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1
Li, Xiaoying, Gaoming Jiang, Xiaolin Nie, Pibo Ma, and Zhe Gao. "Knitting Technologies And Tensile Properties Of A Novel Curved Flat-Knitted Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 15, no. 3 (2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0006.
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AbstractThis paper introduces a knitting technique for making innovative curved three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabrics by the computer flat-knitting machine. During manufacturing, a number of reinforcement yarns made of aramid fibres are inserted into 3D spacer fabrics along the weft direction to enhance the fabric tensile properties. Curved, flat-knitted 3D spacer fabrics with different angles (in the warp direction) were also developed. Tensile tests were carried out in the weft and warp directions for the two spacer fabrics (with and without reinforcement yarns), and their stress–strain curves were compared. The results showed that the reinforcement yarns can reduce the fabric deformation and improve tensile stress and dimensional stability of 3D spacer fabrics. This research can help the further study of 3D spacer fabric when applied to composites.
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Bel, Sylvain, Nahiene Hamila, and Philippe Boisse. "Analysis of Non-Crimp Fabric Composite Reinforcements Forming." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.219.
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Abstract Two experimental devices are used for the analysis of the deformation mechanisms of biaxial non-crimp fabric composite reinforcements during preforming. The bias extension test, commonly use for the shear behaviour characterisation of woven fabrics, allows to highlight the sliding between the two plies of the reinforcement. This sliding is localized in areas of high gradient of shearing. This questions the use of bias extension test in determining the shear stiffness of the studied reinforcement. Then a hemispherical stamping experiment, representative of a preforming process, allows to quantify this sliding. The slippage is defined as the distance, projected onto the middle surface, of two points initially opposed on both sides of the reinforcement. For both experiments, the characteristic behavior of the non-crimp fabric reinforcement is highlighted by comparison with a woven textile reinforcement. This woven fabric presents only a very little sliding between warp and weft yarns during preforming. This aspect of the deformation kinematics of the non-crimp fabric reinforcement must be considered when simulating the preforming.
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Dabiryan, Hadi, Fatemeh Hasanalizade, and Mojtaba Sadighi. "Low-velocity impact behavior of composites reinforced with weft-knitted spacer glass fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 4 (2018): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718787533.
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Structural parameters of fabrics influence the mechanical behaviour of fabric-reinforced composites. Weft-knitted spacer fabrics have high energy absorption capacity. In this paper, low-velocity impact behavior of composites reinforced with weft-knitted spacer fabrics has been studied using energy-balance method. The effect of fabric geometry on the impact behavior of composites was investigated. A theoretical model was generated to predict the energy dissipated through the impact, considering the structural parameters of fabrics as reinforcement of composites. For this purpose, dissipated energies due to contact, membrane and bending deformation of fabrics, and buckling deformation of spacer yarns were considered. In order to evaluate the proposed model, weft-knitted spacer fabrics with two types of spacer yarn's orientation were used as reinforcement of composites. Low-velocity impact examinations were performed using the drop hammer testing machine. The results showed that the model has about 12 and 13% error in prediction of dissipated energies of different samples. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results confirms that the proposed model is capable to predict the impact behavior of weft-knitted spacer fabric-reinforced composites.
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Volik, A. R., and Ya Ya Novitski. "Experimental studies of reinforced concrete beams with external reinforcement of the tensioned face using composite fabrics." Vesnik of Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Series 6. Engineering Science 12, no. 1 (2022): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52275/2223-5396-2022-12-1-117-125.
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The object of the study is reinforced concrete beams that are reinforced with technical polyamide (kapron) fabric produced by Branch “Khimvolokno Plant” JSC “Grodno Azot”, and fiberglass, manufactured by JSC “Polotsk-Steklovolokno”. The relevance of the stems from the need to obtain and study experimental data of the load-bearing capacity, fracture pattern, crack resistance and cracking of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with composite fabrics, since the topic of restoring the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures or their strengthening is currently very relevant. Reinforcement of bent reinforced concrete structures with composite fabrics allows using fabrics along the outer edges of the structure, as they are resistant to the external environment and are not subject to corrosion, and represent external composite reinforcement, which, together with metal reinforcement, perceive tensile forces. The most common system for the restoration of reinforced concrete structures is currently the system of external reinforcement of carbon tapes, but the use of this material is limited by high cost. The aim of the study is to experimentally confirm the possibility of effective use of technical polyamide (kapron) fabric, produced by Branch “Khimvolokno Plant” JSC “Grodno Azot”, and glass fabric, produced by JSC “Polotsk-Steklovolokno”, to strengthen the stretched face of reinforced concrete bent structures. Two reinforcement options are presented: gluing horizontal tapes along the entire length on the lower stretched face and the device of a U-shaped clip of fabrics in the stretched zone. Experimental studies have shown that the external reinforcement of the stretched zone with technical polyamide (kapron) fabric produced by Branch “Khimvolokno Plant” JSC “Grodno Azot”, and fiberglass manufactured by JSC “Polotsk-Steklovolokno” change the nature of destruction, increase load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams by 16–38 % in depending on the material and method of reinforcement, affect the crack resistance and crack formation. The results of experimental studies made it possible to solve an important applied problem of the effective use of these composite materials as external reinforcement of the tension face of bending reinforced concrete beams.
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Garcia Filho, Fabio da Costa, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Kestur Gundappa Satyanarayana, Jaroslaw Wieslaw Drelich, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Mechanical Properties of Boehmeria nivea Natural Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composite Prepared by Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion Molding." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061311.
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Natural lignocellulosic fibers and corresponding fabrics have been gaining notoriety in recent decades as reinforcement options for polymer matrices associated with industrially applied composites. These natural fibers and fabrics exhibit competitive properties when compared with some synthetics such as glass fiber. In particular, the use of fabrics made from natural fibers might be considered a more efficient alternative, since they provide multidirectional reinforcement and allow the introduction of a larger volume fraction of fibers in the composite. In this context, it is important to understand the mechanical performance of natural fabric composites as a basic condition to ensure efficient engineering applications. Therefore, it is also important to recognize that ramie fiber exhibiting superior strength can be woven into fabric, but is the least investigated as reinforcement in strong, tough polymers to obtain tougher polymeric composites. Accordingly, this paper presents the preparation of epoxy composite containing 30 vol.% Boehmeria nivea fabric by vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding technique and mechanical behavior characterization of the prepared composite. Obtained results are explained based on the fractography studies of tested samples.
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Pham, Döbrich, Trümper, Gereke, and Cherif. "Numerical Modelling of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biaxial Weft-Knitted Fabrics on Different Length Scales." Materials 12, no. 22 (2019): 3693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223693.
