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Poisson, Emilie. "Optimisation de la fertilisation soufrée pour améliorer le rendement et la qualité grainière du colza : impacts des interactions Soufre/Azote et du changement climatique, identifications d'idéotypes". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC264/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOilseed rape is an oleoproteaginous crop with high sulfur (S) demanding and characterized by a low S use efficiency (SUE). The decline in atmospheric S deposition, the existence of strong interactions between S and nitrogen (N) metabolism and the predicted increase in terrestrial temperatures can lead to an alteration in seeds yields and quality. In this context, using in planta (controlled conditions and fields experiments) and in silico (numerical experiments through an agro-ecophysiological model SuMoToRI, “Sulfur Model Towards Rapeseed Improvement”) approaches, the main objectives of this thesis were to study the impact of (i) different S and N fertilization strategies, (ii) climate change and (iii) the variability of the model’s “plant” parameters on growth as well as the yield components and the seeds quality of oilseed rape.This study confirmed the synergistic effects of S and N inputs and their antagonistic effects when of one of the two elements was in excessive rate on EUS and EUN, highlighting the importance of balancing S/N inputs. Delaying S input has improved seed protein quality by increasing the relative abundance of napins (cysteine-rich seed storage proteins). Two seed protein quality indices could be proposed (i) seeds S content, strongly correlated with relative napine abundance and (ii) the ratio napins:cruciferins-30kDa (cruciferins : S-poor seed storage proteins). S), making it possible to assess the S/N balance inputs. The simulations carried-out with the model showed that the adjustment of S fertilization must be performed in a context of increasing temperature and/or a reduction of incident radiation which lead to a decrease of biomass and an increase of S stored in leaves. Overall, these results questioned conventional fertilization strategies and the use of varietal and crop ideotypes adapted to S and N fertilization strategies as well as to climate change
Delamare, Jeremy. "Analyses de deux stratégies d’acclimatation à un stress thermique intense reposant sur une thermo-sensibilisation ou une sensibilisation médiée par des bactéries PGPR chez le colza et la caméline". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC243.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe on-going climate changes that we are facing are characterized in particular by modifications of temperature profiles in terms of intensity, duration and repetition of heat waves. These heat waves occur during the reproductive stages of the crops, which are also the most critical for seed yield elaboration and grain quality in crops. Oleaginous species such as rapeseed and camelina, are species particularly impacted by heat stress that cause yield penalties and a lower seed quality. Therefore, to cope with heat stress, it has become necessary to identify new acclimation levers that differ avec genetic and agronomic levers, such as strategies based on plants acclimation. Thermopriming which consist in priming the plants in a way to help them respond more rapidly, effectively, intensively and/or sensitively to heat by a prior exposure of a stress of the same nature could allow the plants to acclimate and develop appropriate response mechanisms. The plant inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-type bacteria is also an acclimation lever increasingly studied, that limit the impacts of abiotic stress such as heat stress. However, although these two types of acclimation levers are mainly studied to limit stress impact on aboveground development and yield, few studies have observed their effects on root morphology and functions such as root exudation. In this thesis we analysed in rapeseed and camelina (i) the effects of a gradual increase in temperature prior a heat stress on yield and grain quality and on root morphology and exudation and (ii) the effects of inoculating two Pseudomonas with PGPR activities in order to limit the impact of heat stress on yield and grain quality. Moreover, in order to understand the impact of heat stress and PGPR inoculation (combined or not) on the plant and associated rhizosphere, the effects of these treatments were studied on root exudation, carbon (C) allocation in the soil-plant system, root morphological traits and soil microbial communities. Our results showed that rapeseed and camelina have contrasting strategies in terms of response to heat stress. Indeed, camelina seems to respond to the stress by increasing its investment to the roots thus improving the quality of exudation and stimulating the activity of microbial communities, unlike rapeseed, which seems to undergo heat stress. In addition, these two species respond differently to the two acclimation strategies applied. In rapeseed, thermopriming reduced C exudation and maintained yield and grain quality, whereas it had a more negative impact on exudation and root morphology in camelina. PGPR inoculation is an acclimation strategy that tends to limit the effects of heat stress on yield and grain quality in rapeseed. However, PGPRs act as an additional sink in rapeseed, impacting its development, exudation and the activity and composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. By contrast, camelina is slightly affected by the addition of PGPRs and seems to control the plant/bacteria interactions rather than be affected by them. In short, beneficial effects on plants of these acclimation levers have been evidenced. In addition, it could be interesting to integrate the effects of varietal selection on plant response strategies to stress, and in particular the variability of root functions and interactions with the rhizosphere, in the light of the varietal selection differentially undergone by rapeseed and camelina
Larroque, Claire. "Qualité et productivité du mai͏̈s fourrage : lignification et facteurs physiologiques du rendement". Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT004A.
