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1
Babic, Blagoje. "Economic relations between Slavic countries". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 128 (2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0928007b.
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Economic relations between Slavic countries are a taboo topic. This is a reflection of divisions in Europe, which have also been transmitted to the Slavic world. Although the aspiration for Slav unification has existed for centuries, Slavic peoples have been a part of a single community only once - and even then not of their own choice - in the Eastern Block, which emerged from the division of Europe after the Second World War. The decomposition of the Eastern Bloc was followed by the decomposition of the Slavic world as well, which became more disunited than ever before. Changes that have been occurring in Europe - the incorporation into the European Union of several Slavic countries, the transformation of socio-economic systems in the Slavic countries and the global economic crisis - are driving the Slavic peoples toward a gathering on a new basis. The Slavic world is becoming the most promising emerging market in the world, for which the European Union is showing increasing interest. With the building of a pan-European energy infrastructure, which would also encompass all the Slavic countries, coupled with efforts toward creating a 'single European economic space' that would include both the European Union and Russia, all Slavic peoples will be united by common economic interests. Pan-European arrangements have as a consequence the development of economic relations among Slavic countries, bringing added benefit to their mutual political relations as well. Paradoxically, the European Union is accomplishing for the Slavic peoples what the Slavic peoples aren't able to accomplish for themselves.
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Anlamassova, M. K., R. T. Japparova i A. Zh Mukazhanova. "Soft power of European Union countries". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, nr 4 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-8-18.
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There are two main diplomatic strategies used by states in International Relations: hard power and soft power. Hard power uses the tools of military force or other coercive strategies to achieve the desired result. Soft power, on the other hand, tries to achieve the desired result with persuasive tactics. In short, hard power uses force, while soft power uses charm and attractiveness or makes the other party do what you want.These days, political scientists and other experts have begun to emphasize the increasing effectiveness of using a combination of hard and soft power, or smart power. In International Relations, US foreign policy is often positioned as an example of hard power, as in some cases it uses military or economic pressure to achieve the desired result. The European Union, on the other hand, tends to implement soft power policies through the creation of European values and European identity in order to attract new members and gain new allies. In addition, the European Union exhibits values such as freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law to the world. These values also help to increase the soft power of the European Union in the world. In this study, soft power policies and soft power activities of European Union countries such as England, France and Germany are examined.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. "Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European union countries". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, nr 142 (2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.142.3.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". MEST Journal 10, nr 2 (15.07.2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies". Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, nr 3 (1.10.2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.
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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Furåker, Bengt. "European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 26, nr 3 (9.07.2020): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Al-Jaberi, Prof Dr Sattar Jabbar. "Iraq and the European Union towards a Strategic Partnership". ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 220, nr 2 (8.11.2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v220i2.487.
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The Iraq's relations with the European Union countries of the oldest and surest Iraq's foreign relations, in spite of the damage to those relationships during certain time periods, and sometimes degradation several considerations, they quickly return to normal, the importance of Iraq's strategy for European countries on the one hand, and interest in Iraq, the European its relations On the other hand .
The EU played an important role in Iraq in the era after 2003, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and try to achieve a real partnership in the political, economic and cultural fields, and interested in EU areas of human rights, and civil society organizations, and strengthen the Iraqi security capacity and we will try in this Find the study of the positions of the European Union countries of Iraq, and then try the European Union and Iraq to establish a strategic partnership between them.
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Bondarenko, Lev-Oleksandr. "Urgent Social and Cultural Issues and Attitudes in the European Union Countries". Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, nr 13 (22.12.2023): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2023.13.210-227.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of multiculturalism policy in the European Union countries, as well as current socio-cultural problems and attitudes caused by migration and economic and social processes. The study analyses the influence of historical processes on the formation of ethnic groups, which, in the subsequent formation of European countries and their consolidation into the European Union, played and continue to play an essential role in the matter of regional politics. The study confirms that unsuccessful attempts to integrate immigrants into European society led to the aggravation of relations between the native population of European states and immigrants, growth of anti-immigrant sentiments and mass protests of Europeans against the national governments' migration policies.
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Sydoruk, Marta. "MANAGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CROSS-BORDER PROJECTS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES AS A PROSPECT OF INTEGRATION FOR UKRAINE". International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 5, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2590.
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The present study aims to analyze the development of the European Neighbourhood Policy as a concept of relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). The paper starts with an overview of the Ukraine-EU relations and the outline of Ukraine’s reasons for seeking closer ties with the European Union. This article introduces shaping the Eastern dimension of the EU foreign policy as a result of cooperation with the European Union and enhancing of the European Neighbourhood Policy financial instruments.
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Drzymała, Agnieszka. "European Union Foreign Direct Investment Outflows to ASEAN Countries". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, nr 1 (30.04.2013): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0001.
