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1
Yorqulovich, Khalikulov Azizbek. "The History Of The Early Medieval Sugd Court (Based On The Mug Mountain Archive)". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, nr 12 (30.12.2020): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-49.
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The article provides information on the state court and economic relations in Sughd in the early Middle Ages, the procedure for conducting and processing trade documents, certificates and receipts. Opinions were analyzed on the basis of Mug Mountain documents, ie correspondence between rulers and courtiers, reports of certificates of economic income and expenditure, archival documents on receipts.
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Dziubinskii, Ian. "Warsaw Court of the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. 1862–1863". Slavianovedenie, nr 3 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869544x0025869-8.
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Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827–1892) was the governor of the Kingdom of Poland from June 1862 to October 1863, that is, on the eve and during the Polish uprising. Despite the high degree of knowledge of this crisis period in the history of Russian-Polish relations, the Warsaw Grand Duke’s court remained outside the research focus of historians. The court of the Grand Duke-viceroy was a unique space where symbolic relations between the dynasty and the subjects were built. In Warsaw Konstantin Nikolaevich implemented his own «scenario of power». The key ceremonial mode was the image of the unity of the empire. The viceroy faced difficulties in finding Polish courtiers loyal to the empire and widely involved his subordinates from the Naval Ministry. Based on a wide range of documents from the GA RF, OR RGB, OR RNB, RGIA, RGA VMF and sources of personal origin, the genesis and functioning of the court of the Grand Duke, as well as the everyday life of the august family in several Warsaw residences are considered. The introduction of new sources into scientific circulation made it possible to establish the circle of courtiers, the financial support of the court and practices peculiar for the court. Despite the long absence of the emperor’s brother in the northern capital, the main function of maintaining his state activity continued to be executed by the staff of the Marble Palace.
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Vincent, Nicholas. "The Will of Richard of Elmham (d. 1228)". Historical Research 70, nr 171 (1.02.1997): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00034.
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Abstract The will of Richard of Elmham, canon of St. Martin‐le‐Grand London and a clerk active on the fringes of the royal court, throws light on Richard's family circle, his comparative degree of wealth and his relations with such leading courtiers as the justiciars, Geoffrey fitz Peter and Peter des Roches. It is possible that Richard was one of the chancery scribes of King Henry III. Certainly, he enjoyed close relations with the king's chancellor Richard Marsh and with the family of chancellor Ralph de Neville.
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Wijayanti, Asri, i Aniqotun Nafiah. "PAYMENT OF WAGE UNDER MINIMUM WAGE FOR ABDI DALEM SULTAN PALACE (DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA)". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, nr 3 (2.04.2019): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.738.
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Purpose of Study: The compensation for running a job is to get wages. There is one form of wage protection through minimum wage. The fact is, there are still workers who have not earned a minimum wage of minimum wage after they run their jobs. One of them is the court palace of Yogyakarta Palace. This study aims to analyze the validity of the court servants in getting wages below the minimum wage.
Methodology: This legal research uses a socio-legal approach. The result of this research is Abdi Dalem get wages in the form of “kecuca” which amount is less than the minimum wage of Yogyakarta Province. Sultan Hamengkubuana X should be prosecuted for violation of Article 90 paragraph (2) jo. Article 187 of Law Number 13 Year 2003. The right to prosecute of the courtiers has never been implemented because the working relationship between the courtiers and the Sultan is devotion. The sense of service is the soul of the agreement on which the working relationship is based. What has been agreed upon by the parties binding as the law for the party making it (Article 1338 B.W. Burgerlijkwetboek).
Results: The significance of this research is that the principle of local wisdom which is the basis of working relations can be unleashed.
Implications/Applications: The contribution of this research is the emergence of an understanding that the employment relationship is not solely aimed at earning wages. A sense of tranquility after work becomes the choice of the destination of the courtiers to serve the Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
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Ghosh, Samyak. "“Two Kings” in the Tungkhungia Court?" Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 42, nr 2 (1.08.2022): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-9987814.
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Abstract This article situates the court of the Tungkhungia kings of Brahmaputra Valley (1680–1830), in present day Assam, in the space of courtly convergence and response in eighteenth-century South Asia. It studies a particular moment in the Tungkhungia royal court (1714–44) when a unique political arrangement (“two kings”) was expressed by courtiers, chroniclers, and poets in the language of a stylized fiction of love. The article tries to make meaning of the “two kings” problem by looking at a set of textual and visual materials and situates them within a context of “multilayered cultural semiotics” at work in borderland courts in eighteenth-century South Asia, loosely held within the crumbling edifice of Mughal Hindustan. Toward this end, the article uses its research findings to add fresh insights on the ongoing discussion on courtly culture in early eighteenth-century South Asia and highlights the importance of studying emotions towards understanding political practice.
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Ciura, Monika. "Hand gestures in courtly scenes depicted on Maya vases". Estudios Latinoamericanos 35 (31.12.2015): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios2015.v35.art1.
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Images created on Maya ceramics represent an interesting source for the research on Maya royal court. Many scenes shows life of the Maya nobles, their activities in the court and intimate rituals of the rulers. In this work I focused on one aspect of the interactions between king and his courtiers and subjects, that is on gestures they perform. I studied all the gestures that appears on the vases to understand the patterns of their usage and their possible meaning. I tried to discover their importance in communication, their significance in iconography and analyze a body language hidden behind them. I also compared twenty classified gestures to ones depicted on monumental sculpture, figurines and epigraphy. My research revealed the great complexity of the subject but it also helped to shed some light on the relations prevailing at the royal court.
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Tian, Xiaofei. "The Penumbra of the Great Tang: Poetry from the Margins of the Empire at the Turn of the Eighth Century". T'oung Pao 109, nr 5-6 (12.12.2023): 478–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905002.
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Abstract The turn of the eighth century witnessed, for the first time in Chinese history, a concentration of poems written by exiled courtiers. In an era when mobility was limited by curfews, passes, and vehicular technologies, banishment to faraway places, accomplished by a decreed use of exclusionary post-station horses, ironically became a sanctioned and expedited means of traversing new territories. Through the poetic texts circulated via the highly developed post-station system, the empire’s center in the north became more connected to its distant margins than ever before. This article argues that these poems, characterized by centripetalism and constituting a petitionary genre, contributed to a new way of envisioning the empire as a whole and in its totality, and if we define “court” as a field of dynamic power relations, then these poems are court poetry, whose definition must be expanded to reflect the catholic nature of the term “court” itself.
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Pietrzak, Jarosław. "Zamojski dwór Marii Kazimiery d’Arquien w latach 1658–1665. Uwagi wstępne nad jego organizacją, funkcją i znaczeniem". Res Gestae 8 (26.11.2019): 50–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/24504475.8.3.
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This study is concerned with preliminary presentation about the organization of the court of Marie Casimire d’Arquien, wife of voievod of Sandomierz – Jan Zamoyski, called „Sobiepan”between 1658–1665. The article touched on topics related to personal details and functions performed by officials and officers. Issues related to the clerical and administrative level, officials, who performed their functions in an ad hoc manner and the existence and organization of the women’s court, were discussed. The main emphasis was put on issues of remuneration and further careers of courtiers and their attitude towards their lord. Problems, connected to client and patron relations, were also examined. The research showed a weak relationship between the wife of the ordinate and officials who were fully subservient to Zamoyski’s will. Their full devotion and dependence on landings and salary payments meant, that Maria Kazimiera often fell into conflict with her subordinates. As a foreigner, she did not understand the relationship – specific to Polish political culture –between the patron and his clients.