Pełny tekst źródłaChabrier, Patrick. "Amélioration de la qualité et du rendement matière des sciages : cas des scies circulaires". Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10056.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor many years, circular saws are more and more used in sawmills. Production imperatives, evolution of customer needs, technology progresses, make the sawmillers choose more and more often circular saws for rip sawing, though kerf losses in this case are higher than for bandsaw blades. So as to increase lumber yield, researches have been made in reducing kerf losses by decreasing saw body. Width, which affects its rigidity, thus its stability. But circular saw vibrations are known to be the worst phenomenon during cutting. So we aim to find the best compromise between problems involved by kerf, saw stability, lumber yield improvement and sawing accuracy. First, we have studied research works made on static and dynamic behaviour, during idling or cutting, of circular saws. Thus, we have been able to identify the main parameters affecting saw stability, centrifugai forces, residual stresses from tensioning, blade temperature and lateral cutting forces. Then, we have introduced these parameters in a finite element analysis so as to compute the bending deflexion of circular saw. Finally, we have developed an experimental device, based on sorne units of an industrial edger, so as to validate this numerical work and face the industrial demand. Thus, in collaboration with a cutting tools manufacturer, we have been able to research the best conditions to prepare circular saws for a cutting process
Llarena, Hernandez Régulo Carlos. "Biologie, caractérisation chimique et activités antioxydantes du champignon comestible et médicinal Agaricus subrufescens". Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAgaricus subrufescens is becoming a mushroom of interest because of its medicinal properties. Commercial production had developed in tropical countries using local materials. However, data available in the literature referred to cultivars that are genetically similar. Our study of a set of cultivars and wild strains led to a better understanding of the biology of the species. Contrary to cultivars, wild strains exhibited a high level of genetic polymorphism. High phenotypic variability was identified in mycelial growth, productivity and morphology. Chemical analyses by solid-state 13C NMR and antioxidant activities showed that the wild strains as well as the cultivars proved a valuable source of functional food to prevent cardiovascular diseases, cancers and diabetes. Using cultivation substrate produced for A. bisporus and modifying cultivation conditions allowed fruiting of A. subrufescens, then increase in strain yield and optimization of agronomic traits of interest. Wild material with good antioxidant activity and high productivity was identified. The evaluation of intercontinental hybrids showed the possibility to transfer traits of interest to offspring. A. subrufescens could be proposed to French mushroom growers as an alternative to Agaricus bisporus during the summer season
Rieux, Christine. "Rendement et qualité du blé panifiable soumis à divers types de fertilisation azotée dans deux sols contrastants". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29040/29040.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaRycabel, Tadeusz. "Qualité et rendement en sciages selon les conditions de croissance des tiges d'épinette noire (Picea mariana Mill.)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24228/24228.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of black spruce stands under various ecological conditions and the hierarchy of the trees according to various heigths in a stand (dominant (over story) or dominated (under story)) influence the stem form and increment (growth rate). Stems characteristics influence directly the volume and the quality of the products. Therefore, the objectives of this research were: (1) to evaluate the quality of the stems and the yield in sawing according to specific conditions of growth of the stands and the trees; (2) to build a suitable model which describes the relationships among stand density, trees growth conditions, trees growth on various sites, mechanical properties as well as wood quality and value. Trees (180) taken in two natural stands (1) Alno rugosae – Piceetum marianae which constitute a rich site, SI ≈ 11 m at 50 years (Tembec site) and (2) Ledo groenlandici – Piceetum marianae which is described as poor site, SI ≈ 6 m at 50 years (Norbord site) showing various characteristics (age, diameter, stem position) were studied. The proportion and frequency of the defects such as curves and taper were evaluated on the entire bole. Wood mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) and