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The paper analyses foreign direct investment outflows from the European Union to the ASEAN countries. The region of Southeast Asia is very important for the EU in terms of economic cooperation. Previous relations between the European Union and ASEAN countries laid the foundations and became the basis for subsequent business initiatives, first encompassing trade and later investment initiatives. Today the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows is taking place, which has a positive impact on the increase in exports of ASEAN countries and in turn affects the economic development of these countries. The European Union deepens its economic ties with the region through FDI, which results in increased economic interdependence.
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Guseletov, Boris P. "THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD. KEY FEATURES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, nr 2 (2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-2-28-37.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program in the post-COVID period. It considers the main features of that program in modern conditions and further prospects for its de- velopment, taking into account the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the European Union and the countries participating in this program. The author analyzes the EU leadership attitude to the individual participants of the program and identifies priorities in relation to the various countries represen- ted in it. To overcome the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission decided to provide financial assistance to the participating countries, but the amount of the assistance for individual countries depended on the state of relations between the European Union and the leadership of those countries. It is proved in the article that the European Union currently has the most favorable relations with three countries parti- cipating in the program: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, which have openly declared a policy of rapprochement with the European Union in the political and economic fields. The author outlines positions of all the countries and their expectations of participating in the program in the nearest future as well as in the longer term.
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Heinecken, Lindy. "Military Unionism and the Management of Employee Relations within the Armed Forces: A Comparative Perspective". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 26, Issue 4 (1.12.2010): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2010025.
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Many find the prospect of military unions totally inimical to the nature and functioning of the armed forces. Yet, a number of countries allow some form of military unionism, while others vehemently resist any form of independent union based on the premise that this undermines discipline, cohesion, and loyalty. This article examines how four different countries – the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, and Germany – have dealt with the issue of military unionism. The British Armed Forces, like many other English-speaking countries, have tended to approach employee relations from a typically unitarist position, which translates into union suppression or avoidance. The Canadian Armed Forces opted to circumvent the need for a military union by adopting a more human relations or neo-unitarist approach to employee relations. In South Africa, the military has been obliged by legal decree to accept a more pluralist dispensation, which has led to an overtly confrontational employment relationship. In Germany, where a union-like professional association exists, the approach has been more cooperative, even corporatist, typifying the European experience and philosophy towards unions, even in the military. In analysing the management of employee relations from these different typologies, the implications of union avoidance and acceptance within the armed forces are evaluated.
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Yunusov, Khaydarali. "BALANCED POLICY OF THE EU IN CENTRAL ASIA". International Journal Of Law And Criminology 03, nr 06 (1.06.2023): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume03issue06-07.
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This article is devoted to the relations between the European Union and the Central Asian republics. It discusses a number of internal and external factors that may affect the development of bilateral and multilateral relations. These factors force the European Union to pursue a balanced policy in the region. The success of the Union's policy in Central Asia depends on the stable maintenance of this balance. In this sense, the author likens the European Union to a tightrope walker performing a grand spectacle. The relations between the EU and Central Asia have a peculiar history and development trends. The mutual relations of the Central Asian countries with the European Union differ from relations with other international organizations. Author pays a special attention to the current state and proposes to upgrade these relations through enhancement of externally and internally balanced policy.
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Levandivskyi, O. T., R. I. Shchur, V. V. Matskiv i I. V. Kokhan. "FINANCIAL FLOWS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (UKRAINE – EU)". Market economy: modern management theory and practice 22, nr 1(53) (15.06.2023): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2413-9998.2023.1(53).288353.
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The article is devoted to the international trade and economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). Ukraine considers the way to EU membership. Attention is drawn to the European integration progress of our country, which is a natural consequence of Ukraine's independence. The most acceptable ways for regulation of relations in the area of international business activity are considered. The main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries by means of large-scale internal transformations. Trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union became an inevitable political reality. European guidelines became a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. The fact that the European choice of Ukraine does not change is explained by the fact that it is a community of European nations. Integration into the European political, financial, economic and humanitarian space is a strategic orientation of the state development and a factor of systemic development. The components of the rapprochement process of Ukraine with the European Union are the deepening of the political dialogue, the strengthening of the European security space and the improvement of the effectiveness of cooperation tools in the priority areas of "integration". In the current foreign and domestic political situation, Ukraine's relations with the European Union are extremely important in this aspect. It is not only about more or less active relations with a more powerful foreign partner, but also about Ukraine's ability to make strategic decisions for the future, which depends on the position and role of the state in the new international order of financial and economic relations.
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AUBAKIR, Assima, i Tuleutay SULEIMENOV. "European Union and Central Asia: new trends of cooperation in current circumstances". Public Administration and Civil Service, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2020-75-4-80-88.
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Determination of clear contours of European policy for Central Asia, which could satisfy the interests of both the European Union and the countries of the region, took quite a long time, and is still at the stage of forming common approaches to the implementation of mutually beneficial cooperation. The first program documents of the European Union in relation to Central Asia, called strategies, were to a greater extent only action plans aimed at maintaining its political and economic presence in the region. Meanwhile, the Central Asian countries are always interested in pragmatic interaction with the European Union on equal basis. In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia, which replaced the previous 2007 document. According to European politicians, it marks a new stage in relations between the two regions with improved approaches to building interaction between them. The purpose of the article is to analyze new trends in relations between Central Asia and the European Union from the point of view of both participants of this process and the evolution of the relevant EU policy documents.
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Ishchuk, Yu A., K. V. Barchuk i D. O. Oryshko. "Specifics of customs relations of Ukraine with european trading partners". Economic Bulletin of Dnipro University of Technology 82 (wrzesień 2023): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/ebdut/83.057.
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Methods. The results of the study are obtained by applying the methods of synthesis and generalisation to study the legislative and practical aspects of customs cooperation, as well as to highlight the prospects for cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in the field of trade. In order to scientifically address the identified issues, the author also used the methods of analysis and comparison to study the dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods with certain EU countries; and the abstract and logical method to formulate conclusions. Results. The study analyses Ukraine's foreign trade and customs relations with the European Union. In particular, the dynamics of foreign trade in goods is analysed and the volumes of exports and imports with different EU countries are compared. The study considers both legislative and practical aspects of customs cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. Novelty. As a result of the analysis of Ukraine’s customs relations with its main trading partner countries of the European Union, it is found that the current stage of implementation of Ukraine’s customs policy is marked by a constant increase in international trade and the complexity of trade processes. The advantages and challenges faced by Ukraine in expanding and improving trade relations with the European Union are identified. Practical value. The study is of practical importance for Ukraine’s economic development in the context of European integration. By analysing trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union, the key aspects of Ukraine’s accession to the free trade area with the EU are identified and its results are revealed. The impact of the Russian aggression on foreign trade and customs relations with the EU is studied. The approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU standards is identified as a key factor that will contribute to the effective implementation of customs policy and create a favourable environment for improving trade processes, taking into account active cooperation with European partners.
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Siskos, Evangelos, i Konstantia Darvidou. "Bilateral trade and tourism relations between the EU and BSEC countries". Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, nr 4 (26.10.2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.09.
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The European Union and the Black Sea Economics Cooperation countries are geographical neighbors and important trade partners. Greece, Bulgaria and Romania have a cross-membership in both organizations. The paper analyzes trends and structure of trade relations of the EU and BSEC countries. The EU trade with the 12 BSEC countries is about 640 billion dollars. The BSEC countries with the EU membership or a custom union with the EU have more intra-industry trade with the EU than other BSEC countries. International tourism is an important component of the trade in services between the regions. Following the review of the factors of international tourism demand, a gravity model for tourism arrivals is presented. The model considers demand in the country of origin, international tourism capacities in destination countries and distance. The analysis helps to determine under-traded and competitive destinations in the BSEC countries for the EU travelers. Greece is the most efficient in attracting the EU tourists. Finally, country-specific differences in demand factors are considered.
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Turner, Thomas, i Daryl D’Art. "Public Perceptions of Trade Unions in Countries of the European Union". Labor Studies Journal 37, nr 1 (5.01.2012): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x11429266.
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Reskiyah, Emy Sri. "Economic Interdependence between Norway and The European Union Compared to Switzerland and The European Union". Global Political Studies Journal 7, nr 1 (30.04.2023): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v7i1.8697.
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Norway and Switzerland have a history of being part of the European Union (EU) and eventually opting out. Though, as a part of the European Economic Area allows Norway to integrate and participate with the EU’s single market. Similarly, Switzerland can participate in and access the European single market through a set of bilateral agreements with the EU. Consequently, both countries must accept a set of rules by the EU. This paper aims to compare and examine the bilateral relations maintained between Norway and the EU compared to Switzerland and the EU in the field of economic cooperation namely the trade and investment sectors in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This paper incorporates two types of analysis. The first part uses quantitative methods of descriptive statistical analysis and is followed by strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat (SWOT) analysis. This paper demonstrates that the bilateral relations between Norway and the EU as well as for Switzerland and the EU have created conditions of interdependence for both the EU and its partners, namely, Norway and Switzerland.
Keywords— European Union, Interdependence, Norway, Switzerland
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STOIKA, Viktoriia. "Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, nr 146 (2020): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.33.
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European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.
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Vinogradova, Elizaveta Andreevna, i Marina Vladimirovna Kuznetsova. "Transregionalism in relations between Latin America and the European Union". LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-B (31.05.2021): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-b923p.297-304.
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Nowadays the globalized world faces new challenges, for instance, trade and economic contradictions between the main actors of the world politics (the USA and China, the USA and the EU). Amid this situation, Latin America could play the card, add momentum to the cross-regional contacts and considerably benefit from it. Fostering relations with the EU serves the national interests of Latin American countries, since the EU investment and technologies can be the tools to modernize the economy. The EU is the leader in implementing harmonization between regions. The relations between the EU and Latin America can be considered as a model of hybrid interregionalism. While bilateral relations or the ties of the EU with subregional integration associations remain strong, the relations between the EU and the entire Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region are still underdeveloped, and countries have been trying to rectify it recently.
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Naryshkin, Andrey. "European Union – Geopolitical Rival or Key Partner of Russia?" Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 22, nr 4 (31.08.2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran4202196104.
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European countries have traditionally been Russia’s key economic partners. Mutual interest is based on geographical proximity, historical ties and also by the complementarity markets. Mutual sanctions spread over recent years has called into question Russia – European Union partnership and cooperation established by Agreement in 1994. This article reviews the current status of Russia – EU and its member states relations. Also the article contains analysis of mutual trade, economic and investment cooperation, economic and diplomatic ties of partners during periods of mutual rapprochement (before 2014th) and the subsequent cooling of relations. Conclusions on current Russia – EU and its member states relations. Also the article contains analysis of mutual trade, econ Europe relationship made in this article are based on a comprehensive analysis of official statistics of bilateral trade and investment cooperation between Russia and foreign countries. Current data shows the importance of the European direction for our country. This article also discusses possible ways to improve the efficiency of interaction between partners at the present stage.
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LEVANDIVSKYI, Omelian, i Mykhailo IVASYSHYN. "FINANCIAL BENEFIT IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 314, nr 1 (30.03.2023): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-314-1-36.
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The relevance of the research topic is accompanied by the importance of generalization and scientific substantiation of certain aspects of the functioning of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union, the place of the state in modern global processes with the aim of drawing lessons and outlining further tasks of state building and highlighting problematic issues and features of the country’s current state. The article describes the stages of the formation of relations between Ukraine and the European Union, examines the state, problems and prospects of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations. The main external and internal factors of the formation of the foundations of the European integration policy of Ukraine are systematically considered. The main consequences of the functioning of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the European Union have been studied. The influence of the deepened free trade zone on the economic development of Ukraine and national priorities is analyzed. It is emphasized that the main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries through large-scale internal transformations. Ukraine’s trade and economic relations with the European Union have become an inevitable political reality. European guidelines have become a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the current foreign and domestic political situation, Ukraine’s relations with the European Union are extremely important in this regard. It is not only about more or less active relations with a more powerful foreign partner, but also about Ukraine’s ability to make strategic decisions for the future, which depends on the state’s position and role in the new international order.
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Karasayev, Ganiy M., Zhandos N. Zhaxygeldinov, Bekmurat R. Naimanbayev, Alima M. Auanasova i Gizatulla Kh Khalidullin. "History of European Union–Kazakhstan relations (1991-2001)". Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, nr 68 (27.04.2023): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced.2702.
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Diplomatic, economic and other relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union have been officially established since 1993. Such interaction between Kazakhstan and the European Union has been effective for both sides. The aim of this research is to consider the economic, political, diplomatic and cultural relations between the European Union and Kazakhstan, as well as to propose recommendations for countries that are just beginning relations with the Union. The creation of a single dense economic and currency space on the European continent, the expansion of the Union, a strategy to advance the world economy, the formation of a common defense and security system, integration and components of global processes have become the main requirements of this union. Political, trade, economic and investment cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EU is carried out within the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement signed on 23 January 1995 in Brussels and entered into force on 1 July 1999. On the basis of the agreement, it was possible to establish appropriate discussions on trade, investment, general economic relations, as well as cooperation in energy, transport, environment and finance. For the European Union, Kazakhstan has established partnerships in Central Asia as a key and effective partner. Thus, it became clear that Kazakhstan is a Eurasian state connecting Europe and Asia and a “Golden Bridge” in terms of geopolitical location.
Received: 29 November 2022Accepted: 08 February 2023
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Stanković, Marko, i Zoran Krstić. "Perspectives of Serbian-Albanian relations in the light of the "Open Balkans" initiative". Nacionalni interes 45, nr 2 (2023): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nint45-44419.
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The paper aims to show the possibilities and perspectives of improving Serbian-Albanian relations through the establishment of the "Open Balkans" project. Confrontation policies enabled the creation of inter-ethnic intolerance and provided support to political elites, leading these societies in the direction of conflicts and rejection of mutual cooperation. In the era when Serbia and Albania are trying to become part of the European Union, there are numerous obstacles and a lack of support from European countries on this path. Accordingly, these countries initiated regional political and economic integration. "Open Balkans" was designed as an initiative of the countries of the Western Balkans with the aim of advancing these countries on the European path. Part of the criticism of this project is reflected in the expectation of help from the countries of the European Union, which was absent in the original processes of European integration. This initiative represents a mini-precedent in the European history of integration and is the way to restore friendly Serbian-Albanian relations. "Open Balkans" should open a new economic space for cooperation between Serbian and Albanian economies, help overcome inter-ethnic prejudices and create preconditions for faster adoption of European values.
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Beltrame de Moura, Aline, Naiara Posenato i Beatriz Campuzano Díaz. "Editorial". Latin American Journal of European Studies 3, nr 1 (czerwiec 2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51799/2763-8685v3n1000.
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The Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) is a publication of the Latin American Center of European Studies, created from the BRIDGE Project of Jean Monnet Network with funding from the Erasmus + Program of the European Commission. With a focus on the editorial lines on European Union Law and Policies and International Relations of the European Union with third countries and Latin America, the fifth edition of the Journal also has a thematic dossier on Private International Law in relations between the European Union and Latin America, organized by Beatriz Campuzano Díaz of the University of Seville, (Spain). The fifth edition of the Journal is open for submissions until May 1st, 2023.
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Khairunnisa, Meyfitha Dea. "Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism". Transformasi Global 8, nr 2 (23.12.2021): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.008.02.2.
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Environmental policy has become an important aspect of reviewing international relations environmental issues. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time, the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies, and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of ecoimperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: Waste Export; Eco-Imperialism; Environmental Policy
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Valeeva, R. A. "Development of Сooperation Between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union at the Present Stage". Post-Soviet Issues 6, nr 3 (27.11.2019): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-3-288-296.
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After the collapse of the USSR, the West received favorable conditions for promoting its geopolitical interests. Accordingly, the European Union began to establish relations with the countries of Central Asia. The EU policy in Central Asia in the early 90s of the twentieth century is characterized by the fact that Brussels concentrated its efforts on the allocation of economic assistance, the promotion of democracy and market relations. The EU policy in the Central Asian republics was based on cooperation and partnership Agreements signed with the leadership of the countries of the region. These agreements were intended to formalize the political and economic relations of the countries of the region with the EU. The role of the Central Asian countries in EU foreign policy was more clearly defined after the adoption of the European Union Strategy for Central Asia in 2007. The European Union has taken a number of steps to strengthen its position in the region. Several formats of bilateral and regional cooperation have been created, and EU representative offices have been opened in the countries of the region.Over the past decade, the European Union has significantly intensified its foreign policy in Central Asia. It expanded diplomatic ties and successfully implemented mechanisms for developing cooperation with Central Asia. In particular, it has expanded its presence in the region, successfully launching several of its strategic programs in various areas of cooperation.In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia. This is the first radical revision of the document adopted in 2007. This indicates a desire to update the base of interac tion and to build relations with the countries of the region in a new way. The European Union pays special attention to such areas of cooperation as energy issues, global security problems and joint struggle against the threats of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and radical extremism, transport and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the prospects and problems of the EU’s interaction with the Kyrgyz Republic, which cover various aspects: political, economic, social, trade, cultural. On 19 November 2017, the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic began negotiations to update the existing bilateral agreement, which is intended to replace the partnership and cooperation Agreement. After the completion of the negotiations, a new agreement on expanded partnership and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union was initialed on July 6, 2019. It includes new areas of cooperation and significantly improves the regulatory framework for trade and economic relations in accordance with WTO rules and regional economic agreements. The new agreement provides for cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the EU in areas such as: policy and reform, enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security issues, in the areas of justice, security and freedoms, as well as in trade.
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Darmayadi, Andrias, i Nikolay Megits. "The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the European Union economy". Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10, nr 1 (8.01.2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i1.1079.
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This study aims to see the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the European Union economy. It uses a qualitative descriptive method. This method answers research questions requiring an explanation and understanding of social activities due to the war. In this descriptive research, we evaluate aimed to evaluate the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the European Union Economy. The results of this study indicate that the European Union's economy was greatly affected by this war, starting from the disruption of trade relations between Russia and the European Union in all fields, especially in the energy sector, to the creation of high inflation rates in developing countries. With this, of course, the economy and stability in the European Union will be interrupted and causing an economic crisis in many European countries.
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Lazowski, Adam. "Enhanced multilateralism and enhanced bilateralism: Integration without membership in the European Union". Common Market Law Review 45, Issue 5 (1.10.2008): 1433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2008097.
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Over the years the European Union and the European Communities have developed political and legal relations with third countries. Yet, legal integration with third countries without their membership in the club is a relatively new phenomenon employed, inter alia, in the relations with the EEA countries, the Swiss confederation and countries of Western Balkans (within the framework of the Energy Community). To reflect the nature of these new frameworks in the field of external relations, the notions of “enhanced multilateralism” and “enhanced bilateralism” are used. Arguably, the shared legal framework has led to the creation of the European Union Legal Space whereby selected pieces of acquis are applicable between the EU and the third countries. This, being a fascinating jigsaw puzzle of legal regimes, may be a source of concern as such forms of integration are capable of undermining the coherence of the EU legal order in the long run. This article looks at these models of integration and makes an attempt to identify the main benefits and risks.
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Serban, Florica Mioara, i Carmen Elena Stoenoiu. "The Analysis of Government Expenditures in the European Union". Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, nr 2 (1.07.2020): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.15.
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This article analyses data on general government expenditure, at the level of the European Union (EU 28) according to the Classification of the Functions of Government – COFOG over the 2008-2017 period. Data shows that the expenditures increased at the beginning of the economic crisis in all EU countries, being followed by a slowdown in expenditures growth. All countries have adopted policies in order to reduce government expenditures towards the end of the period, aiming to increase their efficiency. Usually in high-income countries, compared with low-income countries, government expenditures are much larger as percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but the relations are not very strong though.
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Lopandic, Dusko. "European Union in the new international surroundings". Medjunarodni problemi 60, nr 2-3 (2008): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0803199l.
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The author analyses the development of EU in the new international surroundings during the last decade, also exploring the development of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). The first part treats the changes in international relations, the role of USA and the NATO evolution. With the changes in international relations that are characterized by the relative weakening of USA, the rise of the powers such as China and Russia as well as the process of globalization within the multipolar frameworks, the European Union and its members states are facing the problem of adjusting to the new conditions. The second part of the article overviews the EU development, its geostrategic priorities as well as the development of ESDP. In the last dozen of years, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the ESDP development have gone through a dynamic evolution. The attempts of the EU countries to emancipate from USA and become a serious factor in international relations imply that it should strengthen its international identity, and the political and military components, in particular.
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Vyacheslav, Bocharov A., Olga A. Fedotova, Marina V. Kakurina, Galia G. Mikhaleva i Svetlana V. Novikova. "Protection of minor rights in Russia and European Union countries". Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (14.11.2021): 950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1688.
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The goal of the study is to develop the problem of minor rights and legitimate interest protection theoretically. Discussion: A comprehensive analysis of the system for protection the rights of this category of citizens was carried out to achieve this goal. At the same time, special attention is paid to the basic concepts and approaches used for the implementation of the studied legal relations in Russia and the EU countries. Result: they revealed the features of minor right protection system in the Russian Federation and some EU states.
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Drzymała, Agnieszka. "Economic Cooperation Between The European Union And Japan". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, nr 2 (30.06.2017): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0016.
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The aim of the paper is to show the history of economic relations between the European Union and Japan. This economy is very important to the EU and the countries of the EU are interested in further deepening areas of cooperation. Therefore it seems important to indicate the political will to continue mutual economic relations through the signing of contracts and bilateral agreements, as well as meetings at various levels, including SPA and EPA negotiations and summits. The course of the current economic cooperation will be shown through trade volume and foreign direct investment outflows from the European Union to Japan.
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Kovačikova, Hana. "Western Balkans Regional Common Market: What lesson can be taught from EEA?: A case study of public procurement". Strani pravni zivot, nr 4 (2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-29635.
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The European Union pursues on the international scene to safeguards its values, support the rule of law, foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development and support the integration of all countries into the world economy including through the progressive abolition of barriers on international trade. Trade agreements are used as an effective tool to this end. Within its present external action, European Union tries to cover its trade relations regionally homogenously. Through regionally homogenous trade agreements, Union can export its values, principles, and rules easier, which is also a way of strengthening its position geopolitically. This paper analyses trade agreements concluded between the European Union and candidate countries from Western Balkans. All these agreements recognise the accession to the European Union as their final goal. To achieve it, candidate countries need to fulfil various conditions, including the approximation and harmonisation of their legal orders with the EU acquis. Just recently (in November 2020), Western Balkans countries' leaders announced the creation of Regional Common Market which shall serve as a tool for approximation with European Union's Internal Market Rules. To this regard, author analysed the European Economic Area, where the export of European Union's Internal Market Rules was successfully realised, and which might therefore serve as an example for pre-accession cooperation between Western Balkans countries and European Union. Author chose the area of public procurement as a model case study.
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Elistania, Elistania, Farandy Nurmeiga i Agung Permadi. "Strategy To Strengthen Cooperation Between The European Union And The Mediterranean Countries Through The Union For Mediterranean (UfM)". Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional 21, nr 2 (26.12.2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/global.v21i2.398.
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The European Union is an example of regional cooperations that represents regional identity. In the midst of the process of integration and expansion of membership, the European Union has an interest in building good relations with non-member countries in the immediate region, including the Mediterranean. The process of establishing cooperation between the European Union and the Mediterranean countries continues to change. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) in 1995 was the place for regional cooperation with most member countries and had a well-structured pillar of cooperation. However, the two entities re-formed a new cooperative platform, The Union for Mediterranean (UfM) in 2008. This study aims to explain why the European Union and Mediterranean countries changed the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) into The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) in 2008. Using the theory building approach in the Alex Warleigh-Lack regionalism concept, the findings in the research resulted in an answer that EMP has negative values that are not in accordance with the development of the issue so that it becomes a reason for the formation of UfM.
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Drastichová, Magdaléna. "Sustainability Evaluation of the European Union based on the Ecological Footprint". Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis 19, nr 1 (1.06.2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acta-2016-0008.
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Abstract Recent production and consumption activities impose a heavy burden on the Earth's current and future capacity. Therefore, it is inevitable to deal with the impacts of the economic activities on the natural resources which determine our future well-being and the survival by itself. The indicators reflecting impacts of regions and countries on the available resources are used in this Paper to operationalize the sustainable development concept. The Ecological Footprint, Total Biocapacity and their components are investigated in the European Union (EU) and its countries and the EU region is compared with the other regions of the world. The additional three developed countries – Norway, Switzerland and the United States (US), were included in the sample together with the EU countries to enable extended comparisons. The aim of the Paper is to evaluate sustainability in the EU and its countries by means of the Ecological Footprint and the available biocapacity and to detect the relations between the countries’ EF and their standard of living and human development level. Concerning the regions, the highest Ecological Footprint per capita is typical of North America followed by the EU region. The Northern countries show largest biocapacities and are thus the largest resource creditors. The worst results in the Ecological Footprint – biocapacity relations analysis are typical of Cyprus, Belgium, Netherlands and Italy. The cross-section regression models confirmed that, at least, in the sample of the developed countries the positive relations between the Ecological Footprint on the one hand and the standard of living / state of the human development on the other hand exist.
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Shubenkova, Ksenia, i Karine Ignatova. "The Legal Regulation of Interethnic Relations in the European Union". Legal Concept, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2022.4.7.
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Introduction: The European Union is ethnically diverse and this factor can both positively and negatively influence the processes of regulation of interethnic relations. The European experience shows that it is impossible to avoid the emergence of inter-ethnic tension, the manifestation of xenophobia or discrimination, but they can be effectively combated. The main purpose of the work is to systematize the result obtained and, on its basis, to reveal the structure of the system of sources of legal regulation of interethnic relations in the European Union. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is the methods of historical and system analysis. Results: the analysis of the current legislation of the European Union revealed positive practices and gaps in the regulation of interethnic relations. Thus, despite the common European legal framework, the EU countries have not reached agreements on the development of common strategies for national and migration policies. Conclusions: In matters of regulating interethnic relations, the European Union fully relies on the standards developed by the Council of Europe, and this is natural, since the development of common approaches to the establishment of common European values is more typical for the European community. The legal experience of the European Union, taking into account interaction with the Council of Europe, creates additional opportunities for sustainable development in this area.
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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations". Leiden Journal of International Law 7, nr 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.
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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
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Jeannet, Anne-Marie, Tobias Heidland i Martin Ruhs. "What asylum and refugee policies do Europeans want? Evidence from a cross-national conjoint experiment". European Union Politics 22, nr 3 (23.04.2021): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211006838.
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The protection of asylum seekers and refugees has become one of the most politically divisive issues in the European Union, yet there has been a lack of research on public preferences for asylum and refugee policies. This article analyzes which policies Europeans prefer and why. We advance a theoretical framework that explains how asylum and refugee policies that use limits and conditions enable individuals to resolve conflicting humanitarian and perceived national interest logics. Using an original conjoint experiment in eight countries, we demonstrate that Europeans prefer policies that provide refugee protection but also impose control through limits or conditions. In contrast to the divisive political debates between European Union member states, we find consistent public preferences across European countries.
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Dudauri, Tamar. "REGULATION OF LEGAL MIGRATION FROM GEORGIA TO EU COUNTRIES AND INTEGRATION INTO THE LABOR MARKET". International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 07, nr 12 (2022): 4017–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2022.v07i12.018.
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Migration processes have become not only an important factor in modern international relations, but also have a serious impact on the state's domestic policy. In addition to combating illegal migration, protecting borders and providing asylum, an integral part of migration policy is also regulation of legal migration channels, including labor migration. Effective management of legal migration is in the common interest of EU member states and the EU as a Union. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the stages and principles of the formation of the supranational component of the regulation of legal migration in the European Union. The author pays special attention to the political and legal component, methods and tools of migration regulation in the European Union. The assessment of the current situation of the common migration policy of the European Union is of interest for the integration processes and the future development of the European Union.
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Khairunnisa, Meyfitha Dea. "Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism". Transformasi Global 8, nr 2 (22.12.2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2021.008.02.3.
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Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy
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Babic, Blagoje. "China-European union relations: A developing geoeconomic axis". Medjunarodni problemi 62, nr 3 (2010): 418–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1003418b.
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China and the European Union are very interested in developing their mutual relations. They strengthen their positions in the world business by their co-ordinated acting. In their mutual relations, they apply Geoeconomics? methods. They do not regard each other as a military threat but as one of the main economic partners. Their economies are highly complementary. ?The common economic interests? have a decisive role in China EU policy and EU China policy, respectively. EU is China?s largest economic partner. It is its largest export market, the largest source of new technologies and equipment and one of the largest sources for foreign investments. China is the second important source of industrial products import to EU and the fastest growing export market for EU. The EU enlargement to the East both favourably and unfavourably affects China?s interests. The main cause of friction in China-EU relations is a high Chinese surplus in their mutual trade, high competitiveness of Chinese products on the EU market and China?s pursuit of energy sources in the parts of the world that Western countries, including the leading EU member states, regard as traditionally ?forbidden? such as the Middle East and Africa. China and EU have created mechanisms to settle conflicts of interest in their mutual trade through dialogue.
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Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, nr 34 (styczeń 2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.
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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from the continent? And what about Europe?
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Haughton, Lesley. "Supporting learners through trade unions". Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 20, nr 1 (1.06.2008): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.2005.
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This article examines the role of voluntary trade union activists in delivering information advice and guidance aboutlearning, work and careers to members of their unions. The context for this work is the learning and skills system in England, not for the United Kingdom as a whole. It presents a case study of the way in which we in unionlearn, the learning and skills organisation established by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), have developed a model and strategy for supporting learners in unions. Unions in other European Union (EU) countries may wish to consider how this model could be contextualised in their own industrial relations systems when developing the role of their union representatives and officers in learning and skills.
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Rokicki, Tomasz. "FOREIGN TRADE IN LAMB MEAT BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, nr 3 (14.08.2019): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3514.
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The main purpose of the paper was to present foreign trade in lamb meat concerning exchanges between the countries of the European Union. In a targeted manner, all EU member states were selected for research as of 31/12/2018 (28 countries). The research period concerned the years 2005-2018. The sources of materials were literature and Eurostat data. For analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, dynamics indicators based on a constant and variable basis, the Gini concentration coefficient, Lorenz curve concentration analysis and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient were applied. The export of lamb meat in relation to other EU countries accounted for over 90% of total export of this type of meat. In the case of imports, it was just over 50%. There were countries only selling to other EU countries and those with buyers from outside the EU. The situation was similar in import. The concentration of lamb meat export and import decreased, faster for imports. There were also positive average relationships between foreign trade in lamb meat in relations with other EU countries and basic economic parameters.
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Brandl, Bernd, i Alex Lehr. "A problem of embeddedness". Employee Relations 40, nr 3 (3.04.2018): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2017-0075.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a general micro-theoretical framework that helps to understand the embeddedness of trade unions within the European system of industrial relations, and the consequences of this embeddedness for industrial relations outcomes. First, starting from the paradoxical observation of a trend towards homogeneity within a complex, multi-layered European industrial relations system consisting of heterogeneous and autonomous agents, the paper aims to explicate the mechanisms which produce these similarities. Second, the paper seeks to analyse potential mechanisms for transnational trade union cooperation and, third, it concludes by outlining its applicability as the basis for methodological approaches which enable realistic and policy relevant analyses. Design/methodology/approach This paper is conceptual and focusses on the development of a general micro-theoretical framework which captures European industrial relations actors’ behaviour and outcomes. It integrates theoretical and empirical accounts from differing social science disciplines and from various methodological starting points on trade union action and interaction into one general micro-theoretical framework. Findings Starting from a typology of trade union goals, the authors show how various social mechanisms lead to interdependencies between trade unions and review empirical evidence for their consequences. The authors, then, identify a set of motives for transnational cooperation that would allow outcomes that are in line with trade union objectives. Originality/value Against the background that previous studies on trade union action and cross-national interaction have paid less attention to the puzzling stylised fact that industrial relations outcomes are mimicked by heterogeneous and autonomous agents actors in different countries, the authors address this research gap by developing a novel general micro-theoretical framework for the analysis of transnational trade union action and interaction in order to better understand the underlying causal mechanisms for the common behaviour and outcomes of autonomous actors.
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Tkáč, Filip, Ingrida Košičiarová, Elena Horská i Kristína Mušinská. "Socioeconomic Relations of Food Waste in Selected European Countries". Economies 10, nr 6 (14.06.2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10060144.
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The present paper deals with the issue of food waste in selected European countries, in which we have tried to analyze the socioeconomic rations. The main aim of our research was to analyze food waste quantity and compare the amount of wasted food in European Union countries (except Cyprus due to the unavailability of food waste data). The analysis was based on a dataset provided through the Food Waste Index Report 2021 by the UN environment program and complemented by socioeconomic variables obtained from EUROSTAT. For a deeper analyses of the obtained results, we formulated three assumptions, which have been tested with the use of several statistical methods—Pearson’s correlation coefficient, linear regression, the distance from a fictitious object method, and hierarchical clustering. Our results show that the amount of food wasted in different sectors (retail, food, households) is not correlated, and any of the analyzed socioeconomic variables do not influence the ranking of countries by the crucial variable.
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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union". Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.
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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.
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Khomutenko, L., i O. Ieremenko. "MULTICULTURALISM AS A DERIVATIVE PHENOMENON OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION". Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, nr 1 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-9.
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The article explores the essence of multiculturalism and its place in the politics of the European Union. This article looks at aspects of the impact of migration flows on countries of the world and world politics. It reveals the scope and main directions of international labor migration. The purpose of the article is to investigate the economic indicators of the countries most affected by irregular migration flows and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of employment in international relations. Analyzing and summarizing the results of scientific works and research of domestic and foreign scholars, the tendency of characteristic changes of multiculturalism as part of cultural relations was considered. Several consequences of international labor migration from different countries are described. The importance of multiculturalism policy for international economic relations has been proved. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of multicultural policy development in EU countries. Keywords: multiculturalism, migration, labor migration, emigration, immigration, economic migrants.