Artykuły w czasopismach: „Repeated treatments”

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Lakatos, Istvan, Julianna Lakatos-Szabo, Istvan Munkacai i Sandor Tromboczki. "Potential of Repeated Polymer Well Treatments". SPE Production & Facilities 8, nr 04 (1.11.1993): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20996-pa.

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Mattingly, Bruce A., Latonia L. Rice, Mike Langfels i Sonia E. Fields. "Repeated Treatments with 7-OH-DPAT". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 65, nr 2 (luty 2000): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00204-x.

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Sarkar, Palash, i Bimal Roy. "Construction of Nearly Balanced Uniform Repeated Measurement Designs". Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 45, nr 3-4 (wrzesień 1995): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319950309.

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Nearly balanced uniform repeated measurement designs are defined and construction of such designs when the number of units is less than or equal to the number of treatments and the numbers of periods is less than the number of treatments, is given. AMS (1980) subject classification : 62K05.

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Oren, Eyal, Aleena Banerji, Sunday Clark i Carlos A. Camargo. "Food-induced anaphylaxis and repeated epinephrine treatments". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 99, nr 5 (listopad 2007): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60568-6.

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Svensson, Maria, Thord Hallin, Jonas Broms, Joakim Ekstrand i Anders Tingström. "Spatial memory impairment in Morris water maze after electroconvulsive seizures". Acta Neuropsychiatrica 29, nr 1 (3.05.2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.22.

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ObjectiveElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most efficient treatments for severe major depression, but some patients suffer from retrograde memory loss after treatment. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an animal model of ECT, have repeatedly been shown to increase hippocampal neurogenesis, and multiple ECS treatments cause retrograde amnesia in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks. Since recent studies propose that addition of newborn hippocampal neurons might degrade existing memories, we investigated whether the memory impairment after multiple ECS treatments is a cumulative effect of repeated treatments, or if it is the result of a delayed effect after a single ECS.MethodsWe used the hippocampus-dependent memory task Morris water maze (MWM) to evaluate spatial memory. Rats were exposed to an 8-day training paradigm before receiving either a single ECS or sham treatment and tested in the MWM 24 h, 72 h, or 7 days after this treatment, or multiple (four) ECS or sham treatments and tested 7 days after the first treatment.ResultsA single ECS treatment was not sufficient to cause retrograde amnesia whereas multiple ECS treatments strongly disrupted spatial memory in the MWM.ConclusionThe retrograde amnesia after multiple ECS is a cumulative effect of repeated treatments rather than a delayed effect after a single ECS.

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Zandstra, Bernard H., Sylvia Morse, Rodney V. Tocco i Jarrod J. Morrice. "Response of Asparagus to Repeated Application of Residual Herbicides". HortTechnology 23, nr 1 (luty 2013): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.1.109.

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Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial crop that has a 12- to 20-year production life in the field. Herbicides are applied in the spring each year and again after final harvest in early summer. Asparagus yield declines with age, and herbicides may contribute to yield decline. An experiment was established in 2004 and maintained for seven years with the same herbicide treatments applied each spring to determine herbicide effects on marketable spear yield. Spring-applied diuron, metribuzin, terbacil, sulfentrazone, halosulfuron, mesotrione, and clomazone had no adverse effect on yield or quality over the seven years of the experiment. Flumioxazin reduced yearly average marketable yield compared with standard treatments, and some spears developed lesions early in the season after rainfall. Asparagus yield from most treatments declined more than 50% from 2004 to 2010.

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Hong, Sung-Tae, Han-Jong Rim, Duk-Young Min, Xueming Li, Jingxian Xu, Zheng Feng i Soon-Hyung Lee. "Control of clonorchiasis by repeated treatments with praziquantel". Korean Journal of Parasitology 39, nr 4 (2001): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.4.285.

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Arstila, Hanna, Di Zhang, Erik Vedel, Leena Hupa, Heimo O. Ylänen i Mikko Hupa. "Bioactive Glass Compositions Suitable for Repeated Heat-Treatments". Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (kwiecień 2005): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.925.

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The crystallization tendency for 30 experimental glasses in the system Na2O-K2O-MgOCaO-B2O3-P2O5-SiO2 was studied with thermal methods, DTA, HSM and XRD. The glasses were also immersed into simulated body fluid for 8 and 72 hours. The formation of the silica-rich gel and calcium phosphate layer on the glasses were analyzed with SEM. The in vitro behavior and crystallization tendency for heat-treated glasses were then related. This information is essential for choosing glass compositions that can be manufactured to desired products with controlled bioactivity for different applications. In general, glasses with low alkali content can tolerate heattreatment without crystallization but have less initial Si-gel formation ability and show less in vitro bioactivity than glasses with high alkali content.

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Chiang, F. L., i R. G. Rodway. "The Effect of Repeated Hypoglycaemia on Plasma β-Endorphin in Gilts". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (marzec 1994): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027148.

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The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is one of the best studied stress-related responses. In particular, the involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in response to pltysiological and pharmacological stimuli has been the subject of extensive study both in man and other animals (Nakao, 1979, Petraglia, 1985, Engler, 1988). However, in animal models of repeated stress, the acute response to a stressor often habituates when the stressor is presented repeatedly (Ottenweller, 1991). Hypoglycaemia is a stress which can be easily and repeatedly applied to experimental animals. The present study was performed to determine whether insulin-induced hypogrycaemia enhances the release of β-endorphin in pigs, and whether this response is maintained over repeated treatments on consecutive days.

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Abdel-Zahra, Sarah Abbas, i Abdul Hussein Saber AL-Mouel. "Restricted estimators of repeated measurements model for unbalanced data". Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 27, nr 3 (2024): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jsms-1083.