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Hanovs, Deniss. "THE ARISTOCRAT BECOMES A COURTIER… FEATURES OF EUROPEAN ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE IN THE 17th CENTURY". Via Latgalica, nr 1 (31.12.2008): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2008.1.1590.
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As John Adamson outlined in his voluminous comparative analysis of European court culture, „in the period between 1500 and 1750 a „Versailles model” of a court as a self-sufficient, situated in a free space, architectonically harmonious city-residency remote from the capital city, where the king’s household and administration was located, was an exception.” The Versailles conception and „model” both architectonically and in terms of practical functioning of the court was spread and secured in the 18th century, developing into a model of absolutism which was imitated to different extents. The spectrum of the adoption of the court of Louis XIV by material and intellectual culture reached from the grand ensembles of palaces of Carskoye Selo in Peterhof, Russia, Drottningholm in Sweden and Sanssouci in Germany to several small residences of the German princes’ realms in Weimar, Hanover, and elsewhere in Europe. Analyzing the works of several researchers about the transformation of the French aristocracy into court society, a common conclusion is the assurance of the symbolic autocratic power by Louis XIV to the detriment of the economic and political independence of the aristocracy. In this context, A. de Tocqueville points at the forfeiture of the power of the French aristocracy and its influence and a simultaneous self-isolation of the group, which he defines as a „caste with ideas, habits and barriers that they created in the nation.” Modern research, when revisiting the methods of the resarch on the aristocracy and when expanding the choice of sources, is still occupied with the problem defined in the beginning of the 19th century by A. de Tocqueville: The aristocracy lost its power and influence, and by the end of the 18th century also its economic basis for its dominance in French society. John Levron defines courtiers as functional mediators between the governor and society, calling them a „screen”.1 In turn, Ellery Schalk stated that in the time of Louis XIV the aristocracy was going through an elite identity crisis, when alongside the old aristocracy involved in military professions (noblesse d’épée), the governor allowed a new, so-called administrative aristocracy (noblesse de robe) to hold major positions and titles of honour. Along with the transformation of the traditional aristocratic hierarchy formed in the early Middle Ages, which John Lough described as an anachronism already back in the 17th century, also the status of governor and its symbolic place in the aristocratic hierarchy changed. It shall be noted that it is the question of a governor’s role in the political culture of absolutism by which the ideas of many researches can be distinguished. Norbert Elias thinks that an absolute monarch was a head of a family, which included the whole state and thereby turned into a governor’s „household”. Timothy Blanning, on the other hand, thinks that the court culture of Louis XIV was the expression of the governor’s insecurity and fears. This is a view which the researcher seems to derive from the traumatic experience of the Fronde (the aristocrats’ uprising against the mother of Louis XIV, regent Anna of Austria), which the culturologist K. Hofmane interpreted from a psychoanalytical point of view and defined Louis XIV as a conqueror of chaos and a despotic governor. In the wide spectrum of opinions, it is not the governor’s political principles which are postulated as a unifying element, but scenarios of the representation of power, their aims and various tools that are combined in the concept of court culture. N. Elias names symbolic activities in the court etiquette as the manifestation of power relations, whereas M. Yampolsky identifies a symbolic withdrawal of a governor’s body from the „circulation in society”, when a governor starts to represent himself, thereby alienating himself from society. George Gooch in this way reprimanded Louis XV as he thought this development would deprive the royal representation from the sacred. In turn, Jonathan Dewald in his famous work „European Aristocracy” noted that Louis XIV was not the first to use the phenomenon of the court for securing the personal authority of a governor, and refers to the courts during the late period of the Italian Renaissance as predecessors of French court culture. What role did the monarch’s closest „viewers” – the courtiers – play in this? K. Hofmane by means of comparison with the ancient Greek mythical monster Gorgon comes to conclusion that the court had to provide prey for the Gorgon (the king), who is both scared and fascinated by the terrific sight (of power and glory). The perception of the court as a collective observer implies the presence of the observed and worshiped object, the king. The public life of Louis XIV, which was subjected to the complicated etiquette, provided for the hierarchical access to the king’s public body. Let’s remember the „Memoirs” of Duc de Saint-Simon that gives a detailed description of the symbolic privileges granted to the courtiers, which along the material gifts (pensions, concessions and land plots) were tools for the formation of the identity and the status of a new aristocrat/courtier – along with the right to touch the king’s belongings, his attire, etc. The basis for securing the structure of the court’s hierarchy was provided by the governor’s body along the lines mentioned above, which according to the understanding of representation by M. Yampolsky was withdrawn from society and placed within the borders of the ensemble of the Versailles palace. There, by means of several tools, including dramatic works of art, the governor’s body was separated from its symbolic content and hidden behind the algorithms of ritualized activities. Blanning also speaks about a practice of hiding from the surrounding environment, thereby defining court culture as a hiding-place that a governor created around himself. It was possible to look at a governor and thereby be observed by him not only on particular festivals, when a governor was available mostly for court society, but also in different works of visual art, for example, on triumphal archs, in engravings, or during horse-racings.
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Labutina, Tatyana. "British Intelligence Ambassadors at the Court of Anna Ioannovna". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, nr 3 (2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020235-6.
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In the first third of the eighteenth century, relations between Russia and Britain remained strained. Although Russia, under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740), welcomed Britain, restoring the diplomatic relations it had severed under Peter I and concluding a trade treaty favourable to the British in 1734, official London continued to pursue a policy far from friendly towards the Russian Empire. The intelligence activities of the British official diplomats at the Imperial Court were a vivid illustration of this. King George II of Great Britain, when he sent his ambassadors to their destination, urged them to gather information on everything they would see in Russia. He specifically listed those the diplomats were to focus on: the Russian Empress, her ministers and other high-ranking officials, as well as courtiers and favourites. The British authorities were particularly interested in the state of the nation's armed forces. On their return home, the ambassadors were expected to give a detailed account of everything they had seen and heard at Court. Drawing on an analysis of the ambassadors' diplomatic correspondence with the British Secretary of State, as well as some of their essays, the author examines the problem of British ambassadors' intelligence activities at the court of Anna Ioannovna. As it turns out, the ambassadors collected information on the high-ranking dignitaries close to the Tsarina, their predilections and weaknesses; on the alignment of political powers at court, as well as on the state of the army and navy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the informants of diplomats were often not only Britons in Russian service, but more often high-ranking officials themselves, ready to defend British interests for the sake of monetary rewards or gifts. Few of them realised that by revealing secret information to British ambassadors, they were committing a high crime and harming their homeland. The history of British espionage in Russia in the first third of the eighteenth century, which has not previously been the subject of a special study in historical scholarship, reveals the real purpose of British diplomacy, namely to study the potential enemy, as it viewed the Russian Empire at that time.
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Das, Nandini, i Charles Tripp. "On Courting India". Journal of the British Academy 12 (22.05.2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/012.a09.
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Nandini Das, winner of the British Academy Book Prize 2023, discusses her experience of writing her prize-winning book Courting India: England, Mughal India and the Origins of Empire (Bloomsbury, 2023). Courting India offers a fascinating history of Thomas Roe, the first English ambassador to the Mughal Empire, and his four years in India (1615–19), a mission generally judged to be a failure, with Roe failing to make much headway in securing diplomatic relations or trade agreements. Roe did, however, leave an extensive account of his time in India in the form of a journal, which has proved helpful in reconstructing the nature of his encounter with the Mughal court. The Mughal emperor, Jahangir, and his courtiers, seem to have had little interest in Roe, who was regarded as something of an exotic curiosity or an irrelevance. This ground-breaking book provides an insider’s view of a Britain in the making, a country whose imperial seeds were just being sown. It is a story of palace intrigue and scandal, lotteries and wagers that unfolds as global trade begins to stretch from Russia to Virginia, from West Africa to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. At an event held at the British Academy in January 2024, Professor Das discussed the book with Professor Charles Tripp FBA, chair of the Book Prize panel of judges.