defects before and after drying were directly determined for each piece of lumber (1500). The space available to each tree to grow was quantified with a new index. The index of competition (IC), characterizes the competition a tree undergoes and enables comparisons with wood characteristics. The statistical analyses indeed showed thad the IC become the principal variable to explain the characteristics of the trees, the volume of harvested wood and the value fo the products. Thus, the methodology consisted to elaborate a coherent system of equations which adequately reflects the productivity according to these various properties. This research contributes both to the fields of forest management and wood technology. The results obtained indicate that the mechanical properties of the lumber obtained in the Norbord site are definitely higher compared to lumber obtained from the Tembec site. The average MOE for lumber of the Norbord site reaches 13,4 GPa compared to 11,2 GPa for wood coming from the Tembec site. Thus, the MOR is estimated to 64,3 MPa and 48,7 MPa respectively for the Norbord and Tembec sites. However, the total volume of the products in the Tembec site is 3,5 times higher than in the Norbord site : 43,0 m3/ha (18,2 Mpmp/ha) for Norbord and 150,5 m3/ha (63,8 Mpmp/ha) for Tembec. Consequently, the total value per hectare ($/ha) of wood collected on the territory of Tembec (16 012 $) represents threefold the value of the lumber of the other site (5 514 $) even if the price per unit volume is more advantageous for the lumber of Norbord.
Boucher, Valérie. "Effet des doses de fertilisant azoté sur le rendement et la qualité des fruits de canneberge produits au Québec". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ41862.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDéziel, Marie-Hélène. "Influence de l'inoculation endomycorhizienne au champ sur le rendement et la qualité de la pomme de terre, Solanum tuberosum L". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/MQ55582.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaPereyra, Alpuin Cesar Gustavo. "Adaptation des pratiques culturales intra-parcellaire pour réduire les hétérogénéités de vigueur, de rendement et de qualité chez la vigne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSAM0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring eight consecutive seasons (2014-2021) the intra-plot heterogeneity of vigor in a cv. Tannat vineyard in Uruguay was studied. Such variability was assessed during three years (2015, 2016 and 2017) using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). High-resolution (0.2 m) multispectral images were obtained over the ground to define contrasting vigor zones: high (HV) and low (LV). In winter 2020, trunk diameter was assessed to corroborate the interannual stability of vigor, and positive correlations were established between NDVI and vegetative growth parameters. A complete description of soil physical and chemical parameters was carried out. Climate data, vegetative growth, yield and grape composition were used. In addition, site-specific management techniques were employed according to vigor zone to influence yield and grape quality and reduce heterogeneity. For HV, treatments were aimed at reducing water and nitrogen inputs and improving microclimatic conditions in the cluster zone. In LV, on the other hand, treatments were aimed at increasing vegetative growth and yield with water and nitrogen supplementation. Although a 1 ha plot can be considered homogeneous from a topographic, edaphological and climatic point of view, this study demonstrated the existence of great variability in soil variables, production parameters and grape composition. The HV zone was associated with higher levels of leaf area, pruning weight, yield (higher berry and bunch weight) and bunch disease incidence than the LV zone. These HV zone characteristics were the result of a deeper and more structured soil, with higher organic matter content, nitrogen reserves and clay content, and abundance of montmorillonite-type clay. The LV zone, was distinguished by a shallower and more compact soil which negatively conditioned root growth. New information was provided on the interaction of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. In particular, the dominant role of water availability in the first place and soil nitrogen availability in the second place in establishing plant vigor. The gradient of vine vigor and yield between the two zones remained stable over the years, regardless of climatic conditions. This indicates that soil characteristics can mitigate or enhance the effects caused by climatic conditions. The determination (possible by remote sensing) of the vigor zones of a plot is a prerequisite for proposing soil and crop management practices that optimize the use of resources and ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of wine production