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The model of one-way repeated measurements for imbalanced data, as the number of explanations are not the same at some levels, is the subject of this research. We used two methods to estimate the model parameters: the restricted maximum likelihood method and maximum likelihood approach, and we considered some of their characteristics. The Experiment’s practical research goal is to determine how the experimental elements and their interactions affect date palm productivity. The Experiment included the factor of irrigation method with three treatments: drip irrigation, basin irrigation, and the regular tidal method, while the irrigation interval factor included three treatments: 3, 6 and 9 days.

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Comeau, P. G., B. S. Biring i G. J. Harper. "Effectiveness of Repeated Manual Cutting and Glyphosate for Release of Engelmann Spruce from Mixed-Shrub Herb Vegetation". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, nr 3 (1.07.2000): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.3.154.

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Abstract This study, initiated in 1992, examined the effectiveness of repeated cutting for controlling vegetation in a mixed-shrub-herb community to release planted Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings. Eight treatments were compared: (a) cut once in spring of 1992, (b) cut once in summer of 1992, (c) 3 yr of cutting once annually in the spring (mid to late June) starting in 1992, (d) 3 yr of cutting once annually in the summer (late July) starting in 1992, (e) 3 yr of cutting twice annually, in the spring and in the summer starting in 1992, (f) 2 yr of cutting twice annually, in the spring and in the summer starting in 1993, (g) application of glyphosate herbicide at 2.1 kg ai/ha during late August, 1992, and (h) an untreated control. Treatments were replicated 3 times in 30 × 30 m plots. Glyphosate treatment (g) and spring cutting treatments (c, e, and J) significantly reduced vegetation (vascular plant) cover and height compared to the control in 1993 and 1994. There were no significant differences in vegetation cover among treatments in year 5 (1996), but vegetation height was significantly lower in the glyphosate treatment (g) and repeated cutting treatments (c, d, e, and f) compared to the control. After 5 yr, spruce survival was high for both control (86%) and treated (> 91%) plots, with no significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences detected among treatments. Repeated cutting treatments (c, d, e, and f) and glyphosate treatment (g) significantly increased root collar diameter (rcd) over that of untreated (h) seedlings, and repeated summer cutting (d) significantly increased seedling height. Three years of repeated cutting (c, d, and e) increased rcd by 54%, and glyphosate (g) increased rcd by 46% compared to the control (h). At the end of year 5, seedlings receiving 3 yr of cutting (e) were not significantly larger than seedlings receiving only 2 yr of cutting (J). West. J. Appl. For. 15(3):154-162.

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Macagno, Alban, Alexandre de Nonneville, Pierre Annede, Gilles Piana, Isabelle Pougnet, Nassima Daidj, Laurence Moureau-Zabotto i in. "Repeated Multimodality Ablative Therapies for Oligorecurrent Pulmonary Metastatic Disease". Current Oncology 29, nr 3 (4.03.2022): 1683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29030140.

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Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and percutaneous thermal ablation (TA) are alternatives to surgery for the management of pulmonary oligometastases. In this collaborative work, we retrospectively analyzed patients who had undergone iterative focal ablative treatments of pulmonary oligometastases. We hypothesized that repeated ablative therapies could benefit patients with consecutive oligometastatic relapses. Patients treated with SBRT and/or TA for pulmonary oligometastases in two French academic centers between October 2011 and November 2016 were included. A total of 102 patients with 198 lesions were included; 45 patients (44.1%) received repeated focal treatments at the pulmonary site for an oligorecurrent disease (the “multiple courses” group). Median follow-up was 22.5 months. The 3-year overall survival rates of patients who had a single treatment sequence (the “single course” group) versus the “multiple courses” were 73.9% and 78.8%, respectively, which was not a statistically significant difference (p = 0.860). The 3-year systemic therapy-free survival tended to be longer in the “multiple courses” group (50.4%) than in the “single course” group (44.7%) (p = 0.081). Tolerance of repeated treatments was excellent with only one grade 4 toxicity. Thereby, multimodality repeated ablative therapy is effective in patients with pulmonary oligorecurrent metastases. This strategy may delay the use of more toxic systemic therapy.

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Peterson, DL, SS Sackett, LJ Robinson i SM Haase. "The Effects of Repeated Prescribed Burning on Pinus ponderosa Growth". International Journal of Wildland Fire 4, nr 4 (1994): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9940239.

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The effect of repeated prescribed burning on long term growth of Pinus ponderosa in northern Arizona was examined. Fire treatments for hazard reduction were initiated in 1976, acid growth was evaluated in 1988 for fire rotations of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years. Dendroecological analysis shows that there were only small changes in tree growth (compared to controls) in the first few years after the initial fire treatment despite large fuel reductions and thinning, and that annual precipitation was positively correlated with growth. Moderate changes in growth relative to that of control trees were apparent after 1984. The 1-, 2-, 8-, and 10-year treatments had lower growth than controls after this date, while 4- and 6-year treatments had slightly higher growth. Although additional data are needed to determine long term growth effects in the longer fire rotations, a fire treatment interval of 4 to 6 years appears to provide adequate fuel reduction without reducing long term growth in Southwestern P. ponderosa forests.