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Alekseienko, Nikolaу. "The Xylinitai on the Service to Byzantine Emperors: A Seal of Niketas Xylinites, Protospatharios and epi tou koitonos". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, nr 6 (28.12.2021): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.6.8.
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Introduction. Among the most ancient and noble Byzantine families there were the Xylinitai, who belonged to the first rank of “pure” civil nobility. Nevertheless, only restricted information of this family members survived. Therefore, any new account is of importance not only for the Byzantine prosopography but also for the Byzantine history in general. In this connection, interesting is one sigillographic find which uncovers a new page in the life of one of this family members. According to the seal legend, its owner Niketas Xylinites held the second-class rank of protospatharios and was engaged in the court service at the emperor’s bedchamber, the koiton. There is no doubt that the stylistic features date the molybdoboullon in question to the eleventh century. Analysis and Results. The sources in possession supply information on a few persons bearing this name and belonging to the family in question, who left their footprint in the annals of history in this or that way. All of them were high-ranked courtiers and persons of importance, whose career stages were reflected in different periods of Byzantine history. The comparison of the seal data with other sources allows us to suppose that the owner of the seal was Niketas Xylinites, a member of the milieu of Empress Theodora, related to her ascension to the Byzantine throne following the death of Constantine IX. The sources only inform of his career that he got from the Empress of one of the highest civil offices (logothetes tou dromou) and a high court title of proedros. According to the seal under study, it reflects the earliest stage in Niketas’ career at the court, when he was selected to serve at the emperor’s bedchamber and got the rank of protospatharios. The Seal of Niketas Xylinites probably dates to the late 1030s – very early 1040s, the period before he got the title of patrikios, his works in the Iveron monastery, and Theodora’s ascension to the throne.
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Ali, Daud. "Between Market and Court: The Careers of two Courtier-Merchants in the Twelfth-Century Deccan". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53, nr 1-2 (2009): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002249910x12573963244368.
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AbstractRelations between royal courts and merchant groups have been a frequently discussed but narrowly circumscribed topic in early Indian history—with analyses confined to mutual gains acquired through interactions. Using the careers of two merchant families active at the Hoysala court in south India at the end of the twelfth century as a starting point, this essay explores the existence of “shared” worlds between court and market, and focuses particularly on the development of distinctively “courtly” codes and sensibilities among merchant groups. It postulates the existence of a commensurable, and to a certain extent, composite culture between the realms of court and market which allowed ambitious men to move between both worlds.Les relations entre les régimes dynastiques et les groupes de marchands a fait l’objet bien défini de discussions nombreuses dans l’historiographie de l’Inde ancienne tandis que les approches se limitaient aux profits réalisés des deux côtés par ces interactions. Fondé sur l’étude des carrières de deux familles de commerçants qui furent actives à la cour des souverains Hoysala dans le Sud de l’Inde à la fin du douzième siècle, cet essai explore l’existence de ces mondes “partagés” entre la cour et le marché, et se focalise en particulier sur le développement de codes spécifiquement “courtois” et les sensibilités entre les groupes de marchands. Cela demande l’existence d’une culture analogue et dans un certain sens composite entre le domaine de la cour et celui du marché qui permettait aux ambitieux de les fréquenter tous les deux.
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Manin, D. O. "Development of the trade project and its role in Russian-french relations in the early 1680s". History: facts and symbols, nr 3 (27.09.2023): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2023-36-3-77-91.
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Introduction. The article considers the problems of Russian-French negotiations on the organization of trade between Russia and France in the first half of the 1680s.Materials and methods. The uniqueness of the study is facilitated by the use of materials from both Russian (Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents) and French archives (Archives du ministère des affaires étrangères), which have not previously been widely used in research. Thanks to the comprehensive use of documents from both sides, the study clarifies the details of the events that took place in the embassies and the specifics of their perception by the Russian and French courtiers. The analysis of the negotiations, their preparation and their procurement is conducted in the context of the methodology of new diplomatic history in order to establish the role of the trade question in the development of diplomatic relations between Russia and France.Results. The results of the study show the essential role of the Russian-French trade project in establishing direct connections between Russia and France, independent of changes in both countries policies towards the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. In the context of Russian court politics of the early 1680s, it is shown that both supporters of confrontation with Sweden and their adversaries, focusing on Russian participation in the anti-Ottoman coalition, were interested in rapprochement with France. At the same time, the preparation of the trade project led to analytical work in both countries that broadened their perceptions of each other, intensified contacts between representatives of both states, and led to the emergence of conjugate foreign policy projects.Conclusion. The work supplements the established in historiography conceptions of the organization of Russian diplomatic missions to France, the information about the role of the management of the Ambassador's office in this process, as well as the envoys and interpreters sent to France and their own perceptions of their place in this process.
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Manin, D. O. "Проблемы межкультурного взаимодействия в посольстве К. Г. Мачехнина во Францию в 1654 г." Вестник гуманитарного образования, nr 1(33) (19.04.2024): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.24.009.
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The article analyzes the problems of interaction with the foreign cultural environment of the embassy of K. G. Machechnin, sent to France in 1653–1654, on the basis of the preserved complexes of Russian and French sources. The embassy had both foreign policy and diplomatic significance for restoring Russia's position in the system of relations between European countries, the messenger had not only to notify the French king about events in Eastern Europe, but also to substantiate the reasons for the outbreak of the Russian-Polish war. At the same time, in his contacts, the messenger did not remain limited to a mission to the king, but also interacted with the Queen Mother, the English Queen in exile, French courtiers, emigrants from the British Isles and Dutch merchants who traded in Russia. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of intercultural interaction in the context of a new diplomatic history, with special attention to the problems of representation of power, the personality of diplomats and the cultural side of their mission. This emphasis gives the study relevance, due to the little attention in historiography to this mission in the context of a more classical history of international relations. The materials for the study were French court reports on ceremonies, publications in La Gazette and La muze historique, correspondence of French courtiers and article lists of Russian messengers. Conclusions are drawn about the diplomatic and foreign policy significance of the mission, about the existing problems of interaction between Russian and French diplomatic culture in the middle of the XVII century, the influence of the personality of the messenger K. G. Stepmother's view of the process of establishing diplomatic relations, as well as the specifics of transmitting news about the embassy in preserved sources. The results of the study can be used for research on the diplomatic culture of the XVII century, the history of foreign policy and international relations. В статье на основе сохранившихся комплексов русских и французских источников проанализированы проблемы взаимодействия с инокультурной средой посольства К. Г. Мачехнина, направленного во Францию в 1653–1654 гг. Посольство имело как внешнеполитическое, так и дипломатическое значение для восстановления позиций России в системе отношений между странами Европы, гонец должен был не только уведомить французского короля о событиях в Восточной Европе, но также и обосновать причины начинавшейся русско-польской войны. При этом в своих контактах гонец не остался ограничен миссией к королю, но также взаимодействовал с королевой-матерью, английской королевой в изгнании, французскими придворными, эмигрантами с Британских островов и торговавшими в России голландскими купцами. Целью статьи является анализ особенностей межкультурного взаимодействия в контексте новой дипломатической истории с особым вниманием к проблемам репрезентации власти, личности дипломатов и культурной стороне их миссии. Такой акцент придает исследованию актуальность, в связи с небольшим вниманием в историографии к этой миссии в контексте более классической истории международных отношений. В качестве материалов для исследования послужили французские придворные отчеты о церемониях, публикации в изданиях La Gazette и La muze historique, переписка французских придворных и статейные списки русских гонцов. Сделаны выводы о дипломатическом и внешнеполитическом значении миссии, о существовавших проблемах взаимодействия русской и французской дипломатической культуры в середине XVII в., влиянии личности гонца К. Г. Мачехнина на процесс складывания дипломатических отношений, а также об особенностях передачи известий о посольстве в сохранившихся источниках. Результаты исследования могут быть привлечены для исследований по дипломатической культуре XVII в., истории внешней политики и международных отношений.