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Weft-knitted fabrics offer an excellent formability into complex shapes for composite application. In biaxial weft-knitted fabric, additional yarns are inserted in the warp (wale-wise) and weft (course-wise) directions as a reinforcement. Due to these straight yarns, the mechanical properties of such fabrics are better than those of unreinforced weft-knitted fabrics. The forming process of flat fabrics into 3D preforms is challenging and requires numerical simulation. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of biaxial weft-knitted fabrics is simulated by means of macro- and meso-scale finite element method (FEM) models. The macro-scale modelling approach is based on a shell element formulation and offers reasonable computational costs but has some limitations by the description of fabric mechanical characteristics and forming behavior. The meso-scale modelling approach based on beam elements can describe the fabric’s mechanical and forming characteristics better at a higher computational cost. The FEM models were validated by comparing the results of various simulations with the equivalent experiments. With the help of the parametric models, the forming of biaxial weft-knitted fabrics into complex shapes can be simulated. These models help to predict material and process parameters for optimized forming conditions without the necessity of costly experimental trials.
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LEMMI, TSEGAYE SH, and MARCIN BARBURSKI. "THERMAL AGING EFFECT ON THE PHYSIO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TEXTILES USED FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF CONVEYOR BELTS." Fibres and Textiles 30, no. 1 (2023): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/008/2023-1-019.
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The use of textiles produced from high tenacity(HT) polyester yarns as a reinforcement material in the mechanical rubber goods industries, mainly in the conveyor belt, is extensively increasing due to their high tensile strength, flexibility, thermal stability, modulus of elasticity, and light weightiness. To achieve the desired property of a conveyor belt, the reinforcement components undergo various processing stages; among those stages vulcanizing the reinforcement materials under high temperatures is the crucial process that determines the physical and mechanical properties of the conveyor belt. The main aim of this work was to analyze the effect of vulcanization parameters on the physio-mechanical properties of high tenacity polyester yarns and fabrics that are utilized to reinforce a conveyor belt. An extensive experimental study was conducted on a pre-activated HT polyester yarn of different linear densities and woven fabrics produced for the purpose of conveyor belt reinforcement by subjecting the yarns and fabrics to various aging temperatures for a certain period of aging time. Following the experiments, a comprehensive study and analysis were conducted on the tensile property of the yarns and fabrics. The finding revealed that thermal aging has an immense impact on determining the tensile strength and elongation of the yarn and woven fabric, which also has a direct influence on the properties of the conveyor belt. The analysis of experimental test results of polyester yarns and woven fabrics revealed that vulcanizing textile-reinforced conveyor belt at high temperatures (220 °C) could deteriorate the tensile strength and increase the elongation at break of the yarn, fabric, or belt.
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El-Hage, Yue, Simon Hind, and François Robitaille. "Thermal conductivity of textile reinforcements for composites." Journal of Textiles and Fibrous Materials 1 (January 1, 2018): 251522111775115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515221117751154.
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Thermal conductivity data for dry carbon fibre fabrics are required for modelling heat transfer during composites manufacturing processes; however, very few published data are available. This article reports in-plane and through-thickness thermal conductivities measured as a function of fibre volume fraction ( Vf) for non-crimp and twill carbon reinforcement fabrics, three-dimensional weaves and reinforcement stacks assembled with one-sided carbon stitch. Composites made from these reinforcements and glass fibre fabrics are also measured. Clear trends are observed and the effects of Vf, de-bulking and vacuum are quantified along with orthotropy ratios. Limited differences between the conductivity of dry glass and carbon fibre fabrics in the through-thickness direction are reported. An unexpected trend in the relationship between that quantity and Vf is explained summarily through simple simulations.
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Bekisli, Burak, Johann Pancrace, and Herman F. Nied. "Mechanical Behavior of Highly-Flexible Elastomeric Composites with Knitted-Fabric Reinforcement." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1123.
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This paper examines critical issues associated with the fabrication and forming of highly-flexible polymeric composites, reinforced with knitted-fabric structures. Knitted-fabric reinforcements have not generally been preferred over more traditional woven reinforcements in high-performance composites, mainly because of their lower stiffness/strength performance when embedded in a rigid, thermosetting matrix material. However, with their unique formability, knitted fabrics promise great potential in applications where large deformation of the structure is desirable; such as energy/impact absorption and forming applications. One very attractive feature of knitted composite materials, is the large displacements that the underlying knitted fabric can potentially undergo before exhibiting a significant increase in stiffness. The unusual extensional behavior of knit fabric is attributed to the fact that the fibers are more-or-less free to slide over each other before the yarns become highly oriented, eventually “locking” in a packed formation. When the loops become highly elongated, the knit fabric achieves its maximum resistance to in-plane deformation, and exhibits a stiffness closely related to the elastic stiffness of the straightened fiber/yarn bundles. The unique formability of knitted fabrics is mainly due to this yarn movement. The highly “stretchable” behavior of knitted textile reinforcement materials can be used to great advantage in thermoforming composite structures. In order to fully utilize the exceptional stretch properties of the knitted-fabric, the matrix material should be able to deform at least as much as the fabric, and the knitted yarn movements need to be restricted by the matrix as little as possible. In this study, a multi-level finite element procedure was developed to analyze and control the deformation characteristics of plain weft knit reinforced composites. A database of mechanical properties for various knit geometries was obtained. Using these results, it is shown that carefully “tailored” knit fabric reinforcement can be used to improve mechanical performance and facilitate polymer forming processes, such as thermoforming. In this study, elastomeric materials such as polyurea and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) were used to fabricate composites with knitted-fabric. Two different types of arrangements were experimentally studied: knitted fabric embedded in the elastomer and a sandwich of knitted fabric between elastomeric skins. It is shown that by fully utilizing the high stretchability of the knitted fabric reinforcements, attractive material properties can be obtained especially for energy/impact absorption and forming applications. The improvement of thermoforming process stability with the use of carefully tailored knitted fabric reinforcements is also presented.
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Hasan, K. M. Faridul, Péter György Horváth, and Tibor Alpár. "Potential fabric-reinforced composites: a comprehensive review." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 26 (2021): 14381–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06177-6.
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AbstractFabric-based laminated composites are used considerably for multifaceted applications in the automotive, transportation, defense, and structural construction sectors. The fabrics used for composite materials production possess some outstanding features including being lighter weight, higher strength, and lower cost, which helps explain the rising interest in these fabrics among researchers. However, the fabrics used for laminations are of different types such as knit, woven, and nonwoven. Compared to knitted and nonwoven fabrics, woven fabrics are widely used reinforcement materials. Composites made from fabric depend on different properties such as fiber types, origin, compositions, and polymeric matrixes. Finite element analysis is also further facilitating the efficient prediction of final composite properties. As the fabric materials are widely available throughout the world, the production of laminated composites from different fabric is also feasible and cost-effective. This review discusses the fabrication, thermo-mechanical, and morphological performances of different woven, knit, and nonwoven fabric-based composites.