Schneider, Robert. "Effet de l'éclaircie commerciale sur la croissance et la qualité du bois du pin gris". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24263/24263.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBianchetti, Grégoire. "Impacts de stress biotique et abiotique sur l’acquisition de la qualité nutritionnelle et physiologique de la graine de colza (Brassica napus L.)". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARB250.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeed quality acquisition is an environmental moduled process that is finely controlled by the expression of many interconnected molecular and metabolic actors. Current climate projections predict that crops will be exposed to an increase of multiple and combined environmental constraints, leading to complex and generally non-deductible impacts. A better knowledge of these impacts on seed development, still poorly studied, appears thus as a relevant lever to enhance environmental resilience of agricultural productions. This thesis work is part of this scientific theme and sought to answer the following question: what are the impacts of a combination of biotic and abiotic stress on the yield elaboration and seed quality acquisition of the rapeseed?To answer this question, two rapeseed genotypes were grown in a large experimental device and subjected to a combination of stresses that are major for this crop, the water deficit and clubroot, caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Signature impacts of water deficit on plants and mature seed quality have been identified using physiological and metabolic data, as well as germination kinetics. Subsequently, RNAseq, metabolic and physiological data, were used for the characterization of the rapeseed transcritional developing seed gene transcrotions and quality acquisition. The correlations between these modulations and their agronomic perspectives are discussed
Lepage, Patrick. "Pression des pairs, Incitatifs et Qualité : une analyse expérimentale en situation de travail". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24478/24478.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGilbert, Pierre-Antoine. "Impacts du désherbage mécanique et de la fertilisation sur la qualité du sol et la productivité du blé panifiable". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25609/25609.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDorval, Isabelle. "Effet du cultivar et de la densité de semis sur la productivité et la qualité des grains de l’épeautre de printemps et d’automne". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26662.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this research project was to assess the effect of cultivar and seeding rate on yield, yield components and some grain quality characteristics of spring and winter spelt in all three agro-climatic areas for cereal production in Québec in a low input system. The seeding rate generally did not affect hulled grain, naked grain and straw yields of spring spelt. Increasing seeding rate resulted in increased spike density, decreased number of grains per spike while thousand grain weight remained unaffected. CDC Origin and CDC Silex produced the highest hulled grain yields at two of the three sites and protein content of all cultivars was high (14.2 to 15.4 %). Winter survival of winter spelt was inconsistent throughout years and sites. Seeding rate had no effect on winter spelt yields. Cultivar Cosmos generally produced the highest hulled and naked grain yields whereas protein content varied from 9.6 to 16.9 % among cultivars and years.
Claude, Pierre-Phillippe. "Effets des cultures intercalaires dans le maïs-grain, sur le rendement en grain, la qualité édaphique, et la teneur en azote inorganique des sols". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74544.
Pełny tekst źródłaFall-ploughed red clover maintained the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates on the Ste-Rosalie clay. Spring-ploughed red clover on the other hand caused a decrease in bulk density in the top 10 cm of the Chicot loam.
The nitrogen-response of corn indicated that the intercrops did not contribute to the nitrogen regime of grain-corn. There were also indications that intercrops competed with corn for available inorganic nitrogen and water. The intercrops, however, did reduce the levels of soil inorganic nitrogen in the fall allowing for a possible decrease in the nitrogen load of soil percolates.
Despite the beneficial effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the organic nitrogen content of the soil, the presence of leguminous intercrops did not prevent the increase of the soil CN ratio.
