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1
Gonçalves, HC, MA Mercante i ET Santos. "Hydrological cycle". Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, nr 1 suppl 1 (kwiecień 2011): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000200003.
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The Pantanal hydrological cycle holds an important meaning in the Alto Paraguay Basin, comprising two areas with considerably diverse conditions regarding natural and water resources: the Plateau and the Plains. From the perspective of the ecosystem function, the hydrological flow in the relationship between plateau and plains is important for the creation of reproductive and feeding niches for the regional biodiversity. In general, river declivity in the plateau is 0.6 m/km while declivity on the plains varies from 0.1 to 0.3 m/km. The environment in the plains is characteristically seasonal and is home to an exuberant and abundant diversity of species, including some animals threatened with extinction. When the flat surface meets the plains there is a diminished water flow on the riverbeds and, during the rainy season the rivers overflow their banks, flooding the lowlands. Average annual precipitation in the Basin is 1,396 mm, ranging from 800 mm to 1,600 mm, and the heaviest rainfall occurs in the plateau region. The low drainage capacity of the rivers and lakes that shape the Pantanal, coupled with the climate in the region, produce very high evaporation: approximately 60% of all the waters coming from the plateau are lost through evaporation. The Alto Paraguay Basin, including the Pantanal, while boasting an abundant availability of water resources, also has some spots with water scarcity in some sub-basins, at different times of the year. Climate conditions alone are not enough to explain the differences observed in the Paraguay River regime and some of its tributaries. The complexity of the hydrologic regime of the Paraguay River is due to the low declivity of the lands that comprise the Mato Grosso plains and plateau (50 to 30 cm/km from east to west and 3 to 1.5 cm/km from north to south) as well as the area's dimension, which remains periodically flooded with a large volume of water.
2
Stephens, Graeme L., Maria Z. Hakuba, Mark J. Webb, Matthew Lebsock, Qing Yue, Brian H. Kahn, Svetla Hristova-Veleva i in. "Regional Intensification of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle During ENSO". Geophysical Research Letters 45, nr 9 (12.05.2018): 4361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077598.
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Nyamgerel, Yalalt, Yeongcheol Han, Minji Kim, Dongchan Koh i Jeonghoon Lee. "Review on Applications of 17O in Hydrological Cycle". Molecules 26, nr 15 (24.07.2021): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154468.
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The triple oxygen isotopes (16O, 17O, and 18O) are very useful in hydrological and climatological studies because of their sensitivity to environmental conditions. This review presents an overview of the published literature on the potential applications of 17O in hydrological studies. Dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry and laser absorption spectroscopy have been used to measure 17O, which provides information on atmospheric conditions at the moisture source and isotopic fractionations during transport and deposition processes. The variations of δ17O from the developed global meteoric water line, with a slope of 0.528, indicate the importance of regional or local effects on the 17O distribution. In polar regions, factors such as the supersaturation effect, intrusion of stratospheric vapor, post-depositional processes (local moisture recycling through sublimation), regional circulation patterns, sea ice concentration and local meteorological conditions determine the distribution of 17O-excess. Numerous studies have used these isotopes to detect the changes in the moisture source, mixing of different water vapor, evaporative loss in dry regions, re-evaporation of rain drops during warm precipitation and convective storms in low and mid-latitude waters. Owing to the large variation of the spatial scale of hydrological processes with their extent (i.e., whether the processes are local or regional), more studies based on isotopic composition of surface and subsurface water, convective precipitation, and water vapor, are required. In particular, in situ measurements are important for accurate simulations of atmospheric hydrological cycles by isotope-enabled general circulation models.
4
Lawford, R. G., R. Stewart, J. Roads, H. J. Isemer, M. Manton, J. Marengo, T. Yasunari, S. Benedict, T. Koike i S. Williams. "Advancing Global-and Continental-Scale Hydrometeorology: Contributions of GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85, nr 12 (1.12.2004): 1917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-12-1917.
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Over the past 9 years, the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX), under the auspices of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), has coordinated the activities of the Continental Scale Experiments (CSEs) and other related research through the GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel (GHP). The GHP contributes to the WCRP'S objective of “developing the fundamental scientific understanding of the physical climate system and climate processes [that is] needed to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the extent of man's influence on climate.” It also contributes to more specific GEWEX objectives, such as determining the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes, modeling the global hydrological cycle and its impacts, developing a capability to predict variations in global and regional hydrological processes, and fostering the development of observing techniques, data management and assimilation systems. GHP activities include diagnosis, simulation, and experimental prediction of regional water balances and process and modeling studies aimed at understanding and predicting the variability of the global water cycle, with an emphasis on regional coupled land–atmosphere processes. GHP efforts are central to providing a scientific basis for assessing critical science issues, such as the consequences of climate change for the intensification of the global hydrological cycle and its potential impacts on regional water resources. This article provides an overview of the role and evolution of the GHP and describes scientific issues that the GHP is seeking to address in collaboration with the international science community.
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SARMA, A. A. L. N., i S. SRINIVAS. "Anomalies in terrestrial hydrological cycle – India". MAUSAM 57, nr 4 (26.11.2021): 639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v57i4.503.
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bl 'kks/k&i= esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd lewps fo’o esa fo|eku izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds nksguksa ¼VsªLM QqVfizaV½ ds QyLo:Ik fo’o tyok;q Ik)fr vO;ofLFkr gks tkrh gSA tks {ks=h; leL;kvksa lesr fo’o tyh; pØ dks vkSj vf/kd rhoz djus ds fy, mRrjnk;h ekuh tk ldrh gSA bl 'kks/k&i= esa ty larqyu fun’kZ ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr esa tyh; {ks= ds ekeys esa bl rF; dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl laca/k esa dh xbZ tk¡p ls eq[;r% lewps Hkkjr ds tyh; QyDlksa ij bulks@yulks flXuy ds tyok;q laca/kh nwj laidZ ds izHkkoksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ gSA It is reported that the traced footprints across the world are the consequences of the perturbed world climate system that might be responsible in intensifying the world hydrological cycle with regional implications. An attempt is made here to understand this fact in case of hydrological regime over India through water balance model. The investigation mainly addresses the climate teleconnection impacts of ENSO/LNSO signal on the hydrological fluxes for All India.
6
Zolina, Olga, Ambroise Dufour, Sergey K. Gulev i Georgiy Stenchikov. "Regional Hydrological Cycle over the Red Sea in ERA-Interim". Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, nr 1 (21.12.2016): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0048.1.
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Abstract The major sources of atmospheric moisture over the Red Sea are analyzed using ERA-Interim for the 1979–2013 period. The vertical structure of moisture transports across the coastlines has been computed separately for the western and eastern coasts of the Red Sea. The vertical structure of the moisture transport from the Red Sea to the continents is dominated by a breeze-like circulation in the near-surface layer and the Arabian high above 850 hPa. The lower-layer, breeze-like circulation is acting to export the moisture to the northwest of Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula and contributes about 80% of the moisture exports from the Red Sea, dominating over the transport in the upper layer, where the moisture is advected to the Arabian Peninsula in the northern part of the sea and to the African continent in the southern part. Integrated moisture divergence over the Red Sea decreased from the early 1980s to 1997 and then increased until the 2010s. Associated changes in the moisture export were provided primarily by the increasing intensity of the breeze-associated transports. The transports above the boundary layer, while being strong across the western and the eastern coasts, have a smaller effect on the net moisture export. The interannual variability of the moisture export in the near-surface layer was found to be closely correlated with the variability in sea surface temperature, especially in summer. Implications of the observed changes in the moisture advection for the hydrological cycle of the Middle East are discussed.
