Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Reinforcement”
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Bai, Chong Xi, i Qiang Fu. "Model Tests of Strip Foundation with FRP Reinforced Sand Grounds". Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (styczeń 2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.43.
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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have good performance such as high strength, high modulus, corrosive resistance, and so on. FRP materials can be used to reinforced reinforcement effects significantly and improve durability of traditional reinforcements. A series of model tests were conducted on foundations reinforced with horizontal FRP reinforcemens. The influence of reinforcement modes on bearing capacity, settlement, strain of FRP and earth pressure were analyzed. From the test results, it was shown that the FRP reinforcement can significantly increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement, especially for double-layer reinforcement. And the effects of the anchoring inclusions were little, as compared with the reinforcements.
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Konzilia, Julian, Jonas Wachter, Matthias Egger, Christoph Waltl, Thomas Fröis, Thomas Bechtold i Jürgen Feix. "Embroidered Carbon Reinforcement for Concrete". Buildings 13, nr 9 (8.09.2023): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092293.
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This research focuses on the manufacturing process and mechanical properties of textile reinforcements fabricated using embroidery technology. The study investigates both 2D and 3D reinforcement products and compares the advantages and possibilities of embroidery technology with other manufacturing methods. A series of tests using carbon reinforcement is conducted, and the results are presented and evaluated comprehensively. The uniaxial tensile tests reveal the characteristic behavior of carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC). Furthermore, the bonding behavior between the concrete matrix and embroidered carbon reinforcement is analyzed utilizing asymmetric pull-out tests, demonstrating that the embroidered reinforcements provide a sufficient bond. In addition to conventional 2D reinforcements, 3D reinforcements were also investigated, which can be efficiently manufactured using the TFP (tailored fiber placement) technology. Through the implementation of stirrup rovings, shear failure loads can be increased significantly. The results suggest that the mechanical properties of the reinforcement are influenced by the manufacturing process, which is particularly evident in the variation between longitudinal and transverse directions. The research highlights the potential benefits of using embroidery technology for textile reinforcement and indicates areas for further research and optimization in the manufacturing process. A pilot project that utilizes the embroidered reinforcement is currently under construction.
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Hollý, Ivan. "Experimental Investigation of Bond between GFRP Reinforcement and Concrete". Solid State Phenomena 309 (sierpień 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.309.140.
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The reinforcing steel embedded in concrete is generally protected against corrosion by the high alkalinity (pH = 12.5 to 13.5) of the concrete pore solution. The structural degradation of concrete structures due to reinforcement’s corrosion has an impact on the safety, serviceability and durability of the structure. The corrosion of reinforcements in the construction of a transport infrastructure (especially bridges), parking areas, etc., is primarily initiated by chlorides from de-icing salts. Glass fiber reinforcement polymer (GFRP) bars are suitable alternatives to steel bars in reinforced concrete applications. The bond between concrete and reinforcement is one of the basic requirements for the composite action of both materials. The transfer of forces between the steel reinforcement and the concrete is provided by the following mechanisms: adhesion, friction and mechanical interlocking. The bond between GFRP reinforcement and concrete is different and it is ensured by friction and mechanical interlocking of the rebar surface. The chemical bond does not originate between GFRP reinforcement and the surrounding concrete, so adhesion does not contribute to transfer of the bond forces. Some few test methods are used to determine the bond between GFRP reinforcement and concrete. The pull-out tests were used to determine the bond behavior between GFRP rebars and concrete. This paper describes the preparation, process, results and evaluation of the pull-out tests.
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Choi, Hyun Ki. "The Effect of Anchorage Strength with Anchorage Capacity in Flat Plate". Key Engineering Materials 627 (wrzesień 2014): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.245.
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The punching shear on the flat plate slab-column connection can bring about the reason of the brittle punching shear failure which may result of collapsing the whole structure. From the development of residential flat plate system, the shear reinforcement is developed for preventing the punching shear. This study proposed 3 reinforcements that are increased to bond capacity using lateral bar, the structure test is performed. As performed test result, because slabs not keep enough bond length, slab is failed before shear reinforcement's yield strength duo to anchorage of slip. According to result, FEM analyzed an effect of slab thickness and concrete compressive. The study suggests shear strength formula that possible a positive shear reinforcement in slab-column connection.
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Mardhatillah, Elsy. "Teacher’s Reinforcement in English Classroom in MTSS Darul Makmur Sungai Cubadak". Indonesian Research Journal On Education 3, nr 1 (2.01.2022): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/irje.v3i1.202.
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This research was due to some problems found in MTsS Darul Makmur. First, some students were not motivated in learning. Second, sometime the teacher still uses Indonesian in giving reinforcements. Third, some Students did not care about the teacher's reinforcement. This study aimed to find out the types of reinforcement used by the teacher. Then, to find out the types of reinforcement often and rarely to be usedby the teacher. Then, to find out the reasons the teacher used certain reinforcements. Last, to find out how the teacher understands the reinforcement. This research used a qualitative approach. The design of this research was descriptive because the researcher made a description of the use of reinforcement by theteacher in the English classroom. In this research, the interview and observation sheets were used by the researcher. The researcher found that the type of reinforcement used by the teacher is positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. First, there were two types of positive reinforcement used by teachers, namely verbal reinforcement and non-verbal reinforcement. The verbal often used by theteacher was a reinforcement in the form of words and reinforcement in the form of phrases. Then, verbal reinforcement in the form of sentences was never done by the teacher in the learning process. While the non-verbal reinforcement often used by the teacher was gestural, activity reinforcement, and proximity reinforcement. Second, the negative reinforcement often used by the teacher was a warning, gesture, and eye contact. Meanwhile, the negative reinforcement rarely used by the teacher was speech volume andpunishment. Third, the reasons teachers reinforce learning are to motivate students and make students feel appreciated and happy while learning.
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Narasimalu, S., i Manoj Gupta. "Effect of the Presence of Continuous/ Discontinuous/ Hybrid Reinforcement on the Damping Characteristics of Pure Aluminium Matrix". Solid State Phenomena 111 (kwiecień 2006): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.111.71.
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Al is well known to serve as a metallic matrix in a composite due to its enhanced ductility and toughness. In the present study, pure Al (AA1050) is reinforced with two different reinforcements viz., an interconnected, axisymmetrical, galvanized iron wire perform and SiC particulates and were tested in a free-free type suspended beam arrangement, coupled with circle-fit approach to determine damping characteristics. The results show the effect of individual and combined presence of two different reinforcements in terms of damping loss factor. Addition of ~ 2 vol. % of interconnected reinforcement increases the overall damping capacity of the aluminium matrix by ~ 15 % which is equivalent to the presence of ~ 4.8 vol. % of SiCp. But combined presence of ~2 vol. % of interconnected wire reinforcement along with ~0.5 vol. % of SiCp increases the damping capacity to 24 % which forms a new breed of hybrid composites. This increase in damping can be rationalized in terms of the induced plastic zone and reinforcement’s aspect ratio.
