DIDACTIC APPROACH OF TRAINING OF PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION SPECIALISTS". Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, nr 191 (2020): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2020-1-191-264-269.

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The article is devoted to the problems of determining the ways of training highly qualified specialists in the field of vocational education. The problem is evidenced by the constant decrease in the order of the Ministry of Education and Science for specialists in the garment industry, services and even computer technology. The situation is similar in the field of mechanical engineering, materials processing, electronics. Natural sciences are in almost no demand, there is no effective actualization of the need for natural and mathematical training. However, global scientific and technological progress requires the accelerated development of these industries, which creates a contradiction in the state between social demand and reality. The laws of Ukraine, the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers, the orders of the Ministry of Education and Science on education indicate that they clearly highlight the long-term aspects of education development, including global: the idea of digital transformation and STEM education. In our opinion, the selected areas deserve attention. In this regard, we have outlined the structure of the study of the educational state of society, on the basis of which it is advisable to conduct research to eliminate the contradictions that occur. In a holistic system, the trajectory of further development should be outlined: - according to the horizontal rhythm of system changes (cyclicity, recurrence); - vertical, which ensures the development of the system, ie the next turn of the spiral is higher than the previous one. Given the holistic system of the structure of progress of the educational society, the trajectories of development form the concept of a methodological approach to the concept of sustainable development on the basis of digitalization and stemization. The whole educational system must be permeated with fundamental didactic categories and principles that serve as links between the elements of the system. Practice shows that studying pedagogy, methods of teaching a subject for a student mostly ends with a final certification. In this regard, the educational system must be permeated with fundamental didactic categories and principles that serve as links between the elements of the system. Practice shows that studying pedagogy, methods of teaching a subject for a student mostly ends with a final certification, and at school it all mostly goes into the background. Therefore, the article considers the basic patterns of formation of lesson theory.

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Mu'arif, Heru Amrul, i Herman Dwi Surjono. "PENGEMBANGAN E-LEARNING BERBASIS PENDEKATAN ILMIAH PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA DI SMP NEGERI 5 YOGYAKARTA". Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan 3, nr 2 (31.10.2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v3i2.11143.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menghasilkan produk e-learning berbasis pendekatan ilmiah pada mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam bagi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta dengan spesifikasi model dan isi yang ditetapkan, (2) mengetahui kelayakan produk e-learning, (3) mengetahui hasil belajar siswa setelah menggunakan e-learning. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) dan diadaptasi dari model Alessi dan Trollip. Prosedur pengembangan meliputi tahap perencanaan, desain, dan pengembangan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan sebagai berikut: (1) produk e-learning berbasis pendekatan ilmiah berhasil dikembangkan dengan sebuah sistem manajemen pembelajaran (LMS) online yang dibuat dengan software aplikasi moodle. E-learning berbasis pendekatan ilmiah dikembangkan untuk pokok bahasan sistem tata surya dan kehidupan di bumi; (2) produk e-learning berbasis pendekatan ilmiah pada mata pelajaran ilmu pengetahuan alam telah memenuhi kriteria dan dinyatakan layak sebagai media pembelajaran berdasarkan validasi ahli media, ahli materi, dan siswa, kelayakannya mencapai rerata skor 4,15 dengan kategori baik; (3) keefektifan pembelajaran IPA lebih baik setelah menggunakan e-learning dibuktikan melalui peningkatan hasil belajar. Hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta mengalami peningkatan setelah menggunakan e-learning.Kata kunci: e-learning, pendekatan ilmiah, ilmu pengetahuan alam. DEVELOPING OF E-LEARNING BASED ON SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON NATURAL SCIENCES LESSON AT SMPN 5 YOGYAKARTAAbstractThis study aims to: (1) develop e-learning based on scientific approaches on natural science subjects for students grade VIII of SMPN 5 Yogyakarta with model specifications and specified contents, (2) determine the feasibility of e-learningproduct (3) determine student learning achievement after using e-learning. This research was a research and development (R&D) adapted from models of Alessi &Trollip. The development procedure included the planning, design, and development. This study shows the following results. (1) E-learning-based on scientificapproaches was developed with a learning management system (LMS) online software applications created with Moodle. E-learning is developed based on a scientific approach for the subject of the solar system and life on Earth; (2) e-learning based on scientific approaches for natural science subjects is appropriate as a medium of learning based on the judgement from media expert, materials experts, and students, with the feasibility with mean score of 4.15 with both categories; (3) the learning achievement of class VIII student of SMPN 5 Yogyakarta increases after using e-learning.Keywords: e-learning, scientific approach, natural sciences

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Simonetti, Nicola. "Towards an Understanding of Mirror Mechanism, Between Phenomenology and Natural Sciences". Innovation in Science and Technology 2, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/ist.2023.01.02.

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Naturalizing phenomenology or phenomenologizing neurosciences? This is the provocative and stimulating question that Gallese asks himself/us (taken from Enciclopedia Treccani, 2009) to try to better understand the explanatory significance of the mirror mechanism. The attempt to make neurosciences and phenomenology interact originally took shape as a project for the naturalization of phenomenological research to which, in recent decades, Francisco Varela has contributed (Autopoiesis and Cognition, 1980). Like classical cognitivism, cognitive neuroscience, until not many years ago, favored a model according to which functions such as sensation, perception and motor control would be “localized” in different cortical areas. The experimental data acquired over the last twenty years, however, give us a completely different picture. The motor cortex of the frontal lobe, as well as the posterior parietal cortex, are made up of a mosaic of distinct areas on the anatomical-functional level that contract reciprocally connection relationships to form distinct cortico-cortical circuits (Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2006). Both things and objects acquire full signification only insofar as they constitute one of the poles of a dynamic relationship with the acting subject, which constitutes the second pole of this relationship. This type of approach allows us to redefine the triad perception, action and cognition in a new perspective, and, above all, in a perspective compatible with an “embodied” meaning. Instead, A. Attanasio and A. Oliverio propose a Darwinian reading mirror mechanism, centered on a “social-embodied-emotional mind”, rooted in the “reason-instinct” of D. Hume and in the “emotional revolution” of W James. Mirror mechanism does not make any logical-mental inference: the action is the result of a motor simulation. Furthermore, this audio-visual mirror mechanism, also present among non-linguistic species, confirms that the understanding of sounds, images, motor acts are inserted within “a simpler level of semantic reference.” In his Ecology of the brain. The phenomenology and biology of the embodied mind, 2017 T. Fuchs focuses his arguing on the concept of embodiment. The basic self-awareness is something that emerges from the whole body in interaction with the brain, of course, and the brain is necessary to integrate bodily afferences and bodily states, but it is in constant interaction with the body and only through this homeostatic regulation our embodied self-awareness emerges. So, if we are conscious beings, we are already embodied conscious beings. The other major dimension is the sensorimotor dimension. Here we transcend our organic body to interact with the environment by the limbs, by connecting ourselves with objects, by transcending the body when we deal with objects or by transcending the body when we deal with other subjects. Finally, I believe that the naturalistic phenomenology of Varela and Maturana is closer to the philosophy of complexity, to Bateson’s ecological approach and to an evolutionary approach, supported, for example, by the psychobiologist A. Oliverio, in agreement with which I believe it is better the essential adaptive, social and communicative role of the mirror mechanism at a species-specific level can be explained. I think that Fuchs’ idea of the ecology of brain, the body as a living whole and the organism as not just composed of parts, but as a self-reproducing autopoietic whole which is the basis of my embodied experience, might be a good explicative meeting point for phenomenology and natural sciences, in the direction of a holistic and comprehensive view for mirror mechanism in human being.

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Seo, Jeong-Wook. "Changes in the absolute numbers and proportions of open access articles from 2000 to 2021 based on the Web of Science Core Collection: a bibliometric study". Science Editing 10, nr 1 (16.02.2023): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6087/kcse.296.

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Purpose: The ultimate goal of current open access (OA) initiatives is for library services to use OA resources. This study aimed to assess the infrastructure for OA scholarly information services by tabulating the number and proportion of OA articles in a literature database.Methods: We measured the absolute numbers and proportions of OA articles at different time points across various disciplines based on the Web of Science (WoS) database.Results: The number (proportion) of available OA articles between 2000 and 2021 in the WoS database was 12 million (32.4%). The number (proportion) of indexed OA articles in 1 year was 0.15 million (14.6%) in 2000 and 1.5 million (48.0%) in 2021. The proportion of OA by subject categories in the cumulative data was the highest in the multidisciplinary category (2000–2021, 79%; 2021, 89%), high in natural sciences (2000–2021, 21%–46%; 2021, 41%–62%) and health and medicine (2000–2021, 37%–40%; 2021, 52%–60%), and low in social sciences and others (2000–2021, 23%–32%; 2021, 36%–44%), engineering (2000–2021, 17%–33%; 2021, 31%–39%) and humanities and arts (2000–2021, 11%–22%; 2021, 28%–38%).Conclusion: Our study confirmed that increasingly many OA research papers have been published in the last 20 years, and the recent data show considerable promise for better services in the future. The proportions of OA articles differed among scholarly disciplines, and designing library services necessitates several considerations with regard to the customers’ demands, available OA resources, and strategic approaches to encourage the use of scholarly OA articles.

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Ardiansyah. "ANALISIS MANAJEMEN LABORATORIUM IPA TERHADAP KOMPETENSI PESERTA DIDIK". Paedagogia: Jurnal Pendidikan 8, nr 2 (9.02.2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/pdg.vol8.iss2.43.

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Natural Sciences learning laboratory activities are an integral part of teaching and learning activities, This shows how important the role of laboratory activities to achieve the goals of science education. Through laboratory activities, students will be given the opportunity to encourage curiosity and the desire to try, test and reason the theories obtained. The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of a science laboratory in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. The research method uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The research subjects were the head of the laboratory and the science subject teacher and the students at SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and student learning outcomes. Based on the results of the study, the availability of natural science practicum tools in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol, the average availability of practical tools and materials 68.33% classified as complete categories, the average presentation of the feasibility of practical tools and materials 90.67% included in the excellent category based on the Ministry of Education number 24 of 2007. the effectiveness of practicum implementation in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol is classified as effective category with an average presentation of practicum at 85%. Coupled with an average increase in cognitive competencies average preetest 58 increase in posttest by as much as 87 in addition to the average value of competence in the areas of psychomotor average preetest obtained 60 and posttest 90 showed a significant increase competency knowledge and skills of learners. Success in the cognitive domain will also have a positive impact on the development of the psychomotor domain (skills) of students. Management of laboratory facilities and infrastructure planning in improving the quality of learning in schools must be planned by the head of the laboratory, planning science teachers by preparing learning tools and identifying the subject matter to be practiced in the laboratory, laboratory administration governance supported by good organization from the leadership of policy makers in school. Implementation of laboratory facilities and infrastructure management in improving the quality of learning in schools including procurement, inventory, storage, structuring, use, and maintenance. Supervision carried out by the principal is in accordance with the provisions, to be more efficient the school should make a program or schedule of supervision processes to be more controlled and run well and smoothly.

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Koes, Blasius Manek. "Peningkatan Peningkatan Kemampuan Reading pada Siswa SMAN 3 Atambua melalui Recount Text". Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran 6, nr 2 (31.08.2023): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/jsgp.6.2.2023.2762.

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Learning English in class X Alam-1 SMA Negeri 3 Atambua specifically on the subject of reading, less attractive to students. As many as 20 students in the class generally did not dare to read the text, mispronounced words, were not fluent in reading and had low ability in translating texts. Responding to this problem, learning improvements are carried out through Recound text. The method used is Classroom Action Research through 2 cycles. In cycle 1, students are given reading texts related to Natural Sciences and each student takes turns reading the text for each paragraph. In cycle 2, students are given reading texts in the form of the History of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. The students were given the opportunity to sit in groups and then given the choice to read the text in front of the class or in their seats to create a fun learning atmosphere. Instruments for collecting research data using an assessment format that contains indicators and scores. The results showed that in cycle 1, the learning atmosphere was stiff and many students did not dare to read the text, misrepresented the words and did not translate the contents of the reading properly. Of the 20 students, 6% of students were categorized as very good, 9% good, 17% sufficient, 54% less, 9% low and 5% very low. In cycle 2, the results obtained were: 29% categorized very well, 29% good, 20% sufficient. For less, low and very low categories, there was a decrease in the number of students. Qualitatively, in cycle 2 the students did not feel awkward, afraid, or embarrassed. It was concluded that learning using recount text can improve the classroom atmosphere and improve student learning outcomes.

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Frank, Steven D., Kristi M. Backe, Casey McDaniel, Matthew Green, Sarah Widney i Robert R. Dunn. "Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests". PeerJ 7 (7.03.2019): e6531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6531.

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Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.

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Xia, Guanghui, Xinhua Li, Zhen Zhang i Yuhang Jiang. "Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce". Open Life Sciences 16, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0010.

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Abstract Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (POD) is a natural plant widely used for food and medicine, thanks to its rich content of a strong antioxidant agent called homoisoflavones. However, food processing methods could affect the stability of POD flavones, resulting in changes to their antioxidant activity. This study attempts to evaluate the antioxidant activity of POD flavones subject to different processing methods and determines which method could preserve the antioxidant activity of POD flavones. Therefore, flavones were extracted from POD samples, which had been treated separately with one of the four processing methods: extrusion, baking, high-pressure treatment, and yeast fermentation. After that, the antioxidant activity of the flavones was subject to in vivo tests in zebrafish embryos. The results show that yeast fermentation had the least disruption to the antioxidant activity of POD flavones, making it the most suitable food processing method for POD. By contrast, extrusion and high-pressure treatment both slightly weakened the antioxidant activity of the flavones and should be avoided in food processing. The research results provide a reference for the development and utilization of POD and the protection of its biological activity.

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Hasanah, Rafiatul, i Winda Dwi Kusumawati. "DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOSCIENCE-BASED DIGITAL TEACHING MATERIALS IN AUTHENTIC JEMBER PATROL MUSIC IN SOUND SUB MATERIALS FOR STUDENTS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL". INSECTA: Integrative Science Education and Teaching Activity Journal 3, nr 1 (30.05.2022): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/insecta.v3i1.3976.

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Culture is the wealth of the Indonesian nation while education is an intermediary for forming the character of the nation's successor. Learning in schools is an interaction that helps students understand learning materials, especially conceptual and factual learning. One of them is in learning Natural Sciences (IPA), in the field of Physics. Noise material is a conceptual material with a discussion of sound waves produced by vibrating objects (sound sources). Based on the needs analysis obtained, the development of appropriate teaching materials to explain the material is a digital book. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of validation of teaching materials and describe student responses to ethnoscience-based digital teaching materials in Authentic Jember Patrol music on sound sub-materials in class VIII SMP/MTs students. The type of research used is the development of a 4-D model. The subject of validity in this study involved material experts and media experts and science teachers, with the results of material validation being 91.03%, media experts 89, 41%, and user experts (teachers) 88, 23% very valid categories. While the student response test in this study was divided into 2, namely, small-scale test and large-scale test with an average percentage result of 80.76% with a valid category, and large-scale trials obtained an average percentage of 87.28% with a category very, without any revisions to the developed teaching material products.

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Akay, Turgay, i Andrew J. Murray. "Relative Contribution of Proprioceptive and Vestibular Sensory Systems to Locomotion: Opportunities for Discovery in the Age of Molecular Science". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 3 (2.02.2021): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031467.

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Locomotion is a fundamental animal behavior required for survival and has been the subject of neuroscience research for centuries. In terrestrial mammals, the rhythmic and coordinated leg movements during locomotion are controlled by a combination of interconnected neurons in the spinal cord, referred as to the central pattern generator, and sensory feedback from the segmental somatosensory system and supraspinal centers such as the vestibular system. How segmental somatosensory and the vestibular systems work in parallel to enable terrestrial mammals to locomote in a natural environment is still relatively obscure. In this review, we first briefly describe what is known about how the two sensory systems control locomotion and use this information to formulate a hypothesis that the weight of the role of segmental feedback is less important at slower speeds but increases at higher speeds, whereas the weight of the role of vestibular system has the opposite relation. The new avenues presented by the latest developments in molecular sciences using the mouse as the model system allow the direct testing of the hypothesis.

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Kutáč, Petr, David Zahradnik, Miroslav Krajcigr i Václav Bunc. "The effect of long-term volleyball training on the level of somatic parameters of female volleyball players in various age categories". PeerJ 8 (2.10.2020): e9992. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9992.

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Volleyball is an exceedingly popular physical activity in the adolescent population, especially with females. The study objective was to assess the effect of volleyball training and natural ontogenetic development on the somatic parameters of adolescent girls. The study was implemented in a group of 130 female volleyball players (aged 12.3 ± 0.5 – 18.1 ± 0.6 years) along with 283 females from the general population (aged 12.3 ± 0.5 – 18.2 ± 0.5 years). The measured parameters included: body height (cm), body mass (kg), body fat (kg, %), visceral fat (cm2), body water (l), fat free mass (kg) and skeletal muscle mass (kg, %). Starting at the age of 13, the volleyball players had significantly lower body fat ratio and visceral fat values than those in the general population (p < 0.001 in body fat % and p < 0.01 in visceral fat). In volleyball players, the mean body fat (%) values were 17.7 ± 6.6 in 12-year-old players, 16.7 ± 4.9 in 13-year-old players, 18.5 ± 3.9 in 16-year-old players, and 19.3 ± 3.1 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean body fat (%) values were 19.6 ± 6.3 in 12-year-old girls, 21.7 ± 6.4 in 13-year-old girls, 23.4 ± 6.1 in 16-year-old girls, and 25.8 ± 7.0 in 18-year-old girls. The visceral fat (cm2) mean values were 36.4 ± 19.3 in 12-year-old players, 39.2 ± 16.3 in 13-year-old players, 45.7 ± 14.7 in 16-year-old players, and 47.2 ± 12.4 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean visceral fat (cm2) values were 41.4 ± 21.1 in 12-year-old girls, 48.4 ± 21.5 in 13-year-old girls, 58.0 ± 24.7 in 16-year-old girls, and 69.1 ± 43.7 in 18-year-old girls. In volleyball players, lower body fat ratio corresponded with a higher skeletal muscle mass ratio. The differences found in skeletal muscle mass ratio were also significant starting at the age of 13 (p < 0.001). The mean skeletal muscle mass (%) values were 44.1 ± 3.4 in 12-year-old volleyball players, 45.4 ± 2.5 in 13-year-old players, 45.0 ± 2.2 in 16-year-old players, and 44.7 ± 1.8 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean skeletal muscle mass (%) values were 42.8 ± 3.2 in 12-year-old girls, 42. ± 4.1 in 13-year-old girls, 41.9 ± 3.3 in 16-year-old girls, and 40.6 ± 3.7 in 18-year-old girls. Differences in body composition between the individual age groups were similar between the volleyball players and girls in the general population. The results indicate that regular volleyball training influences the body composition of young females however the development of body composition parameters is subject to their ontogenetic development.

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Smirnova, Natalia M. "Phenomenology within the Framework of Naturalistic Turn’s Paradigm". Voprosy Filosofii, nr 12 (2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-12-56-66.

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The subject matter of the paper proposed can be defined as one of the most significant contemporary trends in interrelation between philosophy and cognitive sciences (as far as cognition and consciousness studies are concerned), that is natural extensions of phenomenology in the framework of neurophenomenology’s paradigm (F. Varela, E. Thompson, D. Zahavi, S. Gallagher). Proposed integrative models of phenomenology and neurobiology: phenomenological analysis of introspective presumptions of psychological and neurosciences’ experiments, phenomenological participation in experimental design’s formation, at last, phenomenological analysis of psychological and neurosciences’ conceptual resources’ investigations have clearly been examined in the light of classical Husserl’s phenomenology. As this paper intends to show, in cognition and consciousness studies it seems methodologically more correct to speak not about integrative models (as proposed), but rather about research strategies’ complementarity, mutual enhancement of cognitive sciences, neuroscience and phenomenology. Nevertheless both ontological and epistemological presumptions in their philosophical foundations (V.S. Stepin) are irreducible to phenomenological ones. The final conclusion is that the term “neurophenomenology” seems not to be rigorous philosophical concept, but rather interdisciplinary metaphor, which presents contemporary aspiration to integrate the results achieved in philosophy and different fields of disciplinary researches. It interlocks naturalistic attitude to verified truth’s destination with constructive-realistic perspective of the human reason.

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Kim, Jihyun, Soon Kim, Hye-Min Cho, Jae Hwa Chang i Soo Young Kim. "Data sharing policies of journals in life, health, and physical sciences indexed in Journal Citation Reports". PeerJ 8 (13.10.2020): e9924. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9924.

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Background Many scholarly journals have established their own data-related policies, which specify their enforcement of data sharing, the types of data to be submitted, and their procedures for making data available. However, except for the journal impact factor and the subject area, the factors associated with the overall strength of the data sharing policies of scholarly journals remain unknown. This study examines how factors, including impact factor, subject area, type of journal publisher, and geographical location of the publisher are related to the strength of the data sharing policy. Methods From each of the 178 categories of the Web of Science’s 2017 edition of Journal Citation Reports, the top journals in each quartile (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) were selected in December 2018. Of the resulting 709 journals (5%), 700 in the fields of life, health, and physical sciences were selected for analysis. Four of the authors independently reviewed the results of the journal website searches, categorized the journals’ data sharing policies, and extracted the characteristics of individual journals. Univariable multinomial logistic regression analyses were initially conducted to determine whether there was a relationship between each factor and the strength of the data sharing policy. Based on the univariable analyses, a multivariable model was performed to further investigate the factors related to the presence and/or strength of the policy. Results Of the 700 journals, 308 (44.0%) had no data sharing policy, 125 (17.9%) had a weak policy, and 267 (38.1%) had a strong policy (expecting or mandating data sharing). The impact factor quartile was positively associated with the strength of the data sharing policies. Physical science journals were less likely to have a strong policy relative to a weak policy than Life science journals (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.36; 95% CI [0.17–0.78]). Life science journals had a greater probability of having a weak policy relative to no policy than health science journals (RRR, 2.73; 95% CI [1.05–7.14]). Commercial publishers were more likely to have a weak policy relative to no policy than non-commercial publishers (RRR, 7.87; 95% CI, [3.98–15.57]). Journals by publishers in Europe, including the majority of those located in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, were more likely to have a strong data sharing policy than a weak policy (RRR, 2.99; 95% CI [1.85–4.81]). Conclusions These findings may account for the increase in commercial publishers’ engagement in data sharing and indicate that European national initiatives that encourage and mandate data sharing may influence the presence of a strong policy in the associated journals. Future research needs to explore the factors associated with varied degrees in the strength of a data sharing policy as well as more diverse characteristics of journals related to the policy strength.

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Laiveniece, Diāna. "Infinitīva izvēle un lietojums mērķa formulējumā zinātniskajos rakstos latviešu valodā (2008–2018)". Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, nr 24 (2.12.2020): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.103.

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The formulation of the aim/goal of the scientific article should be regarded as the expression of the author’s research intention to the reader. If the aim of the article is not stated, then the author seems to be saying that “you already understand what I am talking about here and why”. Such acting is not a scientifically correct attitude. An aim is one of the essential research categories next to the subject, object, research question or hypothesis. The aim of this scientific paper is to identify and characterize the choice and use of the infinitive for formulating the aim in the Latvian scientific articles. For this purpose, verbs first are excerpted, then divided into scientific fields according to Frascati Manual 2015 (Natural sciences; Engineering and technology; Medical and health sciences; Agricultural and veterinary sciences; Social sciences; Humanities and the arts). The verbs’s semantics analysis is done and conclusions are drawn. A total of 63 infinitive forms used to express the aim of research or scientific article are identified. Such verbs as “to analyze” and “to clarify” are used in scientific articles of all six scientific fields. In five of the six scientific fields, verbs “to explore”, “to estimate”, and “to determine” are used; in four – “to identify”, “to work out”, “to evaluate”, and “to compare”. In specific language material, these ten verbs can be regarded as the most often used infinitive forms in aim formulations. Beside simple formulations of aim with one infinitive form, more complicated aims’s formations with three or four infinitives can be observed. Such examples reflect the complex substance of the aim of research or scientific article. In this case, several verbs used in the aim formulation are coordinated parts of a sentence, ordered according to the syntactic patterns of the Latvian language, using both ways of connection – conjunctive and non-conjunctive connection. For greater accuracy and clarity, the aim of the study should be distinguished from the aim of the scientific article in those scientific fields that are mainly engaged in quantitative, including experimental, research. A research report, often in the form of a scientific publication, is the final stage in the study process. Before writing it, the author has to find the answer to the question: “what do I want to achieve with this research report?” The wording of the answer is also the basis for the aim formulation in a scientific article. The author also reveals the aim of the study in the following text by focusing on the research itself (usually, the aim of the study is formulated in the past tense, because the research has already taken place). Mixing both of these aims or using vague references, for example, “the aim of the work” (what does the word “work” denote – research or article?) means confusing the reader and giving a bad example to other authors.

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Hayman, Richard. "Embeddedness Creates Opportunities for Enhanced Library Liaison Services and Relationships". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 12, nr 1 (15.03.2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b87634.

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A Review of: O’Toole, E., Barham, R., & Monahan, J. (2016). The impact of physically embedded librarianship on academic departments. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 16(3), 529-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.2016.0032 Abstract Objective – To examine whether liaison librarian interactions increase when librarians are physically embedded in their liaison areas. Design – Natural experiment using quantitative measures. Setting – A large, public university in the United States of America. Subjects – Liaison librarian reference interactions. Methods – This research is organized around four primary research questions that examine the effect of liaison librarian physical, co-located embeddedness on the following: 1) the frequency of walk-up reference transactions of the embedded location versus the service desk; 2) the frequency of reference and instructional transactions with liaison areas after the implementation of embedded services; 3) the frequency of walk-up transactions at embedded sites compared to the number of reference and instructional transactions after embeddedness began; and 4) liaison librarian participation in new collaborative or integrative activities with their liaison areas. Researchers used data collected between Fall 2012 and Spring 2014 and compared this to data collected in the pre-embedded period for Fall 2010 to Fall 2011. Data sources included the library’s locally developed reference services statistics tracking tool, individual librarians’ calendar appointment records, and librarian performance agreements. The analysis uses descriptive statistics. Main Results – Researchers discovered a decrease in the frequency of liaison librarians’ walk-up reference transactions at the service desk, as tracked by transactions per hour, occurring before the transition, during the transition, and after the transition to embedded librarianship. They note a decrease of 45% in the number of walk-up interactions at service points for the three librarians involved in the study from the pre-embeddedness service period during Fall 2010 as compared to Spring 2012. The data show this decline through Spring 2013 before rebounding in Fall 2013 and Spring 2014. They identified a median decline of three transactions per hour at the service desk from the pre-embeddedness to post-embeddedness periods. They identified an increase of 371% in the number of email transactions following the implementation of embedded librarianship as compared to the pre-embeddedness period. Telephone interactions declined overall during the research period, though they were already in decline before the transition to embeddedness began. The overall number of face-to-face reference appointments increased during the transition to embeddedness and continued to rise during the post-embeddedness period, with a 275% increase in the median number of appointments between pre- and post-embeddedness periods. The new embeddedness service did not have as significant an impact on the frequency of information literacy instruction sessions, with a small increase of 11.5% between the pre- and post-embeddedness periods, but it did spur the creation of online course research guides, which saw an increase of 54%. Regarding the third research question, researchers totalled the combined numbers of reference transactions by phone, email, and appointment, and compared those against walk-up interactions and also against instruction activities. In both cases, they did not discover any apparent impact of embeddedness and the frequency of these activities. The final research question addressed whether embeddedness led to liaison librarians having new collaborative and integrative activities with their subject areas. The researchers indicate that the liaison librarians “indeed experienced novel interactions with their assigned departments that fall into both categories” (p. 547). They highlight several types of activities experienced by the liaison librarians in the study, such as participating in the grant proposal process, assisting department projects, and involvement in student activities. Conclusion – This library’s expanded embedded library services led to an increased frequency of reference interactions, instruction opportunities, and opportunities for new collaborative and integrative activities between the liaison librarian and their subject area. This study reveals several opportunities for future research around embedded services as well as models of embeddedness, including opportunities to address impact and benefits of such services on the liaison areas.

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Didikin, Anton, i Maxim Belyaev. "Review: Patterson, D. and Pardo, M.S., eds. (2016). Philosophical Foundations of Law and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 272 рp." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, nr 1 (14.03.2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-1-didikin-belyaev.

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The collaborative monograph edited by M.S. Pardo and D. Patterson is dedicated to comprehension of the scientific concerns arisen in the application of neuroscientific research findings in the field of law. The authors discuss the prospects of changing the conceptual system in jurisprudence as a result of theoretical "intrusion" of neurosciences, thus demonstrating that the legal instruments will be inevitably changing provided that the neuroscientific findings are absorbed.The strengthened focus of social science community on brain researches conducted by physiologists, psychologists and neuropathologists has become evident over the last two-three decades and is attributable to technological advances. Since it became possible to monitor cerebral activity in real time mode without any recourse to surgical intervention, many psychologists and philosophers invented a hypothesis about an indispensable and explicit linkage between the behavior (macro-level) and neural, i.e. cellular mechanisms (micro-level). Consistent with this hypothesis, such disciplines as neuromarketing, neuroculturology and neuroethics start to emerge. The main emphasis in each of these disciplines is to observe physical causal interpretation of this or that activity.Neurojurisprudence falls under the scope of this trend too. Potentially, any legal concept and any legal issue may fall within the range of interests of this new discipline. However, the principal legal concern lies not in its subject, which is yet difficult to denote, but in the method. As a main assumption, underpinning all neuropsychological findings for lawyers, serves a reductive mindset (attitude) where the build-up of certain properties at the macro-level (personality) may lead to changes at the micro-level (cellular cerebral structures). This, however, causes a phenomenon where most legal categories lose its own meaning. Thus, a category of free will in case of acknowledging a legal entity as being programmed and subordination of his/her behavior to physical laws becomes a fiction the fact that entails impossibility of imposing legal responsibility. The governmental policy with regard to preventive measures aimed at preventing delinquency becomes not very effective if a will-driven nature of a moral choice is lacking.The monograph under review provides the analysis of neuroscientific challenges in the context of developing sector-wise legal sciences, including criminal law and criminology, presents socio-cultural and moral & ethical implications of the conducted neuroscientific research where the legal behavior of an entity is linked with the functioning of different areas of the brain. The paper provides a broad presentation of findings concerning the impossibility of reducing a legally relevant human behavior down to its mental and cerebral activity, the fact that makes it appealing and useful for lawyers.

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Permadani, Sholiahtuzumna Putri, Jihan Dewi Nur Aini i M. Anas Thohir. "Identifikasi Miskonsepsi Materi Upaya Pelestarian dan Keseimbangan Alam Kelas V SDN Bendogerit 1". Jurnal Pembelajaran, Bimbingan, dan Pengelolaan Pendidikan 2, nr 10 (30.10.2022): 916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um065v2i102022p916-924.

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Abstract: Misconception is one of the cause of low score for the students’ subject or lessons. Then, the teacher is one of the factor of students’ misconception. The aims of the research is to describe the misconception among the students of the Fifth Class SDN Bendogeerit 1, particularly the their misconception of sciences relating to effort in preservation and natural balance. The participants of research are 9 men and 10 girls in the fifth grade at SDN Bendogerit 1. The methode used in the research was descriptive quantitative. The data was gained through multiple choice test that using the answering sheet certainty of respone index (CRI) and the sample was 19 students. The result of research was: 1) misconception was occuring among the fifth grade students; 2) misconception was not influenced by the difficulties of questions level (misconception was occurred in any difficulties levels); 3) cognitif levell that mostly appeared the misconception was C2 (understanding); 4) the students which the abilities in low categories mostly having the misconception. Some advices of researcher, such as: the teachers must be change their low qualities of style and method learning upgrading the learning process (meaningful learning) through the constructive process in the form of active learning using the available media. Abstrak: Miskonsepsi merupakan salah satu penyebab rendahnya nilai pada suatu mata pelajaran pada siswa. Salah satu faktor miskonsepsi pada siswa adalah guru. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan miskonsepsi yang terjadi pada siswa kelas V SDN Bendogeerit 1, khususnya pada mata pelajaran IPA tentang upaya pelestarian dan keseimbangan alam. Partisipan pada penelitian kali ini terdiri dari siswa 9 laki-laki dan 10 perempuan kelas V SDN Bendogerit 1.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui tes pilihan ganda dengan lembar jawaban certainty of respone index (CRI) dengan sampel berjumlah 19 siswa. Temuan dari penelitian ini : 1) Miskonsepsi telah terjadi pada siswa SD kelas 5 di beberapa konsep yang diteliti; 2) Miskonsepsi, tidak bergantung pada tingkat kesukaran soal (miskonsepsi bisa terjadi tingkat kesukaran apa saja); 3) Jenjang kognitif yang banyak menimbulkan miskonsepsi adalah C2 (pemahaman); 4) Siswa dengan kemampuan kategori rendah paling banyak mengalami miskonsepsi. Beberapa saran dari peneliti, diantaranya : Guru diharapkan dapat merubah pola dan gaya mengajar berkualitas rendah ke pembelajaran yang bermakna (meaningful learning) melalui proses-proses yang konstruktif melalui bingkai pembelajaran aktif yang dibantu penggunaan media yang baik.

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Antonets, Vladimir. "Postulates of the cognitive theory of thinking and their consequences". Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 30, nr 4 (1.08.2022): 480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2022-30-4-480-494.

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Purpose of the work is to create a theoretical model of the thinking process, considered as a set of operations for the formation of cognitive generalizations of the level of categories (concepts). Method for creating a theoretical model is based on the approach used in natural sciences. It involves the selection of a small number of reliable facts, which are accepted as true on the basis of their evidence. On the basis of these facts, established in various scientific disciplines, the axioms of the proposed theory are formulated. Further, from the accepted axioms, they are logically deduced in the form of consequences: a) already known results that could be obtained in various fields of science, including those differing in the content of research, and therefore previously perceived as not related to each other; b) predictions of new connections and patterns in the study area. Results of the work are that it was possible to propose a version of the postulate dynamic theory of thinking, in which the main variables are the number of concepts formed, lost, realized and unconscious by the subject. The introduced postulates and variables made it possible to consider two types of models at the moment. Balanced integrodifferential models that describe the accumulation of the volume of conscious and unconscious concepts, as well as combinatorial models that describe the interactions of concepts. Conclusion. The proposed version of the dynamic thinking model made it possible to construct reasonable theoretical descriptions of the process of spontaneous language acquisition by bilingual children in a bilingual environment and a person’s ability to compare semantically heterogeneous objects with each other. The logical scheme of the approach and the concepts used in it made it possible to connect some facts known in psychology and in an explicitly compact formulation of the difference in the structure of scientific and artistic generalizations of the picture of the world.

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Bender, Darlize Déglan Borges Beulck, Giséli Duarte Bastos i Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger. "Bibliographic review of ENPEC meeting Minutes on the teaching of science in the first years of elementary school: continuing education for teacher". ACTIO: Docência em Ciências 7, nr 2 (1.08.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/actio.v7n2.13865.

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This article represents the expansion of an initial paper sent to the XIII ENPEC/2021 that aims to investigate how the continuing education for teachers (CET) working with young children on Natural Sciences (NS) has been historically carried out and presented in the editions of the National Meeting of Research in Science Education (ENPEC - 1997 to 2021). This is an exploratory research, of the bibliographic study type and was constituted from data from 14 complete papers, which were selected and analyzed in the light of Discursive Textual Analysis (DTA). In the categorization process, eight categories of analysis emerged: 1) training needs; 2) teaching concepts; 3) conceptions about training; 4) characteristics of the subjects; 5) training methodologies; 6) formative process and how the subjects felt; 7) direct results of training; and 8) post-formation (legacy), organized into three periods: pre-formative, formative and post-formative, interspersed with transitional units. After analyzing the works year by year, less than 1% of the papers published in this event and only 10% of the selected ones met the objectives of this research. The units of meaning representing the pre-formative period showed the deficiency in the initial training of educators in training, the importance of knowing the skills to work NS, planning, conducting and evaluating the teaching process, in addition to the importance of continuing the reflection process and teacher training. The two most pronounced characteristics among the educators in training were the need to deepen their conceptual knowledge in NS and the attempt to change their teaching methods after the group reflections. In the formative period, the teachers went through moments of reflection and reformulation of their practices, formation of concepts and changes in their vocabularies about NS. The direct results of the training showed that the educators in training were able to reflect on the action, face their problems, and change their attitude towards the teaching of NS, in addition to being motivated to create new strategies to achieve their goals in the classroom. In general, the researchers/trainers observed some methodological changes, safety to teach NS and the overcoming of some difficulties in the initial training of teachers, as well as a greater involvement of students during classes and the creation of collective spaces for discussion in Schools, which, until then, did not exist in these places. It is hoped that this work will contribute to researchers in the teaching area of NS in order to qualify their continuing education actions aimed at teachers in the early years, as well as to elucidate some gaps to be explored in research on the subject.

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Reboul, Anne. "Cooperation and competition in apes and humans". Pragmatics and Cognition 18, nr 2 (13.08.2010): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18.2.08reb.

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In Why We Cooperate (2009), Tomasello addresses the problem of human uniqueness, which has become the focus for a lot of recent research at the frontier between the Humanities and the Life Sciences. Being both a developmental psychologist and a primatologist, Tomasello is especially well suited to tackle the subject, and the present book is the most recent one in a series of books and papers by himself and his colleagues (see below). Tomasello’s basic position is squarely a dual-inheritance account, in which human uniqueness is explained both through genetics and through culture (in other words, both through natural and through cultural evolution). The main idea is that the phylogenetic specificity of humankind rests in its species-specific adaptation for sociability. The account offered by Tomasello contrasts human cooperation and altruism with nonhuman primate competition, and proposes that human altruism leads to shared intentionality (the ability to share attention to a third object and, more generally, to share beliefs and intentions). The evolutionary explanation Tomasello offers is that human ancestors were led through some kind of selection pressure to common foraging leading to collaboration and sharing. After outlining Tomasello’s position as it is described in the book, as well as the comments by Dweck, Spelke, Silk, and Skyrms which follow, I discuss Tomasello’s thesis, noting a few problems with his approach. These criticisms are based on his own work and on a number of his own other books and papers, as well as on other relevant work in the domain.

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Sach, Fiona, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Simon C. Langley-Evans, Michael J. Watts i Lisa Yon. "African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) as an example of a herbivore making movement choices based on nutritional needs". PeerJ 7 (1.02.2019): e6260. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6260.

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Background The increasing human population and global intensification of agriculture have had a major impact on the world’s natural ecosystems and caused devastating effects on populations of mega-herbivores such as the African savanna elephants, through habitat reduction and fragmentation and increased human–animal conflict. Animals with vast home ranges are forced into increasingly smaller geographical areas, often restricted by fencing or encroaching anthropogenic activities, resulting in huge pressures on these areas to meet the animals’ resource needs. This can present a nutritional challenge and cause animals to adapt their movement patterns to meet their dietary needs for specific minerals, potentially causing human–animal conflict. The aim of this review is to consolidate understanding of nutritional drivers for animal movement, especially that of African savanna elephants and focus the direction of future research. Peer reviewed literature available was generally geographically specific and studies conducted on isolated populations of individual species. African savanna elephants have the capacity to extensively alter the landscape and have been more greatly studied than other herbivores, making them a good example species to use for this review. Alongside this, their movement choices, potentially linked with nutritional drivers could be applicable to a range of other species. Relevant case study examples of other herbivores moving based on nutritional needs are discussed. Methods Three databases were searched in this review: Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using identified search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined and applied as required. Additional grey literature was reviewed as appropriate. Results Initial searches yielded 1,870 records prior to application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A less detailed review of grey literature, and additional peer-reviewed literature which did not meet the inclusion criteria but was deemed relevant by the authors was also conducted to ensure thorough coverage of the subject. Discussion A review of peer reviewed literature was undertaken to examine nutritional drivers for African elephant movement, exploring documented examples from free-ranging African savanna elephants and, where relevant, other herbivore species. This could help inform prediction or mitigation of human–elephant conflict, potentially when animals move according to nutritional needs, and related drivers for this movement. In addition, appropriate grey literature was included to capture current research.

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Pérez-Torres, Claudia-Anahí, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Eric-Edmundo Hernández-Domínguez, Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas, Alan-Josué Pérez-Lira, Emanuel Villafán, Alexandro Alonso-Sánchez, Clemente de Jesús García-Ávila, José-Abrahán Ramírez-Pool i Diana Sánchez-Rangel. "Molecular evidence of the avocado defense response to Fusarium kuroshium infection: a deep transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq". PeerJ 9 (14.04.2021): e11215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11215.

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Fusarium kuroshium is a novel member of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) that has been recognized as one of the symbionts of the invasive Kuroshio shot hole borer, an Asian ambrosia beetle. This complex is considered the causal agent of Fusarium dieback, a disease that has severely threatened natural forests, landscape trees, and avocado orchards in the last 8 years. Despite the interest in this species, the molecular responses of both the host and F. kuroshium during the infection process and disease establishment remain unknown. In this work, we established an in vitro pathosystem using Hass avocado stems inoculated with F. kuroshium to investigate differential gene expression at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation. RNA-seq technology allowed us to obtain data from both the plant and the fungus, and the sequences obtained from both organisms were analyzed independently. The pathosystem established was able to mimic Fusarium dieback symptoms, such as carbohydrate exudation, necrosis, and vascular tissue discoloration. The results provide interesting evidence regarding the genes that may play roles in the avocado defense response to Fusarium dieback disease. The avocado data set comprised a coding sequence collection of 51,379 UniGenes, from which 2,403 (4.67%) were identified as differentially expressed. The global expression analysis showed that F. kuroshium responsive UniGenes can be clustered into six groups according to their expression profiles. The biologically relevant functional categories that were identified included photosynthesis as well as responses to stress, hormones, abscisic acid, and water deprivation. Additionally, processes such as oxidation-reduction, organization and biogenesis of the cell wall and polysaccharide metabolism were detected. Moreover, we identified orthologues of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich receptors, and their possible action mode was analyzed. In F. kuroshium, we identified 57 differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, the alcohol metabolic process biological category had the highest number of upregulated genes, and the enzyme group in this category may play an important role in the mechanisms of secondary metabolite detoxification. Hydrolytic enzymes, such as endoglucanases and a pectate lyase, were also identified, as well as some proteases. In conclusion, our research was conducted mainly to explain how the vascular tissue of a recognized host of the ambrosia complex responds during F. kuroshium infection since Fusarium dieback is an ambrosia beetle-vectored disease and many variables facilitate its establishment.

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McGrath, Alister E. "Science and Religion: A New Introduction, 3rd ed." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, nr 1 (marzec 2021): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-21mcgrath.

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SCIENCE AND RELIGION: A New Introduction, 3rd edition by Alister E. McGrath. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2020. 272 pages. Paperback; $28.99. ISBN: 9781119599876. *Alister McGrath is a major international scholar who is prolific in his output. He has produced many popular books and academic tomes, and as a theological educator his output also includes many textbooks for students. Science and Religion: A New Introduction is now into its third edition and is an excellent introduction to the whole field of science and religion. The restructuring and inclusion of new material is designed to be helpful to the student, and reflects comments on the previous editions. The book introduces most of the areas of interaction between these bodies of thought, and I myself have used earlier editions in my own teaching, giving students a chapter of McGrath to start with for an essay, followed by more detailed material from elsewhere. *McGrath notes that science and religion are wide categories and serious study entails narrowing them down. He describes Ian Barbour's four models for interaction followed by what he calls four ways of imagining the relationship between them. The conflict model is rightly dismissed as a late nineteenth-century myth, and areas where conflict has been perceived, notably with Galileo and Darwin, are given the more nuanced treatment they deserve, thus dispelling the myths surrounding them. McGrath also gives a broader historical overview, refuting the further myth that the scientific revolution owed nothing to the medieval period. He describes the development of the Newtonian mechanistic model of the universe and brings us to the twentieth century with the development of the Big Bang theory. Regarding this last, it would have been good to note the pioneering work of Roman Catholic priest Georges Lemaître, often dubbed the "Father of the Big Bang," who, in contrast to Alexander Friedman, regarded solutions of Einstein's equations as physically realistic and not just mathematical curiosities. *McGrath moves on to a helpful chapter on religion and the philosophy of science. Some form of realism seems predominant and, indeed, the most rational position to take. It is interesting to note the adoption of "critical realism," including not only by science-religion scholars such as John Polkinghorne and others, but also such as the biblical scholar N. T. Wright and James Dunn. McGrath moves on to the role of explanation in science, noting how in science there are different methods for different sciences, and thus different levels of explanation across the different subdisciplines. Theology too has its own methods appropriate to its own object but there are differing views on the role of explanation. He discusses an important case study, that of "non-reductive physicalism" associated with Nancey Murphy and others. He also gives criteria for drawing an "inference to the best explanation." Various perspectives on the philosophy of science--logical positivism and the criteria of verification, falsificationism, and Kuhn's paradigm shifts--are discussed. Worthy of mention here would have been Imre Lakatos whose "methodology of scientific research programmes" has been applied to theology by Philip Hefner and Nancey Murphy. *Complementing the above there follows a useful chapter on science and the philosophy of religion. McGrath describes arguments for the existence of God, beginning with Aquinas's five ways. A section on the Kalām cosmological argument notes how this has been given a new lease on life by the Big Bang theory's postulation of a temporal origin to the universe, although it would have been good to note that the existence of the universe would demand an explanation even if it were to lack a temporal origin. He gives a careful analysis of Paley's natural theology, noting neglected aspects of Paley's work such as his responses to arguments of David Hume. He examines ways in which God may act in the world given the laws of nature uncovered by science, including through miracles, where he notes Hume's critique. However, as McGrath rightly says, Hume's critique needs to be qualified, since, on the one hand, he defines miracles as violations of laws of nature and yet, on the other, has a problem with inductive generalizations from past experience--which is just what laws of nature are. McGrath rightly sees evolutionary arguments debunking religion as committing the genetic fallacy and self-defeating if human rationality is flawed, since that could equally well affect judgments in areas other than religion, notably science. There is a good section on natural theology and the role of explanation. *In the next chapter, McGrath turns to models and analogies: first, as found within the natural sciences and then, within religion. After considering what the terms mean more generally, he gives specific examples for the sciences, including the kinetic theory of gases, wave-particle duality, Galileo's analogical reasoning which led him to postulate mountains on the moon, and Darwin's metaphor of "natural selection." In the theological sphere, he considers Aquinas's notion of analogia entis whereby the creation bears a likeness to its creator, and Ian Ramsey's model of the "divine economy" utilizing the Greek concept of oikonomia. He looks at Arthur Peacocke's theological application of models as linked to "critical realism," and Sally McFague's metaphors in theology--though he could perhaps have allowed more than one sentence on Janet Soskice. He then examines specific theological examples: creation and theories of the atonement. He has a helpful section on the notion of "mystery" in science and religion before returning to Ian Barbour on models. *McGrath's final chapter considers a number of contemporary debates. Noting Hume's distinction between "ought" and "is" he critiques the idea that science, say, evolutionary biology or neuroscience, can determine ethics and moral values. That leads to a more general critique of the imperialist stance that science can answer all interesting questions or that the only reality is that disclosed by science. An interesting example is mathematics, which discovers truths that do not belong to the natural sciences. It is also utterly astonishing that mathematics is effective in describing nature and very hard to explain on an atheistic view. *An important area considered is theodicy, which is arguably made more difficult by the long process of evolution, preceding the existence of humans by hundreds of millions of years. McGrath provides an overview of the helpful contributions of Christopher Southgate and his former student Bethany Sollereder. For these scholars, there is "no other way" for God to create such a rich diversity of creatures, with whom God suffers, and for whom God will bring eschatological fulfilment. On transhumanism, McGrath describes the approaches of Philip Hefner and Ted Peters who, while recognizing the creativity of technological enhancement, are also aware that, given fallen human nature, this can also be abused. *McGrath returns to the anthropic principle and fine-tuning. He says that fine-tuning is strongly consistent with a theistic perspective, but the debate about a multiverse as a possible explanation continues. He also considers the legitimacy of teleological language and directionality in biology. Simon Conway Morris's notion of convergent evolution may be the "best explanation" of what is observed and is resonant with a religious perspective but, like cosmological fine-tuning, does not prove that God exists. *McGrath concludes with two sections on the psychology of religion, considering whether this field can "explain away" religion. Religion may be "natural," but it is debatable as to whether that has any implication at all about the existence of God. Moreover, it is a long way from primitive apprehension of some vague supernatural agent to the systematic theology of, say, Thomas Aquinas or Karl Barth. To my mind, this is not unlike the difference--to give a scientific analogy--between the discovery of fire by early humans and the modern scientific understanding of combustion. *This is an excellent introduction to the field and very well suited to its pedagogic purpose. There are a few typographical errors (e.g., "magisterial" for "magisteria"). I also noticed that British cosmologist Paul Davies is mistakenly described as American. But these and my earlier minor points should not detract from a volume that provides a vital resource to educators and their students. *Reviewed by Rodney Holder, Emeritus Course Director, The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, Cambridge, UK CB3 0UB.

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Ибрагимов, Р. С. "Current practices for the management of SPNA on forest fund land". Известия СПбЛТА, nr 242 (24.04.2023): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2023.242.83-101.

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Исследование проводилось в рамках сбора сведений и поиске перспективных методов для оценки состояния и управления особо охраняемых природных территорий на землях лесного фонда Республики Крым. Указаны актуальные методы, механизмы и практики управления лесными ООПТ, применяемые в зарубежных лесных хозяйствах. В частности, рассмотрены практики управления в центральной Испании, в северном Пакистане, на юго-востоке США, в Шри-Ланке, в Румынских буковых лесах и еще в 13 европейских регионах. Целью является проведение анализа наилучших практик управления ООПТ в регионах с геоклиматическими особенностями, позволяющими проводить аналогию с условиями в Крыму. Объект исследования - сфера управления ООПТ на землях лесного фонда. Предмет исследования представляет собой взаимосвязи формирования, строения и развития ООПТ на землях лесного фонда. Материалом для исследования послужили статьи и публикации по данной теме. Для достижения поставленной цели исследования использованы общенаучные и специальные подходы и методы обоснования формулируемых результатов и предложений: синтез, индукция, дедукция, сравнительно-исторический, структурно-функциональный подходы. Проведен анализ публикаций наиболее актуальных практик управления особоохраняемыми лесами в зарубежных странах. Указаны методы, механизмы и практики управления лесными ООПТ, применяемые в зарубежных лесах с ландшафтно-климатическими условиями схожими с Крымом; в качестве альтернативы представлены территории, существенно отличающиеся от Крыма, однако с методами и приемами весьма перспективными для Крыма. При проведении анализа актуальных практик управления лесами учитывались сведения о растительности, почвах, ландшафте, уровне эндемичности/охранности, вид деятельности, структура лесов, а также метод исследования. Актуальным для Крыма будет применение моральногоподхода к управлению лесами, по примеру шведских и финских национальных парков: в этом случае лесовладельцы воспринимают лес как наследие предков и эмоционально вовлекаются в обращение с ним, сохраняя и сберегая национальное достояние. Этому способствуют традиции и национальный фольклор. При таком подходе осуществляется добровольная охрана гражданами и бережное отношение к лесным богатствам. В малолесных районах Крыма в равнинной местности актуальным будет закладка дубрав по примеру испанских «Дэхэс» (Dehesa - редко расположенные дубравы, низко-полнотные дубовые леса), что будет способствовать комбинированию животноводства и лесного хозяйства, а также повышению плодородия почв. Сформированные условия в долгосрочной перспективе станут стимулом для привлечения в такие районы все большего числа сельских жителей. Сельское население, проживающее вблизи лесной местности, как показано исследование в Пакистане, р-н Гилгит Балтистан, более активно вовлечено в пользование лесными ресурсами, а следовательно, и в управление лесами, что способствует увеличению площади покрытых лесом земель. Аналогично Шри-Ланке необходимо повышение осведомленности населения в вопросах управления лесами, повышение заинтересованности местного населения в сохранении и приумножении лесных богатств, достижение такой цели возможно через систему образования, а также через позитивную связь с общественностью. Подобно буковым лесам в Румынии, на северном макросклоне горы Чатырдагъ в Крыму произрастают перестойные, старовозрастные бучины, несущие противоэрозионные и почвозащитные функции, в которых аналогично применимы исключительно рубки ухода и санитарные рубки леса. В отличие от лесных кадастров, указанных в исследовании, при лесоустройстве в Крыму весьма объективно даны сведения о состоянии деревьев. В частности, в лесных кадастрах Швеции фигурирует код (определение) «мертвый, заготовленный», а в лесоустройстве крымских лесов данная категория деревьев указана как «сухостой», «сухостой текущего года»,«сухостой прошлых лет»; в иных лесных кадастрах согласно указанным исследованиям деревья данной категории не отображены. При рассмотрении методов оценки состояния и управления лесных ООПТ метод дистанционного зондирования земли с применением космических снимков, постоянных электронных 3D моделей позволяет обследовать особенности рельефа; более детальные сведения требуют дешифровки и все же не позволяют обнаружить полную картину, в то время как беспилотные летательные аппараты способствуют получению снимков в высоком разрешении, с необходимого ракурса. The research was carried out as part of the collection of information and description of promising methods for assessing the conditions and management of landscapes by of natural protected territories, for lands of the forest fund of the Republic of Crimea. This article contains current methods, mechanisms and practices of forest landscapes management used in foreign forests. In honor, they are practiced in central Spain, in northern Pakistan, in the south-eastern United States, in Sri-Lanka, in Romanian beech forests and in 13 European regions. The goal is the analysis of naive practices of the management of protected areas in regions with geoclimatic features designed to draw an analogy with the conditions in the Crimea. The object of the study is the sphere of landscape management of protected areas. The subject of the study is the relationship between the formation, structure and development of protected areas landscapes. Materials it is, articles and publications on the topic of inheritance. In order to achieve the set whole investigation, general scientific and specialized approaches and methods are used in the work, based on the results and proposed, formulated in the selection: synthesis, induction, deduction, uneven-historical, structural-functional approach. In the course of the analysis of the publication of the more of current practitioners of the management of personally protected forests in foreign countries was carried out. This article specifies the methods, mechanisms and practices of forest landscapes management used in foreign forests with landscapes and climatic conditions with Crimea and, as an alternative, are represented by territories that alienate from the Crimea at the same time with methods and techniques that are very promising for the Crimea. When analyzing current forest management practices, information about vegetation, soils, landscapes, the level of endemicity/security, the type of activity, the structure of the Forest was loaded and is also a research method. The analysis was carried out in tabular form and is presented in the sections Results and discussions. Relevant for Crimea will apply a moral division to forest management, following the example of Swedish and Finnish National Parks, in the case of forest management, Les are perceived as inheriting their ancestors and emotionally involved in ensuring that they preserve and save national supplies. These are able traditions and national folklore. With such participation, voluntary protection by citizens and careful attitude to forest resources are realized. In small areas of the Crimea in a flat place, the Fund of oak forests will be relevant, following the example of the Spanish «Dehes» (Dehesa - rarely located oak forests, low completeness oak forests), which will be capable, combining animal husbandry and forestry, as well as ascended soil fertility. The formed conditions in the long term will become an incentive to attract a more and more of rural residents. A rural settlement living in a close forested area, as look like in Pakistan, Gilgit Baltistan district, is more actively involved in used forest resources and sequential and administrative forests. Which is able to increase the area of land covered by the forest. By analogy with Sri-Lanka, let's not bring to the attention of the population in the forest management, increase the interest of the local population in preserving and increasing forest wealth, achieve such a whole mobile education system, as well asfrequent positive communication with the community. Similar to beech forests in Romania, in the northern macroscline Chatyrdag mountains in the Crimea, the resulting permutations, old overgrown beechs bearing anti-erosion and stagnant functions, in which similarly used exclusively, care cutting and sanitary logging. Unlike the forest cadastres indicated in the study, information about the condition of trees is very selectively indicated during forest management in the Crimea. In honor, in the forest cadastres of Swedish figurines, the code (definition) is «dead, harvested», and in the forestry inventory, this category of trees is indicated as «deadwood»,«deadwood of the current year», «deadwood of the past years», in other forest cadastres, the tracked categories of this category are not publicly displayed. In considering the methods of assessing the state and management of landscapes, the method of remote sensing of the earth using satellite images, permanent electronic 3D models of callers, examine the terrain features, painful detailed reduced require decryption and still not call for updating the sexual picture. At this time, as a unmanned aerial vehicles capable of recording received during the resolution, with the necessary angle.

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Leatherbarrow, David. "Beginning again. The task of design research". Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, nr 4 (11.10.2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_4_41.

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Among architects and educators today the proposal for design research is generally understood as follows: the design of buildings is not only a professional practice but also a form of inquiry, a member of the growing family of research disciplines at work in the world today. The older siblings are well known, the highly regarded research fields in the natural sciences: physics, chemistry, and biology, for example. In the next generation are the social sciences: economics, political science, and sociology. Also related are the fields in which the basic sciences are applied: medicine, engineering, and information technology. This last group is more akin to architecture, for these academic disciplines are also professions. The problem with architecture is that it has also family ties to disciplines beyond the sciences, to painting, sculpture, urban design, and landscape architecture, even literature and poetry. Furthermore, artistic practices are not only non-scientific, they are purposeless, or so they seem, for we tend to see beauty as its own reward; we call it aesthetic pleasure. But these categories — natural science, social science, the arts — together with the terms that designate them are no less subject to debate than the words “design” and “research” with which we began.

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Klemen, Aleš. "Relevance of Subject Descriptions in an Online Public Access Catalogue". Knjižnica: revija za področje bibliotekarstva in informacijske znanosti 56, nr 1-2 (10.09.2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.55741/knj.56.1-2.14382.

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ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of the article is to identify the relevance of subject headings in the online library catalogue (OPAC) and to verify the hypothesis that the database structure and the search language is more in favour of natural and technology sciences researchers than to researchers in the field of humanities. Methodology/approach: The study was held in a controlled environment. It took place between autumn 2009 and spring 2010. 13 undergraduate and 7 graduate students of chemistry and psychology participated. A stratified sample was used. Data were collected by the system log. We also recorded the entire screen imageand sound. Participants also answered a survey questionnaire. Content analysis was carried out. Linking of the identified categories and the theoretical framework of the research context followed. Results: The survey results showed no significant difference between the information seekers of the scientific fields considered. However, they showed the importance of the user's knowledge of information systems and the availability of resources. A lack of confidence in these results, the strong influence of internet search engine Google, and the lack of awareness on the existence of subject headings were identified. Consequently, it was impossible to test the hypothesis. Research limitation: Unrepresentative sampling, inability to generalize the findings.

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Duque-Trujillo, D., C. A. Hincapié, M. Osorio i J. W. Zartha-Sossa. "Strategies for the attraction and conservation of natural pollinators in agroecosystems: a systematic review". International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19.11.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04634-6.

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AbstractThe objective of this work is to find the most prevalent elements that have positive effects on pollinator density and diversity in crop fields, as reported in the literature, through a systematic review. The search equations yielded 659 papers, from which 138 were filtered and finally 55 were selected by publication date, journal, Scimago Journal Rank, Scimago Quartiles, subject area, keywords, and relevance. These papers were subjected to an in-depth qualitative analysis and tabulated using VantagePoint 10.0, finding 30 terms that were considered relevant due to their recurrence in all papers. From these 30 terms, the 10 most mentioned practices were extracted and grouped into four broad categories: proximity to natural habitats (98), grassland management (82), floral resources (80) and organic farming (65). All the above agricultural management practices were found to have the potential to increase pollinator numbers and diversity in different contexts. From the results, further research is recommended to try to attract the attention of specific groups of pollinators, as it was also identified that each species has very specific requirements, and a configuration intended just for one species could cause other groups to leave the area.

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Bulgakova, Daria. "Unique Human Identification under the GDPR Article 9 (1) (2)". Philosophy of law and general theory of law, nr 1 (23.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.275645.

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The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection safeguarded by the European Union instrument. Safeguarding a fundamental right to data protection entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontier of data processing. The large-scale employment of digital biometric technology has shaken the private sector. Biometric data processing already became crucial for a person’s unique identification in the private sector and posed a risk to the unique characteristics of a human being. The research seeks to study the recent defining biometric data and automatizing processing as legally established categories under GDPR Article 9 (1) (2) when the subject and object of the processing are uncertain. The study calls to protect a person from whom unique human data is extracted and finds a way to protect biometric characteristics based on its differentiation form defined in the studied article’s else special categories of personal data. To this end, the studied article assumes a natural person, but it is used only in the context of the finality of processing. Therefore, there are possible prior risks for the process and after processing that shall be defined and mitigated under the high level of legal protection. In this regard, a study thinks unique characteristics of human origin shall be carried in the legal field by having clearly defined status, preservation measures regardless of biometric nature, and finding a solution for a biometric data subject to control automotive employment as the Personal Information Management System in the EU does.

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Adambekov, Shalkar, Sholpan Askarova, Sharon C. Welburn, Sharon L. Goughnour, Ayumi Konishi, Ronald LaPorte i Faina Linkov. "Publication Productivity in Central Asia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union". Central Asian Journal of Global Health 5, nr 1 (13.12.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2016.261.

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Introduction. Despite the significant number of research institutions and rich scientific heritage, published research from Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) is traditionally underrepresented in international scientific literature. The goal of this paper was to analyze publication patterns in Central Asian countries, and to explore the factors that contributed to the publication productivity in Kazakhstan.Methods. Publication productivity was evaluated using data generated by the SCImago Journal & Country Rank over the period of 1996-2014 for all of the 15 former Soviet Union Republics for all subject categories. Country specific data, including total population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, research and development (R&D) expenditure (% of GDP), number of reserchers (per million people), was abstracted from World Bank data. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses compared the mean number of publications among Central Asian countries. Separate analyses was done for publication patterns in the health sciences. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey methodResults. The analysis of publication productivity showed significant discrepancies in the number of published documents among the Central Asian countries. Kazakhstan demonstrated a significant increase in the number of published documents in the period of 1996-2014, mainly in the areas of natural and multidisciplinary sciences. Our analyses also showed that the number of publications are siginicantly associated with GDP and population size.Conclusions. We identified large gaps in publication productivity among the Central Asian countries. The association between publication rate with GDP and population size indicates there is a need to adjust for these factors when planning research policy.

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"Naturalizing the Subject of Economics: From Following the Norms of Natural Science to Owning the Laws of Nature". Philosophical Literary Journal Logos 30, nr 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2020-3-21-50.

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One of the central threads in the historical development of economic science since the 18th century is the search for ways to turn the economy into a discipline resembling natural science, to put it on a solid empirical foundation expressed in mathematical language completely devoid of subjectivity while it apprehends the laws of nature. The article reviews the epistemological history of economics as a discipline through confrontations between epistemic virtues (“moral certainty” and “mechanical objectivity”), research strategies (empiricism and mathematical rationality) and institutional status (science or art). In this regard, the authors analyze the transitions from understanding economics as a “moral science” through the marginalist and formalist revolutions to taking economics as a field for formal ontologies and abstract mathematical models and tools. They then focus on tracing economic theory’s consistent adherence to the epistemological standard of scientific knowledge which was set by classical mechanics — the historical core of science in the modern era — together with the costs incurred by mathematical presentation and rejection of the ideal of “moral certainty”. The authors show how the loss of the empirical component and the growing issue of the substantive component of formal models have resulted in the “empirical turn” in economics. Using the example of neuroeconomics as the most radical attempt to naturalize the subject matter of economics, they outline the modern attempts to saturate economic research with empirical content and return to the project of a “physicalist” economics that will discover the laws of nature as the natural sciences have done. The authors argue from the ambivalent nature of the purposes and results of neuroeconomics to show that the empirical path of neuroeconomics, which was adopted in order to link the formal concepts of neoclassical economic theory with the experimental data and material models of neuroscience, leads instead to further degradation of the subject matter of economics as social objects are replaced with their presumed material infrastructure (neurophysiological correlates of social facts) without solving the problem of the empirical foundation for economic theory.

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Chapepa, Gobbrey George, Fiskani Ngwira i Patrick Mapulanga. "Metadata creation practices at the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources library’s institutional repository". Digital Library Perspectives, 31.01.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlp-09-2022-0074.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate metadata creation practices in a functional academic institution repository in Malawi, with a specific focus on the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) library. Design/methodology/approach The study used a qualitative approach with a case study design. The study adopted a case study strategy that focuses on the in-depth, holistic and in-context examination of one or more cases. The researcher used non-probability purposive sampling to include all three LUANAR Digital Repository (LDR) staff at LUANAR library because they were thought to be knowledgeable about the LDR metadata work. The three library staff members directly involved in repository metadata were investigated for the study. Data collection techniques used in a case study approach included semi-structuring face-to-face interviews and documentary analysis. Data from interviews and documentary reviews were manually analyzed and presented in thematic categories based on the study’s objectives. Findings Qualified Dublin Core (DC) was chosen by all participants as the only metadata structure scheme that they will use to create and implement metadata in the repository. DC application profile was the only scheme used to enforce uniform naming and capitalization conventions in the application of Qualified DC element definitions. The scheme, however, was discovered to be the Qualified DC default format in the DSpace system. All participants indicated that the Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Vocabulary is used. Participants highlighted that institutional repository system compatibility, the subject matter of the resources, resource types and staff expertise influenced the selection criteria for the metadata schemes. The repository policy had been developed but had yet to be adopted by the LUANAR management. Research limitations/implications The current study was limited to LUANAR library. A wider study across public and private universities in Malawi is needed to ascertain the role of metadata policy, technical knowledge and metadata specialist institutional repositories. Practical implications Metadata policy is to aid in the understanding of the data, ensuring that appropriate security measures are used to protect the data and for metadata harvesting purposes. Social implications Academic libraries should lobby for management support towards metadata policy for institutional repositories. Originality/value Very little is known about challenges affecting the growth of institutional repositories and standards adopted, including metadata harvesting. This paper bridges the gap in metadata standards for institutional repositories in developing countries.

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Li, Jixing, Shohini Bhattasali, Shulin Zhang, Berta Franzluebbers, Wen-Ming Luh, R. Nathan Spreng, Jonathan R. Brennan, Yiming Yang, Christophe Pallier i John Hale. "Le Petit Prince multilingual naturalistic fMRI corpus". Scientific Data 9, nr 1 (29.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01625-7.

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AbstractNeuroimaging using more ecologically valid stimuli such as audiobooks has advanced our understanding of natural language comprehension in the brain. However, prior naturalistic stimuli have typically been restricted to a single language, which limited generalizability beyond small typological domains. Here we present the Le Petit Prince fMRI Corpus (LPPC–fMRI), a multilingual resource for research in the cognitive neuroscience of speech and language during naturalistic listening (OpenNeuro: ds003643). 49 English speakers, 35 Chinese speakers and 28 French speakers listened to the same audiobook The Little Prince in their native language while multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired. We also provide time-aligned speech annotation and word-by-word predictors obtained using natural language processing tools. The resulting timeseries data are shown to be of high quality with good temporal signal-to-noise ratio and high inter-subject correlation. Data-driven functional analyses provide further evidence of data quality. This annotated, multilingual fMRI dataset facilitates future re-analysis that addresses cross-linguistic commonalities and differences in the neural substrate of language processing on multiple perceptual and linguistic levels.

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Research Subject Categories – NATURAL SCIENCES: Neuroscience”

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