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Sahagian, Dork, i Susanna Zerbini. "Global and regional sea-level changes and the hydrological cycle". Global and Planetary Change 32, nr 1 (grudzień 2001): vi—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(01)00144-8.
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Bowen, Gabriel J., Zhongyin Cai, Richard P. Fiorella i Annie L. Putman. "Isotopes in the Water Cycle: Regional- to Global-Scale Patterns and Applications". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, nr 1 (30.05.2019): 453–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060220.
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Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen have been applied to water cycle research for over 60 years. Over the past two decades, however, new data, data compilations, and quantitative methods have supported the application of isotopic data to address large-scale water cycle problems. Recent results have demonstrated the impact of climate variation on atmospheric water cycling, provided constraints on continental- to global-scale land-atmosphere water vapor fluxes, revealed biases in the sources of runoff in hydrological models, and illustrated regional patterns of water use and management by people. In the past decade, global isotopic observations have spurred new debate over the role of soils in the water cycle, with potential to impact both ecological and hydrological theory. Many components of the water cycle remain underrepresented in isotopic databases. Increasing accessibility of analyses and improved platforms for data sharing will refine and grow the breadth of these contributions in the future. ▪ Isotope ratios in water integrate information on hydrological processes over scales from cities to the globe. ▪ Tracing water with isotopes helps reveal the processes that govern variability in the water cycle and may govern future global changes. ▪ Improvements in instrumentation, data sharing, and quantitative analysis have advanced isotopic water cycle science over the past 20 years.
9
Mohamed, Y. A., B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije i W. G. M. Bastiaanssen. "Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, nr 1 (10.02.2005): 319–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-319-2005.
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Abstract. This paper is the result of the first regional coupled climatic and hydrologic model of the Nile. For the first time the interaction between the climatic processes and the hydrological processes on the land surface have been fully coupled. The hydrological model is driven by the rainfall and the energy available for evaporation generated in the climate model, and the runoff generated in the catchment is again routed over the wetlands of the Nile to supply moisture for atmospheric feedback. The results obtained are surprisingly accurate given the extremely low runoff coefficients in the catchment. The paper presents model results over the sub-basins: Blue Nile, White Nile, Atbara river and the Main Nile for the period 1995 to 2000, but focuses on the Sudd swamp. Limitations in both the observational data and the model are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a sound representation of the regional water cycle over the Nile. The model is used to describe the regional water cycle in the Nile basin in terms of atmospheric fluxes, land surface fluxes and land surface-climate feedbacks. The monthly moisture recycling ratio (i.e. locally generated/total precipitation) over the Nile varies between 8 and 14%, with an annual mean of 11%, which implies that 89% of the Nile water resources originates from outside the basin physical boundaries. The monthly precipitation efficiency varies between 12 and 53%, and the annual mean is 28%. The mean annual result of the Nile regional water cycle is compared to that of the Amazon and the Mississippi basins.
10
Music, Biljana, i Daniel Caya. "Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle over the Mississippi River Basin as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM)". Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, nr 5 (1.10.2007): 969–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm627.1.
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Abstract The water cycle over a given region is governed by many complex multiscale interactions and feedbacks, and their representation in climate models can vary in complexity. To understand which of the key processes require better representation, evaluation and validation of all components of the simulated water cycle are required. Adequate assessing of the simulated hydrological cycle over a given region is not trivial because observations for various water cycle components are seldom available at the regional scale. In this paper, a comprehensive validation method of the water budget components over a river basin is presented. In addition, the sensitivity of the hydrological cycle in the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) to a more realistic representation of the land surface processes, as well as radiation, cloud cover, and atmospheric boundary layer mixing is investigated. The changes to the physical parameterizations are assessed by evaluating the CRCM hydrological cycle over the Mississippi River basin. The first part of the evaluation looks at the basin annual means. The second part consists of the analysis and validation of the annual cycle of all water budget components. Finally, the third part is directed toward the spatial distribution of the annual mean precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff. Results indicate a strong response of the CRCM evapotranspiration and precipitation biases to the physical parameterization changes. Noticeable improvement was obtained in the simulated annual cycles of precipitation, evapotranspiration, moisture flux convergence, and terrestrial water storage tendency when more sophisticated physical parameterizations were used. Some improvements are also observed for the simulated spatial distribution of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The simulated runoff is less sensitive to changes in the CRCM physical parameterizations.
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SHIMADA, Jun. "Special Issue: "Sustainable groundwater management based on the regional hydrological cycle"". Journal of Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences 40, nr 3 (2010): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4145/jahs.40.67.
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Huebener, H., M. G. Sanderson, I. Höschel, J. Körper, T. C. Johns, J. F. Royer, E. Roeckner i in. "Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario". Climatic Change 120, nr 1-2 (12.07.2013): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0829-x.
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Hamar Zsideková, Beáta, Balázs Gauzer i Gábor Bálint. "An Analysis of Regional Snow Assessments at Selected Hydrological Stations on the Danube and Tisza Rivers". Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 21, nr 3 (1.09.2013): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2013-0015.
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Abstract Precipitation falling on a land surface is one of the most important elements of the hydrological cycle, and it is the only input term of the water balance on the Earth´s surface. On those areas of the Earth where a part of the annual precipitation falls in the form of snow, the rhythm of the hydrological cycle, i.e., the water balance within a year, follows a pattern that deviates from that of the precipitation record. Precipitation falling in a solid state enters the hydrological cycle with a time lag that might be as much as several months after the precipitation event. Therefore, instead of considering the observed values of precipitation when describing the various elements of the hydrological cycle, it is more expedient to take the surface water input into account. This is a fraction of the precipitation which is present on the land surface in a liquid state. Consequently, the most important task of the various snow models within the rainfall - runoff and water budget schemes is to transform the precipitation values observed into surface water input values. Spring time runoff largely depends on the snowmelt component, and it gives the possibility of estimating the expected seasonal volume of the flow and flood peaks. Seasonal forecasts based on the relationship between snow resources and expected precipitation during the spring months have been analyzed for the Danube and Tisza rivers.
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Persad, Geeta G. "The dependence of aerosols' global and local precipitation impacts on the emitting region". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, nr 6 (20.03.2023): 3435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3435-2023.
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Abstract. The influence of the geographic distribution of aerosol emissions on the magnitude and spatial pattern of their precipitation impacts remains poorly understood. In this study, the global climate model NCAR CESM1 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model version 1.2) is used in coupled atmosphere–slab ocean mode to simulate the global hydrological-cycle response to a fixed amount and composition of aerosol emitted from eight key source regions. The results indicate that the location of aerosol emissions is a strong determinant of both the magnitude and spatial distribution of the hydrological response. The global-mean precipitation response to aerosol emissions is found to vary over a 6-fold range depending solely on source location. Mid-latitude sources generate larger global-mean precipitation responses than do tropical and sub-tropical sources, driven largely by the former's stronger global-mean temperature influence. However, the spatial distribution of precipitation responses to some (largely tropical and sub-tropical) regional emissions is almost entirely localized within the source region, while responses to other (primarily mid-latitude) regional emissions are almost entirely remote. It is proposed that this diversity arises from the differing strength with which each region's emissions generate fast precipitation responses that remain largely localized. The findings highlight that tropical regions are particularly susceptible to hydrological-cycle change from either local or remote aerosol emissions, encourage greater investigation of the processes controlling localization of the precipitation response to regional aerosols, and demonstrate that the geographic distribution of anthropogenic aerosol emissions must be considered when estimating their hydrological impacts.
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Mohamed, Y. A., B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije i W. G. M. Bastiaanssen. "Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, nr 3 (26.09.2005): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-263-2005.