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Hidayah, Fitri Nur, Rafie Rafie, Safaruddin M. Nuh, Syahrudin Syahrudin i Lusiana Lusiana. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIRECT WASTE USING SOFTWARE CUTTING OPTIMIZATION PRO AND THE COST OF USING CONVENTIONAL REINFORCEMENT AND WIREMESH IN FLOOR SLAB WORK. (CASE STUDY: OFFICE AND DEPOT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT OF PT. GUDANG GARAM)". Jurnal Teknik Sipil 23, nr 1 (28.02.2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jtst.v23i1.61193.
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Rebar is one of the main materials in a building. The material has been widely innovated by product providers. In addition to using conventional reinforcement on the floor slab, it is now possible to replace the reinforcement with wire mesh reinforcement. Because material costs are a very large cost in construction projects, it is necessary to do proper material planning. This final project will compare the two reinforcements with the aim that project implementers can plan materials appropriately so that it is expected to minimize the huge cost expenditure. In this final project, the reinforcement in the floor slab work will be reviewed in terms of direct waste reinforcement which will be assisted by software cutting optimization pro and reinforcement costs using the AHSP stipulated by Permen PUPR No.1 of 2022. After various stages are carried out, a comparison of the direct waste level, direct waste cost, and cost of the two reinforcements will be obtained. A Comparison of the three reviews found that wire mesh reinforcement is more efficient than using conventional reinforcement.
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Portelinha, Fernando H. M., Joao M. H. Goulart i Jose Orlando Avesani Neto. "Influence of Heterogeneous Arrangements of Reinforcements’ Length and Stiffness on the Deformation of Instrumented Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Walls Constructed with Sustainable Locally Available Backfill Soils". Sustainability 15, nr 10 (17.05.2023): 8183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108183.
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Sustainable solutions involving geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls have been achieved in projects that use locally available backfill materials and a reduced volume of geosynthetic reinforcements. Different arrangements of reinforcements can be adopted to reduce the volume of geosynthetics. This paper reports the deformation measurements taken from four instrumented geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls constructed with different arrangements of reinforcement layers including different lengths and tensile properties. The deformation of walls with rigid reinforcements at lower elevations and more flexible at upper portions of the wall height was compared to walls with a uniform distribution of reinforcement layers. Similarly, the effect of the nonuniformity of reinforcement lengths along the wall height was also evaluated. Relatively short reinforcements (L/H < 0.7) used at deeper reinforced layers were observed to overload the upper reinforcement layers resulting in mobilized loads higher than expected, resulting in increases of approximately 80% in the wall’s deformation. In contrast, the use of rigid reinforcements at lower layers led to a reduction in facing displacements of 50% at lower instrumented layers and of 60% at upper instrumented layers. The distribution pattern of facing displacements, reinforcement-mobilized loads and strains along the wall height was significantly affected by the adoption of heterogeneous reinforced layers.
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Zhang, Yi. "The Education Effectiveness Concerning Different Reinforcement". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 44, nr 1 (18.04.2024): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/44/20230151.
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In psychology, reinforcement refers to all the activities that will increase the probability of a response occurring. Reinforcement tames peoples unwanted behaviors or encourages and strengthens an existing one. Given that the role of reinforcement is to affect motivation and determine what characteristics or stimuli will be treated as relevant for the learner, the way of influencing studying by reinforcement can be varied. The reinforcements can be classified into four types due to its own practice: negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Each type of reinforcement in shaping peoples behavior and response can lead different level of accuracy, duration, frequency and persistence. Negative reinforcement usually means taking away, which is the removal of an aversive event in order to encourage the behavior. Positive reinforcement means adding up, which a reward or event that increases the likelihood that a particular type of response will be repeated. The punishment and extinction are all involved in the effect in removing certain responses. In light of the current educational beliefs and values, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have already become main method of behavior modification to students at the mercy of teacher and school. Although reinforcement and education are not synonymous, successful formal education is virtually impossible without copious systematic reinforcement. This admittedly illustrates that the essential of reinforcement in playing a role in students learning efficiency. However, education methods are not stable and unitary as mentioned which can be impacted by different. Thus, choosing the types between positive and negative reinforcements to encourage students as motivation will be crucial for students effectiveness.
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Hollý, Ivan, i Juraj Bilčík. "Effect of Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion on Working Life of Concrete Structures". Solid State Phenomena 272 (luty 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.226.
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The reinforcing steel embedded in concrete is generally protected against corrosion by the high alkalinity (pH = 12.5 to 13.5) of the concrete pore solution. The structural degradation of concrete structures due to reinforcement’s corrosion has an impact on the safety, serviceability and durability of the structure. The corrosion of reinforcements in the construction of a transport infrastructure (especially bridges), parking areas, etc., is primarily initiated by chlorides from de-icing salts. When corrosion is initiated, active corrosion results in a volumetric expansion of the corrosion products around the reinforcing bars against the surrounding concrete. Reinforcement corrosion causes a volume increase due to the oxidation of metallic iron, which is mainly responsible for exerting the expansive radial pressure at the steel–concrete interface and development of hoop tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete. When this tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete, cracks are generated. Higher corrosion rates can lead to the cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. Continued corrosion of reinforcement causes a reduction of total loss of bond between concrete and reinforcement.
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Shrinivasa, D., i G. V. Naveen Prakash. "Machinability Studies on Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1258, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1258/1/012023.
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Hybrid metal matrix composites are new invention in material science and Engineering. The hybrid metal matrix composites (Hybrid MMC’s) generally consist of two or more reinforcements in it. These hybrid MMC’s have several benefits over the single reinforcement. The presence of reinforcements in it exhibits improved mechanical, tribological and machinability properties. Aluminium-based MMC’s have made attention in recent years as engineering materials. But in some Aluminium-based MMC’s the use of single reinforcement may sometimes lead to weakening in its physical properties. Conversely, to overcome the problem of single reinforced composites, the idea of the use of two different types of reinforcements is being explored in the Aluminium matrix. In the hybrid MMC’s, generally one of the reinforcements will be a hard phase and the other reinforcement being a soft lubricating phase. Hard reinforcements such as TiO2, Al2O3, SiC, etc. will improve the hardness and abrasive wear resistance of Aluminium but it has a negative effect on the machinability of Aluminium. To balance these effects, reinforcements like graphite which is a solid lubricant can be dispersed in Aluminium along with hard reinforcements. In the present study, the paper reviews on the effect of processing techniques, effect of reinforcement and effect of machining parameters on the machinability of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites.
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Mao, Jize, Daoguang Jia, Zailin Yang i Nailiang Xiang. "Seismic Performance of Concrete Bridge Piers Reinforced with Hybrid Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) and Steel Bars". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 14, nr 01 (7.08.2019): 2050001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431120500013.
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Lack of corrosion resistance and post-earthquake resilience will inevitably result in a considerable loss of function for concrete bridge piers with conventional steel reinforcement. As an alternative to steel reinforcement, shape memory alloy (SMA)-based reinforcing bars are emerging for improving the seismic performance of concrete bridge piers. This paper presents an assessment of concrete bridge piers with different reinforcement alternatives, namely steel reinforcement, steel-SMA hybrid reinforcement and SMA reinforcement. The bridge piers with different reinforcements are designed having a same lateral resistance, or in other words, the flexural capacities of plastic hinges are designed equal. Based on this, numerical studies are conducted to investigate the relative performance of different bridge piers under seismic loadings. Seismic responses in terms of the maximum drift, residual drift as well as dissipated energy are obtained and compared. The results show that all the three cases with different reinforcements exhibit similar maximum drifts for different earthquake magnitudes. The SMA-reinforced bridge pier has the smallest post-earthquake residual displacement and dissipated energy, whereas the steel-reinforced pier shows the opposite responses. The steel-SMA hybrid reinforcement can achieve a reasonable balance between the residual deformation and energy dissipation.