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Vershinina, Yulia. "Topic of Family Relations in the Correspondence of the Austrasian Court and Representatives of the Byzantine Empire". ISTORIYA 13, nr 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021305-4.
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The period of the Merovingian rule in Francia (late V — middle VIII centuries) was marked by the production of a significant number of written sources of various genres. The letters that came to us from this period (more than 600), for a long time have been used as a source of information, primarily on the political history of the early Middle Ages. The purpose of this paper is to prove that letters can and should also be considered as an important source for studying the perception of kinship in the early Middle Ages. For this, we will deal with only a small part of the epistolary works related to the period under consideration — the letters of the dowager queen of Austrasia Brunhilda and her son king Childebert II, sent by them to the wife and son of the Byzantine Emperor Mauritius I, Patriarch John IV of Constantinople and the Visigothic prince Athanagild with missions to Byzantium in 580—590, which could be found in the collection known as “Austrasian Letters”. The letters in question were related to the so-called “Athanagild episode”. The Visigoth prince Athanagild was the grandson of queen Brunhilda, the son of her eldest daughter Ingunde. He was captured by the Byzantines during his father’s unsuccessful revolt against his grandfather Leovigild. Traditionally, these letters were analyzed either as a description of the true feelings of the grandmother and uncle to their grandson and nephew, or as a means of political manipulation. In our opinion, they should be studied with the reference to the perception of norms of family relations existed among their potential audience. If we assume that the “Austrasian Letters” were a collection of samples of epistolary works or a “textbook”, it can be argued that the images of family relations transmitted by them should not have caused mistrust or rejection in their readers, as E. Gillett insists. After all, if these letters had reflected relationships atypical or unacceptable for the community, it is most unlikely then that their inclusion in the “textbook” would have made any sense. Had they been unusual after all, then, they were perceived as a positive deviation from the norm, but not as something unthinkable or like some negative deviation. This assumption is even more true if we take into account the thesis of E. Thomas about the use of “Austrasian Letters” as a tool for defending queen Brunhilda’s the interests. It is clear that the dowager queen of Austrasia (or her followers) relied on a perception of kinship shared by at least the intended audience of the “Austrasian Letters” (the upper part of the Frankish aristocracy and episcopate) in creating the image of a woman unquestionably loyal to her family. In other words, in order to improve the potentially negative opinion about Brunhilda prevailing in the upper circles of Frankish society, the behavior and feelings expressed by the dowager queen of Austrasia and her son towards their grandson and nephew had to look positive and provoke a positive response from the readers of the letters. Thus, an attempt to return Athanagild from Byzantium captivity could have be perceived by the contemporaries not as something unusual, but as behavior well corresponding to the idea of the relationship of kins that existed in the period under consideration, at least among the aristocracy. Brunhilda’s feelings for her grandson, which she expressed in her letters, could be perceived not as something exaggerated and artificial, but as a natural experience of a grandmother separated from her grandson. The Childebert’s II reticence, which he demonstrated in his letters, may also be a tributed to existing notions of acceptable behavior. Most likely, we will never be able to answer the question of whether Brunhilda really loved her grandson, whether the queen and her son sincerely hopped to secure Atanagilda’s reunion with the family, or they only exploited this situation to pursue their political goals. However, when analyzing early medieval sources, it is important to take into account the perception of kinship, and compare the data with the material of other narratives. After all we cannot be sure even that Brunhilda and Childebert’s II letters concerning the “Athanagild episode” reached their recipients, or that the content of these letters corresponded to what we have. We do not know the role of Brunhilda herself and her son in the drafting these letters. But we can argue that the content of the letters certainly did not contradict the audience’s perception of kinship relations. At least, if not with the Byzantine courtiers, then with the Frankish aristocracy for which the “Austrasian Letters” were intended. Otherwise, they simply would not have been included in the collection of examples of the epistolary genre, and even more so, they could not have been used, as E. Thomas suggests, as a part of the policy of consciously shaping queen Brunhilda’s positive image by her faithful followers.
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Olley, Jacob. "Evliya’s Song: Listening to the Early Modern Ottoman Court". Journal of the American Musicological Society 76, nr 3 (2023): 645–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2023.76.3.645.
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Abstract This article discusses the relationship between music, sound, writing, and power in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It focuses on a description of a musical gathering at the court of Murad IV (r. 1623–40) in the Seyahatnâme (Book of travels), written by the courtier and musician Evliya Çelebi (1611–ca. 1685). The article draws on literature from historical anthropology, sound studies, and Ottoman cultural history to produce a multilayered reading that underscores the importance of music and other sonic practices in Ottoman courtly culture. Shifting between micro and macro perspectives, the article discusses the role of ceremonial music, Qur’anic recitation, the call to prayer, and patronage networks in the projection of imperial power. It then discusses the social implications of debates about the religious permissibility of music and the distinction between elites and commoners. Elite music-making is situated within a larger context of kin relations, patronage networks, and intimate male companionship. Themes of sensual pleasure, intoxication, and eroticism are discussed as poetic and philosophical tropes that are embodied in the intersubjective space of musical performance. Finally, the article highlights the role of textual practices in the construction of Ottoman music as a discursive formation. A situating of Evliya’s writing practices within the larger textual archive of Ottoman music raises methodological and epistemological questions about the relationship between aural experience and inscription, and about notions of historiographic and ethnographic truth. These questions are connected to current disciplinary debates about writing, sound, and power, particularly in the context of empire.
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Ślęczka, Tomasz. "Kazimierz Sarnecki o wojnie. Relacje magnackiego rezydenta z lat 1691–1696". Oblicza Komunikacji 8 (10.08.2018): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.8.8.
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Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war. Kazimierz Sarnecki, the courtier of the Lithuanian magnate, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, prepared for his master written reports from the court of Jan III Sobieski, at which he stayed between 1691 and 1696, with a few interruptions. They consist of a systematically kept diary and longer epistolary relations. Sarnecki writes in them about the matters that interested his patron the king’s health, court life, government appointments, war affairs, he rarely mentions himself. The subject of my interest is the way in which Sarnecki recounts Sobieski’s Moldovan expedition of 1691 in which he participated himself, the subsequent Polish-Tatar struggles in Podolia, battles on the other fronts of the Holy League, and the Nine Years’ War these events he knows only vicariously. He describes the Moldovan expedition completely. Just as authors of the official war diaries, he lists the stages of the march, the grouping of troops, in the reports of battles you can see the professionalism. He informs very vaguely about the killed, accentuates only losses, incurred by the forces from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He emphasizes active participation of Lithuanian troops in the fighting. He does not hide the difficulties with supplies, although he does not shift the blame on Sobieski. He will also repeat — as other authors of the war memories did — a rumour about a miraculous event during the campaign. He limits relations about nature to its impact on warfare; similarly he looks at the buildings he passes through the prism of their military utility. War reports from later times 1692–1696 are different. The civil matters dominate, while the battles with the Tatars or battles in Western Europe Sarnecki mentions irregularly and perfunctorily
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Lysikov, Pavel. "Diarchy? The System of Co-Rulership in Byzantium at the Turn of the 13th – 14th Centuries and Its Impact on the Situation in the State". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, nr 6 (luty 2021): 180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.14.