Dorey, Elodie. "Modélisation de l'élaboration du rendement et de la qualité de l'ananas Queen Victoria : application à la conception de systèmes de culture durables à la Réunion". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20060/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPineapple production is increasing on Réunion Island and represents the first fruit production, in terms of value and yield exported. The heterogeneity of climatic conditions on the island and the diversity of cultural practices, particularly with regard to nitrogen fertilization and irrigation, lead to a high variability in yield, gustatory quality of fruit and use of natural resources. The development of more sustainable cropping systems requires rethinking and optimizing the combination of agricultural practices, by taking into account the specificities of the different production areas. An ad-hoc model, SIMPIÑA was developed to describe the growth and development of pineapple plant and fruit quality (sugar and acid content) depending on climate and cultural practices (sucker weight at planting, planting density, date of flowering induction, fertilization and irrigation). This model has the particularity to integrate process-based model modules (plant growth, sugar content, water and nitrogen balance) and statistical modules (for predicting the acidity of fruit at harvest and the economic part). Cultural practices are taken into account through decision rules that may thus be assessed with the model. A typology of cultural practices was carried out based on interviews of 40 farmers all over Réunion Island and led to three farm's types with specific climatic and organizational constraints. SIMPIÑA was used to explore a wide range of combination of cultural practices, taking into account the constraints of each farm-type. We identified trends of cultural practices combinations which optimize the performances of the systems and that should be tested in the field. This integrative approach has led to significant advances in modeling pineapple production and in defining innovative cropping systems
Gotoéchan, Henriette Mèdémè. "Effets de deux inoculants endomycorhiziens commerciaux sur le rendement et la qualité de la carotte, Daucus carota L., en champ et sur le développement de deux maladies en entrepôt". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ47203.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGutierrez, Luis Felipe. "Extraction et caractéristiques des huiles de l'argousier (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.). Une étude des effets de la méthode de déshydratation des fruits sur le rendement d'extraction et la qualité des huiles". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24426/24426.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) seeds and pulp oils have been recognized for their nutraceutical properties. The effects of air-drying and freeze-drying on extraction yields and quality of oils from sea buckthorn (cv. Indian-Summer) seeds and pulp were studied. Oil extractions were carried out using hexane. Air-dried (ADS) and freeze-dried (FDS) seeds, gave a similar extraction yields (∼12%w/w), whereas those of air-dried (ADP) and freeze-dried (FDP) pulps were significantly different (35.9±0.8 vs. 17.1±0.6%w/w). Fatty acid analysis revealed that α-linolenic (37.2-39.6%), linoleic (32.4-34.2%) and oleic (13.1%) acids were the main fatty acids in seed oils, while pulp oils were rich in palmitoleic (39.9%), palmitic (35.4%) and linoleic (10.6%) acids. Lipid fractionation of crude oils, obtained by solid phase extraction, yielded mainly neutral lipids (93.9-95.8%). The peroxide values of seed and pulp oils were circa 1.8 and between 3.0-5.4 meq/kg respectively. The melting behavior of oils was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry.
Gutiérrez, Alvarez Luis Felipe. "Extraction et caractéristiques des huiles de l'argousier (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.). Une étude des effets de la méthode de déshydratation des fruits sur le rendement d'extraction et la qualité des huiles". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19648.
Pełny tekst źródłaSea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) seeds and pulp oils have been recognized for their nutraceutical properties. The effects of air-drying and freeze-drying on extraction yields and quality of oils from sea buckthorn (cv. Indian-Summer) seeds and pulp were studied. Oil extractions were carried out using hexane. Air-dried (ADS) and freeze-dried (FDS) seeds, gave a similar extraction yields (∼12%w/w), whereas those of air-dried (ADP) and freeze-dried (FDP) pulps were significantly different (35.9±0.8 vs. 17.1±0.6%w/w). Fatty acid analysis revealed that α-linolenic (37.2-39.6%), linoleic (32.4-34.2%) and oleic (13.1%) acids were the main fatty acids in seed oils, while pulp oils were rich in palmitoleic (39.9%), palmitic (35.4%) and linoleic (10.6%) acids. Lipid fractionation of crude oils, obtained by solid phase extraction, yielded mainly neutral lipids (93.9-95.8%). The peroxide values of seed and pulp oils were circa 1.8 and between 3.0-5.4 meq/kg respectively. The melting behavior of oils was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry.
Grandgirard, David. "Analyse et modélisation du déterminisme de la teneur en azote des graines chez le soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) : relation entre la remobilisation d'azote vers les graines et l'élaboration du rendement et de sa qualité". Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS006.
Pełny tekst źródłaNadeau, Sandy. "L'influence de la sécurité d'attachement de la relation parent-enfant et de la qualité de la relation élève-enseignant sur le rendement scolaire au début du primaire chez des élèves issus de milieux défavorisés". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5604.
Pełny tekst źródłaMedina, Ysela. "Influence de différents paillis de plastique sur le microclimat, l'activité photosynthétique, la productivité et la qualité des fruits de fraisiers (var. Seascape) cultivés sous grands tunnels". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25518/25518.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaJoubert, Marianne. "Adéquation des blés durs aux opérations de transformations technologiques : semoulerie et pastification". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0045.
Pełny tekst źródłaDurum wheat is the best raw material to process semolina and pasta. The origins of high semolina yield and the good pasta quality are multifactorial. However, there is currently no tool predicting milling and pasta making results based on physical and biochemical characteristics of durum wheat grains. The work carried out in this PhD thesis attempts to objectify the technological value of durum wheat samples, grown with innovative technical practices in order to improve sustainability of the French durum wheat chain.Durum wheat samples batches were characterised and their variability was related to the different agricultural technical routes used. The impact of the grain quality on the milling behaviour of the samples, as well as the appearance of the dry pasta and the texture of the cooked pasta was studied. Protein, ash contents and semolina particle size distribution were identified as factors influencing pasta quality. An “experimental design” approach was developed to obtain a non-distorted estimate of how each variable impacts the quality of pasta, independently of the other two variables. Efficiency of the semolina milling and pasta making processes depending on the variability of the raw material was also assessed. Especially, the impact of durum wheat grains characteristics on the energies required for milling, the relationship between semolina composition and extrusion behaviour and the effectiveness of different drying diagrams on the quality of the pasta based on their compositions were analysed. A study on the protein polymerisation state during the pasta making process was also conducted. Finally, this PhD thesis has contributed to the development of a database that will predict semolina and pasta quality depending on physical and biochemical characteristics of durum wheat
Zerbib, Jérémie. "Relations trophiques ente la plante cultivée et les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. Importance des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules sur la production végétale (en termes de quantité et qualité)". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK078.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field
Mesbahi, Geoffrey. "Prédiction de propriétés agroécologiques de prairies permanentes et de leurs compromis : l’exemple du massif vosgien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0086.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France, permanent grasslands are associated with agronomic and ecological characteristics: they provide half of overall forage, shelter vegetal and animal species, and store carbon. Increasing our understanding of agroecological characteristic determinants, and the trade-offs between characteristics, could help farmers and advisors to promote high-diversity grasslands, but also a diversity of grasslands. The objectives of this thesis are 1) to predict grassland characteristics using environmental, agricultural practices and vegetation criteria, 2) to predict grassland characteristics using vegetation classifications without information about environment and agricultural practices, 3) to study and predict trade-offs between characteristics at grassland scale, 4) to query knowledge transfer between researchers, farmers and farmer advisors. For this purpose, I built a database of almost 800 permanent grasslands from previous studies. I then selected a representative sample of 59 grasslands for this database over which I conducted field and lab analyses of botanical compositions, yields, forage qualities and soil properties. I also collected information about agricultural practices, climate and topography for each of these grasslands. My results show that botanical compositions are difficult to predict, and are mainly influenced by agricultural intensification, soil and elevation gradients. Prediction of agroecological characteristics show wide variabilities: some agronomical- and ecological- characteristics are predicted well by soil, climate, landscape and botanical composition criteria. However, using only vegetation classifications could not reliably predict ecological characteristics, despite the improvement of prediction quality when combining classifications. Study of trade-offs highlighted the impossibility to combine all the agroecological characteristics for one grassland. However, I observed combinations between yield and botanical diversity, between the different indices of nutritive value, and between patrimonial species and flexibility of management. Finally, several tools can be used to transfer knowledge between scientists, farmers and advisors, but an equilibrium between tools accuracy and ease to use have to be found. This thesis work brings new insights in our understanding of large scale permanent grassland agroecological characteristics and their trade-offs, thanks to the inclusion of many predictive criteria related to environment, agricultural practices and vegetation, but also thanks to the prediction of unknown characteristics. Finally, this thesis addresses the issue of developing polyvalent tools that can be used to predict grassland agroecological characteristics