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Hill, B. J., R. McIlhagger, and C. M. Harper. "The Effect of Internal Structural Changes on the Properties of Multi-Layer Fabrics for Composite Reinforcement." Engineering Plastics 3, no. 2 (1995): 147823919500300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919500300204.
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This paper considers the factors involved in the weaving of interlinked multi-layer fabrics. It details the methods employed to form the interlinking structure in an integrated 4-layer reinforcement, why these particular methods were chosen and how the information can be used to produce similar interlinked reinforcements with different proportions of yarn in the through-the-thickness (Z) direction. Test results for the fabrics are enumerated.
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Hill, B. J., R. McIlhagger, and C. M. Harper. "The Effect of Internal Structural Changes on the Properties of Multi-Layer Fabrics for Composite Reinforcement." Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 2 (1995): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300204.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper considers the factors involved in the weaving of interlinked multi-layer fabrics. It details the methods employed to form the interlinking structure in an integrated 4-layer reinforcement, why these particular methods were chosen and how the information can be used to produce similar interlinked reinforcements with different proportions of yarn in the through-the-thickness (Z) direction. Test results for the fabrics are enumerated.
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Bu, Yi Hua, Yan Feng, and Hua Wu Liu. "The Axial Warp-Knitted Fabric and its Reinforced Composite." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.837.
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The structure and performance of the axial warp-knitted composite were introduced, including bi-axial and multi-axial organizations. According to the unique structure of this fabric, the mechanical properties and the advantages as a composite reinforcement were compared with regular staple woven fabrics. The advantages of composites reinforced by bi-axial and multi-axial knitted fabrics were discussed and the applications of such advanced materials were briefly presented.
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Sezgin, Hande, and Omer B. Berkalp. "Analysis of the effects of fabric reinforcement parameters on the mechanical properties of textile-based hybrid composites by full factorial experimental design method." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 3 (2017): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717740764.
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In this study, the effect of some fabric reinforcement parameters (fabric direction, yarn type and stacking sequence) on the mechanical properties of textile based hybrid composites are analysed by using full factorial experimental design method. The analysis of the results is achieved by using Minitab 17 software program. One factor (fabric reinforcement direction) with two levels (warp direction and weft direction) and two factors (yarn type and stacking sequence) with three levels (jute/glass, jute/carbon, glass/carbon and consecutive, low strength inside, high strength inside) are selected as the reinforcement design. Full factorial experimental design analysis results indicate that, the highest tensile and impact strength values among the experimental design are realised when samples are taken from the warp direction and E-glass/carbon combination is chosen as the yarn (material) type. Moreover, it is verified that while higher tensile strength is achieved by placing higher strength fabrics to the inner layers, higher impact strength is achieved by placing high strength fabrics to the outer layers of hybrid composite structures. Analysis of variance tables also show that at 95% confidence level, the effects of the factors are statistically significant ( p < 0.05).
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Axinte, Andrei, Liliana Bejan, Nicolae Ţăranu, and Victoria Roșca. "Particularities of Modelling the Mechanical Properties of Woven Composite Fabrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.560.
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The mechanical properties of composite fabrics rely on a fabric made by a textile weaving process. In order to use their special ability of being drapeable, instead of just plain weave fabrics, satin or twill reinforcement can be selected. Although some other advantages of the resulting composite, such as good impact resistance or damage tolerance are similar to all woven reinforcement composites, the superior drapeability of satin is a major reason to favour this type of textile reinforcement. This paper is focused on the modelling procedures of stiffness characteristics, specific to satin reinforced laminated composites, using a semi-discrete approach. This method is a compromise between the continuous and pure discrete approaches and is associated with a mesoscopic analysis of the repetitive unit cell (RUC). The elastic properties of the textile reinforced epoxy composite, namely longitudinal modulus and transverse modulus, in case of carbon and fibre glass based 5-harness satin reinforcement, are determined. The differences between the two resulting composite materials and the influence of the various geometric and material parameters involved are studied.
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Long, A. C., C. D. Rudd, M. Blagdon, K. N. Kendall, and M. Y. Demeri. "Simulation and Measurement of Reinforcement Deformation during Preform Manufacture." Engineering Plastics 4, no. 5 (1996): 147823919600400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919600400506.
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The use of liquid moulding processes including resin transfer moulding (RTM) and structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) is now becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry. These processes involve the injection of liquid resin into a fibre preform, which may be comprised of several layers of reinforcement mats or fabrics. Structurally demanding applications usually rely on “zero-crimp” engineered fabrics consisting of two or more groups of fibres stitched together using embroidery techniques. Preform manufacture usually involves a matched mould forming process, in which layers of reinforcement are formed between rigid tools to the component geometry. This requires a degree of fibre movement and re-orientation which can have a significant effect on the resulting processing and mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of a kinematic deformation model to predict the distribution of fibres within the preform. An automatic strain measurement system is used to characterise fabric deformation, enabling the fibre orientations within three-dimensional preforms to be determined. This is applied to a number of generic geometries with increasing depth of draw, allowing the deformation characteristics of reinforcement fabrics to be established and testing the validity of the process model.
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Long, A. C., C. D. Rudd, M. Blagdon, K. N. Kendall, and M. Y. Demeri. "Simulation and Measurement of Reinforcement Deformation during Preform Manufacture." Polymers and Polymer Composites 4, no. 5 (1996): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119600400506.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The use of liquid moulding processes including resin transfer moulding (RTM) and structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) is now becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry. These processes involve the injection of liquid resin into a fibre preform, which may be comprised of several layers of reinforcement mats or fabrics. Structurally demanding applications usually rely on “zero-crimp” engineered fabrics consisting of two or more groups of fibres stitched together using embroidery techniques. Preform manufacture usually involves a matched mould forming process, in which layers of reinforcement are formed between rigid tools to the component geometry. This requires a degree of fibre movement and re-orientation which can have a significant effect on the resulting processing and mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of a kinematic deformation model to predict the distribution of fibres within the preform. An automatic strain measurement system is used to characterise fabric deformation, enabling the fibre orientations within three-dimensional preforms to be determined. This is applied to a number of generic geometries with increasing depth of draw, allowing the deformation characteristics of reinforcement fabrics to be established and testing the validity of the process model.
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Durmaz, Sefa, Yusuf Z. Erdil, and Erkan Avci. "Improvement of technological properties of wood plastic composites reinforced with glass and carbon fibre fabric." Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, no. 9_suppl (2021): S1457—S1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211054266.