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Introduction. The study is dedicated to the system of co-rulership in Byzantium in the early Palaiologan period. Our goal is to determine the role of the Byzantine emperor, the son and co-ruler of his father, the emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328), Michael IX (1294–1320) in the political destabilization of the empire at the turn of the 13th–14th centuries by identifying the specific nature of power relations in the state at the time under study. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach. The power relations in Byzantium at the turn of the 13th–14th c. are considered as a system of interconnected elements that perform certain functions in relation to each other and to the system as a whole. The principles of the hermeneutic method allow us to give a holistic interpretation of the sources that form our understanding of the subject under study. Analysis and Results. As a result of the study, we found out that the specific nature of power relations in Byzantium at that time was determined by two circumstances. First, by the institutionalization of the co-rulership that occurred during the reign of the first Palaiologoi. It was mostly due to the publication of the prostagma by Michael VIII (1259–1282) in 1272, an important document, many provisions of which, in our opinion, were fully implemented (and, to some extent, even expanded) during the reign of his son Andronikos II. Second, by the division of managerial functions within the ruling family. While Andronikos II dealt with a whole range of issues related to various state activities (fiscal, socio-economic, administrative, political and legal, foreign policy, etc.), the younger basileus concentrated in his hands mainly the command of the army. The isolated position of Michael IX which consisted in his constant stay outside Constantinople and the presence of significant military contingents under his control provided a certain degree of independence for the younger basileus in his military and political decisions which often contradicted those of his father. At the same time, this separate co-existence of two imperial courts in the state with their own staff of courtiers disrupted the unity within a narrow group of the Byzantine elite, led to its disengagement and the appearance of people who associated with the younger emperor their further acquisition of high ranks and broader powers in Byzantium. After the death of Michael IX (1320) this circumstance will have a significant impact on the outbreak of the civil war in the empire (1321–1328).
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Isailović, Neven. "Partnerstvo u pokušaju – temeljne značajke odnosa Alfonsa V. i Stjepana Vukčića Kosače". Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 52, nr 3 (14.12.2020): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.52.30.
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The relationship between King Alfonso V of Aragon during his reign in Naples (1442-1458) with the Bosnian Grand Voivode and later Duke Stjepan (Stephen) Vukčić Kosača has been the topic of numerous research papers and monographs, but there are still possibilities for further insights on this matter. Along with Skanderbeg and Serbian Despot Đurađ (George) Branković, Kosača was considered the most prominent ally of the Neapolitan king, although the results of their cooperation were relatively modest at the level of military projects and foreign policy, and significantly greater in terms of commerce and exchanges of cultural models and political symbolism. This paper provides an overview of all aspects of the relationship between Alfonso V and Stjepan Vukčić, with particular emphasis on issues which remained insufficiently clarified or ignored by previous researchers. This includes the development of diplomacy and court culture, Vukčić’s ducal title, marital strategies and economic ties between Bosnia and Apulia. It may be concluded that the partnership was most likely initiated at Kosača’s initiative because both parties shared enmity for Venice, and the Bosnian magnate was under attack from various sides in 1443 and 1444. After ten years, the pact was renewed in 1454 after the fall of Constantinople, when the Ottoman threat became a regional problem. However, no mutual Crusade was ever organised. In the meantime, Alfonso helped Stjepan in mediation with the key players in South East European politics, but also by providing him with mercenaries and, occasionally, with more limited naval support. Kosača refrained from taking part in the war between Naples and Venice (1449-1450), while Alfonso similarly did not come to Stjepan’s aid in his war against Dubrovnik (1451-1454). Both of them acted in such a way to avoid trouble in their own states. Meanwhile, Grand Voivode Stjepan assumed the title of Duke of St. Sava, possibly influenced by his relations with his Neapolitan senior. He and his courtiers, especially those acting as ambassadors, acquired knighthood and membership in Neapolitan (and other) chivalric orders. It is also possible that Duke Stjepan’s second wife, Barbara de Payró, was of Catalan origin, although this is little more than speculation. Commerce was based on the trade in people and goods. The Kingdom of Naples, especially Apulia, could offer grain, salt and wool, but also mercenaries and military equipment, while Bosnia supplied Alfonso’s kingdom with lead and “slaves,” usually used as household servants. The relationship forged by King Alfonso and Duke Stjepan was maintained by their heirs and it ended only in 1480s, when the land of the Kosačas was completely overrun by the Ottomans.
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Zaуtseva, Nataliya Vladimirovna. "The role of women in the formation of gallant aesthetics." Культура и искусство, nr 6 (czerwiec 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2022.6.35785.
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The object of the study is radical changes in gender relations in France in the first half of the XVII century, increasing the social role of women.The process of turning the knightly estate into a courtier against the background of the strengthening of the royal court leads to the fact that men leave the historically habitual and habitual ideal of knightly valor, entering the space of salons and the court. In this space, they are forced to comprehend the art of secular communication that is new to them and the art of liking the participants of this communication. That art, which, according to contemporaries, was perfectly mastered by women. Through language, education, literature, women take part in the birth and establishment of a public space built around new gender norms, a new practice of fiction. The recognition of a woman in the moralistic literature of the first half of the XVII century as equal to a man in dignity and nobility makes her an equal participant in secular communication. Women's authority eventually begins to determine the direction of criticism, women act as arbiters of good taste in literature and art. At this time, a modern view of the relationship between the sexes is being formed. All these phenomena are characteristic of European culture as a whole and largely determine the modern European mentality. The analysis of the historical prerequisites for the increase in social activity and the role of women is extremely important and relevant both for understanding many historical realities, including the formation of the European gender tradition, and for studying the influence of these processes on the formation of new aesthetic ideals. Gallant aesthetics develops with the participation and under the influence of women, since gallant culture is a culture permeated with the idea of love.
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Gardner, Kevin J. "John Gay, Court Patronage, and The Fables". Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 27 (31.12.2015): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.27.05gar.
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John Gay’s fables comprise an extended satire on the artifice of court life and of the hypocrisy and vanity of courtiers, an ironic perspective from a satirist whose own life was marked by the pursuit of court preferment and patronage. This essay explores the central themes of Gay’s fables and sets them within the context of his letters and earlier poems. His earliest efforts to achieve court preferment through panegyrical poetry lack consistency in high standards of poetic accomplishment; however, Gay’s two extraordinary sets of fables, rich in humour and satire in their varied explorations of the morality of courtiers and court life, succeed in spite of his antithetical impulses about court patronage.
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Ragauskienė, Raimonda. "The Noblewoman’s Court in the Sixteenth-Century Grand Duchy of Lithuania". Lithuanian Historical Studies 8, nr 1 (30.11.2003): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00801002.
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Drawing on an extant list of courtiers (1552) of the wife of the starosta of Žemaitija, references in correspondence, posthumous property inventories and individual pieces of legislation, the present article aims to illustrate the generalized composition of sixteenth-century noblewomen’s court in the GDL, and the functions of those attached to such courts. At the same time an attempt is made to determine the role of noblewomen in appointing officials and co-opting court members and, in general, establishing the limits of their rights and patronage. The size of the court depended on the social position of the lady as its head – on the office held by her husband and on the role of the noblewoman herself in her family as well as on her personality. Minors were attended merely by a few servants, while the courts of married women and in particular those of widows comprised between 50 and 60 courtiers. As a rule, noblewomen’s courts consisted of several parts that functioned as a single unit: court officials, the male quarters (male courtiers and messengers), court specialists (medical practitioners, clergymen and musicians), the female quarters (ladies, young ladies and lady’s maids) and court staff (servants, craftsmen and coachmen). The role of the husband was crucial in the formation of noblewomen’s court. Noblewomen themselves could transform their court after the death of their husbands. The maintenance of a large number of court members required massive investment on the part of noblewomen. Nevertheless, such investment, albeit without any obvious dividends, paid off ultimately. The court was a matter of their prestige; it was important in raising noblewomen’s status in society. A court enabled them to develop their clientele and to participate actively in public life and create their own home clientele. Through their mediation their clients could become clients of their husbands or of their friends of the same high social status.
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Coast, David. "Misinformation and Disinformation in Late Jacobean Court Politics". Journal of Early Modern History 16, nr 4-5 (2012): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342323.
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Abstract This article explores the role of rumor in late Jacobean court politics. It argues that misinformation and disinformation were not incidental to the jostling for power and the interplay of faction that took place at court, but were instead major political forces, capable of affecting the fortunes of even the most powerful courtiers. Perception, as this article demonstrates, was everything at court, since false rumors that individual courtiers would be granted offices or would soon fall from power had a self-fulfilling potential. While contemporaries were quick to assume that rumors were spread deliberately, this paper demonstrates that such false reports were sometimes mere speculation and wishful thinking passed on as fact. False rumors made decisions about court appointments or the disgrace of ministers much more of a collective act, and much less the preserve of the king, than historians have hitherto realized.
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Černušák, Tomáš. "Papal Nuncios in Prague as Part of the Imperial Court: The Significance of Integration, Sociability, and Credibility of Papal Diplomats at the Turn of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Journal of Early Modern Christianity 10, nr 2 (1.11.2023): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jemc-2023-2048.
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Abstract Papal nuncios at the imperial court in Prague were diplomats who represented their ruler – the sovereign of the Papal States and the head of the Catholic Church. Yet they became a distinctive fixture of the imperial court in the places they served. In order for their integration into the structure of the court to be fluid, their personality traits and character had to fit the universally accepted models that applied to courtiers, namely those pertaining to social background, education, conduct, and disposition. At the same time, they had to possess a sufficient degree of sociability and a capacity to earn trust both in their relationship with the sovereign and with the courtiers. Among the primary instruments of this integration process were a wide variety of social activities, some of which were identical for the entire social group, and others unique to the papal nuncios alone.
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MEARS, NATALIE. "COURTS, COURTIERS, AND CULTURE IN TUDOR ENGLAND". Historical Journal 46, nr 3 (wrzesień 2003): 703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003212.
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Geoffrey Elton's model of Tudor politics, which emphasized the importance of political institutions and which dominated our understanding of Tudor politics for much of the second half of the twentieth century, has been challenged by a number of historians for over twenty years. They have re-emphasized the importance of social connections and cultural influences and turned attention away from studying the privy council to studying the court. In doing so, they have gone back to re-examine earlier approaches by Sir John Neale and Conyers Read which Elton had challenged. Yet, these new socially and culturally derived approaches, recently labelled ‘New Tudor political history’, remain varied and its practitioners sometimes at odds with each other. Focusing on both established seminal works and recent research, this review considers the different elements of these approaches in relation to Tudor court politics. It assesses the methodological problems they raise and identifies what shortcomings still remain. It demonstrates that Tudor politics are increasingly defined as based on social networks rather than institutional bodies, making issues of access to, and intimacy with, the monarch central. Our understanding has been further enhanced by exploration of political culture and its relationship to political action. However, the review points to the need to integrate more fully the political role of women and the relationship between the court and the wider political community into our understanding of Tudor politics, as well as place England into a European context.
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Gladkov, A. K. "Nugae Curialium: Criticism of Dispositions of the Courtiers in Political Thought of Twelfth Century England". Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, nr 3 (2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-9-14.
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This article deals with the problem of frivolities («nugae») in social and political life of England in the twelfth century. According to John of Salisbury’s «Policraticus of the frivolities of courtiers and the footprints of philosophers» («Policraticus sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum», 1159) frivolities are the most significant part of «vita tyranni». Not only courtiers, but also kings, live without understanding of their great role in the state. Immoderate love of hunting, games of chance, magic, music and theatre transforms «reasonable human» into «unbalanced animal». These frivolities influence on the courtiers and their king, who substitutes ideals of «common life» and «common safety» for the «love of himself» and self interests. John of Salisbury fights against «epicurean» apology of pleasures in common and individual life of all parts of society, especially in life of courtiers, and defends Christian ideals of moderation. Thinker creates an image of king and his court in the mirror of frivolities. Study of such kind of everyday life helps to understand nature and peculiarities of perceptions of the unjust power (tyranny) in the middle ages.
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Dardess, John W. "Culture, Courtiers, and Competition: The Ming Court (1368-1644)". Chinese Historical Review 16, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tcr.2009.16.1.107.
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Kovaleva, M. V. "Organization of the lord's court in Renaissance Italy". Abyss (Studies in Philosophy, Political science and Social anthropology), nr 1(27) (2024): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2587-7534-2024-1-147-156.
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The article describes the process of the emergence and development of the courts of the Italian sovereigns of the Renaissance. The author examines the structure of the courts of secular and spiritual lords. A detailed hierarchy of court positions, duties of courtiers, and their sources of income are provided. An external and internal description of the sovereign's residence is given.
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Dybek, Dariusz. "Jak zostać dworzaninem Maryi…, czyli Samuela Brzeżewskiego Zaciąg dworzanów na kurię Najświętszej Królowej nieba i ziemi na kazaniu w dzień Jej narodzenia". Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka, nr 31 (2.01.2018): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsl.2017.31.12.
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Samuel Brzeżewski is a long-forgotten Polish Baroque preacher. He left behind three written sermons, of which two take on Marian themes. Among those is Zaciąg dworzan.w na kurię Najświętszej Kr.lowej nieba i ziemi […] – „The recruitment of courtiers to the curia of the Blessed Queen of heaven and earth at a sermon on the day of her birth” (transl.), written in 1644 and published in 1645. It came into existence on the occasion of the anniversary of the birth of the Mother of God and has an interesting sermon-concept form. In spite of the fact that the author reached for the expression „queen”, from time immemorial applied with reference to Mary, he combined with it an interesting fictional plot by portraying the process of the recruiting of courtiers for the court of the queen (it is one of the few Old Polish texts referring to the manner of recruitment for the court of a monarch). Closer study of various desirable features of courtiers (beauty, education, bravery) leads Brzeżewski to arrive at the conclusion that the greatest opportunities for admission to the service of the Mother of God are gifted to „bandits” (i.e. hardened sinners rejected by all) and „agonizantes” (viz. the dying) – those to whom Mary shows her kindness and magnanimity.
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Tighe, William J. "Five Elizabethan courtiers, their Catholic connections, and their careers". British Catholic History 33, nr 2 (15.09.2016): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2016.25.
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This article considers some of the men and women who served in the Privy Chamber of Elizabeth I and those men who held significant positions in her outer Chamber for evidence of Catholic beliefs, sympathies or family connections. It then discusses the careers of five men who at various times in Elizabeth’s reign were members of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. It will show that their court careers were decisively affected by their Catholic beliefs and connections and, in one case, by a temporary repudiation of Catholicism. Their careers witness both to a fluidity of religious identity that facilitated their advancement at Court and to a narrowing of this identity over the course of the reign.
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Shishkin, Vladimir. "Marguerite de Valois on the move. Organization of the trip of the Queen of Navarre to Flanders in 1577". Adam & Eve. Gender History Review, nr 31 (2023): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2307-8383-2023-31-168-185.