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Abstract. This paper presents the result of the regional coupled climatic and hydrologic model of the Nile Basin. For the first time the interaction between the climatic processes and the hydrological processes on the land surface have been fully coupled. The hydrological model is driven by the rainfall and the energy available for evaporation generated in the climate model, and the runoff generated in the catchment is again routed over the wetlands of the Nile to supply moisture for atmospheric feedback. The results obtained are quite satisfactory given the extremely low runoff coefficients in the catchment. The paper presents the validation results over the sub-basins: Blue Nile, White Nile, Atbara river, the Sudd swamps, and the Main Nile for the period 1995 to 2000. Observational datasets were used to evaluate the model results including radiation, precipitation, runoff and evaporation data. The evaporation data were derived from satellite images over a major part of the Upper Nile. Limitations in both the observational data and the model are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a sound representation of the regional water cycle over the Nile. The sources of atmospheric moisture to the basin, and location of convergence/divergence fields could be accurately illustrated. The model is used to describe the regional water cycle in the Nile basin in terms of atmospheric fluxes, land surface fluxes and land surface-climate feedbacks. The monthly moisture recycling ratio (i.e. locally generated/total precipitation) over the Nile varies between 8 and 14%, with an annual mean of 11%, which implies that 89% of the Nile water resources originates from outside the basin physical boundaries. The monthly precipitation efficiency varies between 12 and 53%, and the annual mean is 28%. The mean annual result of the Nile regional water cycle is compared to that of the Amazon and the Mississippi basins.
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Veress, Márton. "Hydrological Characteristics of the Bakony Region (Hungary)". Eng 4, nr 1 (10.02.2023): 581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010035.
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In this study, the karst systems (karst types) of the Bakony Region are classified and described. The karst features and the groundwater (karstwater) flow, their horst (block) types and the hydrological cycle of horst types were taken into consideration. In the mountains, regional flow with a hypogene branch (hypogene karst system) and epigene karsts systems of local flow were distinguished. Among local epigene systems, epigene karst system, mixed epigene karst system, complex mixed epigene karst system, incomplete epigene karst system and semi-closed epigene karst system were distinguished. Local epigene systems are only temporarily (but not all of them) separated from the regional system that developed below and around them. During their development, separated local systems are more and more becoming the descending branches of regional systems.
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Zheng, Zhen, Jing Zhang, Hui Li Gong i J. W. Huang. "Application of MIKESHE Model in Water Environmental Management for Guishui River Basin". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (lipiec 2014): 1823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1823.
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In order to comprehensively analyse hydrological environment system of watershed, it is particularly important to couple the surface water and groundwater for better underding the entire hydrologic cycle. Guishui river basin, located in Beijing, was selected as the research area to build a MIKE SHE hydrological integrated model to simulate the surface runoff. The hydrologic response in the Guishui river basin was explored. This study will enrich the experience of the domestic application about MIKESHE model and provided scientific basis for regional water resources planning and management. In the paper, the development process and present research situation of integrated hydrological models were overviewed, concluding the principle of model structure. Considering the water environment issues in the study area (such as water pollution, water resource utilization, watershed underlying surface, climate change, etc.), the integrated hydrological model was setup based on MIKESHE for the simulation year of 2005 to 2010. The preliminary results showed that it is feasibile to apply the MIKESHE model in the study area for water environmental management. Furthermore, some valued suggestions and perspectives about the water environmental problems in the study for the future were provided.
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Bullock, A., i M. Acreman. "The role of wetlands in the hydrological cycle". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, nr 3 (30.06.2003): 358–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-358-2003.
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Abstract. It is widely accepted that wetlands have a significant influence on the hydrological cycle. Wetlands have therefore become important elements in water management policy at national, regional and international level. There are many examples where wetlands reduce floods, recharge groundwater or augment low flows. Less recognised are the many examples where wetlands increase floods, act as a barrier to recharge, or reduce low flows. This paper presents a database of 439 published statements on the water quantity functions of wetlands from 169 studies worldwide. This establishes a benchmark of the aggregated knowledge of wetland influences upon downstream river flows and groundwater aquifers. Emphasis is placed on hydrological functions relating to gross water balance, groundwater recharge, base flow and low flows, flood response and river flow variability. The functional statements are structured according to wetland hydrological type and the manner in which functional conclusions have been drawn. A synthesis of functional statements establishes the balance of scientific evidence for particular hydrological measures. The evidence reveals strong concurrence for some hydrological measures for certain wetland types. For other hydrological measures, there is diversity of functions for apparently similar wetlands. The balance of scientific evidence that emerges gives only limited support to the generalised model of flood control, recharge promotion and flow maintenance by wetlands portrayed throughout the 1990s as one component of the basis for wetland policy formulation. That support is confined largely to floodplain wetlands, while many other wetland types perform alternate functions – partly or fully. This paper provides the first step towards a more scientifically defensible functional assessment system. Keywords: wetlands, hydrological functions, flood reduction, groundwater recharge, low flows, evaporation
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Schrapffer, Anthony, Jan Polcher, Anna Sörensson i Lluís Fita. "Introducing a new floodplain scheme in ORCHIDEE (version 7885): validation and evaluation over the Pantanal wetlands". Geoscientific Model Development 16, nr 20 (17.10.2023): 5755–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5755-2023.
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Abstract. Adapting and improving the hydrological processes in land surface models are crucial given the increase in the resolution of the climate models to correctly represent the hydrological cycle. The present paper introduces a floodplain scheme adapted to the higher-resolution river routing of the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model. The scheme is based on a sub-tile parameterisation of the hydrological units – a hydrological transfer unit (HTU) concept – based on high-resolution hydrologically coherent digital elevation models, which can be used for all types of resolutions and projections. The floodplain scheme was developed and evaluated for different atmospheric forcings and resolutions (0.5∘ and 25 km) over one of the world's largest floodplains: the Pantanal, located in central South America. The floodplain scheme is validated based on the river discharge at the outflow of the Pantanal which represents the hydrological cycle over the basin, the temporal evolution of the water mass over the region assessed by the anomaly of total water storage in the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the temporal evaluation of the flooded areas compared to the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites version 2 (GIEMS-2) dataset. The hydrological cycle is satisfactorily simulated; however, the base flow may be underestimated. The temporal evolution of the flooded area is coherent with the observations, although the size of the area is underestimated in comparison to GIEMS-2. The presence of floodplains increases the soil moisture up to 50 % and decreases average temperature by 3 ∘C and by 6 ∘C during the dry season. The higher soil moisture increases the vegetation density, and, along with the presence of open-water surfaces due to the floodplains, it affects the surface energy budget by increasing the latent flux at the expense of the sensible flux. This is linked to the increase in the evapotranspiration related to the increased water availability. The effect of the floodplain scheme on the land surface conditions highlights that coupled simulations using the floodplain scheme may influence local and regional precipitation and regional circulation.
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Chang, Huanyu, Xuefeng Sang, Guohua He, Qingming Wang, Shan Jiang, Fan He, Haihong Li i Yong Zhao. "Research and Application of the Mutual Feedback Mechanism of a Regional Natural-Social Dualistic Water Cycle: A Case Study in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China". Water 14, nr 20 (13.10.2022): 3227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203227.
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With the intensification of human activities, the natural water cycle has a significant nature-society dual feature, and identifying the mutual feedback mechanism between natural and social water cycles is an important basis for a more accurate simulation of the dualistic water cycle. In this study, two indexes of cumulative runoff change rate and social water cycle feedback rate are put forward, representing the degree of change in socio-hydrological unit runoff under the mutual feedback of the natural social water cycle in all upstream regions, and the degree influence of the water intake, consumption, and discharge process of the social water cycle on the natural water cycle in the socio-hydrological unit, respectively. Taking the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, which is marked by strong human activities, as the study area, the 2035 natural-social dualistic water cycles were simulated by a water allocation and simulation (WAS) model. Different water supply types and use structures cause the social water cycle to increase or decrease local runoff in different areas. The social water cycle feedback rate is greater than 1 in Beijing and Tianjin, and less than 0.25 in the mountainous areas and the Hebei plain, indicating that the social water cycle of each unit in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region increases or decreases local runoff due to different water supply types and use structures. The cumulative runoff change rate in this region was 0.66, indicating that the overall runoff was attenuated due to the social water cycle, and runoff attenuation was greater in the south than the north.
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Ramarao, MVS, DC Ayantika, R. Krishnan, J. Sanjay, TP Sabin, M. Mujumdar i KK Singh. "Signatures of aerosol-induced decline in evapotranspiration over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the recent decades". MAUSAM 74, nr 2 (29.03.2023): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v74i2.6031.
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Evapotranspiration (ET) is the primary process of water transfer in the hydrological cycle over land and is linked to water, energy and carbon cycles. While the global hydrological cycle is expected to intensify in a warming climate with enhanced ET and precipitation, the magnitude and spatial distribution of regional scale response of ET to climate change remains uncertain. Here we present an analysis of in-situ observations of ET from 23 stations in India during 1979-2008, which shows that the annual ET has declined by about 9% over the humid sub-regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Additional analysis from high-resolution climate model simulations and observed climate datasets lend support to the role of aerosol-induced solar-dimming in intensifying ET reductions, in a background of decreasing monsoon precipitation and soil-moisture levels, over the IGP
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Ban, Chunguang, Zongxue Xu, Depeng Zuo, Rui Zhang, Hao Chen, Chenlei Ye, Jing Wang i Da Waciren. "Impact of variability in the hydrological cycle components on vegetation growth in an alpine basin of the southeastern Tibet Plateau, China". Hydrology Research 53, nr 1 (18.11.2021): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.086.
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Abstract Vegetation is affected by hydrological cycle components that have altered under the influence of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the impact of hydrological cycle components on regional vegetation growth, especially in alpine regions. In this study, we employed multiple satellite observations to comprehensively investigate the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological cycle components in the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR) basin for the period 1982–2014 and to determine the underlying mechanisms driving regional vegetation growth. Results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values during May–October were high, and the NDVI values increased from the upper reaches of the YZR to its lower reaches, reflecting the enhancement of vegetation growth. Annual precipitation, precipitation-actual evapotranspiration (AET), and snow water equivalent (SWE) all affect terrestrial water storage in the YZR basin through changes in soil moisture (SM), i.e., SM is the intermediate variable. Seasonal variability of vegetation is controlled mainly by precipitation, temperature, AET, SM anomaly, and SWE. Groundwater storage anomalies (GWA) and terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) were not reliable indicators of vegetation growth in the YZR basin and the midstream and downstream regions. The effects of GWA and TWSA on vegetation occurred in the upstream region.
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Xu, Chi, Zhijie Zhang, Zhenghui Fu, Shenqing Xiong, Hao Chen, Wanchang Zhang, Shuhang Wang, Donghui Zhang, Heng Lu i Xia Jiang. "Impacts of Climatic Fluctuations and Vegetation Greening on Regional Hydrological Processes: A Case Study in the Xiaoxinganling Mountains–Sanjiang Plain Region, Northeastern China". Remote Sensing 16, nr 15 (24.07.2024): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16152709.
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The Xiaoxinganling Mountains–Sanjiang Plain region represents a crucial ecological security barrier for the Northeast China Plain and serves as a vital region for national grain production. Over the past two decades, the region has undergone numerous ecological restoration projects. Nevertheless, the combined impact of enhanced vegetation greening and global climate change on the regional hydrological cycle remains inadequately understood. This study employed the distributed hydrological model ESSI-3, reanalysis datasets, and multi-source satellite remote sensing data to quantitatively evaluate the influences of climate change and vegetation dynamics on regional hydrological processes. The study period spans from 2000 to 2020, during which there were significant increases in regional precipitation and leaf area index (p < 0.05). The hydrological simulation results exhibited strong agreement with observed river discharge, evapotranspiration, and terrestrial water storage anomalies, thereby affirming the ESSI-3 model’s reliability in hydrological change assessment. By employing both a constant scenario that solely considered climate change and a dynamic scenario that integrated vegetation dynamics, the findings reveal that: (1) Regionally, climate change driven by increased precipitation significantly augmented runoff fluxes (0.4 mm/year) and water storage components (2.57 mm/year), while evapotranspiration trends downward, attributed primarily to reductions in solar radiation and wind speed; (2) Vegetation greening reversed the decreasing trend in evapotranspiration to an increasing trend, thus exerting a negative impact on runoff and water storage. However, long-term simulations demonstrated that regional runoff fluxes (0.38 mm/year) and water storage components (2.21 mm/year) continue to increase, mainly due to precipitation increments surpassing those of evapotranspiration; (3) Spatially, vegetation greening altered the surface soil moisture content trend in the eastern forested areas from an increase to a decrease. These findings suggested that sub-regional ecological restoration initiatives, such as afforestation, significantly influence the hydrological cycle, especially in areas with higher vegetation greening. Nevertheless, persistent increases in precipitation could effectively mitigate the moisture deficits induced by vegetation greening. The study’s outcomes provide a basis for alleviating concerns regarding potential water consumption risks associated with future ecological restoration and extensive vegetation greening projects, thereby offering scientific guidance for sustainable water resource management.
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Pereira, Fábio Farias, i Cintia Bertacchi Uvo. "Simulating Weather Events with a Linked Atmosphere-Hydrology Model". Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 35, nr 4 (grudzień 2020): 703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-77863540077.
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Abstract This study aims at assess the importance of a conceptual representation of hydrological processes when modelling atmospheric circulation. It compares results from a regional atmospheric model that interprets land surface hydrological processes based on parameterizations with results from a two-way coupled atmosphere-hydrological model that has a process-based approach to the land surface hydrological cycle. These numerical models were applied to a region covering the Rio Grande basin, Brazil. The same input data, initial and boundary conditions were used on a 31-day simulation period. Results obtained from these simulations were compared to visible satellite images and gauging rainfall stations for three case studies that included a cold front, deep convective clouds and stable atmospheric conditions. Both models could reproduce regional patterns of air circulation and rainfall influenced by the orography of the basin. However, atmospheric processes driven by spatial gradients of land surface temperature or local surface heating were spatially better represented by the atmospheric-hydrological modelling system rather than the regional atmospheric model. Since areas characterized by spatial gradients of land surface temperature and local surface heating were closely associated with convergent air flows near land surface and strong vertical motion in the mid troposphere, this finding enhanced the role of a good representation of land surface hydrological processes for a better modelling the atmospheric dynamics.
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Huebener, H., M. G. Sanderson, I. Höschel, J. Körper, T. C. Johns, J. F. Royer, E. Roeckner i in. "Erratum to: Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario". Climatic Change 120, nr 4 (6.09.2013): 961–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0877-2.
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Padmakumari, B., A. K. Jaswal i B. N. Goswami. "Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle". Climatic Change 121, nr 4 (11.10.2013): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0957-3.
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Yang, Yi. "The effect of global warming to California water cycle". E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901081.
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As global warming, climate variability becomes more and more extreme, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are also increasing. Climate change has changed the hydrological cycle, and its change trend has put forward a severe test for the management of world water resources. Climate change has effects on several components of the water cycle, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, snow and snow cover, glaciers, and frozen soil. This essay analyses the vulnerability of California's various systems to climate change. California's water cycle model is particularly vulnerable to global climate change. In the past hundred years of California, the average precipitation has decreased with fluctuation; the average temperature has increased; extreme weather phenomena have occurred frequently; the evaporation of the water surface has decreased gradually; the temporal and spatial distribution of runoff has changed greatly; and glaciers have accelerated retreat. California's hydrological cycle is consistent with global water cycle change but also exhibits more complicated regional characteristics, with large spatial differences among watersheds.