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In this study, HDPE-based flat-pressed WPCs were reinforced with glass fibre and carbon fibre woven fabrics, which could be used where high strength and stiffness are required. The effect of reinforcement on some physical, mechanical, and thermal properties and fire performance was investigated. According to the results, the increase in woven fabric density resulted in holding much water in the microvoids in the fabric, which increased water absorption up to 32.96%. Reinforcement also resulted in increased hardness. In general, continuous filaments in the fabric significantly increased mechanical properties. The improvement exceeded over 400% for tensile strength compared to unreinforced control samples, while the increases were 129% and 115% for the flexural strength and MOE, respectively. The interlocking of matrix and woven fabrics is an important factor that affects load transfer. The strong interaction between wood-polymer and the wood-polymer-woven fabric was observed from the SEM investigation. The thermal stability of composites was also improved, possibly due to the homogeneous distribution of heat within fibres. Glass and carbon fibres presumably acted as a buffer against increasing heat, increasing the onset temperature. Moreover, according to the LOI test, the need for oxygen increased from 24.72 to 26.01 with the effect of wood flour and reinforcement.
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Bosoanca, Radu, Vasile Bria, Claudiu MereuȚă, Adrian Cîrciumaru, and Iulian-Gabriel Bîrsan. "Tensile Analysis of Fabric Reinforced Materials." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 4 (2019): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.4.5257.
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The analysis of reinforced polymers is one of the most important sources of information for materials properties designers. In this regard, due to their intrinsic properties, the fabrics play an essential role when they are used as reinforcement elements. The composites properties can be designed by alternating various types of fabrics, by modifying the orientation of every reinforcement layer, by modifying the matrix properties or by choosing the matrix. This study regards the tensile behavior of four fabric reinforced composites with four different epoxy resins as matrix. All the materials have the same reinforcement structure but the matrix is, in each case, another epoxy resin and more two classes of materials had been studied one is containing the natural polymerized matrix materials and the other one the materials that had been thermally treated according to technical sheet of each polymer. The tests were done one year after the materials formation.
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Matthäi, Paul, Oliver Döbrich, and Chokri Cherif. "Development of a Novel Technology for New Generation of Non-Crimp Fabrics – Manufacturing and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1821.
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In the field of technical textiles, Non-Crimp Fabrics (NCF) are increasingly used as fibre-reinforced polymers in automotive, aircraft and wind power industry. The rising consumption of multi-axial fabrics for fiber reinforcement requires new fabrics and process requirements for the large scale production. The development of a new type of NCF demands a convergence of diverse disciplines namely mechanics, construction design and chemistry. This research includes the manufacturing of novel adhesive bonded NCF. The characterization and of the warp-knitted fabric, selection of binding technology, the development of suitable application system and numerical models for simulation are the major focus areas.
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Wang, Qiu Mei, Xiao Yang, Jing Gao, and Peng Fei Song. "Knittability of Basalt Fiber Weft-Knitted Fabrics for Composite Reinforcement Based on Properties of Advanced Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.207.
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The knittability of basalt fiber yarn for knitted fabrics was estimated from two aspects. Firstly the effect of 3 kinds of head size of needle hook on the loop strength of basalt fiber yarn was analysis by the experimental data. Then the basalt fiber yarn was knitted into plain, 1*1 rib and all needle rib knitted fabrics in 5 different loop lengths in a flat knitting machine. The influence of loop length, fabric stitch and fiber fineness on the fiber damage degree were studied by means of the tensile strength of the yarn taken from the fabrics for all kinds of fabrics. The experimental results show that for these 3 kinds of basalt weft knitted fabrics there is a best loop length in which the fiber damage degree caused by the knitting process is the smallest and the value is different for each stitch.
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Dong, Aixue, Fan Li, Xuerong Fan, et al. "Enzymatic modification of jute fabrics for enhancing the reinforcement in jute/PP composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 4 (2017): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717706538.
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In this work, laccase was employed to improve the properties of lignocellulosic jute fabrics and then the modified jute was used as the fiber reinforcement of polypropylene (PP) matrix composites to improve its reinforcing effect on the polymer resins and obtain composite materials with better performance. The decrease in the –C–O–H component and the increase in the –C–O–C component on the surface of laccase-treated jute fabrics suggested that phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignins on the jute fiber surface were oxidized by laccase and the produced phenoxyl radicals were coupled to form ether structures. The laccase-treated jute fiber surface became smooth with lignins attached tightly. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity and tensile properties of the jute fabrics were increased via the laccase-mediated reactions of lignins. PP composites reinforced by the laccase-treated jute fabrics showed higher breaking strength, storage modulus, and melting temperature than the control. The fracture surface of the laccase-treated jute fabric/PP composites was neat and jute fibers on the section surface were surrounded by PP resins closely, which indicated better interfacial adhesion between the modified jute reinforcement and PP matrix.
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Volik, Alla, and Yan Novitski. "Strengthening of tensile zone of the reinforced concrete beams with composite fabrics." MATEC Web of Conferences 350 (2021): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135000019.
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A fabric, tapes, that are glued to the outer tensile surface, which are considered as the external composite reinforcement with tensile steel reinforcement, are currently used to strengthen reinforced concrete beams. The results of the experimental studies presented in this article have shown the possibilities of effective application of technical polyamide (nylon) fabric produced by «Khimvolokno Plant» JSC «Grodno Azot», and glass fabrics, produced by JSC «Polotsk-Steklovolokno» for strengthening the reinforced concrete beams. Experimental studies have shown that the external reinforcing of the tensile zone with technical polyamide (nylon) fabric and fiberglass changes the beam failure mode, increases the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams in comparison with beams without strengthening by 16% – 38%, depending on the material and the method of strengthening.
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Bonfanti, Ilaria, Alessandro P. Fantilli, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho, and Yasmim dos Santos Mendonça. "An Experimental Campaign on the Use of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Cementitious Matrixes." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-006vn0.
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An experimental campaign has been carried out with the aim of using some natural materials as structural reinforcement. In a first stage, jute fabrics are investigated through uniaxial tensile tests. At this level, the chemical treatment with Ca(OH)2 tends to reduce the strength of the vegetal reinforcement. Nevertheless, this treatment seems to improve the bond between fabric and cementitious matrix. Indeed, the strength of FRCM reinforced with treated jute or flax are larger than those untreated. Similarly to the industrially produced reinforcement, as the bond strength increases, an increasing number of cracks can be observed in FRCM reinforced with vegetal fabrics. When large structural elements, such as existing brick walls, are reinforced by FRCM containing jute or flax, the strength and the fracture toughness is larger than those measured in plain walls. In particular, the increment of ductility is in direct proportion with the number of cracks developed by FRCM under uniaxial tension.
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Pereira, Alejandro, Alberto Tielas, Teresa Prado, Maria Fenollera, and José Antonio Pérez. "Processing and Testing of Reinforced PA66 Based Composites." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237299.