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The article is devoted to the study of organizational processes accompanying the travels of royal princesses of France, in particular, the sister of King Henry III, Queen of Navarre Marguerite de Valois. The author analyses the "Memoirs" of the Queen, as well as the staff list of her court (1578) and demonstrates that male courtiers made up the major part of Marguerite’s entourage during the Queen’s travels. The most important of these travels is her journey outside France, to Spanish Flanders in 1577, with a multi-purpose political mission designed to access the validity of the claims of Francois de Valois, the younger brother in the royal family, to the throne of Brabant. The article presents conclusions about the use of all types of vehicles — land and river — of the royal train by the court in the warm season, as well as the characteristics of the travel modes of different categories of courtiers and employees of the court, men and women. It is shown that the Queen was accompanied by high-status secular and ecclesiastical persons of the French court, who are often related to each other, as well as by a part of the military royal house, specially allocated to protect the daughter of France.
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Tirosh, Yoav. "Scolding the Skald: The Construction of Cultural Memory in Morkinskinna’s Sneglu-Halla þáttr". European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 47, nr 1 (1.01.2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2017-0001.
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AbstractAround the year 1060, the misbehaving Icelandic skald Sneglu-Halli arrives at the court of king Haraldr harðráði and manages to provoke the king and his fellow courtiers, yet he leaves a richer and more successful man as a result. A literary analysis of
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Gładysz, Andrzej. "Rejestr dworzan konnych Zygmunta I Starego wysłanych do walki z Krzyżakami pustoszącymi Mazowsze na przełomie lipca i sierpnia 1520 roku". Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 21, nr 4 (2020): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2020.4(274).0006.
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The mounted courtiers of Sigismund I the Old, in addition to their representative function, were a small, trained reserve formation remaining permanently at the side of the king, who could issue them an order at any time. During the so-called Prussian war of 1519–1521, the size of this group reached its peak in the summer of 1520 in Toruń (539 horses in 121 court detachments – pocztach dworskich). During the fights with the Teutonic Knights, the courtiers were constantly responsible for the safety of the monarch in his place of residence, but smaller groups took part in military actions. The analysis of a short fragment of source material included in the manuscript no. 49 (Main Archive of Old Files, Crown Treasury Archive, Section 1: Royal Accounts) allowed to make a detailed description of a small banner, consisting of 69 horses in 15 retinues, taking part in the fight against the Teutonic Knights’ plundering raids to northern Mazovia at the turn of July and August 1520. The composition of the unit and the nature and size of the retinues were discussed, as well as the issue of commanding the group, the costs incurred for its action and, based on Marian Biskup’s research, the battle route was presented. The presented example can be taken as a starting point for a discussion on the military organization of the court. It can be assumed that the king or the marshal, as the court’s superior, would decide which of the individual retinues of mounted courtiers would form one or more court banners that functioned simultaneously and independently. Their number and composition were probably determined by the tasks envisaged for the units.
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Ben-Naeh, Yaron. "Ottoman Jewish courtiers: an oriental type of the court Jew". Jewish Culture and History 19, nr 1 (10.12.2017): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462169x.2017.1409999.
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Ronnes, Hanneke. "The architecture of William of Orange and the culture of friendship". Archaeological Dialogues 11, nr 1 (czerwiec 2004): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203804001369.
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The grand houses and gardens of William of Orange (1650–1702) and his courtiers in Britain and the Netherlands are strongly influenced by the French style, itself associated with Louis XIV, who was actually William’s arch-rival. This paper explores that paradox by probing ideas of power and friendship in 17th-century court culture.
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Krawczyk, Dariusz. "Miroir ou parangon? La cour et les courtisans dans L’Heptaméron". French Forum 47, nr 2-3 (2022): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/frf.2022.a914321.
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Abstract: The world of the court, with its values and practices, underpins the world Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron , without being the main subject of the short stories. The objective of this article is to analyze how the court and its courtiers were described by one of its founders. It is indeed possible to see not only that Marguerite does not share the vision of the court transmitted in anti-aulic writings, which were very popular in the sixteenth century, but that, in fact, she proposes an idealized vision of the court. It is even possible to observe a certain promotion of courtly culture and its values without the collection of nouvelles becoming an apology of the court. Observations concerning the inscription of La Coche in courtly practices precede the thematic analysis of the frame narrative and of some of the short stories.
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Koczwara, Stanisław. "Ekumeniczna działalność świeckich dworzan cesarza Justyna I (518-527) w świetle ich korespondencji z Rzymem". Vox Patrum 42 (15.01.2003): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.7162.
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Taking over the throne in 518 by the Emperor Justin I impacted on the emperor's court to change politics in order to support of the Chalcedonian Synod. The most important thing was that, the Emperor as well as his supporting courtiers, took into consideration the main role of the Apostolic See in protecting truth religion. Courtly guardians of Chalcedon such as the Empress Eufemia, Justinian's relative a commander of the Court Guard Vitalian, maids of honour: Anastasia, Palmacja Julianan Anicia, Celer, Pompeius, German were successful in making an ecumenical effort to restore the union in the Catholic Church.
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PARRY, GLYN. "JOHN DEE AND THE ELIZABETHAN BRITISH EMPIRE IN ITS EUROPEAN CONTEXT". Historical Journal 49, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 643–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005462.
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Recent scholarship on the ideological origins of the British Empire has emphasized the importance of John Dee's imperial writings in justifying the Elizabethan exploitation of English Atlantic discoveries. Yet a closer reading of these writings in the context of European politics, Elizabethan Court intrigues, and Dee's occult natural philosophy and magical imperialism reveals their covert purpose of recovering a lost British Empire in Europe. Dee wrote initially to address both the chronic and acute problems facing the regime in 1576, but rather than being an autonomous authority whose ideas commanded attention because of their intrinsic power, he was subordinate to the Court patronage system. Consequently his writings only gained attention when revised to align with the policies of powerful courtiers such as the earl of Leicester, and even then influential Catholic courtiers could exploit contingent political circumstances to counter his influence. Dee's writings remained problematic not only because restoring the British Empire in Europe would entail confronting Spain, but also because in their hidden centre they proposed the creation of an apocalyptic empire by magical means, particularly the philosopher's stone. In the end the contingent events that made Dee's writings briefly influential ensured their ultimate irrelevance to Elizabethan policy-making.
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Finucci, Valeria. "Il padre dorme, i figli parlano. La legge del padre riscritta nel "Cortegiano"". Elephant and castle, nr 31 (30.12.2023): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.62336/unibg.eac.31.487.
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The essay examines the birth of the fraternal order, that is ‘democracy’ in its widest sense, in a key text of the Renais-sance, Baldassarre Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier. Here courtiers reunited one evening at the Urbino court steadily create a position of power for themselves by disposing of the father figure of Duke Guidubaldo while suppressing their own rivalries and fashioning a common ideal I. Just as patriarchy, however, this essay argues that the collaborative regime of the brother is constructed on the silencing of women—sis-ters, wives, and mothers—and not just the court ladies of the early 16th century.
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Savoie, Donald J. "The Rise of Court Government in Canada". Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, nr 4 (grudzień 1999): 635–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900016930.
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AbstractThe article challenges long-established conventions about how Canada's federal government works. It argues that Cabinet has joined Parliament as an institution being bypassed. In the late 1990s, political power is in the hands of the prime minister and a small group of carefully selected courtiers rather than with the prime minister acting in concert with his elected cabinet colleagues. The article reviews the forces that have led to the rise of court government and the policy instruments and administrative tools that enable it to function. National unity concerns, the role of the media and lobbyists, as well as reforms at the centre of government and globalization, have all served to reshape how policy and decisions are made in the government of Canada. The changes hold important implications, not just for cabinet government, but also for the public service and Canadians themselves.
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Gjerdingen, Robert O. "Courtly Behaviors". Music Perception 13, nr 3 (1996): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40286175.
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In addition to preserving a record of tones, chords, intervals, and other musical features, the historical text known as Mozart's Keyboard Sonata in Et Major, K. 282 (189g), also preserves traces of complex musical behaviors that were developed and replicated within eighteenth-century court society. The article focuses on several musical behaviors that would have been obvious to courtiers in Mozart's time and relates his presentation of them in K. 282 to courtly norms.
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SEREGINA, A. YU. "Piety and the politics of patronage: Jane Dormer at the Spanish Court". Adam & Eve. Gender History Review, nr 28 (2020): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2307-8383-2020-28-255-279.
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The article analyses the strategies used by Henry Clifford, a secretary of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, and an author of her “Life”, to justify possibilities and propriety of political actions for a woman (namely, for his patron). It is shown that Clifford em-phasized a unique piety, even holiness of the Duchess because these qualities set her apart from other courtiers, above all other women and even some men. The latter were to listen to the advice of the pious lady who was ascribed prudence and discernment necessary in the world of politics.
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Kozák, Valentina Marguerite. "Palace Networks at the Court of Carlos II: Maria Anna of Palatinate-Neuburg’s Confessor, Gabriel Pontifeser, and the Queen’s German Chamber (1690–1700)". Renaissance and Reformation 43, nr 4 (15.04.2021): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v43i4.36384.
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The arrival in Madrid in 1690 of the future queen consort, Maria Anna of Palatinate-Neuburg (1667–1740), second wife of the Spanish king Carlos II (1661–1700), also brought about the establishment of an unofficial palace faction known as the German Chamber. Since the members of this faction were part of Maria Anna’s household, the analysis of their social activities gives insight into court practices during the last decade of Carlos II’s reign. This article intends to shed light on the new networks and agency of members of the German Chamber at the Madrid court, in particular, that of the queen’s confessor, Gabriel Pontifeser di Chiusa. By investigating the activities and new court practices within the queen consort’s household that enabled Pontifeser to build secure networks and achieve importance, the article reveals the significant power wielded by foreign courtiers at the Madrid court between 1690 and 1700.
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Shishkin, Vladimir. "The French Court of the 16th Century: What Else Do We Not Know About It?" ISTORIYA 14, nr 3 (125) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024980-7.
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The article examines several interrelated problematic questions, the first of which reflects the justification of scientific relevance for modern Russian historical science of studying the Western royal courts of the Middle Ages and early Modern times, in particular, French court. The author presents the royal court as an important part of French history, which influenced the historical development of European and partly Russian civilization. The interest to the history of French court of Russian historians is also associated with a significant number of rare French documents of the 16th century, concentrated in Russian repositories and requiring introduction into scientific circulation. These documents are largely associated with current Russian research on curial history, which have a long tradition and focus on the institutional history of the court. An overview of current trends in curial research in Western historiography is also presented, which focuses on the study of gender characteristics, personal court members, socio-political evolution of the court, compilation of databases on courtiers and employees, movements and residences of monarchs.
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Singh, Balwinder. "INDO-US RELATIONS: PAST TO PRESENT". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, nr 6 (30.06.2017): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2032.
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India and the US are the two most important democratic courtiers in the world. The US is the oldest modern democratic country whereas India is the largest democratic country in the modern world and any sort of positive cooperation between the two great democracies is bound to create a new world order and balance promising peace and tranquility especially in all volatile South China Sea and Asia-pacific region. It will also contribute in maintaining peace throughout the world.
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Rivero Rodríguez, Manuel. "Italian Madrid: Ambassadors, Regents, and Courtiers in the Hospital de San Pedro y San Pablo". Culture & History Digital Journal 11, nr 1 (21.06.2022): e003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2022.003.
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The Court…, more accurately, the city where the Court resided, was a microcosm of the Monarchy that was governed from it. That was the case in Madrid. This paper deals with a little-known institution, the Hospital and the Church of the Italians, analysing above all its transformation in the 17th century through two important documents, the personal diary of a Neapolitan regent and a record of a conflict of powers between the Council of Italy and the nunciature in Madrid containing the hospital’s founding documents.
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Martínez Hernández, Santiago. "Between Court and Village: The Evolution of Aristocratic Spaces in Early Modern Spain". Renaissance and Reformation 43, nr 4 (14.04.2021): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v43i4.36379.
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In May 1561, King Philip II informed the town hall of Madrid that he had chosen their town as the site for his royal residence and court. That year, the city was swiftly transformed into the Catholic king’s court and the heart of his vast monarchy. It also became the principal political and cultural space for the nobility. Yet the greatest noble houses, particularly those in Castile, were initially resistant to the establishment of a sedentary royal court and continued to exercise and represent their status at their own traditional courts. Increasingly, however, they were obliged to reside in Madrid in order to ensure direct access to the king’s grace and favour. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish aristocracy became courtiers through necessity rather than conviction. In response to this situation, and without neglecting their noble estates and interests, they created their own spaces at court, and over time were able to colonize the royal capital and convert it into their own natural habitat.
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Tighe, W. J. "Courtiers and Politics in Elizabethan Herefordshire: Sir James Croft, his Friends and his Foes". Historical Journal 32, nr 2 (czerwiec 1989): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012140.
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For well over a decade studies in local history have occupied a significant position in the historiography of early modern England. In particular, the study of the ‘county community’ as the most significant English political and governmental unit and as the primary sphere of social and affectional loyalties for the greater number of those Englishmen constituting the political nation has become securely established. Within this wide and fruitful field for continuing research the theme of the ‘points of contact’ or reciprocal communication between the court and the county, Westminster and the provinces, which Sir Geoffrey Elton raised not so long ago and which Kevin Sharpe more recently attempted to apply to the problems of government in early Stuart England, suggests that investigations of the gentry of a particular county might illustrate how this interchange between the centre and the localities functioned. For such a study to prove fruitful, however, one prerequisite would appear to be necessary: a member of a prominent county family, perhaps its head, who also holds a major office of state or position at court. Such a man was Sir James Croft whose eminent position in Herefordshire was founded on the contacts he made and the patronage he attracted in the last years of Henry VIII's reign. Although this position was threatened in the years of his disgrace during Queen Mary's reign, it gathered strength again in the 1560s, and reached its apogee during the following two decades. Between 1570 and his death in 1590, he served at court as comptroller of the household.
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Oh, Pilae, Younghwan Bae i Sooae Kim. "A Study on Vocabulary of the Royal Court: Focusing on the Vocabulary Appeared in <Gungjung Yebeob Pungsoggwa Jeonhaneun Malsam>". Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, nr 6 (30.06.2023): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.06.45.06.17.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the language and etiquette of the royal family shown in <Gungjung Yebeob Pungsoggwa Jeonhaneun Malsam> by Sahudang Yoon Baek-yeong (尹伯 榮, 1888~1986). Through the transcription of this book, it can be seen that the time of writing was 1967 and that Yoon Baek-young copied it at the age of 80. This book consists of a total of 76 pages, excluding the cover page. This book largely explains the language etiquette of the royal family and courtiers. In the royal etiquette and speech, it mainly explains the titles of the royal family, the vocabulary related to the king, and the words expressing the king's actions. Court ladies' manners and speeches explain the differences in the duties of court ladies and their corresponding attire. Other scribes express 'Aji' as 'Aje', 'Mituri' as 'Meturi', 'Jejo Court Lady' as 'Jeju Court Lady', and 'frog' as 'gaegori'. This can be inferred from the notation influenced by the dialect of the scribe.