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Feifel, David, David Dadiomov i Kelly C. Lee. "Safety of Repeated Administration of Parenteral Ketamine for Depression". Pharmaceuticals 13, nr 7 (13.07.2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13070151.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the safety of repeated parenteral ketamine for depression. An electronic survey inquiring about the frequency of adverse events was distributed to providers of parenteral ketamine for depression. In addition, the investigators conducted a search of published studies describing six or more repeated parenteral ketamine treatments administered to individuals for depression, and extracted reported adverse events. The survey was sent to 69 providers, of which 36 responded (52% response rate); after eliminating those that were incomplete, 27 were included in the analysis. The providers in the analysis collectively reported treating 6630 patients with parenteral ketamine for depression, one-third of whom received more than 10 treatments. Only 0.7% of patients experienced an adverse effect that required discontinuation of ketamine. Psychological distress during the treatment was the most frequent cause. Other adverse events were extremely rare (such as bladder dysfunction (0.1%), cognitive decline (0.03%) and psychotic symptoms (0.03%)). Among the 20 published reports of repeated parenteral ketamine treatments, rates of significant adverse events resulting in discontinuation were low (1.2%). The rate of adverse effects reported in the survey and the published literature is low, and suggests that long-term treatment of depression with ketamine is reasonably safe.

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Sinha, Abhik, Uttam Bandyopadhyay i Rahul Bhattacharya. "Comparing Two Treatments in Two Period Repeated Measurement Design". Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 72, nr 1 (maj 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068320925226.

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This work deals with nonparametric test procedures for comparing effects of two treatments in two period parallel group design, where each subject receives the same treatment over the two periods. The procedures are based on consistent estimators of relative treatment effects in each period and that of covariate adjusted effects with responses in period 1 as covariates. Related asymptotic results are obtained followed by necessary simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the tests. AMS 2010 subject classifications: 62G10 62J15

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Pettenazzo, Andrea, Alan H. Jobe, Machiko Ikegami, Evelyn Rider, Steven R. Seidner i Takako Yamada. "Cumulative Effects of Repeated Surfactant Treatments in the Rabbit". Experimental Lung Research 16, nr 2 (styczeń 1990): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01902149009087878.

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Takechi, Kenshi, Katsuya Suemaru, Hiromu Kawasaki i Hiroaki Araki. "Impaired Memory Following Repeated Pentylenetetrazol Treatments in Kindled Mice". YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 132, nr 2 (1.02.2012): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.132.179.

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Li, Ning, i Radoslaw Kaczmarek. "Curing Hemophilia: Repeated Treatments versus a One-Off Fix". Molecular Therapy 28, nr 5 (maj 2020): 1229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.012.

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Nathaniel, Thomas I., Robert Huber i Jaak Panksepp. "Repeated cocaine treatments induce distinct locomotor effects in Crayfish". Brain Research Bulletin 87, nr 2-3 (luty 2012): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.022.

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HIROTSU, C. "An approach to comparing treatments based on repeated measures". Biometrika 78, nr 3 (1991): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/78.3.583.

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Huling, Scott G., Patrick K. Jones, Wendell P. Ela i Robert G. Arnold. "Repeated Reductive and Oxidative Treatments of Granular Activated Carbon". Journal of Environmental Engineering 131, nr 2 (luty 2005): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:2(287).

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Greenberg, Cathryn H., Christopher E. Moorman, Charlotte E. Matthews-Snoberger, Thomas A. Waldrop, Dean Simon, Amanda Heh i Donald Hagan. "Long-term herpetofaunal response to repeated fuel reduction treatments". Journal of Wildlife Management 82, nr 3 (29.11.2017): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21402.

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Shehzad, Farrukh, Muhammad Rajab, Muhammad Daniyal, Rashid Ahmed i Kassim Tawiah. "Optimal Circular Balanced Repeated Measurements Designs for v = p through the Method of Cyclic Shift (MCS) Rule II". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (6.10.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2875183.

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Background. One of the common characteristics of preclinical genetic experimentation is the result of repeated measurements, and for this purpose, repeated measurements designs (RMDs) have gained much more significance. In the class of RMDs, balanced repeated measurements designs (BRMDs) are preferred as they balance out the residual effects since the experimentation is repeated over time on different subjects. This study provides the theoretical framework of universal optimal criteria proposed by Kiefer (1975) for the newly proposed circular balanced repeated measurements designs (CBRMDs) by Rajab et al. (2018). These universal optimality criteria were proved for the special class of designs where the number of treatments is equal to the number of periods. Universal optimality has been discussed considering all the possible effects in the models, i.e., units, subjects, treatments, and periods. Methodology. This study characterized CBRMDs, where several treatments and periods are equal in the contest of three separate models with their matrices of information in simplified form. We used these simplified matrices of information to ascertain the criteria for universally optimal CBRMDs under different conditions. These new CBRMDs have been constructed using the well-known method of cyclic shifts (MCS) rule II. Results. Universal optimality of the new proposed classes of designs has been discussed theoretically. Universally optimal CBRMDs were constructed for v = p odd using the MCS rule II along with the confirmation of the universal optimality criteria proposed in the existing theory. Conclusions. The proposed class of new CBRMDs has been proven to have theoretically universally optimal designs, which have been constructed by the method of cyclic shifts rule II when the number of treatments is equal to the number of periods.

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Sandler, Hilary A. "Repeated Applications of Mesotrione and Napropamide on New Cranberry Plantings". Weed Technology 31, nr 4 (17.07.2017): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.21.

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To evaluate the weed control provided by various combinations of PRE applications of napropamide (Nap) and POST applications of mesotrione (Mes) in newly planted and 1-yr-old cranberry vines, six 2-yr experiments were conducted during 2009-2012. Three sites were treated in the year of planting plus the subsequent year (called “new plantings”) and three sites were treated in their second year of growth plus the subsequent year (called “second-year plantings”). Ten treatments, delivered in 3,735 L ha−1 water, were administered each year: Nap at 3.36 kg ai ha−1 applied once, twice, thrice or once followed by (fb) one application of Mes at 210 g ai ha−1; Nap at 5.04 kg ha−1applied once, twice or once fb one application of Mes at 210 g ha−1; Mes at 210 g ha−1 applied once or twice; and nontreated. At new planting sites, plots receiving treatments other than a single Nap application had less total weed biomass compared to nontreated plots. At second-year plantings, all herbicide-treated plots had less total weed biomass than nontreated plots; in addition, plots receiving Mes-only treatments had less total weed biomass than Nap-only treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that monocot biomass production was the primary positive predictor for total weed biomass. Herbicides did not adversely affect cranberry biomass production but overall vine colonization was poor for four of the six sites indicating that other factors, including cultivar choice, planting method, and water management, may play a larger role in rapid cranberry vine colonization than the suppression of initial weed biomass. Given the complementary range of efficacy for Nap and Mes, a combination PRE-POST herbicide program of a low rate of Nap fb Mes may be the most cost-beneficial program in many instances. If cost is a limiting factor, applying a single application of Mes to a new planting should be included as a component of cranberry bed establishment since this practice consistently resulted in significantly less initial weed biomass compared to areas left nontreated.

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Wang, Huanbai, Xiaodan Li, Dongting Zhangsun, Gang Yu, Ruibin Su i Sulan Luo. "The α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist αO-Conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] Alleviates and Reverses Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain". Marine Drugs 17, nr 5 (5.05.2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17050265.

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Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum drug and is widely used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a large number of patients receiving oxaliplatin develop dose-limiting painful neuropathy. Here, we report that αO-conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2], a highly potent and selective antagonist of the α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype, can relieve and reverse oxaliplatin-induced mechanical and cold allodynia after single and repeated intramuscular (IM) injections in rats. Treatments were started at 4 days post oxaliplatin injection when neuropathic pain emerged and continued for 8 and 16 days. Cold score and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were detected by the acetone test and von Frey test respectively. GeXIVA[1,2] significantly relieved mechanical and cold allodynia in oxaliplatin-treated rats after a single injection. After repeated treatments, GeXIVA[1,2] produced a cumulative analgesic effect without tolerance and promoted recovery from neuropathic pain. Moreover, the long lasting analgesic effect of GeXIVA[1,2] on mechanical allodynia continued until day 10 after the termination of the 16-day repeated treatment procedure. On the contrary, GeXIVA[1,2] did not affect acute mechanical and thermal pain behaviors in normal rats after repeated injections detected by the von Frey test and tail flick test. GeXIVA[1,2] had no influence on rat hind limb grip strength and body weight after repeated treatments. These results indicate that αO-conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] could provide a novel strategy to treat chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.

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Henderson, Dallas W., i Brian C. Small. "Rapid acclimation of the cortisol stress response in adult turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri". Laboratory Animals 53, nr 4 (20.08.2018): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677218793441.

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The turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an increasingly popular model species for comparative vertebrate research, and the basic physiology including responses to stressful stimuli are of primary interest. We exposed adult killifish to a single or repeated periods of acute confinement followed by analysis of tissue cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations. Individuals were also sampled for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH), mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR), and glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) in the brain to examine the effects of repeated stress events on constitutive expression of these important stress axis components. Following a single 30-minute confinement stress, male plasma cortisol significantly differed from baseline ( p = 0.04). Both male and female whole-body cortisol were significantly increased ( p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively) at 15 and 30 minutes poststress. Despite obvious dimorphic behavior and morphology, cortisol concentrations did not differ between the sexes. Exposure to daily repeated confinement for one week altered the cortisol response in both sexes. Time 0, 15, and 60 minutes poststress cortisol concentrations were depressed in repeatedly stressed males ( p ≤ 0.05), and times 0, 30 and 120 minutes poststress cortisol concentrations were depressed in repeatedly stressed females ( p ≤ 0.05). Constitutive expression of CRH, MR, and GR mRNA in the brain following one week of repeated stress events did not differ among treatments or sexes. This study introduces the first description of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis activity in this important model species. Reduced cortisol production in repeatedly stressed adult killifish suggests acclimation to repeated stressors. Furthermore, acclimation was rapid, and plasma cortisol concentrations altered significantly in as little as one week.

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Chalikias, Miltiadis S. "Optimal Designs for Direct Effects: The Case of Two Treatments and Five Periods". Mathematics 11, nr 24 (11.12.2023): 4920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11244920.

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Cross-Over Designs or Repeated Measurements Designs are experimental designs in which treatments (e.g., medicines, fertilizers, diets) are applied to experimental units (usually humans) in different time periods. A common problem is to find the distribution of n experimental units in order to find the optimal experimental design for the well-known criteria of optimality (A, D, E optimality, etc.). If there is only one parameter of interest, the criterion is the minimization of the variance of the parameter estimator. In this case, a Repeated Measurements Design with one parameter of interest (the direct effect of the treatment) is examined and the distribution of n which minimizes the variance of that parameter is found. The objective of the research is the estimation of the variance of the Ordinal Least-Squares estimators of the Repeated Measurements Design model for two treatments and five periods. Heydayat and Afsarinejad introduced the basic model which is used. The optimal Repeated Measurements Designs are derived for n experimental units. Optimality criterion is the minimization of the variance of the estimated direct effects.

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Bose, Mausumi. "Optimal Repeated Measurements Designs Under Non-Additive Mixed Effects Models". Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 43, nr 3-4 (wrzesień 1993): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319930309.