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The new requirements in different sectors, such as aerospace, automotive and construction, for lightweight materials have led to an increase in demand for composite materials suitable for use in high rate production processes, such as plastic injection. This makes it necessary to look for matrices and reinforcements that, in addition to being compatible with each other, are also compatible with the injection process. It is in this area of research where the work presented here arises. To meet the two requirements mentioned above, this study contemplates a battery of composite materials obtained by combining PA66 and fiberglass, in different proportions and configuration, both for the preparation of the matrix and for reinforcement. For the elaboration of the matrix, two options have been evaluated, PA66 and PA66 reinforced at 35% with short glass fibre. To obtain reinforcement, six different options have been evaluated; two conventional fiberglass fabrics (each with different density) and four hybrid fabrics obtained from the previous ones by adding PA66 in different configurations (two over-stitched fabrics and two other fabrics). The different composite materials obtained were validated by means of the corresponding adhesion, peeling and resistance tests.
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Ali, Habboush, Sanbhal Noor, Shao Huiqi, Jiang Jinhua, and Chen Nanliang. "Characterization and analysis of wrinkling behavior of glass warp knitted non-crimp fabrics based on double-dome draping geometry." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502095852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020958521.
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The good formability of textile composite materials over complex mold geometries is one of the reasons to make their use expanding in various modern industries. However, different defects in these reinforcements could have occurred during the forming step in the manufacturing process. The defects are arising for many reasons; some are related to the fabric itself and others related to the draping parameters. Understanding the textile structure mechanics and draping behavior is essential to choose the proper reinforcement as well as to attain better simulation. Fabric wrinkles and local out-of-plane bucking of yarns were the fundamental defects in focus. The main objective of this part of the project was to experimentally investigate and compare the draping behavior of six commercially available glass fabrics from the same category of warp-knitted non-crimp fabrics (WKNCFs). The tested fabrics included two stitching patterns: tricot and chain. Also, they were relatively heavy with approximate mass per square meter. A double-dome punching test was performed to implement draping for each fabric; then, the defects were detected and characterized. Punching load-displacement curves were also recorded. In addition, a defect code was designated for the main defects to characterize forming defects at the meso-macroscopic scale. The structure and the number of fabric axes, stacking sequence, and stitching pattern all contribute to defect formation during draping. The studied configurations in this paper can help in studying the simulation of deformed technical fabric and provide a method to minimize and even eliminate the draping defects.
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Byun, J.-H., and T.-W. Chou. "Modelling and characterization of textile structural composites: A review." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 24, no. 4 (1989): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v244253.
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The development of innovative fibre architecture, such as two- and three-dimensional woven fabrics and knitted fabrics, as well as braided structure, provides an attractive form of reinforcement for advanced composites. These new materials require new techniques in analysis and design in order to fully utilize their unique mechanical properties. Several analytical models for predicting the thermoelastic properties of two- and three-dimensional fabric composites are reviewed in this paper. The applicability and limitation of the modelling techniques are examined. Recent advancements in the characterization of mechanical properties of three-dimensional fabric composites are also presented. Overall, three-dimensionally braided, angle interlock and orthogonal interlock fabric composites have demonstrated significant improvement in damage tolerance.
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Komorek, Andrzej, Paweł Przybyłek, and Wojciech Kucharczyk. "Effect of Sea Water and Natural Ageing on Residual Strength of Epoxy Laminates, Reinforced with Glass and Carbon Woven Fabrics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3754912.
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This paper reports the results of the effect of sea water, natural ageing, and cross-impact loading on flexural strength and residual flexural strength of epoxy laminates with glass woven fabrics and hybrid reinforcement with glass and carbon woven fabrics. The tests were conducted on samples with different fibre reinforcement both before and after low energy cross-impact loading. Carbon fabrics decreased residual strength of the composites.
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Yu, Annie, Sachiko Sukigara, and Arata Masuda. "Vibration Isolation Properties of Novel Spacer Fabric with Silicone Inlay." Polymers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051089.
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Spacer fabrics are good for impact force absorption and have the potential for vibration isolation. Inlay knitting of additional material to the spacer fabrics can give reinforcement to the structure. This study aims to investigate the vibration isolation properties of three-layer sandwich fabrics with silicone inlay. The effect of the presence of the inlay, inlay patterns and materials on the fabric geometry, vibration transmissibility and compression behaviour were evaluated. The results showed that the silicone inlay increases the unevenness of the fabric surface. The fabric using polyamide monofilament as the spacer yarn in the middle layer creates more internal resonance than that using polyester monofilament. Silicone hollow tubes inlay increases the magnitude of damping vibration isolation, whereas inlaid silicone foam tubes have the opposite effect. Spacer fabric with silicone hollow tubes inlaid by tuck stitches has not only high compression stiffness but also becomes dynamic, showing several resonance frequencies within the tested frequency range. The findings show the possibility of the silicone inlaid spacer fabric and provide a reference for developing vibration isolation materials with knitted structure and textiles materials.
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Hering, Marcus, and Manfred Curbach. "A new testing method for textile reinforced concrete under impact load." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819911010.
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Textile reinforced concrete, especially textile reinforced concrete with carbon fibres, was already been used for strengthening steel reinforced concrete structures under static loads up to now. The question is if the composite can also be used for strengthening structures against impact loads. The main goal of a current research project at the Technische Universität Dresden is the development and characterization of a reinforcement fabric with optimized impact resistance. But there is a challenge. There is the need to find the best combination of fibre material (glass, carbon, steel, basalt, …) and reinforcement structure (short fibres, 2D-fabrics, 3D-fabrics, …), but testing the large number of possible combinations is not possible with the established methods. In general, large-scale tests are necessary which are very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a new testing method has been developed to deal with this large number of possible combinations of material and structural experiments. The following paper describes this new testing method to find the best fabric reinforcement for strengthening reinforced concrete structures against impact loads. The testing devise, which is located in the drop tower facility at the Otto Mohr Laboratory, and the test set-up are illustrated and described. The measurement equipment and the methods to evaluate the experimental results are explained in detail.
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Subagyo, Asmanto. "Analysis ballistic impact modeling of multicomponent fabrics with jalaba structure." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401117.
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Various textile materials have been employed in the past for protection against the ballistic with only limited satisfaction without realizing in underlying mechanism of ballistic impact. The multicomponent fabrics was prepare by nylon yarn with plain constraction with thickness of 0.18 mm. The multicomponent fabrics were made 35 layers (laminated) with various thickness. A computational constitutive model has been developed to characterize the progressive failure behaviours of multicomponent fabrics with jalaba structure as reinforcement under high velocity impact conditions. Test result indicates that multicomponent fabric with jalaba structure can reach second level of International Standar of NIJ-010104 for hand gun (revolver) at shoot distance 5 meters. If compared with panel from biotextile composite the multicomponent fabrics have advantages in structure stability, flexibility, lightly and confortable. The integrated modeling was sucessful utilized to predict the damage and ballistic bihavior of multicomponent fabrics to various ballistic impact conditions.