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García Galiano, S. G., P. Olmos Giménez, J. Ángel Martínez Pérez i J. Diego Giraldo Osorio. "Improving evaluation of climate change impacts on the water cycle by remote sensing ET-retrieval". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (6.05.2015): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-239-2015.
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Abstract. Population growth and intense consumptive water uses are generating pressures on water resources in the southeast of Spain. Improving the knowledge of the climate change impacts on water cycle processes at the basin scale is a step to building adaptive capacity. In this work, regional climate model (RCM) ensembles are considered as an input to the hydrological model, for improving the reliability of hydroclimatic projections. To build the RCMs ensembles, the work focuses on probability density function (PDF)-based evaluation of the ability of RCMs to simulate of rainfall and temperature at the basin scale. To improve the spatial calibration of the continuous hydrological model used, an algorithm for remote sensing actual evapotranspiration (AET) retrieval was applied. From the results, a clear decrease in runoff is expected for 2050 in the headwater basin studied. The plausible future scenario of water shortage will produce negative impacts on the regional economy, where the main activity is irrigated agriculture.
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Hagemann, Stefan, Klaus Arpe i Erich Roeckner. "Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle in the ECHAM5 Model". Journal of Climate 19, nr 16 (15.08.2006): 3810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3831.1.
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Abstract This study investigates the impact of model resolution on the hydrological cycle in a suite of model simulations using a new version of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Special attention is paid to the evaluation of precipitation on the regional scale by comparing model simulations with observational data in a number of catchments representing the major river systems on the earth in different climate zones. It is found that an increased vertical resolution, from 19 to 31 atmospheric layers, has a beneficial effect on simulated precipitation with respect to both the annual mean and the annual cycle. On the other hand, the influence of increased horizontal resolution, from T63 to T106, is comparatively small. Most of the improvements at higher vertical resolution, on the scale of a catchment, are due to large-scale moisture transport, whereas the impact of local water recycling through evapotranspiration is somewhat smaller. At high horizontal and vertical resolution (T106L31) the model captures most features of the observed hydrological cycle over land, and also the local and remote precipitation response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Major deficiencies are the overestimation of precipitation over the oceans, especially at higher vertical resolution, along steep mountain slopes and during the Asian summer monsoon season, whereas a dry bias exists over Australia. In addition, the model fails to reproduce the observed precipitation response to ENSO variability in the Indian Ocean and Africa. This might be related to missing coupled air–sea feedbacks in an AGCM forced with observed sea surface temperatures.
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Mondal, A., i P. P. Mujumdar. "Regional hydrological impacts of climate change: implications for water management in India". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (10.04.2015): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-34-2015.
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Abstract. Climate change is most likely to introduce an additional stress to already stressed water systems in developing countries. Climate change is inherently linked with the hydrological cycle and is expected to cause significant alterations in regional water resources systems necessitating measures for adaptation and mitigation. Increasing temperatures, for example, are likely to change precipitation patterns resulting in alterations of regional water availability, evapotranspirative water demand of crops and vegetation, extremes of floods and droughts, and water quality. A comprehensive assessment of regional hydrological impacts of climate change is thus necessary. Global climate model simulations provide future projections of the climate system taking into consideration changes in external forcings, such as atmospheric carbon-dioxide and aerosols, especially those resulting from anthropogenic emissions. However, such simulations are typically run at a coarse scale, and are not equipped to reproduce regional hydrological processes. This paper summarizes recent research on the assessment of climate change impacts on regional hydrology, addressing the scale and physical processes mismatch issues. Particular attention is given to changes in water availability, irrigation demands and water quality. This paper also includes description of the methodologies developed to address uncertainties in the projections resulting from incomplete knowledge about future evolution of the human-induced emissions and from using multiple climate models. Approaches for investigating possible causes of historically observed changes in regional hydrological variables are also discussed. Illustrations of all the above-mentioned methods are provided for Indian regions with a view to specifically aiding water management in India.
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Siqueira, Vinícius A., Rodrigo C. D. Paiva, Ayan S. Fleischmann, Fernando M. Fan, Anderson L. Ruhoff, Paulo R. M. Pontes, Adrien Paris, Stéphane Calmant i Walter Collischonn. "Toward continental hydrologic–hydrodynamic modeling in South America". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, nr 9 (18.09.2018): 4815–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4815-2018.
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Abstract. Providing reliable estimates of streamflow and hydrological fluxes is a major challenge for water resources management over national and transnational basins in South America. Global hydrological models and land surface models are a possible solution to simulate the terrestrial water cycle at the continental scale, but issues about parameterization and limitations in representing lowland river systems can place constraints on these models to meet local needs. In an attempt to overcome such limitations, we extended a regional, fully coupled hydrologic–hydrodynamic model (MGB; Modelo hidrológico de Grandes Bacias) to the continental domain of South America and assessed its performance using daily river discharge, water levels from independent sources (in situ, satellite altimetry), estimates of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and evapotranspiration (ET) from remote sensing and other available global datasets. In addition, river discharge was compared with outputs from global models acquired through the eartH2Observe project (HTESSEL/CaMa-Flood, LISFLOOD and WaterGAP3), providing the first cross-scale assessment (regional/continental × global models) that makes use of spatially distributed, daily discharge data. A satisfactory representation of discharge and water levels was obtained (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE > 0.6 in 55 % of the cases) and the continental model was able to capture patterns of seasonality and magnitude of TWS and ET, especially over the largest basins of South America. After the comparison with global models, we found that it is possible to obtain considerable improvement on daily river discharge, even by using current global forcing data, just by combining parameterization and better routing physics based on regional experience. Issues about the potential sources of errors related to both global- and continental-scale modeling are discussed, as well as future directions for improving large-scale model applications in this continent. We hope that our study provides important insights to reduce the gap between global and regional hydrological modeling communities.
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Hao, Chun Feng, Yang Wen Jia, Cun Wen Niu i Li Li Liang. "Research on Driving Mechanism of Socio-Economic Factors for Water Cycle". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (czerwiec 2014): 3011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3011.
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The paper selects water price as a potentially effective socio-economic factor for the mitigation of conflict between socio-economic development and regional water resources in the Weihe River basin on basis of the driving mechanism research of socio-economic factors for water cycle, and evaluates the variation of socio-economic and hydrological variables by comprehensive simulation of economic system and water resources system by coupling of economic model CGE, water allocation model ROWAS and distributed water cycle model WEP. The results indicate that raising water price would bring down socio-economic development and regional water demand to some extent, but regional water resources tensions just reduce so slightly that corresponding schemes turn out to be not sufficient to deal with water crisis in the Weihe River basin.
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Guo, Chenyu, Tie Liu, Yaxuan Niu i Xiaohui Pan. "Water Resources Management for Multi-Source Ecological Restoration Goals in an Oasis: A Case Study of Bohu County Irrigation Area in Xinjiang, China". Water 16, nr 19 (24.09.2024): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16192708.
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Oases in arid regions consist of river–lake–groundwater systems characterized by complex hydrological cycles and fragile ecosystems. Sustainable water resource management, aimed at multi-source ecological restoration, is crucial for oasis ecological protection and represents a current research challenge. This study focuses on the Bohu irrigation area, using ecological water levels, the MIKE-SHE hydrological model, and the water balance equation to propose a multi-objective groundwater and surface water regulation scheme that meets both the ecological safety requirements of the irrigation area and the ecological water demands of the Small Lake. Key findings include the following: (1) The regional ecological water level ranges from 1.69 m to 4 m, with about 74% of the area exceeding this range, threatening local ecology. (2) The proposed regulation method adjusts 91.25% of areas exceeding the ecological water level to within the acceptable range. (3) Under various planting scenarios, the minimum water distribution from the west branch of the BLSM water diversion hub should be 824.632 × 106 m3/a to meet Small Lake ecological demands. When this volume exceeds 831.902 × 106 m3/a, both groundwater regulation and Small Lake ecological demands are satisfied. This paper quantifies the water cycle mechanisms in complex hydrological interaction areas, providing specific solutions to regional ecological problems, which holds significant practical relevance.
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Lee, Ji-Woo, Suryun Ham, Song-You Hong, Kei Yoshimura i Minsu Joh. "Future Changes in Surface Runoff over Korea Projected by a Regional Climate Model under A1B Scenario". Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753790.
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This study assesses future change of surface runoff due to climate change over Korea using a regional climate model (RCM), namely, the Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs), Regional Model Program (RMP). The RMP is forced by future climate scenario, namely, A1B of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The RMP satisfactorily reproduces the observed seasonal mean and variation of surface runoff for the current climate simulation. The distribution of monsoonal precipitation-related runoff is adequately captured by the RMP. In the future (2040–2070) simulation, it is shown that the increasing trend of temperature has significant impacts on the intra-annual runoff variation. The variability of runoff is increased in summer; moreover, the strengthened possibility of extreme occurrence is detected in the future climate. This study indicates that future climate projection, including surface runoff and its variability over Korea, can be adequately addressed on the RMP testbed. Furthermore, this study reflects that global warming affects local hydrological cycle by changing major water budget components. This study adduces that the importance of runoff should not be overlooked in regional climate studies, and more elaborate presentation of fresh-water cycle is needed to close hydrological circulation in RCMs.
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Fersch, Benjamin, Alfonso Senatore, Bianca Adler, Joël Arnault, Matthias Mauder, Katrin Schneider, Ingo Völksch i Harald Kunstmann. "High-resolution fully coupled atmospheric–hydrological modeling: a cross-compartment regional water and energy cycle evaluation". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, nr 5 (13.05.2020): 2457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020.
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Abstract. The land surface and the atmospheric boundary layer are closely intertwined with respect to the exchange of water, trace gases, and energy. Nonlinear feedback and scale-dependent mechanisms are obvious by observations and theories. Modeling instead is often narrowed to single compartments of the terrestrial system or bound to traditional viewpoints of definite scientific disciplines. Coupled terrestrial hydrometeorological modeling systems attempt to overcome these limitations to achieve a better integration of the processes relevant for regional climate studies and local-area weather prediction. This study examines the ability of the hydrologically enhanced version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Hydro) to reproduce the regional water cycle by means of a two-way coupled approach and assesses the impact of hydrological coupling with respect to a traditional regional atmospheric model setting. It includes the observation-based calibration of the hydrological model component (offline WRF-Hydro) and a comparison of the classic WRF and the fully coupled WRF-Hydro models both with identically calibrated parameter settings for the land surface model (Noah-Multiparametrization; Noah-MP). The simulations are evaluated based on extensive observations at the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) Pre-Alpine Observatory for the Ammer (600 km2) and Rott (55 km2) river catchments in southern Germany, covering a 5-month period (June–October 2016). The sensitivity of seven land surface parameters is tested using the Latin-Hypercube–One-factor-At-a-Time (LH-OAT) method, and six sensitive parameters are subsequently optimized for six different subcatchments, using the model-independent Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis software (PEST). The calibration of the offline WRF-Hydro gives Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies between 0.56 and 0.64 and volumetric efficiencies between 0.46 and 0.81 for the six subcatchments. The comparison of the classic WRF and fully coupled WRF-Hydro models, both using the calibrated parameters from the offline model, shows only tiny alterations for radiation and precipitation but considerable changes for moisture and heat fluxes. By comparison with TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory measurements, the fully coupled model slightly outperforms the classic WRF model with respect to evapotranspiration, sensible and ground heat flux, the near-surface mixing ratio, temperature, and boundary layer profiles of air temperature. The subcatchment-based water budgets show uniformly directed variations for evapotranspiration, infiltration excess and percolation, whereas soil moisture and precipitation change randomly.
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MacKay, Murray D., Ronald E. Stewart i Guy Bergeron. "Downscaling the hydrological cycle in the Mackenzie basin with the Canadian regional climate model". Atmosphere-Ocean 36, nr 3 (wrzesień 1998): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1998.9649611.
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Nkwasa, Albert, Celray James Chawanda, Jonas Jägermeyr i Ann van Griensven. "Improved representation of agricultural land use and crop management for large-scale hydrological impact simulation in Africa using SWAT+". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, nr 1 (6.01.2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-71-2022.
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Abstract. To date, most regional and global hydrological models either ignore the representation of cropland or consider crop cultivation in a simplistic way or in abstract terms without any management practices. Yet, the water balance of cultivated areas is strongly influenced by applied management practices (e.g. planting, irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting). The SWAT+ (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model represents agricultural land by default in a generic way, where the start of the cropping season is driven by accumulated heat units. However, this approach does not work for tropical and subtropical regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, where crop growth dynamics are mainly controlled by rainfall rather than temperature. In this study, we present an approach on how to incorporate crop phenology using decision tables and global datasets of rainfed and irrigated croplands with the associated cropping calendar and fertilizer applications in a regional SWAT+ model for northeastern Africa. We evaluate the influence of the crop phenology representation on simulations of leaf area index (LAI) and evapotranspiration (ET) using LAI remote sensing data from Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) and WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) ET data, respectively. Results show that a representation of crop phenology using global datasets leads to improved temporal patterns of LAI and ET simulations, especially for regions with a single cropping cycle. However, for regions with multiple cropping seasons, global phenology datasets need to be complemented with local data or remote sensing data to capture additional cropping seasons. In addition, the improvement of the cropping season also helps to improve soil erosion estimates, as the timing of crop cover controls erosion rates in the model. With more realistic growing seasons, soil erosion is largely reduced for most agricultural hydrologic response units (HRUs), which can be considered as a move towards substantial improvements over previous estimates. We conclude that regional and global hydrological models can benefit from improved representations of crop phenology and the associated management practices. Future work regarding the incorporation of multiple cropping seasons in global phenology data is needed to better represent cropping cycles in areas where they occur using regional to global hydrological models.
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He, Yanfeng, Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Sirui Zhong, Chuntao Yu i Shungang Ma. "Using Multi-Source Data to Assess the Hydrologic Alteration and Extremes under a Changing Environment in the Yalong River Basin". Water 15, nr 7 (1.04.2023): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071357.
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Climate change and human activities are two important factors in the changing environment that affect the variability of the hydrological cycle and river regime in the Yalong River basin. This paper analyzed the hydrological alteration and extremes in the Yalong River basin based on multi-source satellite data, and projected the hydrological response under different future climate change scenarios using the CwatM hydrological model. The results show that: (1) The overall change in hydrological alteration at Tongzilin station was moderate during the period of 1998–2011 and severe during the period of 2012–2020. (2) Precipitation (average 781 mm/a) is the dominant factor of water cycle on a monthly scale, which can explain the temporal variability of runoff, evaporation, and terrestrial water storage, while terrestrial water storage is also simultaneously regulated by runoff and evaporation. (3) The GRACE data are comparable with regional water resource bulletins. The terrestrial water storage is mainly regulated by surface water (average 1062 × 108 m3), while the contribution of groundwater (average 298 × 108 m3) is relatively small. (4) The evaporation and runoff processes will intensify in the future due to climate warming and increasing precipitation (~10%), and terrestrial water storage will be depleted. The magnitude of change will increase with the enhancement of emission scenarios.
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Adlul Islam, Alok K Sikka, B Saha i Anamika. "Modelling Sensitivity of Stream flow to Climate Change in the Brahmani River Basin". Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 46, nr 4 (31.12.2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2009464.1393.
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It is widely accepted that increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is causing climate change, which may alter the hydrologic cycle and regional water availability. Hydrological modelling to assess the sensitivity of stream flow in the Brahmani basin to different hypothetical climate change scenarios indicated significant changes in mean monthly stream flow. Simulation results indicated 76% increase in annual stream flow with a 30% increase in rainfall and no change in temperature, and a maximum decrease of 33% in annual stream flow with 4°C increase in temperature and 10% decrease in rainfall. Rainfall changes had a greater effect on seasonal as well as annual changes in stream flow than the changes in temperature.
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Youpeng, Xu, Xu Jintao, Ding Jinjia, Chen Ying, Yin Yixing i Zhang Xingqi. "Impacts of urbanization on hydrology in the Yangtze River Delta, China". Water Science and Technology 62, nr 6 (1.09.2010): 1221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.391.
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The Yangtze River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and the rapid development of urbanization have greatly influenced regional hydrology and water resources. Taking several typical urbanizing areas in the Yangtze River Delta as examples, this paper probes into the impacts of urbanization on hydrologic cycle and hydrological process with the support of RS, GIS and hydrological model. The research centers on the impacts of urbanization on precipitation, hydrological process, river networks, and water environment in some typical cities. The results show that: (1) Urban rain island effect is not evident when the process of urbanization is slow, while the differences of annual precipitation and flood season precipitation between urban and suburban areas increased to a certian extent in the booming stage of urbanization. (2) The annual runoff depth and the runoff coefficient increased with the development of urbanization, and the effect will be more notable when the urban areas expand to a certain size; (3) River network systems, especially low-grade rivers have been greatly destroyed in the process of urbanization, which increases the risk of flood and water degradation, so it is very important to protect natural river systems. Based on the results, some proposals of sustainable utilization and protection of water resources is also addressed.
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Wang, G. Q., J. Y. Zhang, Y. Q. Xuan, J. F. Liu, J. L. Jin, Z. X. Bao, R. M. He, C. S. Liu, Y. L. Liu i X. L. Yan. "Simulating the Impact of Climate Change on Runoff in a Typical River Catchment of the Loess Plateau, China". Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, nr 5 (1.10.2013): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-081.1.
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Abstract Global warming will have direct impacts on regional water resources by accelerating the hydrological cycle. Hydrological simulation is an important approach to studying climate change impacts. In this paper, a snowmelt-based water balance model (SWBM) was used to simulate the effect of climate change on runoff in the Kuye River catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Results indicated that the SWBM is suitable for simulating monthly discharge into arid catchments. The response of runoff in the Kuye River catchment to climate change is nonlinear, and runoff is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than to changes in temperature. The projections indicated that the Kuye River catchment would undergo more flooding in the 2020s, and global warming would probably shorten the main flood season in the catchment, with greater discharge occurring in August. Although projected changes in annual runoff are uncertain, the possibilities of regional water shortages and regional flooding are essential issues that need to be fully considered.
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Yao, Yi, Xianhong Xie, Shanshan Meng, Bowen Zhu, Kang Zhang i Yibing Wang. "Extended Dependence of the Hydrological Regime on the Land Cover Change in the Three-North Region of China: An Evaluation under Future Climate Conditions". Remote Sensing 11, nr 1 (4.01.2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010081.
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The hydrological regime in arid and semi-arid regions is quite sensitive to climate and land cover changes (LCC). The Three-North region (TNR) in China experiences diverse climate conditions, from arid to humid zones. In this region, substantial LCC has occurred over the past decades due to ecological restoration programs and urban expansion. At a regional scale, the hydrological effects of LCC have been demonstrated to be less observable than the effects of climate change, but it is unclear whether or not the effects of LCC may be intensified by future climate conditions. In this study, we employed remote sensing datasets and a macro-scale hydrological modeling to identify the dependence of the future hydrological regime of the TNR on past LCC. The hydrological effects over the period from 2020–2099 were evaluated based on a Representative Concentration Pathway climate scenario. The results indicated that the forest area increased in the northwest (11,691 km2) and the north (69 km2) of China but declined in the northeast (30,042 km2) over the past three decades. Moreover, the urban area has expanded by 1.3% in the TNR. Under the future climate condition, the hydrological regime will be influenced significantly by LCC. Those changes from 1986 to 2015 may alter the future hydrological cycle mainly by promoting runoff (3.24 mm/year) and decreasing evapotranspiration (3.23 mm/year) over the whole region. The spatial distribution of the effects may be extremely uneven: the effects in humid areas would be stronger than those in other areas. Besides, with rising temperatures and precipitation from 2020 to 2099, the LCC may heighten the risk of dryland expansion and flooding more than climate change alone. Despite uncertainties in the datasets and methods, the regional-scale hydrological model provides new insights into the extended impacts of ecological restoration and urbanization on the hydrological regime of the TNR.
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Ma, Jian, Robin Chadwick, Kyong-Hwan Seo, Changming Dong, Gang Huang, Gregory R. Foltz i Jonathan H. Jiang. "Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, nr 1 (30.05.2018): 549–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010102.
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This review describes the climate change–induced responses of the tropical atmospheric circulation and their impacts on the hydrological cycle. We depict the theoretically predicted changes and diagnose physical mechanisms for observational and model-projected trends in large-scale and regional climate. The tropical circulation slows down with moisture and stratification changes, connecting to a poleward expansion of the Hadley cells and a shift of the intertropical convergence zone. Redistributions of regional precipitation consist of thermodynamic and dynamical components, including a strong offset between moisture increase and circulation weakening throughout the tropics. This allows other dynamical processes to dominate local circulation changes, such as a surface warming pattern effect over oceans and multiple mechanisms over land. To improve reliability in climate projections, more fundamental understandings of pattern formation, circulation change, and the balance of various processes redistributing land rainfall are suggested to be important.
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Tijdeman, Erik, Veit Blauhut, Michael Stoelzle, Lucas Menzel i Kerstin Stahl. "Different drought types and the spatial variability in their hazard, impact, and propagation characteristics". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, nr 6 (23.06.2022): 2099–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2099-2022.
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Abstract. Droughts often have a severe impact on the environment, society, and the economy. The variables and scales that are relevant to understand the impact of drought motivated this study, which compared hazard and propagation characteristics, as well as impacts, of major droughts between 1990 and 2019 in southwestern Germany. We bring together high-resolution datasets of air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture simulations, and streamflow and groundwater level observations, as well as text-based information on drought impacts. Various drought characteristics were derived from the hydrometeorological and drought impact time series and compared across variables and spatial scales. Results revealed different drought types sharing similar hazard and impact characteristics. The most severe drought type identified is an intense multi-seasonal drought type peaking in summer, i.e., the events in 2003, 2015, and 2018. This drought type appeared in all domains of the hydrological cycle and coincided with high air temperatures, causing a high number of and variability in drought impacts. The regional average drought signals of this drought type exhibit typical drought propagation characteristics such as a time lag between meteorological and hydrological drought, whereas propagation characteristics of local drought signals are variable in space. This spatial variability in drought hazard increased when droughts propagated through the hydrological cycle, causing distinct differences among variables, as well as regional average and local drought information. Accordingly, single variable or regional average drought information is not sufficient to fully explain the variety of drought impacts that occurred, supporting the conclusion that in regions as diverse as the case study presented here, large-scale drought monitoring needs to be complemented by local drought information to assess the multifaceted impact of drought.
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Asurza-Véliz, Flavio Alexander, i Waldo Sven Lavado-Casimiro. "Regional Parameter Estimation of the SWAT Model: Methodology and Application to River Basins in the Peruvian Pacific Drainage". Water 12, nr 11 (16.11.2020): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113198.
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This study presents a methodology for the regional parameters estimation of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, with the objective of estimating daily flow series in the Pacific drainage under the context of limited hydrological data availability. This methodology has been designed to obtain the model parameters from a limited number of basins (14) to finally regionalize them to basins without hydrological data based on physical-climatic characteristics. In addition, the bootstrapping method was selected to estimate the uncertainty associated with the parameters set selection in the regionalization process. In general, the regionalized parameters reduce the initial underestimation which is reflected in a better quantification of daily flows, and improve the low flows performance. Furthermore, the results show that the SWAT model correctly represents the water balance and seasonality of the hydrological cycle main components. However, the model does not correctly quantify the high flows rates during wet periods. These findings provide supporting information for studies of water balance and water management on the Peruvian Pacific drainage. The approach and methods developed can be replicated in any other region of Peru.
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Bosshard, T., S. Kotlarski, T. Ewen i C. Schär. "Spectral representation of the annual cycle in the climate change signal". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, nr 9 (1.09.2011): 2777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2777-2011.
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Abstract. The annual cycle of temperature and precipitation changes as projected by climate models is of fundamental interest in climate impact studies. Its estimation, however, is impaired by natural variability. Using a simple form of the delta change method, we show that on regional scales relevant for hydrological impact models, the projected changes in the annual cycle are prone to sampling artefacts. For precipitation at station locations, these artefacts may have amplitudes that are comparable to the climate change signal itself. Therefore, the annual cycle of the climate change signal should be filtered when generating climate change scenarios. We test a spectral smoothing method to remove the artificial fluctuations. Comparison against moving monthly averages shows that sampling artefacts in the climate change signal can successfully be removed by spectral smoothing. The method is tested at Swiss climate stations and applied to regional climate model output of the ENSEMBLES project. The spectral method performs well, except in cases with a strong annual cycle and large relative precipitation changes.
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Bosshard, T., S. Kotlarski, T. Ewen i C. Schär. "Spectral representation of the annual cycle in the climate change signal". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, nr 1 (26.01.2011): 1161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-1161-2011.
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Abstract. The annual cycle of temperature and precipitation changes as projected by climate models is of fundamental interest in climate impact studies. Its estimation, however, is impaired by natural variability. Using a simple form of the delta change method, we show that on regional scales relevant for hydrological impact models, the projected changes in the annual cycle are prone to sampling artefacts. For precipitation at station locations, these artefacts may have amplitudes that are comparable to the climate change signal itself. Therefore, the annual cycle of the climate change signal should be filtered when generating climate change scenarios. We test a spectral smoothing method to remove the artificial fluctuations. Comparison against moving monthly averages shows that sampling artefacts in the climate change signal can successfully be removed by spectral smoothing. The method is tested at Swiss climate stations and applied to regional climate model output of the ENSEMBLES project. The spectral method performs well, except in cases with a strong annual cycle and large relative precipitation changes.
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Boos, William R. "Thermodynamic Scaling of the Hydrological Cycle of the Last Glacial Maximum". Journal of Climate 25, nr 3 (1.02.2012): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00010.1.
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Abstract In climate models subject to greenhouse gas–induced warming, vertically integrated water vapor increases at nearly the same rate as its saturation value. Previous studies showed that this increase dominates circulation changes in climate models, so that precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) decreases in the subtropics and increases in the tropics and high latitudes at a rate consistent with a Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. This study examines whether the same thermodynamic scaling describes differences in the hydrological cycle between modern times and the last glacial maximum (LGM), as simulated by a suite of coupled ocean–atmosphere models. In these models, changes in water vapor between modern and LGM climates do scale with temperature according to Clausius–Clapeyron, but this thermodynamic scaling provides a poorer description of the changes in P − E. While the scaling is qualitatively consistent with simulations in the zonal mean, predicting higher P − E in the subtropics and lower P − E in the tropics and high latitudes, it fails to account for high-amplitude zonal asymmetries. Large horizontal gradients of temperature change, which are often neglected when applying the scaling to next-century warming, are shown to be important in large parts of the extratropics. However, even with this correction the thermodynamic scaling provides a poor quantitative fit to the simulations. This suggests that circulation changes play a dominant role in regional hydrological change between modern and LGM climates. Changes in transient eddy moisture transports are shown to be particularly important, even in the deep tropics. Implications for the selection and interpretation of climate proxies are discussed.
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Li, Chang, Zhili Wang, Yongjun Lu i Mingming Song. "Regional water cycle response to land use/cover change for a typical agricultural area, North China Plain". Hydrology Research 52, nr 4 (9.06.2021): 944–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.119.
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Abstract Quantifying the influences of land use/cover (LULC) change on hydrological processes is important for rational utilization of water resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of spatiotemporal LULC change on hydrological components in a typical agricultural area located in the North China Plain at both basin and sub-basin scales. LULC change was quantified, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was optimized using parameters associated with LULC conditions. We concluded that the urban and forest areas increased by 25.57 and 10.56%, with the cropland area decreased by 36.76%. About half of the surface runoff (SURQ) in the basin was generated from the urban area, with the SURQ increased significantly in the upstream and downstream of the basin where overlapped with urbanized areas. The proportions of evapotranspiration generated by cropland and forest areas increased slightly (0.89 and 0.55%, respectively), especially in sub-basins where the conversion of cropland to forest was obvious. Urban, forest, and cropland were the main types that generated water yield (WYLD). The proportion of WYLD generated on the urban area increased by 9.55% and decreased in other areas, which may be related to the combined effects of urbanization and forest reduction.
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Zhu, Jinxin, Xuerou Weng, Bing Guo, Xueting Zeng i Cong Dong. "Investigating Extreme Snowfall Changes in China Based on an Ensemble of High-Resolution Regional Climate Models". Sustainability 15, nr 5 (21.02.2023): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15053878.
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Anthropogenically induced global warming intensifies the water cycle around the world. As a critical sector of the water cycle, snow depth and its related extremes greatly impact agriculture, animal husbandry, and food security, yet lack investigation. In this study, five high-resolution climate models are selected to simulate and project snow depth and its extremes over China. The simulation capabilities of models in reproducing the basic climate variables in winter are gauged in terms of spatial and temporal patterns over nine subregions. It is found that the driving global climate model (GCM) can contribute to similar patterns, while the different regional climate model (RCM) schemes lead to large variations in the snowfall accumulating on the land surface. The warming magnitude is larger under a higher representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario (2.5 °C greater under RCP8.5 than RCP4.5). The distribution of ensemble mean winter precipitation changes is more fragmented because of the relatively low skill in reproducing water-related content in the climate system. The projected precipitation change is larger under RCP8.5 than under RCP4.5 due to the amplification of the hydrological cycle by temperature warming. The projected changes in the ensemble mean snow depth mainly occur over the Tibetan Plateau with a decreasing trend. Only several grids over the Himalayas Mountains and the upper stream of the Yarlung Zangbo River are projected with a slight increase in snow depth. Both the intensity and frequency of extreme snow events are projected to increase in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which are important agricultural and animal husbandry production areas in China. The reason behind this projection can be explained by the fact that the hydrological cycle intensified by temperature warming leads to excessive snowfall stacking up during winter. The changes in extreme snowfall events in the future will have a significant impact on China’s agricultural and animal husbandry production and threaten food security.