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Wang, Zhongmei, Zhiqiang Lai, Lianjun Zhao, Kangwei Lai i Li Pan. "Mesoscopic Failure Behavior of Strip Footing on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Granular Soil Foundations Using PIV Technology". Sustainability 14, nr 24 (11.12.2022): 16583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416583.
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Two-dimensional model tests combined with PIV technology were conducted to study the failure behavior of strip footing on geosynthetic-reinforced granular soil foundations on a mesoscale. The results showed that geosynthetic reinforcements improve the bearing capacity of granular soil foundations; however, the effectiveness of the reinforcement was affected by the position, length, and number of geosynthetics. The mesoscale factor affecting the reinforcement effectiveness was the size of the sliding wedge in the foundation, which was changed by the embedded geosynthetics. As the depth, length, number, and vertical spacing of the reinforcements varied, three possible failure modes occurred in the reinforced foundations: failure above the top reinforcement layer, failure between reinforcement layers, and failure similar to footings on the unreinforced foundation.
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Gajdošová, Katarína, Viktor Borzovič, Adrián Valašík i Natália Gažovičová. "Application of GFRP Reinforcement in the Design of Concrete Structures and its Experimental Evaluation". Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 26, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2018-0015.
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Abstract In the past, research on the use of FRP in civil engineering has been focused on strengthening existing structures where FRP reinforcements were applied to the surface of concrete elements. Recently, the application of FRP reinforcements has been studied to replace steel reinforcements for use in areas of increased environmental loads, with a need to exclude the corrosion of the reinforcement or to ensure the electromagnetic neutrality of the individual elements of the load-bearing structure. The GFRP reinforcement ratio was verified considering failure modes in flexure and the bond of the GFRP reinforcement with concrete. Besides classical reinforcements, GFRP has also been used in prestressed variants, and the possibility of its use as permanent formwork has been verified. In terms of extending the use of non-metallic reinforcements, it is important to note the long-term exposure and possible degradation of the mechanical properties.
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Kazemi, Mostafa, Mohammad Daneshfar, Yousef Zandi, Alireza Sadighi Agdas, Negin Yousefieh, Leili Mohammadifar, Aida Rahmani i in. "Effects of the Concrete Strength and FRP Reinforcement Type on the Non-Linear Behavior of Concrete Deep Beams". Sustainability 14, nr 7 (30.03.2022): 4136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074136.
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To provide sustainable reinforced concrete deep beams, the replacement of steel rebars by FRP rebars with high-chemical resistance is proposed by researchers. However, the effects of the concrete strength, top and web longitudinal reinforcements, and types of FRP flexural rebars on the non-linear performance of concrete deep beams have rarely been evaluated. This study numerically assessed the effects of the top and web longitudinal reinforcements and concrete strength on the non-linear behaviour of GFRP- and CFRP-strengthened concrete deep beams with various shear span-to-overall depth (a/h) ratios. As per the results, the highest tensile stress was obtained for the steel reinforcement, and the tensile stress in the CFRP reinforcement was more than that of the GFRP reinforcement under the failure load. Meanwhile, the results of high- and normal-strength concrete deep beams with the web reinforcement (16.4%) were lower than those without the web reinforcement (22.3%). Therefore, the web reinforcement moderately compensated for the low strength of normal concrete and the absence of the top longitudinal rebar to reinforce concrete deep beams in carrying the ultimate load. Furthermore, the participation of the GFRP reinforcement with the high-strength concrete was more than that with the normal-strength concrete in carrying a higher amount of loading.
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Sharma, S., i A. Prashant. "Two mechanisms in reinforced soil structures subjected to seismic forces". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1260, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1260/1/012049.
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Abstract Internal stability analysis of reinforced soil structures assumes different failure surface generally applicable to geosynthetic reinforcement and steel reinforcement, considering those as extensible and inextensible, respectively. The same assumption is applicable to seismic design too. However, a wall reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement of high stiffness or small spacing and comparatively rigid facia can depict behaviour similar to walls reinforced with inextensible reinforcement. It is imperative to understand this behaviour and see applicability of different mechanisms depending on relative extensibility of reinforcements during seismic loading. A 2D Finite Element model of a wrap-around reinforced soil structure is developed in OpenSees and subjected to seismic forces. Analysis is focused on the development of failure plane, defined on the basis of the locus of maximum reinforcement forces. The reinforcements with low stiffness in general showed a failure plane that follows Rankine’s active condition and with relatively high stiffness it showed roughly vertical failure mechanism. The locus of maximum reinforcement forces was also observed to be coincident with the zone of localized shear strains. These observations are useful in developing guidelines for safe and economical seismic design of reinforced soil structures.
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Palmeira, Ennio, José Melchior Filho i Ewerton Fonseca. "An evaluation of reinforcement mechanical damages in geosynthetic reinforced piled embankments". Soils and Rocks 45, nr 3 (9.07.2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.000522.
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The use of geosynthetic reinforcement in piled embankments over soft soils is an effective solution for the reduction of settlements and to increase the embankment stability. The most efficient position for the reinforcement layer is on the pile cap or head. However, a direct contact of the reinforcement with sharp edges may damage it, compromising its efficiency to transfer loads to the piles. This paper investigates the possibility of mechanical damages in geosynthetic reinforcements on pile caps by large scale laboratory tests. Tests with and without pieces of nonwoven geotextile protective layer between the caps and the reinforcements were executed. Wide strip tensile tests were performed on exhumed reinforcement specimens after the tests to assess tensile strength and stiffness variations. A statistical analysis of the results shows reductions in tensile strength of unprotected reinforcement layers of up to 28%. A mechanical damage index is introduced and its correlation with calculated reduction factors is investigated. The use of a piece of a thick geotextile layer to protect the reinforcement against mechanical damage can be effective. However, the geotextile product must be properly specified and installed with due care.
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Ahmed, Hassan, Ilerioluwa Giwa, Daniel Game, Gabriel Arce, Hassan Noorvand, Marwa Hassan i Ali Kazemian. "Automated Reinforcement during Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing: Structural Assessment of a Dual Approach". Buildings 14, nr 4 (20.04.2024): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041167.
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Automated and seamless integration of reinforcement is one of the main unresolved challenges in large-scale additive construction. This study leverages a dual-reinforcement solution consisting of high-dosage steel fiber (up to 2.5% by volume) and short vertical reinforcements as a complementary reinforcement technique for 3D-printed elements. The mechanical performance of the printing material was characterized by measuring the compressive, flexural, and uniaxial tensile strengths of mold-cast specimens. Furthermore, the flexural performance of the plain and fiber-reinforced 3D-printed beams was evaluated in the three main loading directions (X, Y, and Z-directions in-plane). In addition, short vertical threaded reinforcements were inserted into the fiber-reinforced 3D-printed beams tested in the Z-direction. The experimental results revealed the superior flexural performance of the fiber-reinforced beams loaded in the longitudinal directions (X and Y). Moreover, the threaded reinforcement significantly increases the flexural strength and ductility of beams loaded along the interface, compared to the control. Overall, the proposed dual-reinforcement approach, which exhibited notably less porosity compared to the mold-cast counterpart, holds great potential as a reinforcement solution for 3D-printed structures without the need for manual operations.
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Lee, Jun Suk, Byeong Hun Woo, Jae-Suk Ryou i Jee-Sang Kim. "Performance Assessment of the Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zone Using High-Strength Concrete Considering Confinement Effect". Materials 14, nr 7 (2.04.2021): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071748.
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Post-tensioned anchorage zones need enough strength to resist large forces from jacking forces from prestress and need spiral reinforcement to give confinement effect. High-strength concrete (HSC) has high-strength and brings the advantage of reducing material using and simplifying reinforcing. We tested strain stabilization, load–displacement, and strain of lateral reinforcements. Specimens that used one and two lateral reinforcements without spiral reinforcement did not satisfy the strain stabilization. Load capacity also did not satisfy the condition of 1.1 times the nominal tensile strength of PS strands presented in ETAG 013. On the other hand, specimens that used three and four lateral reinforcements without spiral reinforcement satisfied the strain stabilization but did not satisfy 1.1 times the nominal tensile strength of PS strands. However, the secondary confinement effect could be confirmed from strain stabilization. In addition, the affection of HSC characteristics could be confirmed from a reinforcing level comparing other studies. The main confinement effect could be confirmed from the reinforcement strain results; there was a considerable difference between with and without spiral reinforcement at least 393 MPa. Comprehensively, main and secondary confinement effects are essential in post-tensioned anchorage zones. In addition, the performance of the anchorage zone could be increased by using HSC that the combination of high-strength and confinement effect.
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Gowtham, Satya Swaroop Akkarapu, Arnuri Srinivasulu, Naidu Gurugubelli Swami i Krishna Varmalanke Rama. "Effect of (SiC+Gr) Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Copper MMC". i-manager's Journal on Material Science 10, nr 3 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.3.19096.
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Copper metal matrix composites are seeing tremendous growth due to their properties, which are suitable for a wide range of applications. The potential for combining reinforcements uniformly in the matrix via powder metallurgy is stimulating new research. In the present study, copper powder is used as the matrix and SiC and graphite are used as reinforcements for the fabrication of a hybrid metal matrix composite using the powder metallurgy route. Silicon Carbide (SiC) and graphite are used as reinforcements in copper Metal Matrix Composite (MMC). SiC is a ceramic material that increases the hardness of the composite by adding it as reinforcement, and graphite is a material that helps increase corrosion resistance when used as reinforcement. In each sample, SiC and graphite mixture reinforcement is in equal proportion, varying this composition from 0 to 10% of the weight percentage. These samples are investigated for Vickers hardness, densities, and electrochemical corrosion properties after being prepared by powder metallurgy with dimensions of 16 mm x 16 mm x 25 mm. The sample with 8% reinforcement showed good corrosion resistance and poor corrosion resistance for the 4% reinforcement sample. These composition samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterizations, which showed good correlation for the hardness and corrosion test values.
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Rezaei, Mehdi, Siti Aminah Osman i Nandivaram E. Shanmugam. "PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REINFORCEMENTS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE CORBELS". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, nr 6 (24.10.2013): 836–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801896.
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The study is concerned with normal-strength concrete corbels. 30 such corbels were studied by finite element modelling and the variables considered include ratios of primary and secondary reinforcement, type of applied loading, vertical or horizontal. Finite element modelling with a software package LUSAS was used to analyse four series of corbels namely PV series (primary reinforcement with vertical loading), SV series (secondary reinforcement with vertical loading), PH series (primary reinforcement with horizontal loading) and SH series (secondary reinforcement with horizontal loading). The results indicate that corbels with neither primary reinforcement nor secondary reinforcement fail suddenly. In the case of PV series and SV series, corbels increase in ratio of primary and secondary reinforcement generally resulted in enhancement of strength and ductility when subjected to only vertical loading. This increase is significant up to 0.4% in the case of primary reinforcement and 0.3% in the case of secondary reinforcements. No noticeable change in ultimate load or ductility was observed for corbels in PH series and SH series.
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Ma, Zhangyong, Qingrui Yue i Zhihua Chen. "A Beam Test Study on the Bond Performance between Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement and Geopolymer Concrete". Buildings 13, nr 2 (3.02.2023): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020430.
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An epoxy-coated reinforcement geopolymer concrete structure with good durability and energy-saving properties can be formed by combining epoxy-coated reinforcement and geopolymer concrete. The bond strength is the precondition for the two to work together. In this paper, 13 beam specimens (11 epoxy-coated reinforcements and 2 ordinary deformed reinforcements) were designed to investigate the influence of the strength of geopolymer concrete, diameter of the reinforcement, bonding length and type of reinforcement on the bond performance between reinforcement and geopolymer concrete. The test results show that the ultimate bond strength of the epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) and geopolymer concrete decreased by 7.32% and 14.76%, respectively, when the rebar diameter increased from 14 mm to 16 mm and then to 20 mm. The ultimate bond strength between ordinary threaded reinforcement and geopolymer concrete was slightly higher than that between ECR and geopolymer concrete. When the length of the bond section is small or the concrete strength is low, the beam specimen is prone to the failure of the reinforcement pullout. The specimen with the larger reinforcement diameter is prone to concrete splitting failure. However, the specimens with medium bond length and small reinforcement diameter suffered from pull-out failure after concrete splitting. In this paper, based on the test data, the bond-slip constitutive model of ECR and geopolymer concrete was established, and the bond-slip curve obtained by this model was in good agreement with the measured curve. In addition, the calculation formula of the ultimate bond strength between ECR and geopolymer concrete was also proposed in this paper, which can provide theoretical reference for the engineering application of geopolymer concrete.
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Ahamad, Naseem, Aas Mohammad, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni i Pallav Gupta. "Structural and mechanical characterization of stir cast Al–Al2O3–TiO2 hybrid metal matrix composites". Journal of Composite Materials 54, nr 21 (16.02.2020): 2985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906207.
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The present paper reports the effect of aluminium oxide and titanium oxide reinforcement on the properties of aluminium matrix. Aluminium matrix reinforced with aluminium oxide–titanium oxide (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%) in equal proportion were prepared by stir casting. Phase, microstructure, energy dispersive spectroscopy, density, hardness, impact strength and tensile strength of prepared samples have been investigated. X-ray diffraction reports the intermediate phase formation between the matrix and reinforcement phases due to interfacial bonding between them. Scanning electron microscopy shows that aluminium matrix has uniform distribution of reinforcement particle i.e. aluminium oxide and titanium oxide. Density of composite decreases due to variation of reinforcement and it shows low density after preheating. Hardness decreases due to the amalgamation of reinforcements. Impact strength was found to increase with the addition of reinforcements. Hybrid composite of aluminium matrix and (5% aluminium oxide + 5% titanium oxide) reinforcements have maximum engineering and true ultimate tensile strength. It is expected that the present hybrid metal matrix composites will be useful for aircraft rivets.
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Li, Ying Min, Lu Wang i Li Ping Liu. "Study on Constructional Reinforcement for the Foundation of Blast Furnace due to Temperature Effect". Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (wrzesień 2011): 1545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1545.
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Based on the test and numerical analysis, the paper studied the constructional reinforcement of blast furnace foundation under the influence of concrete hydration and top temperature. The results indicate that constructional reinforcement should be thinner and have a small spacing. Stress concentration always appears around the corner and constraints of blast furnace foundation, where should be strengthened with constructional reinforcements. In order to prevent cracks caused by internal tensile stress during concrete hardening, it is necessary to place temperature reinforcement inside the foundation. Temperature effect should be considered at the circular area on top of blast furnace foundation and should be strengthened with constructional reinforcements.
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Wang, Yuqi, Yanhui Li i Kaixuan Zhou. "Influence of Reinforcement Length on Singularity of Single-Lap Joints". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (18.07.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2801691.
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In order to enhance the strength of single-lap joints, the single-lap joints with reinforcements were proposed. The influence of reinforcement length on the singular behavior near to the interface point of single-lap joints was investigated theoretically and numerically. The theoretical strength of singularity point was calculated by Bogy determinant. Stresses along the interface close to the singularity points were calculated with finite element analyses (FEAs). Results showed that the singular stress intensity factor of single-lap joints can be decreased by the reinforcement. However, the singular stress intensity factor of single-lap joints with reinforcements was decreased slightly with increasing reinforcement length.
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Vlach, Tomáš, Magdaléna Novotná, Ctislav Fiala, Lenka Laiblová i Petr Hájek. "Cohesion of Composite Reinforcement Produced from Rovings with High Performance Concrete". Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (luty 2015): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.397.
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The reinforcement of concrete with composite technical textile creates a tensile load-bearing capacity. It allows the elimination of steel reinforcement and minimisation of concrete cover. Based on this, the concrete cover is designed with respect to the cohesion of reinforcement with concrete. By using of textile reinforcement very thin structures could be created. The aim of this paper was to determine the interaction conditions of carbon and basalt composite reinforcement in a matrix of epoxy resin with high performance concrete (HPC). The tensile strength of used composite reinforcement and the other mechanical parameters of HPC were determined by experimental tests. Experiments copied the production method of technical textiles. These two combinations of materials present the influence on the design of the structures with textile reinforcements.
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Chai, Jin-Chun, Norihiko Miura i Shui-Long Shen. "Performance of embankments with and without reinforcement on soft subsoil". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, nr 4 (1.08.2002): 838–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-033.
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A case history of both reinforced and unreinforced embankments on soft subsoil built-to-failure is described and analyzed. The effect of geotextile reinforcements on embankment behavior is discussed by comparing the field and numerical analysis results of cases with and without reinforcement. The results of a laboratory model test on the behavior of embankments on soft subsoil are discussed. Both field and laboratory tests, as well as analysis results, indicate that the reinforcement had a positive effect on embankment stability. However, at a working state (for a factor of safety of FS = 1.2~1.3) the reinforcement did not have an obvious effect on the subsoil response. The effect of reinforcement on subsoil deformation could be noticed only when the unreinforced embankment was close to failure. The laboratory model test results indicated that if the reinforcement is stiff and strong enough, the effect of reinforcement is considerable. It is suggested that although the geotextile has a beneficial effect on embankment over soft subsoil due to its relative lower stiffness, to achieve a substantial improvement on embankment behavior, the stiffer and stronger reinforcements should be used. This case history also demonstrated that the rate of lateral displacement and excess pore pressure development are sensitive indicators of the stability of embankment on soft subsoil.Key words: embankment, reinforcement, soft ground, field tests, laboratory tests, FEM analysis.
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Meiyana Ariss Susanti, I. Luh. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ENGLISH TEACHERS COMMUNICATION PATTERN AT SMPN 1 PETANGBADUNG REGENCY". International Journal of Language and Literature 2, nr 4 (19.12.2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v2i4.21230.
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In this study, the researcher would like to investigate the types of reinforcements used by male and female teacher, the frequency of using reinforcements both male and female teacher, and to whom it is usually addressed by each teacher. The concern of this study, there were two subjects chosen, one male and one female English teacher. The data was collected through observation and interview. The result of the study showed that those teachers are the same in using the types of reinforcement; they applied praise and negative reinforcement. In term of frequency of using reinforcement, female teachers applied more often than male teachers. Male and female teacher tended to reinforce them who were active in the classroom without regarding the students’ gender. In responding to reinforcement given, mostly students responded by smiling and becoming more active in the following the next lesson. In certain cases, male student showed different responses, particularly when they received negative reinforcement in term of point reducing and withdrawing certain image that they had.
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Seo, Soo Yeon, Seung Joe Yoon i Sang Koo Kim. "Tensile Capacity of Mechanical Bar Connection Corresponding to Detail of Screw on Bar Surface for Construction". Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (listopad 2012): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.693.
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This study is intended to investigate the performance depending on the screw type at the end part of reinforcement in the mechanical connection of high strength reinforcement with screws. Three types of mechanical connection were designed and tensile test was performed for those. The results presented that, although the end part of reinforcement was processed with screws, the reinforcement’s yield and tensile strength sufficiently appeared. But, its plastic deformation capacity after yielding fell 17~26% more than reinforcement.
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Xing, Xiangyang, Jianzhong Pei, Chenchen Shen, Rui Li, Jiupeng Zhang, Jianyou Huang i Dongliang Hu. "Performance and Reinforcement Mechanism of Modified Asphalt Binders with Nano-Particles, Whiskers, and Fibers". Applied Sciences 9, nr 15 (26.07.2019): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9152995.
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The asphalt binders could be modified to improve road perfo rmances by using various methods, and the reinforcement mechanisms are obviously different and quietly affect the road performances. According to the composite reinforcement theory, nano-CaCO3 particles, CaCO3 whiskers, and aramid fibers were used as reinforcements to prepare modified asphalt binders, and the conventional technical performances and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) rheological properties were measured and investigated. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the interfaces between reinforcements and asphalt matrixes and the different reinforcement mechanisms were analyzed. The test results showed that the use of nano-CaCO3 particles, CaCO3 whiskers, and aramid fibers can improve the high-temperature stability of modified asphalt binders by different reinforcement mechanisms. The nano-CaCO3 particles were still effective under high-temperature conditions and could last for a long time through the principle of dispersion enhancement. The CaCO3 whiskers segregate easily and cannot be well dispersed in asphalt binders. The aramid fibers played an important role of stress transmission and fiber reinforcement in asphalt binders, and 2 mm-aramid fibers hold the best reinforcement effects. The conclusions can provide a reference for the selection and application of modifiers in the preparation of modified asphalt in laboratory and engineering projects.
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Calabrese, Gina M., i Karin S. Pfennig. "Reinforcement and the Proliferation of Species". Journal of Heredity 111, nr 1 (18.12.2019): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz073.
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Abstract Adaptive radiations are characterized by the rapid proliferation of species. Explaining how adaptive radiations occur therefore depends, in part, on identifying how populations become reproductively isolated—and ultimately become different species. Such reproductive isolation could arise when populations adapting to novel niches experience selection to avoid interbreeding and, consequently, evolve mating traits that minimize such hybridization via the process of reinforcement. Here, we highlight that a downstream consequence of reinforcement is divergence of conspecific populations, and this further divergence can instigate species proliferation. Moreover, we evaluate when reinforcement will—and will not—promote species proliferation. Finally, we discuss empirical approaches to test what role, if any, reinforcement plays in species proliferation and, consequently, in adaptive radiation. To date, reinforcement’s downstream effects on species proliferation remain largely unknown and speculative. Because the ecological and evolutionary contexts in which adaptive radiations occur are conducive to reinforcement and its downstream consequences, adaptive radiations provide an ideal framework in which to evaluate reinforcement’s role in diversification.
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Mavlonov, Ravshanbek, Sobirjon Razzakov i Sohiba Numanova. "Stress-strain state of combined steel-FRP reinforced concrete beams". E3S Web of Conferences 452 (2023): 06022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345206022.
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Steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to corrosion under different exposure conditions. This can lead to some disadvantages, including concrete deterioration, reduced long-term service life, increased cost of the structure due to re-strengthening measures, and reduced overall durability of the structure. In order to solve these problems, the issue of comprehensive use of Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements as an alternative to steel bars is urgent. FRP reinforcements have specific advantages including corrosion resistance, high tensile strength, density four times lighter than steel, and also linear expansion coefficient under the influence of temperature is small like concrete. In order to increase the load bearing capacity and ductility, it is recommended to effectively use steel rebar together with FRP rebar as a combination reinforcement, taking into account brittleness characteristic of FRP reinforcement and low modulus of elasticity. In this article, concrete beams with combined reinforcement are modelled by using ANSYS Workbench 2022 software. By testing virtual model, deflection corresponding to the value of the applied load on the beam, compressive and tensile stresses in the concrete, and stresses in FRP and steel reinforcement located in the tension zone were determined and analyzed.
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Mangai, M. M., Tokan Aje, Bawa Mohammed i Datau Nicodemus. "Aluminium hybrid composites: A review of reinforcement materials and reinforcement philosophies". Journal of Engineering Innovations and Applications 2, nr 1 (30.08.2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jeia2023.026.
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Aluminium hybrid composite reinforcement technology is a response to the demands of advanced engineering materials. The motive behind the use of aluminium hybrid components in the transport, agriculture and mining sectors is based on the requirement for weight reduction and in pursuit of high efficiency and performance at a reduced cost. The performance of these materials is largely dependent on selecting the right combination of reinforcing materials, since most of the physical, chemical, mechanical properties and processing parameters such as particle size, weight percent of reinforcement and fabrication method were largely associated with the reinforcement. This paper attempts to review the different materials that have been used as reinforcements and the reinforcement philosophy adopted by several researchers with a view to establishing the effects of the reinforcement materials on micro structural, mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid composites. The processing methodology and its effects on aluminium hybrid composites have also been reviewed with a view to suggesting the best applications of aluminium hybrid composites.
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Chen, Jin, Shiyong Jiang, Xiangrong Zeng, Ling Zhou, Tao Sun, Kai Yao i Lei Zhang. "Performance of a transfer beam with hybrid reinforcement of CFRP bars and steel bars under reversed cyclic loading". Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, nr 4 (26.07.2017): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0035.
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AbstractHybrid carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and steel bar reinforcement concrete were applied in a transfer beam. Three specimens (ZHL-2, ZHL-3, and ZHL-4) corresponded to different forms of reinforcement, reinforcement ratio, and reinforced root number, respectively. The pseudo static test of the three specimens was carried out under the condition of vertical loading and horizontal reversed cyclic loading. The flexural property and failure mode of the transfer beams were demonstrated. Further, the ductility, energy dissipation capability, hysteretic characteristics, structural yield mechanism, and failure mechanism were also studied. The exploration of these factors was aimed to study the bearing capacity and seismic performance of the transfer beam with hybrid CFRP and steel bars. The test results show that if both the upper and lower longitudinal reinforcements were replaced by CFRP bars with a symmetrical reinforcement, the mechanical property and deformation performance would be superior. The performance would be better than the reinforcements with single upper and lower replacement by CFRP bars. Both the upper and lower longitudinal bars of the transfer beam should be replaced by CFRP bars with a symmetrical form of reinforcement. The ductility performance would be better for the transfer beam with the hybrid reinforcement of CFRP bars and steel bars. It showed a seismic performance. The transfer beam with the hybrid reinforcement of CFRP bars and steel bars could meet the design requirements for the ductile frame “strong column, weak beam and strong node.”
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Wdowiak-Postulak, Agnieszka, Marek Wieruszewski, František Bahleda, Jozef Prokop i Janusz Brol. "Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis". Polymers 15, nr 9 (26.04.2023): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092062.
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These elements are innovative and of interest to many researchers for the reinforcement of wooden elements. For the reinforced beam elements, the effect of the reinforcement factor, FRP and steel elastic modulus or FRP and steel arrangement of the reinforcement on the performance of the flexural elements was determined, followed by reading the load-displacement diagram of the reinforced beam elements. The finite element model was then developed and verified with the experimental results, which was mainly related to the fact that the general theory took into account the typical tensile failure mode, which can be used to predict the flexural strength of reinforced timber beams. From the tests, it was determined that reinforced timber beam elements had relatively ductile flexural strengths up to brittle tension for unreinforced elements. As for the reinforcements of FRP, the highest increase in load-bearing capacity was for carbon mats at 52.47%, with a reinforcement grade of 0.43%, while the lowest was for glass mats at 16.62% with a reinforcement grade of 0.22%. Basalt bars achieved the highest stiffness, followed by glass mats. Taking into account all the reinforcements used, the highest stiffness was demonstrated by the tests of the effectiveness of the reinforcement using 3 mm thick steel plates. For this configuration with a reinforcement percentage of 10%, this increase in load capacity was 79.48% and stiffness was 31.08%. The difference between the experimental and numerical results was within 3.62–27.36%, respectively.
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Al Khazaleh, Mahmoud. "The Effect Of Soil Reinforcement On Strength Of The Soil". Sustainable Energy and Environment Review 1, nr 1 (6.11.2023): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.59762/seer924712041120231103144956.
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This paper explores soil reinforcement’s effects on the strength of the soil. Different soil reinforcement techniques are discussed, and their effects on soil strength are analyzed. The paper further examines the benefits of soil reinforcement in terms of durability, flexibility, and permeability. Finally, the paper concludes after a discussion of potential applications of soil reinforcement in various engineering and construction projects.
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Kim, Min-Jun, Bum-Sik Lee, Dong-Hwan Kim, Sang-Pil Han i Kil-Hee Kim. "Effect of Configuration and Yield Strength of Transverse Reinforcement on Lateral Confinement of RC Columns". Applied Sciences 11, nr 15 (21.07.2021): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156696.
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In general, the lateral confinement capacity of RC columns is influenced by the strength and configuration of transverse reinforcement. In this study, performed antisymmetric flexural moment experiments that simulated seismic loads, with the configuration and yield strength of the transverse reinforcement of RC square columns as main variables. The eight specimens were square cross-sections measuring 250 × 250 mm, and the lateral confinement effect in relation to main variables was examined by inducing flexural failure in the plastic hinge zone under a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/D) of 3.0. Transverse reinforcements comprised a square and octagonal S-series and tie-based H-series. The yield strengths of the transverse reinforcements were 453 MPa and 1053 MPa, respectively. Compared to the H-series, the S-series, whose configuration of transverse reinforcement is closer to a circular form, exhibited more prominent ductile behavior after flexural yield with increasing yield strength of transverse reinforcement, which indicates greater lateral confinement.