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Ghazzawi, Yousof M., Andres F. Osorio, and Michael T. Heitzmann. "Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 12 (2018): 1705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318808052.
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The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.
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Teymouri, Parisa, Mojdeh Zargaran, and Nader K. A. Attari. "Special Nylon Fabric as a New Material for Reinforcing Cement Composite." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.167.
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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new composite material in structural engineering, in which textile fabrics are used as reinforcement. In recent years, much research has been done to investigate the bending behavior of TRC samples. The focus of this research is on the use of low performance yarns as reinforcement and investigating the effect of finesse of yarns and reinforcement ratio on the bending behavior of TRC samples. The comparison of samples strengthened with same number of fabric layers but made up different finesses show that ultimate strength of samples increases in the yarns with lower finesse. Meanwhile the results show that reinforcement ratio is an important factor on bending behavior of TRC samples and strain hardening behavior can be obtained in 1/15% of reinforcement ratio in coarser yarns.
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Khan, Muhammad I., Jehanzeb Akram, Muhammad Umair, et al. "Development of composites, reinforced by novel 3D woven orthogonal fabrics with enhanced auxeticity." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 5 (2018): 676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718795912.
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Auxetic materials are under great attention of researchers due to their excellent mechanical response under certain conditions. Previous works have been carried out in knitted or uni-stretch woven fabrics. In the present study, three-dimensional (3D) woven structures were produced and the effect of float length of ground weave and binding yarn on auxeticity of the fabric was investigated. Eight different 3D orthogonal woven structures/reinforcements were produced on rapier dobby loom by changing the float length in ground weave and binding yarns. Hand layup technique was used for composite fabrication, while green epoxy resin was used as a matrix. For investigating the auxeticity, 3D reinforcement samples were subjected to tensile loading and change in their thickness was measured. The results showed that 3D woven reinforcements with equal and maximum float length of ground weave and binding yarn showed greater auxetic behavior, because both weaves support each other and room for opening of structure increases. As the difference between the float length of ground weave and binding yarns increases, the auxeticity of reinforcement decreases because the ground weave and binding yarn cancel out the effect of each other. Moreover, the impact energy absorption of the developed composites was found to increase with the increase in float length, justifying that the structures are auxetic in nature.
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Mostafa, Khaled, Heba Ameen, Mahmoud Morsy, et al. "Production of high-performance textiles via pioneering strengthening approach using starch nanoparticles." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 3 (2019): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083719827365.
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To minimize the serious defects of durable press finishing of cellulosic textiles with respect to the great loss in strength properties, new pioneering strengthening approach of cotton fabric based on our previously prepared starch nanoparticles of size around 80–100 nm was used. For this purpose, cotton fabrics were treated with different concentrations of starch nanoparticles via coating technique using pad-dry-cure method, at which the starch nanoparticles are attached to the fabrics with the use of a padder adjusted to appropriate pressure and speed, followed by drying and curing. Fabric stiffness, surface roughness, tensile strength, elongation at break, abrasion resistance, wrinkle recovery angles, add-on %, and degree of whiteness as well as durability of treated fabrics were fully explored. SEM was used for detecting the change in surface morphology of reinforced coated fabric. The results obtained reflect the following findings: (a) all fabric performance like tensile strength, stiffness, wrinkle recovery angle, abrasion resistance and add on % were improved for coated fabrics with starch nanoparticles in comparison with untreated fabric, except that of surface roughness; (b) SEM confirmed the change in surface morphology of cotton fabric after reinforcement treatment using starch nanoparticles; (c) the dry wrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength of cotton fabrics treated in presence of 30 g/l starch nanoparticles are slightly decreased after 10 washing cycles as compared with untreated fabric; and (d) starch nanoparticles introduce an advance in textile finishing with respect to the above-mention fabric performance except that of surface roughness.
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Boris, Duchamp, Legrand Xavier, and Soulat Damien. "The tensile behaviour of biaxial and triaxial braided fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (2016): 2184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716654469.
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The tensile behaviour of braid reinforcement is classically described by the behaviour of composite elaborated from these reinforcements. Few studies concern the tensile behaviour of braided fabrics. In this paper biaxial and triaxial braids are manufactured on a braiding loom. The evolution of key parameters as linear mass and braiding angle in function of process parameters is presented. Braid reinforcements are characterized in uniaxial tensile. The mechanical behaviour is analysed and compared in function of the braiding angle, but also different kinds of braid are considered. A specific behaviour called “double-peak” is identified for triaxial braids which have a higher braiding angle. The evolution of the braiding angle measured during tensile tests gives a comprehension on the mechanical behaviour of dry braids. Associated with this experimental study, an analytical model is also proposed, to predict mechanical properties of braid reinforcements.
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Kitagawa, K., Y. Kankawa, and T. Shimamura. "Effects of Surface Treatments on Mechanical properties of Knitted Structural Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 6 (1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100604.
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Effects of surface treatments on tensile property of knitted structural composites were discussed. The maximum tensile load of weft knitted fabrics of silicone-coating aramid yams was higher than that of none coated yarns. Moreover, the maximum tensile load of knitted fabrics increased by means of the O2 plasma 2 min. exposure. In 20 min. exposure both maximum tensile load of knitted fabrics and tensile strength of knitted structural composites were lower than those in none and 2 min. exposure. In the O2 plasma 2 min. and 20 min. treated knitted fabric of silicone-coating yarns, it can be seen that the adhesion between the reinforcement and the matrix of the knitted structural composite was weakened. However, this has not affected tensile strength of knitted structural composites.
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Costa, Carina Maia Lins, J. G. Zornberg, and Yuri Daniel Jatoba Costa. "Failure of Geotextile-Reinforced Walls in Centrifuge Model Tests." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.321.
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This paper presents the results of centrifuge tests performed to investigate the behavior of geotextile-reinforced soil walls beyond stress conditions. The models were built using nonwoven fabrics as reinforcement layers and dry sand as backfill. Digital image analysis techniques were used to determine the displacement of sand markers placed along the reinforcements. The models were loaded until failure by increasing centrifugal acceleration, and the movements of the sand markers were used to determine the strain distributions along the reinforcement layers. The results revealed that stresses redistribute among reinforcement layers as models approach failure. Current design methods for GRS walls were found to be conservative when applied to predict the behavior of the reduced-scale models.
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Qin, Zhi Gang, and Bao Shi. "Investigation on Tensile Properties of Two Guide Bar Warp Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composites." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.76.
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The composite laminates are produced by manual molding technology using two guide bar warp knitted fabrics of glass fiber as reinforcement and epoxy resin as matrix. The tensile properties of composites in the course, wale and diagonal directions are tested on the universal material testing machine. The influences of warp knitting stitch structures for mechanical performance of the composites are discussed. The results show that the tensile stress/strain curves of two guide bar warp knitted fabric reinforced composites were nonlinear. The tensile properties of composites possess obvious anisotropic characteristics. The tensile strengths and modulus of the warp knitting fabric composites depend on the yarn numbers bearing load along tensile direction, which are related to the stitches and structural parameters of warp knitted fabrics.