Dusserre, Julie. "Incidence d'une réduction de l'éclairement sur les ajustements de puits, la répartition des assimilats carbonés et sur les composantes du rendement et la qualité des fibres de coton à l'échelle de l'organe reproducteur du cotonnier (Gossypium hirsutum L. )". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30031.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study sought to analyse effects of a shade treatment on cotton fibre production and quality, with emphasis on interactions among reproductive sinks. Pruned plants, with a single serie of successively appearing inflorescences, of the cultivar DES 119 were cultivated in field in Thailand and controlled environments. In a parallel experiment with similar treatments, the distribution of 14C activity after 11 h exposure to labelled COz was investigated. An index of apparent competition for assimilates was calculated by dividing boll load by plant growth rate. Within the boll, shading affected all components of a cascade of development processes, including boll retention, carpel growth (which may actually represent a reserve for future seed-cotton growth), fibre yield components: seed number, seed-cotton dry weight and dry weight partitioning between seed and fibre, and fiber quality (cell wall thickening). Each of these processes is sensitive to resources during a particular period. In addition to these quantitative components, two temporal ones were also identified, rate of appearance of new inflorescences and boll duration. Reducing assimilate supply during reproductive development did neither change distribution of assimilated C14 between vegetative and reproductive structures, nor between bolls. The boll's demand was determined according to its age and its seed number. Inside the boll, under darkened conditions, distribution at the carpels was reduced during theirs development, benefiting seed-cotton growth. On the basis of results, perspectives were proposed concerning simulation model, and diagnosis tool of the resource restriction
Le, Gall Caroline. "Algorithmes de détection de ruptures et statistiques spatiales : applications au diagnostic de défaillances dans un procédé de fabrication". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30176.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe continuous improvement of the yield of a production line is a significant goal for the competitiveness of the facility. In the context of integrated circuit manufacturing, the introduction of new increasingly complex technologies makes the statistical tools traditionally used insufficient to prevent process failures. Consequently, new statistical techniques have been developed to improve or replace some existing tools and also to form some new ones. Thus, an improvement process is proposed. When a decrease of yield is observed, it first needs to be characterized. The characterization is achieved by a spatial analysis of the silicon wafers on which the integrated circuits are manufactured. . .
Melhem, Mariam. "Développement des méthodes génériques d'analyses multi-variées pour la surveillance de la qualité du produit". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0543.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe microelectronics industry is a highly competitive field, constantly confronted with several challenges. To evaluate the manufacturing steps, quality tests are applied during and at the end of production. As these tests are discontinuous, a defect or failure of the equipment can cause a deterioration in the product quality and a loss in the manufacturing Yield. Alarms are setting off to indicate problems, but periodic alarms can be triggered resulting in alarm flows. On the other hand, a large quantity of data of the equipment obtained from sensors is available. Alarm management, interpolation of quality measurements and reduction of correlated equipment data are required. We aim in our work to develop generic methods of multi-variate analysis allowing to aggregate all the available information (equipment health indicators, alarms) to predict the product quality taking into account the quality of the various manufacturing steps. Based on the pattern recognition principle, data of the degradation trajectory are compared with health indices for failing equipment. The objective is to predict the remaining number of products before loss of the performance related to customer specifications, and the isolation of equipment responsible for degradation. In addition, regression- ased methods are used to predict the product quality while taking into account the existing correlation and the dependency relationships in the process. A model for the alarm management is constructed where criticality and similarity indices are proposed. Then, alarm data are used to predict the product scrap. An application to industrial data from STMicroelectronics is provided
Marcoux, Alexandre. "La stratégie de la qualité et la gestion du rendement". Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14735.
Pełny tekst źródła"Qualité et rendement en sciages selon les conditions de croissance des tiges d'épinette noire (Picea mariana Mill.)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24228/24228.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBergeron, Lyne. "Effet de la teneur en eau du sol sur le rendement et la qualité des fruits du bleuet nain". Thèse, 1995. http://constellation.uqac.ca/1234/1/1509607.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAubé, Caroline. "Les interventions régulatrices groupales et l'efficacité des équipes de travail : développement et vérification d'un modèle théorique". Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14702.
Pełny tekst źródłaBéland-Ouellette, Vanessa. "Le conflit de rôle chez les préposé(e)s en centres d'appels : concilier rendement et qualité du service à la clientèle". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5314/1/M12742.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCôté, Sébastien. "Qualité du soutien émotionnel parental, biais d'évaluation de compétence et fonctionnement scolaire chez des élèves du primaire". Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4134/1/D2178.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLecompte, Bélisle Alexandrine. "Le modèle de médiation de l'influence de la culture de rétroaction et de la qualité de la relation entre superviseur et subordonné (LMX) sur la satisfaction à l'égard du processus d'évaluation du rendement". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5585/1/M13048.pdf.
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