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Alfonso, Ismeli, Federico González, Tania E. Soto, Joel Vargas, Claudio Aguilar, Ignacio A. Figueroa i Gonzalo González. "Analysis of the interactions between nonoxide reinforcements and Al–Si–Cu–Mg matrices". REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 997–1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0271.
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Abstract Nonoxide ceramics excel among the reinforcements used for aluminum matrix composites due to their variety of morphologies and mechanical properties. Among these reinforcements are carbides (SiC, B4C, and WC); carbon materials (graphite, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene); nitrides (silicon nitride [Si3N4] and BN); and hollow Fe spheres. Although the effect of adding different percentages of reinforcements has been widely studied for Al matrices, matrix–reinforcement interactions need more attention. The consequences of these interactions can include interface formation, loss of alloying elements, reinforcement deterioration, modifications in the matrix microstructure, different precipitation sequences and kinetics, and interfacial diffusion of elements. These interactions may be significantly modified by the alloying elements, needing more in-depth analyses for a correct selection of the matrix–reinforcement system. Al matrices with Si, Cu, and Mg outstand, and the focus of the present work is their reciprocal interactions with nonoxide reinforcements. The novelty of this review consists of the analysis and discussion of these interactions, emphasizing the modifications originated by each one of these alloying elements, and the conditions needed to increase or avoid their effects on the composite. Besides, an analysis of the crystallography of the generated interfaces is presented, including their impact on mechanical properties. This could be helpful for a better understanding and selection of the matrix–reinforcement system, also serving as a benchmark study.
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Pestrikova, V. S. "ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING THE DURABILITY OF RIGID REINFORCEMENTS OF SHAFT OPERATING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF VERKHNEKAMSKY DEPOSITS OF POTASSIUM SALTS". News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 4, nr 1 (2019): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2019-4-1-332-339.
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The principle of calculating the durability of systems of rigid reinforcement of vertical shaft shafts is considered. The relevance of this calculation for reinforcements mine shafts Verkhnekamskoye potassium and magnesium salts. An algorithm for calculating the durability for the software product “Calculation of reinforcement” is developed.
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Zierul, Lore, Enrico Baumgärtel, David Sandmann i Steffen Marx. "Shear Transfer in Concrete Joints with Non-Metallic Reinforcement". Buildings 14, nr 7 (30.06.2024): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071975.
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The use of non-metallic reinforcement can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the construction sector. Mixed structures made out of steel and non-metallic reinforcement should be avoided due to the risk of galvanic corrosion. So far, researchers have been focusing on the load-bearing behavior in the longitudinal direction of the fibers. In this study, the behavior of the fibers in the non-metallic reinforcements is analyzed perpendicular to the fiber orientation. Therefore, a uniaxial shear test on a single bar (uniaxial shear test), as well as a series of push-off tests with reinforcements embedded in the concrete, was carried out. For both experiments, bars made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) were investigated. In order to analyze the influence of non-metallic reinforcement in the joint, specimens without reinforcement have been tested as well. Also, the joint roughness and reinforcement ratio of the concrete joint was varied in the tests. The determined transverse shear strengths for the single bar exceed the values of the producer. For the push-off test, high standard deviations occurred, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Nevertheless, it is shown that increasing the amount of reinforcement leads to higher ultimate forces. The presented study emphasizes the necessity of further studies of the shear transfer in concrete joints.
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Wu, Yangyong, Quanmin Xie i Chaomin Mu. "Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Influencing the Blast Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Columns Based on Grey Relation Degree". Sustainability 15, nr 16 (11.08.2023): 12285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612285.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) column is an important load-bearing component in building structures. In order to study the blast resistance of RC columns, the numerical simulation model was verified based on the field test data, and the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 2020R2 software was used to expand the working conditions. The sensitivity analysis method of grey relation degree was used to study the effects of factors, such as the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, number of longitudinal reinforcement, the diameter of the stirrup, stirrup spacing, strength of concrete, scale distance, and strength of reinforcement on the blast resistance of RC columns. The results show that changing the number of longitudinal reinforcements to control the reinforcement ratio can make the peak displacement of RC columns smaller rather than changing the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement. Changing the stirrup spacing to control the stirrup ratio can make the RC column have better blast resistance rather than changing the diameter of the stirrup. The strength of reinforcements and concrete materials has little effect on the mid-span peak displacement of RC columns. The grey relation degree of the influencing factors of the mid-span peak displacement of the RC column is in the order of stirrup spacing, the diameter of the stirrup, scale distance, the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, the number of longitudinal reinforcement, and the strength of concrete. The relation between stirrup spacing and the diameter of the stirrup is larger, and the grey relation degree is 0.6914 and 0.6660, respectively. This study can provide a reference for the design and construction of RC column structures.
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Likas, Aristidis. "A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Online Clustering". Neural Computation 11, nr 8 (1.11.1999): 1915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016025.
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A general technique is proposed for embedding online clustering algorithms based on competitive learning in a reinforcement learning framework. The basic idea is that the clustering system can be viewed as a reinforcement learning system that learns through reinforcements to follow the clustering strategy we wish to implement. In this sense, the reinforcement guided competitive learning (RGCL) algorithm is proposed that constitutes a reinforcement-based adaptation of learning vector quantization (LVQ) with enhanced clustering capabilities. In addition, we suggest extensions of RGCL and LVQ that are characterized by the property of sustained exploration and significantly improve the performance of those algorithms, as indicated by experimental tests on well-known data sets.
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Liu, Chih-Hsuan, i Ching Hung. "Seismic Responses of GRS Walls with Secondary Reinforcements Subjected to Earthquake Loading". Applied Sciences 10, nr 20 (12.10.2020): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207084.
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Secondary reinforcement has been proven to be effective in increasing the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under working stress conditions, enabling an eco-friendlier environment. However, the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcements are still unclear. In this study, in-depth finite element analyses were used to investigate the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcement subjected to earthquake motions. The numerical procedure was first validated using measurements obtained from both a field GRS wall with secondary reinforcement and benchmark large-scale shaking table tests. Then, the validated GRS walls procedure was utilized to explore the effects of secondary reinforcement length and stiffness, the vertical spacing of the primary reinforcement, and wall height on the seismic responses. Based on the study, the following findings can be drawn: (i) the secondary reinforcement length and stiffness under various wall heights and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) have a limited influence on the relative lateral facing displacement and acceleration amplification, however, they can significantly decrease the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load; (ii) increasing the length of the secondary reinforcement is more effective for reducing the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load than increasing the stiffness of the secondary reinforcement; (iii) the effect of secondary reinforcement is more evident for greater wall height, the larger vertical spacing of primary reinforcement, and smaller PGA; and (iv) GRS walls with secondary reinforcement could ease the acceleration amplification. The study has highlighted the salient effect of secondary reinforcement on GRS wall performance under seismic conditions.