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Franco-Urquiza, Edgar Adrián, Yael Ramírez Escamilla, and Perla Itzel Alcántara Llanas. "Characterization of 3D Printing on Jute Fabrics." Polymers 13, no. 19 (2021): 3202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193202.
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This work evaluates the feasibility to manufacture polylactic acid (PLA) composites using jute fiber fabrics. For characterization, PLA-fused filament was successfully deposed onto jute fabrics to print dog-bone tensile specimens (Type I specimen from ASTM D638). The jute fabrics were chemically modified, treated with flame retardant additives, and sprayed with aerosol adhesive to improve the mechanical properties of PLA/Jute fabric composites. The elastic modulus and the strength of PLA were higher than PLA composites, and the plastic deformation of the PLA composites was slightly lower than PLA. Tomography scans revealed the fabrics were well oriented and some adherence between jute fabrics and PLA. Viscoelastic properties of PLA composites resulted in the reduction in storage modulus and the reduction in intensity in the damping factor attributed to segmental motions with no variations in the glass transition temperature. Flame retardant and spray adhesive on jute fabrics promoted better response to time of burning than PLA and PLA with modified fibers. The results presented in this work lead to the need for a more detailed investigation of the effect of plant fiber fabrics as reinforcement of 3D printed objects for industrial applications.
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Kumar, Senthil, and S. Balachander. "Studying the effect of reinforcement parameters on the mechanical properties of natural fibre-woven composites by Taguchi method." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 2 (2019): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718823292.
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Process optimization is the key task of any engineering application to maximize the desirable output by optimizing the range of process parameters. In this research work, jute composites were fabricated by the hand lay-up method with the aim of optimizing the process parameter such as yarn linear density, fabric areal density and fabric laying angle on the mechanical properties of the textile composite structures using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal matrix. The plain-woven and twill-woven fabrics of Jute fabrics were produced through specialized handloom machine and used as preform for composite production. Epoxy resin was used as the matrix component. Signal-to-noise ratio ratio, analysis of variance and experimental verification of results were analysed. The results showed that fabric laying angle played major role to achieve high mechanical properties of composites and twill-woven structural reinforcement yields higher mechanical properties. Subsequent to this optimal process, parameters have been arrived for all the composites, and finally it was verified through the experimental results.
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Cherouat, Abel, and Houman Bourouchaki. "Numerical Tools for Composite Woven Fabric Preforming." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/709495.
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An important step in the manufacturing processes of thin composite components is the layingup of the reinforcement onto the mould surface. The prediction of the angular distortion of the reinforcement during draping and the changes in fibre orientation are essential for the understanding of the manufacture process and the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the composite structures. This paper presents an optimization-based method for the simulation of the forming processes of woven fabric reinforced composites. Two different approaches are proposed for the simulation of the draping of woven fabric onto complex geometries: geometrical and mechanical approaches. The geometrical approach is based on a fishnet model. It is well adapted to predimensioning fabrics and to give a suitable quantification of the resulting flat patterns. The mechanical approach is based on a mesostructural model. It allows us to take into account the mechanical properties of fibres and resin and the various dominating mode of deformation of woven fabrics during the forming process. Some numerical simulations of the forming process are proposed and compared with the experimental results in order to demonstrate the efficiency of our approaches.
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Schindler, Stefan, Hans-Jürgen Bauder, Jürgen Wolfrum, et al. "Engineering of three-dimensional near-net-shape weave structures for high technical performance in carbon fibre–reinforced plastics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501986123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019861239.
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To tap the full potential of reinforcing fibres for lightweight construction of sustainable carbon fibre–reinforced plastic components, woven three-dimensional reinforcement structures open up innovative approaches by integrating functional features. In this work, a novel three-dimensional shuttle weaving technology was taken advantage of to study carbon reinforcement structures with uninterrupted load trajectories from three points of view. Mechanical principals, economic and environmental issues were focused to provide an overall picture. Near-net-shape reinforcement fabrics with load trajectory–compliant yarn paths and interconnected layers that are interwoven in thickness direction were objects of investigation. The effects of a closed fabric selvedge, only producible by shuttle weaving, were investigated too. The here presented novel technology enables complex woven reinforcement structures that otherwise would demand several fabric layers leading to limited properties and lower performance of the carbon fibre–reinforced plastics due to missing interconnections between the layers. The studies on exemplary rods revealed a close relationship between different three-dimensional weave structures and the carbon fibre–reinforced plastic’s mechanical properties. The three-dimensional structures were woven in a single-step process and subsequently infiltrated with epoxy resin in the Vacuum Assisted Process (VAP®) and mechanically tested. Rounding off, universal guidelines for the layout of three-dimensional fabrics for rods were derived therefrom. The economic and environmental aspects of the complete process line were compared to the conventional manufacturing procedures for carbon fibre–reinforced plastic by material flow cost accounting. Looking at sustainability, material flow cost accounting showed that lightweight three-dimensional components with integrated features can be produced cost-effectively with less environmental impact by the novel weaving technology. Its capability for high-quality serial production of three-dimensional reinforcement structures is evident, which was one major result of the work.
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Sousa Fangueiro, Raul Manuel Esteves, Guilherme Sousa, Filipe Soutinho, Saíd Jalali, and Mário de Araújo. "Application of Braided Fibre Reinforced Composite Rods in Concrete Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1556.
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This paper describes the work that is being done at the University of Minho concerning the development of braided rods for concrete reinforcement. A preliminary research study has been conducted to understand the mechanical behaviour of braided fabrics. Various samples have been produced varying the type of fiber (glass, polyester and aramid), the type of braided fabric (simple, hybrid and core reinforced) and in the latter case, the number of core reinforcing yarns. The tensile properties of these samples have been evaluated and the results presented. The influence of each factor on the tensile properties of braided fabrics has also been analysed and discussed. In order to produce braided reinforced composite rods to use as a concrete reinforcement, a special technique has been developed using a standard vertical braiding machine. The braided reinforced composite materials have been produced in rib structure to improve adhesion between them and the concrete. Special samples have been prepared and tested to evaluate the adherence between both materials involved. The tensile and bending properties of braided reinforced composite rods have been evaluated and the results obtained presented and discussed.
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Jabbar, Abdul, Mehmet Karahan, Muhammad Zubair, and Nevin Karahan. "Geometrical Analysis of 3D Integrated Woven Fabric Reinforced Core Sandwich Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 1(133) (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7507.