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The robustness of some optimality results on repeated measurements designs is studied when tbe effect due to the units is random and an interaction due to the direct and residual effect of treatments is taken into account.

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Leitch, M. H., i J. D. Hayes. "Effects of single and repeated applications of chlormequat on early crop development, lodging resistance and yield of winter oats". Journal of Agricultural Science 115, nr 1 (sierpień 1990): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600073858.

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SUMMARYThe effects of single and repeated early applications of chlormequat (at up to and including Zadoks growth stage (GS) 32) on the growth and development of the winter oat cultivar Bulwark were investigated in two seasons of field experiments at Tenby, UK. Early dry matter production, shoot initiation and subsequent shoot survival were unaffected by all treatments. At maturity, reductions in stem length and lodging were best achieved by chlormequat applied at GS 32; this treatment shortened stems by an average of 24% in 1985/86 and 31% in 1986/87. Earlier applications were significantly less effective.Grain yields were unaffected by single and repeated early applications of chlormequat. However, in both seasons, yields were significantly reduced by repeated treatments with chlormequat, including application at GS 32. Individual grain weight was the yield component principally affected.

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Banks, LW, i AL Bernardi. "Growth and yield of indeterminate soybeans. 1. Effect of defoliation". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, nr 6 (1987): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870889.

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Indeterminate soybeans (Glycine max, varieties Chaffey and Farrer) were subjected to defoliation treatments in the field over 3 years to determine their ability to recover from leaf damage from foliage feeding pests. Defoliation treatments were imposed in years 1 and 2 by clipping all leaflets in half mechanically (50%) or by removing all leaves leaving the petioles on the plant (1 00%) to simulate 2 severe levels of sudden defoliation. The variety Chaffey was defoliated early in vegetative growth (V2), at the beginning of flowering (Fl), at full flowering (F100) or at the end of flowering (EF100) as single treatments in years 1 and 2. In year 3, only the top 4 leaves of each plant were clipped in half to simulate levels of defoliation experienced in commercial crops. In that year the variety Farrer was treated at stages V3 (early vegetative), F1 or F100 as single treatments or at V3 + F1, F1 + F100 or weekly from V3 to EF100 as repeated treatments. Severe defoliation (100%) at EF100 hastened maturity (95% of pods dry) by 24 days (year 1) and 22 days (year 2), which reduced seed size by 34 and 41%, seed number by 38 and 32% and seed yield by 58 and 60%, respectively. Seed yield was also reduced by a single 100% defoliation at F1 due to reductions in seed number rather than to seed size. The repeated defoliations in year 3 reduced leaf area index, plant height, seed number and .seed yield. Weekly defoliations reduced yield by 20% by reducing seed size by 8% and seed number by 13%. We conclude that, prior to flowering, 50% defoliation is unlikely to reduce yield, but repeated damage will reduce yield significantly. Also, indeterminate soybeans can withstand an initial 50% loss over the top 4 leaves at F1, but repeated defoliations reduce seed yields.

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Matthews, Charlotte E., Christopher E. Moorman, Cathryn H. Greenberg i Thomas A. Waldrop. "Response of Reptiles and Amphibians to Repeated Fuel Reduction Treatments". Journal of Wildlife Management 74, nr 6 (sierpień 2010): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-513.

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Møller, E., D. Daugaard, O. Holm, K. Winge, A. Bardow, J. Lykkeaa, B. Belhage i M. Bakke. "Repeated treatments of drooling with botulinum toxin B in neurology". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 131, nr 1 (1.10.2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12309.

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Eichenbaum, David A., i Jeffery S. Heier. "MULTIPLE REPEATED INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE TREATMENTS FOR RADIATION-INDUCED MACULAR EDEMA". Retinal Cases & Brief Reports 1, nr 4 (2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.iae.0000226587.64265.de.

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MATTHEWS, CHARLOTTE E., CHRISTOPHER E. MOORMAN, CATHRYN H. GREENBERG i THOMAS A. WALDROP. "Response of Reptiles and Amphibians to Repeated Fuel Reduction Treatments". Journal of Wildlife Management 74, nr 6 (sierpień 2010): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01251.x.

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Ohgushi, Tatsuo, i Mayumi Nagae. "Durability of Zeolite Against Repeated Activation Treatments with Microwave Heating". Journal of Porous Materials 12, nr 4 (październik 2005): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-005-3124-z.

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Meredith, M. P., i S. V. Stehman. "Repeated measures experiments in forestry: focus on analysis of response curves". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, nr 7 (1.07.1991): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-133.

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Treatment effects over time are frequently investigated using repeated measures designs, but analyses of these experiments frequently fail to address a primary objective of collecting data over time, namely description of the response curve. The analysis advocated in this paper utilizes the intrinsic continuity of the repeated measures factor by focusing on response curves. Treatments are compared by analyzing estimated coefficients of response curves proposed by the investigator. This approach provides more information on treatment effects than analyses that compare treatments separately at each time period. Analysis of estimated coefficients is easier to interpret than multivariate analyses of variance and does not require often biologically implausible assumptions of split-plot analyses currently in vogue. An example describing effects of aluminum on sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) seedling growth illustrates the method.

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Karl, Viktoria, Konstantin Johannes Scholz, Karl-Anton Hiller, Isabelle Tabenski, Frederike Schenke, Wolfgang Buchalla, Christian Kirschneck, Katrin Bekes i Fabian Cieplik. "Retrospective Cohort Study on Potential Risk Factors for Repeated Need of Dental Rehabilitation under General Anesthesia in a Private Pediatric Dental Practice". Children 9, nr 6 (8.06.2022): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060855.

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The need for dental rehabilitations under general anesthesia (DRGAs) is continuously increasing, particularly for dental treatment of children. The present retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate potential risk factors for repeated need of DRGA in a cohort of patients from a private pediatric dental practice. Demographic and anamnestic data, dental status, and treatments performed during DRGA were retrospectively analyzed from the electronic dental charts of 1155 children that received at least one DRGA between October 2016 and December 2021. The median age of all children was 5 years at time of their first DRGA. The rate of repeated DRGAs was 9%. Patients with repeated need of DRGA were significantly younger at time of their first DRGA and revealed significantly more often a history of preterm birth and current use of a baby bottle as compared to patients with only one DRGA. There were significantly fewer treatments (regardless of type) in the second DRGA than at the first. Within the limitations of this study, young age at first DRGA, a history of preterm birth, and current use of a baby bottle may be risk factors for repeated need of DRGA. The search for effective strategies to minimize the repeated need for DRGA in children remains critical.

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Matula, S. "The influence of tillage treatments on water infiltration into soil profile". Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 7 (10.12.2011): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4128-pse.

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Water infiltration into the soil profile and runoff losses in arable lands are related to the condition of the top layer. The tillage treatment (included no-till) of the top layer plays a key role in changes of the hydro-physical properties, mainly saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) of the treated layer. This paper is focused on the influence of repeated tillage treatments in the same locality on K in a relatively homogeneous soil profile. The field experimental work was conducted in 1997 and repeated in 2000 after three years of repeated treatments in an experimental field of the Research Institute of Plant Production, Prague on Hapludalfs (US Classification)/Orthic luvisol (FAO). The whole experimental site was divided into four tillage treatment areas (TTA) that were maintained using different tillage treatments. A pressure ring infiltrometer (Matula and Kozáková 1997), mounted on the top of a single iron infiltration ring was used to run infiltration tests. The infiltration during the steady state flow (for a long time) was measured, evaluated and K values were calculated. Matula (2002) summarised the theoretical background for the pressure ring infiltrometer and described the final equations for evaluation of the infiltration test results. The conventional ploughing did not give any significant changes in K values after three years. Reduced till treatment and no-till treatment show a significant decrease in the infiltration rate v(t) after three years. The K value decreased approximately three times for reduced till and six times for no-till treatment. The decrease on this type of soil can cause several negative results from the aspect of surface soil hydrology and agriculture (surface runoff increase, water storage decrease, yield decrease, increase in soil compaction of surface layer, soil erosion increase).

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Grey, Timothy L., Nicholas L. Hurdle, Keith Rucker i Nicholas T. Basinger. "Blueberry and blackberry are tolerant to repeated indaziflam applications". Weed Technology 35, nr 4 (19.02.2021): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2021.14.

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AbstractNumerous perennial horticultural crops are grown across the southeastern United States. Blueberry and blackberry (also known as caneberry) are commonly found in roadside stands, promote agritourism via pick-your-own markets, are important for fresh market commercial production in the region, and when processed, provide desirable value added products. Season-long weed control using residual herbicides is crucial for these perennial fruit crops to maximize berry quality and yield. Studies performed from 2012 to 2014 in Lanier and Clinch counties in Georgia evaluated the effects of repeated applications of indaziflam at 35, 75, or 145 g ai ha−1 applied biannually in March and September (five total applications) on growth of ‘Alapaha’ rabbiteye and ‘Palmetto’ highbush blueberry, and ‘Apache’ thornless blackberry. All indaziflam treatments were mixed with glufosinate, and a glufosinate-only treatment was included as a check. Minor leaf chlorosis (<10%) was noted within 30 d after application for all blueberries for all treatments, but this was always transient. Blueberry stem diameter was not different for any treatment, even when indaziflam was applied up to 725 g ai ha−1 over 3 yr as compared to glufosinate alone. There was no chlorosis or stem diameter differences for blackberry noted for any treatment. Indaziflam applied in blueberry and blackberry production provides season-long control of numerous troublesome weed species, without causing injury or negatively impacting crop growth.

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Huh, Seonghoo, Hyun Sook Yu, Nuree Kang, Yong Min Ahn, Yong Sik Kim i Se Hyun Kim. "Electroconvulsive Seizure Normalizes Motor Deficits and Induces Autophagy Signaling in the MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease Mouse Model". Psychiatry Investigation 20, nr 3 (25.03.2023): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0327.

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Objective Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is a potent treatment modality for various neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Recent animal studies showed that repeated ECS activates autophagy signaling, the impairment of which is known to be involved in PD. However, the effectiveness of ECS on PD and its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been investigated in detail.Methods Systemic injection of a neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP), which destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), in mice was utilized to induce an animal model of PD. Mice were treated with ECS 3 times per week for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes were measured with a rotarod test. Molecular changes related to autophagy signaling in midbrain including SNc, striatum, and prefrontal cortex were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses.Results Repeated ECS treatments normalized the motor deficits and the loss of dopamiergic neurons in SNc of the MPTP PD mouse model. In the mouse model, LC3-II, an autophagy marker, was increased in midbrain while decreased in prefrontal cortex, both of which were reversed by repeated ECS treatments. In the prefrontal cortex, ECS-induced LC3-II increase was accompanied with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Unc-51-like kinase 1-Beclin1 pathway activation and inhibition of mamalian target of rapamycin signaling which promotes autophagy initiation.Conclusion The findings revealed the therapeutic effects of repeated ECS treatments on PD, which could be attributed to the neuroprotective effect of ECS mediated by AMPK-autophagy signaling.

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Rodger, Colin R., Allan I. F. Scott i Lawrence J. Whalley. "Is There a Delay in the Onset of the Antidepressant Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy?" British Journal of Psychiatry 164, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.1.106.

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The severity of depression in 11 drug-free unipolar patients diagnosed with definite major depressive disorder was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression during a course (5–10 treatments) of bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The degree of improvement after three treatments of ECT was six times greater than the improvement that occurred over the remainder of the course. Although depressed patients who recover with ECT require repeated treatments, the treatments early in a course of ECT can have marked antidepressant effect.

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Haub, Mark D., Jeffrey A. Potteiger, Dennis J. Jacobsen, Karen L. Nau, Lawrence A. Magee i Matthew J. Comeau. "Glycogen Replenishment and Repeated Maximal Effort Exercise: Effect of Liquid Carbohydrate". International Journal of Sport Nutrition 9, nr 4 (grudzień 1999): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.9.4.406.

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We investigated the effects of carbohydrate ingestion on glycogen replenishment and subsequent short duration, high intensity exercise performance. During Session 1, aerobic power was determined and each subject (N = 6) was familiarized with the 100-kJ cycling test (lOOKJ-Test). During the treatment sessions, the subjects performed a lOOKJ-Test (Ride-1), then consumed 0.7 g ⋅ kg body mass-1 of maltodextrin (CHO) or placebo (PLC), rested 60 min, and then performed a second lOOKJ-Test (Ride-2). Muscle tissue was collected before (Pre-1) and after Ride-1 (Post-1), and before (Pre-2) and after Ride-2 (Post-2), and analyzed for glycogen concentration. Both treatments yielded a significant increase in glycogen levels following the 60-min recovery, but there was no difference between treatments. Time to complete the lOOKJ-Test increased significantly for PLC, but not for CHO. These data indicate that the decrease in performance during Ride-2 in PLC was not the result of a difference in glycogen concentration.

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Verma, Amitabh. "COMPARATIVE TREATMENTS OF EMPYEMA". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, nr 07 (31.07.2022): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15095.

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Empyema the collection of pus in pleural cavity. Its caused by an infection and can cause symptoms such as pain and shortness of breath. The study was based on 50 patients admitted to the hospital in the time period of 2 years. The different treatment methods used on the patients were Fluid removal by chest tube, a thoracotomy or by performing thoracoscopic surgery. For high-risk patient chest tube drain with repeated pleural toilet in operation theatre saved 90% patients from Decortication surgery.

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Lee, Da Bin, Christopher J. Snyder, Christoph Mans, Victoria L. Clyde i John Scheels. "Management of Severe Periodontal Disease and Gingival Enlargement in a Dwarf Mongoose (Helogale parvula)". Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756420971872.

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Development of gingival enlargement and periodontitis is described in a young dwarf mongoose. Repeated treatments resulted in gingival resection and histologic evaluation however gingival enlargement was ultimately responsive to extraction of associated teeth. In cases such as these, surgical extraction of teeth associated with severe recurrent gingival enlargement should be considered to avoid the stress and risk of repeated immobilizations.

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Chalikias. "Optimal Repeated Measurements for Two Treatment Designs with Dependent Observations: The Case of Compound Symmetry". Mathematics 7, nr 4 (25.04.2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7040378.

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In this paper, we construct optimal repeated measurement designs of two treatments for estimating direct effects, and we examine the case of compound symmetry dependency. We present the model and the design that minimizes the variance of the estimated difference of the two treatments. The optimal designs with dependent observations in a compound symmetry model are the same as in the case of independent observations.

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Blackshaw, R. E., i C. W. Lindwall. "Management systems for conservation fallow on the southern Canadian prairies". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, nr 1 (1.02.1995): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-012.

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Fallow continues to be a common agronomic practice on the southern Canadian prairies, but it has been associated with increased soil erosion and salinity and declining soil fertility. Field experiments were conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1987 to 1992 to determine the effects of various fallow treatments on weed control, conservation of surface crop residues, accumulation of soil water, and succeeding spring and winter wheat yields. Conventional cultivation during the fallow year with 168-cm sweeps controlled most spring-germinating weeds but did not adequately control overwintered flix-weed or downy brome. Repeated applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D effectively controlled most weeds. Paraquat did not control wild buckwheat or dandelion. Glyphosate alone often did not control wild buckwheat or Russian thistle. Treatments involving a combination of herbicides and tillage gave the best control of all weed species. Although not as effective in conserving surface crop residues as sole use of herbicides, many of the combined herbicide-tillage treatments maintained sufficient crop residue to keep the risk of soil erosion low. Soil water accumulation and succeeding wheat yields with the combined herbicide-tillage treatments were similar to, or greater than, those attained with repeated herbicides or repeated tillage. Management systems combining herbicides and tillage for fallow weed control may reduce costs and prevent or retard the development of herbicide resistance. Key words: Water conservation, herbicides, reduced tillage, soil erosion, stubble retention, weed control, wheat yield, no-till

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Tuttle, Nathania C., Karen H. Beard i Robert Al-Chokhachy. "Aerially applied citric acid reduces the density of an invasive frog in Hawaii, USA". Wildlife Research 35, nr 7 (2008): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07135.

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The Puerto Rican frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is an invasive pest in Hawaii. Citric acid is approved for controlling these frogs, but has been limited to terrain accessible by foot or vehicle. We determined the effectiveness of helicopter applications of 16% citric acid and repeated 11% citric acid treatments for eradicating and/or reducing densities of E. coqui by monitoring populations before and after treatment using mark–recapture. We also evaluated the effects of the marking technique, toe-clipping, and weather changes on population parameter estimates. We found that a 16% citric acid treatment appears to have reduced adult E. coqui density 3-fold in a plot, T1, completely covered with citric acid, but did not reduce adult density in a plot, T2, where 6% of the plot was unintentionally not treated. Preadults were reduced 3- to 5-fold in treated plots. The apparent reduction in adults in T1 lasted at least 5 months. Repeated treatments of 11% citric acid were studied in T2 and likely reduced adults 440-fold while preadults were reduced 9-fold. E. coqui that had fewer toe-clips had greater recapture probability and survival estimates, while weather had no effect on parameter estimates. In summary, we found that 16% and 11% citric acid treatments can reduce E. coqui density, treatment effects can last 5 months for adults, and repeated treatments appear more effective for reducing density than single applications.

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McAULIFFE, CARMEL, PAUL CORCORAN, HELEN S. KEELEY, ELLA ARENSMAN, UNNI BILLE-BRAHE, DIEGO De LEO, SANDOR FEKETE i in. "Problem-solving ability and repetition of deliberate self-harm: a multicentre study". Psychological Medicine 36, nr 1 (29.09.2005): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005945.

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Background. While recent studies have found problem-solving impairments in individuals who engage in deliberate self-harm (DSH), few studies have examined repeaters and non-repeaters separately. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether specific types of problem-solving are associated with repeated DSH.Method. As part of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour, 836 medically treated DSH patients (59% repeaters) from 12 European regions were interviewed using the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule (EPSIS II) approximately 1 year after their index episode. The Utrecht Coping List (UCL) assessed habitual responses to problems.Results. Factor analysis identified five dimensions – Active Handling, Passive-Avoidance, Problem Sharing, Palliative Reactions and Negative Expression. Passive-Avoidance – characterized by a pre-occupation with problems, feeling unable to do anything, worrying about the past and taking a gloomy view of the situation, a greater likelihood of giving in so as to avoid difficult situations, the tendency to resign oneself to the situation, and to try to avoid problems – was the problem-solving dimension most strongly associated with repetition, although this association was attenuated by self-esteem.Conclusions. The outcomes of the study indicate that treatments for DSH patients with repeated episodes should include problem-solving interventions. The observed passivity and avoidance of problems (coupled with low self-esteem) associated with repetition suggests that intensive therapeutic input and follow-up are required for those with repeated DSH.

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Bergfield, W. A., D. N. Sasseville i R. J. Kremer. "Effect of Benomyl Treatments on Marigold and Indigenous Rhizosphere Bacteria". HortScience 31, nr 4 (sierpień 1996): 680a—680. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.680a.

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The fungicide benomyl (formulated as Benlate 50 DF) has been implicated in damage to several crops grown under warm, moist conditions. Although the target pathogen may be controlled, occurrence of population shifts in rhizosphere bacteria has been documented, with benomyl application. A growth chamber study to investigate the effects of benomyl on marigold (Tagetes patula) and subsequent effects on the populations of rhizosphere bacteria of marigold was performed. A one pound per one hundred gallon rate as foliar and drench treatments were applied to marigolds. Plant growth data and rhizosphere bacteria populations were recorded. Repeated application of the benomyl treatments significantly reduced the marigold root and shoot mass, 44% and 67% respectively, compared to controls. Repeated foliar applications of benomyl also resulted in necrotic lesions on marigold leaf margins. Rhizosphere bacteria total numbers differed between treatments, having a greater population for the drench rate than the foliar rate. These results suggest application of benomyl may have harmful nontarget effects, leading to production problems associated with its use.

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Banks, LW, i AL Bernardi. "Growth and yield of indeterminate soybeans. 2. Effect of removal of the mainstem apex". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, nr 6 (1987): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870897.

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The mainstem apex was removed from indeterminate soybeans (Glycine max, varieties Chaffey and Farrer) in the field over 3 years to estimate their ability to recover from damage to terminal buds by foliage feeding and stem boring pests. In years 1 and 2, the growing tip was plucked off the main stem of 50 or 100% of plants (variety Chaffey) early in vegetative growth (V2), at the beginning of flowering (Fl), at full flowering (F100) or at the end of flowering (EF100) as single treatments. In year 3, tips were removed from 20, 33 or 50% ofplants (variety Farrer) at V3, F1 or F100 as single treatments or as repeated treatments starting at those times and repeated twice at weekly intervals thereafter. Tip removal at V2 or V3 delayed flowering (F50) and pod set (R3) by up to 10 days but did not delay maturity (P95), whereas tip removal at EF100 hastened P95 by 5-8 days. Damage during flowering did not affect phenological development. Indeterminate soybeans have the ability to compensate vegetatively for damage to the mainstem apex. Tip removal at V2, F1 or F100 significantly reduced the number of nodes on the main stem, increased branching and did not reduce the total number of nodes per plant at maturity. Tip removal at V2 increased the number of nodes per plant by increasing the number of nodes per branch. Repeated tip removal prior to flowering and single or repeated treatments during flowering reduced final plant height. Tip removal from all plants reduced yield by around 10% irrespective of the time of damage. Fifty per cent damage prior to flowering or after full flowering did not affect yield but, at the beginning of flowering, removal of tips from as few as 20% of plants reduced yield by at least 10%. The most severe yield reduction was 24% following repeated tip removal from 50% of plants starting at V3. Repeated damage to 50% of plants starting at F1 reduced yield by 18%. Seed size was not affected by any treatment. We conclude that pests in indeterminate soybean crops should be controlled if they have removed the growing tip from the main stem of 50% of plants before flowering or 20% of plants at the start of flowering and are continuing to cause damage.

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