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Kabil, Ahmet, Çağlar Yüksel i Mustafa Çiğdem. "Production and characterization of AA2014-B4C surface-modificated composite via the squeeze casting technique". Revista de Metalurgia 58, nr 1 (12.04.2022): e217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.217.
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Metal matrix composite (MMCs) materials provide superiority to monolithic materials in various mechanical properties such as tensile, yield, abrasion resistance, impact resistance by adding reinforcements such as B4C, SiC, Al2O3. While liquid metal processes offer an important advantage, such as low-cost production in high volumes, the heterogeneous clustering of reinforcements in the matrix and the formation of porosity in the area between the reinforcement and matrix pose a problem for composite production. The squeeze casting method stands out in composite production due to its low cost, suitability for mass production, allowing high reinforcement ratio, and ease of homogeneous distribution of reinforcements. In this study, a composite layer reinforced with B4C was produced with a thickness of 1 and 2 mm on a substrate of aluminum 2014 wrought alloy using the squeeze casting method. The mechanical properties of the composite materials produced were characterized via tensile, wear, impact, and hardness tests, and were examined with the help of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It has been observed that the composite region contains 50 vol.% of B4C reinforcement and the particles of reinforcement were homogeneously distributed into the matrix. All results of the tests mentioned above are better than those obtained in the monolithic 2014 aluminum alloy.
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Wang, Xiao Ling, Zhong Jun Yin i Chao Zhang. "The Mechanical Analysis of the Composite Reinforced Circular Saw Blade". Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (kwiecień 2011): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.484.
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Thinner saw blades cannot resist large lateral cutting forces due to their lower stiffness. In this paper we propose a composite reinforcement method to improve the mechanical properties of circular saw blades. We analyze and simulate the stress and strain fields of our proposed reinforced circular saws by Finite element method. Our analytical results contain not only influences of reinforcing parameters but also loading conditions on the lateral stiffness and the natural frequency of composite saw blades. Here the reinforcing parameters include: 1) the reinforcement location on circular saw blades, 2) the volume fraction of the reinforcements, 3) the number of the reinforcements; and loading conditions include: 1) the cutting force, 2) the rotational speed. Our composite reinforcement model and simulation results can contribute to a better design of circular saw blades.
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Akhrarovich, Akramov Xusnitdin, Makhkamov Yuldashali Mamajonovich i Umarov Shodiljon Abdugofurovich. "Development Of Deformations In The Reinforcement Of Beams With Composite Reinforcement". American Journal of Applied sciences 03, nr 05 (31.05.2021): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue05-31.
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This article describes the results of experimental research equipped with bottleflastic composite fittings in this article and the installation of special devices in the stretching and compressive zones of the sample gaps Musasura through the mass deformations and processed. It contains cases of deformation in the length of composite combination in the bowls under the influence of cargo forms. There is information on the development of voltage and deformations generated in composite fittings. In the article, 3 seaters, with the form of sample bowls in 3 series, provide an experiments conducted on sample culving experiments with the differences in the turn of the transverse steps and placement of cargo.
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Olanitori, Lekan Makanju, i Jeremiah Ibukun Okusami. "Effect of Shear Reinforcement on Flexural Strengths of Normal Weight and Palm-Kernel Shell Reinforced Concrete Beams". European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, nr 2 (1.06.2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n2p279.
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The focus of this research is to investigate the effect of shear reinforcement on flexural capacities of reinforced Normal Weight Concrete (NWC) and Palm Kernel Shell Concrete (PKSC) beams. Ten beams were cast: five from PKSC and five from NWC. The beams were with shear reinforcement spacing of 50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and without shear reinforcement respectively. The beams were loaded with a point load at beam centre, and the results showed that the flexural capacity of the beams decreases as the spacing of the shear reinforcements increases. The ultimate loads of PKSC beams were lesser than that of NWC beams by 9.0%, 7.1%, 14.5%, 21 and 26.8% for shear reinforcement spacing of 50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and for beam without shear reinforcements respectively. The deflections of the PKSC beams were greater than that of the NWC, hence the PKSC beams had more plastic rotation capacity than the NWC beams. The study shows that reinforced concrete beams produced from 20% partial replacement of crushed aggregate by PKS have the potential of being used for structural purposes in low cost buildings. Keywords: Palm Kernel Shell Concrete, Normal weight concrete, Palm kernel shell, Deflection, Shear reinforcement.
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Won, Myoung-Soo, Christine P. Langcuyan i Gwan-Hee Choi. "Experimental study on the behavior of MSE wall having full-height rigid facing and segmental panel-type wall facing". Open Geosciences 13, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 932–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0278.
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Abstract The amount of the lateral displacements on the mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall depends on the reinforcement extensibility and length, reinforcement-to-facing connection, and the wall facing, among others. In this study, the deformation behavior of MSE wall models was focused considering two types of wall facing and three types of reinforcement. A series of small-scale model tests were undertaken on the MSE wall having a full-height rigid (FHR) facing and a segmental panel-type (SPT) wall facing. At the same time, the models were using discrete geogrids, geosynthetic strips, and steel rods as reinforcement. The results showed that the geogrids-reinforced MSE wall with FHR facing exhibited the highest load capacity with the least vertical displacements. The MSE wall models with steel reinforcements generally exhibited the least lateral displacements at wall facing than those with geosynthetics reinforcements. Finally, the results showed that MSE wall models with FHR facing have generally lesser lateral displacements at the wall facing compared to those with SPT wall facing.
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Ralls, Alessandro M., Zachary Monette, Ashish K. Kasar i Pradeep L. Menezes. "Enhancing Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating Composite via Hybrid 3D Printing and In Situ Spraying". Materials 17, nr 11 (28.05.2024): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17112601.
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In this work, a self-lubricating composite was manufactured using a novel hybrid 3D printing/in situ spraying process that involved the printing of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix using fused deposition modeling (FDM), along with the in situ spraying of alumina (Al2O3) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) reinforcements during 3D printing. The results revealed that the addition of the reinforcement induced an extensive formation of micropores throughout the ABS structure. Under tensile-loading conditions, the mechanical strength and cohesive interlayer bonding of the composites were diminished due to the presence of these micropores. However, under tribological conditions, the presence of the Al2O3 and hBN reinforcement improved the frictional resistance of ABS in extreme loading conditions. This improvement in frictional resistance was attributed to the ability of the Al2O3 reinforcement to support the external tribo-load and the shearing-like ability of hBN reinforcement during sliding. Collectively, this work provides novel insights into the possibility of designing tribologically robust ABS components through the addition of in situ-sprayed ceramic and solid-lubricant reinforcements.
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Bilčík, Juraj, i Ivan Hollý. "Experimental Analysis of Reinforcement Corrosion on Bond Behaviour". Advanced Materials Research 1106 (czerwiec 2015): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1106.140.
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The corrosion of reinforcement is the major cause of damage of reinforced concrete structures. This has an impact on safety, serviceability and durability of the structure. The corrosion of steel in concrete reduces the cross sectional area of the reinforcement and decreases the bond between reinforcement and concrete. Corrosion products have a higher volume than steel, which produces internal stresses that lead to the cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. The paper analyses the effect of the chloride-initiated corrosion of reinforcements on bond behaviour.