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The variability of the internal geometry parameters, such as the waviness of yarns, cross sections of yarns and local fibre volume fraction of 3-dimensional (3D) integrated woven core sandwich composites affects their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to define the geometrical and structural parameters of 3D integrated woven core sandwich composites, including the fold ratio of pile threads, the fabric areal weight and the fibre volume fraction by changing the core thickness of 3D sandwich core fabric. 3D fabrics with different core thicknesses were used for reinforcement. It was confirmed that the pile fold ratio, slope angle and pile length increase with an increase in the core thickness of the fabric. The difference between the calculated and experimental areal weights of fabrics was in the range of 5-13%. A novel approach was also presented to define the fibre volume fraction of 3D woven core sandwich composites.
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Kaboglu, Cihan, and Erdem Ferik. "Effects of carbon nanotubes on mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite under static loading." Materials Testing 64, no. 2 (2022): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2024.
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Abstract The purpose of this research article is to show the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) addition on fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites produced by the vacuum infusion method on tensile performance. In this study, glass, carbon, and fiber fabric reinforced polymer matrix composite plates were produced using glass, carbon and aramid fiber fabrics with the same weave type and similar areal density. Using the same production parameters, the composite plates reinforced with different fiber types were produced with CNTs addition by 0.5 wt% of total composite. Additionally, since it is thought that the effect of CNTs on performance in different fiber types may be different, hybrid fiber fabric reinforced composite plate material containing a composition of glass, carbon and fiber fabrics was produced and this material was produced with CNTs additive using the same production parameters as in previous fiber reinforced composite plate productions. In the study, composite plates with and without CNTs were produced in various compositions including glass, carbon, aramid, and hybrid fiber fabrics. As a result, CNTs reinforcement has increased the mechanical performance under tensile stress in glass, carbon, and hybrid reinforced fabric composite structures, but on aramid fiber, CNTs has decreased the performance.
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Li, Ting-Ting, Xixi Cen, Haokai Peng, et al. "Rheological response and quasi-static stab resistance of STF/MWCNTs-impregnated aramid fabrics with different textures." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 3 (2019): 380–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083719830144.
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Terrorist attacks occur constantly, which subsequently arouses awareness of self-protection. In order to alleviate the harm caused by sharp objects of knives and daggers, a design of flexible stab-resistant materials that are impregnated with the shear thickening fluid (STF)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) system and different texture of fabrics is presented. STF/MWCNTs are composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) as the dispersion medium and silica (SiO2) of 12 nm and 75 nm as disperse phase as well as MWCNTs as supplementary reinforcement, in expectation to provide the aramid fabrics with high strengths, low critical shear rate, and a short thickening response time. The textures of aramid fabrics—plain (P), twill (T), satin (S), or basket (B) weave—are saturated in the STF/MWCNTs system. The synergetic influences of silica size and texture on tensile strength, quasi-static knife, and spike stab resistances of the STF/MWCNTs-impregnated aramid fabrics are examined. Results show that the plain aramid fabric immersed in the STF/MWCNTs system containing 12 nm SiO2(SM12) exhibit the maximum tensile strength and quasi-static knife stab resistance, 14.7 MPa and 8.9 MPa, respectively, which is 1.15 and 1.43 times higher than pure aramid fabrics. Moreover, the basket-weave aramid fabric immersed in the STF/MWCNTs system containing 12 nm SiO2have the maximum quasi-static spike stab resistance of 17.12 MPa compared to other textures of fabrics, which is 1.05 times higher than those immersed in the 75 nm SiO2STF/MWCNTs (SM75) system and 1.33 times higher than that of pure basket aramid fabrics.
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Li, Jin, Li Bin Xia, and Qian Liu. "Mechanical Behavior of Flax Knitted Fabric Reinforced Polyurethane Foam Plastics under Tensile and FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.444.
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Plain flax knitted fabrics which were divided into three types by different densities were knitted on computerized flat knitting machine in order to investigate the effect of fabric density on composite tensile properties. Flax/polyurethane composite materials which used flax as reinforcement, polyurethane foam plastics as matrix were prepared by reaction injection molding, and tensile tests were carried out in the wale and course directions. The results showed that the addition of knitted fabrics could greatly enhance the tensile properties of polyurethane foam, but the elongation decreased; The tensile strength of composite materials with the same density along the longitudinal direction was higher than the tensile strength along the transverse direction; With the density of the fabric increasing, the tensile strength of composite materials would also increase. Furthermore, tensile process was simulated by finite element software.
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Chuang, Bao, Lin, Lin, and Lou. "Fabric Composites Reinforced with Thermally Bonded and Irregularly Aligned Filaments: Preparation and Puncture Resistant Performance." Polymers 11, no. 4 (2019): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040706.
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This study proposes fabric composites with improved static and dynamic puncture via increasing a friction force to restrain the slide of filaments as well as the compression and abrasion between the fibers and the puncture probe. The the bi-layered shell layers of composite fabrics are composed of aramid staple fibers and nylon staple fibers and a layer of low-melting-point polyester (LPET). The nonwoven layer consisting of recycled aramid and nylon staple fibers provides a shear effect to dissipate part of the puncture energy. Reinforcing interlayers include a woven fabric and PET filaments that are circularly aggregated between the surface layers, providing isotropic filament reinforcement and strengthening the resistance against the tip of the puncture probe. The reinforcing filaments may slide after the employment of needle punching, and to compensate for this disadvantage, the LPET layers are used to thermal bond the composite fabrics and the total thickness is controlled at 2 mm. The thermally bonded fabric composites are evaluated in terms of puncture resistance, thereby examining the effects of fabric structure and thermal bonding. According to the test results, the optimal composite structure is the sample N/L/W/F/L/N, which was reinforced by the LPET adhesive layer and irregularly aligned filaments. The sample which used the LPET adhesive layer had a positive influence on static puncture resistance and dynamic puncture resistance, preventing the slide of filaments, but the poor interfacial combination only contributed to limited reinforcement.
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Bezsmertna, Viktoriia, Oleksandra Mazna, Valerii Kohanyiy, et al. "Multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted carbon fibrous fillers." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401012.
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The production technology of reinforcement filler for new multifunctional polymer based composites with weft-knitted structure had been proposed. In such reinforcement filler high-strength carbon fibers (CFs) from PAN precursors (wefts) were laid in a knitted fabric as straight continuous yarns, so in such case these CFs were not twisted by knitting machine to form the loops. Various kinds of chemical and inorganic fibers can be used as base yarn in this case, in particular glass, aramid, carbon fibers from hydrate cellulose and etc. Properties of multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted fillers depend upon fiber composition, relative content of weft and base yarns, scheme filler stacking (1D, 2D and 3D composites). The electrical conductivity of weft-knitted fabrics shows the strong anisotropy along high-strength fibers in comparison with looped rows, depending on the direction of high-strength CFs (weft). Investigation of shielding properties of polymer based composites reinforced by carbon weft-knitted fabrics showed the possibility of using them as shielding materials with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation.