Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Reductionist methodology

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Reductionist methodology”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 21 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Dahlberg, Lincoln. "Internet Research Tracings: Towards Non-Reductionist Methodology". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 9, nr 3 (23.06.2006): 00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00289.x.

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Hadfield, Gillian. "THE STRATEGY OF METHODOLOGY: THE VIRTUES OF BEING REDUCTIONIST FOR COMPARATIVE LAW". University of Toronto Law Journal 59, nr 2 (kwiecień 2009): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.59.2.223.

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Nizami, Lance. "Reductionism ad absurdum". Kybernetes 47, nr 1 (8.01.2018): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2016-0266.

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Purpose Neuroscientists act as proxies for implied anthropomorphic signal-processing beings within the brain, Homunculi. The latter examine the arriving neuronal spike-trains to infer internal and external states. But a Homunculus needs a brain of its own, to coordinate its capabilities – a brain that necessarily contains a Homunculus and so on indefinitely. Such infinity is impossible – and in well-cited papers, Attneave and later Dennett claim to eliminate it. How do their approaches differ and do they (in fact) obviate the Homunculi? Design/methodology/approach The Attneave and Dennett approaches are carefully scrutinized. To Attneave, Homunculi are effectively “decision-making” neurons that control behaviors. Attneave presumes that Homunculi, when successively nested, become successively “stupider”, limiting their numbers by diminishing their responsibilities. Dennett likewise postulates neuronal Homunculi that become “stupider” – but brain-wards, where greater sophistication might have been expected. Findings Attneave’s argument is Reductionist and it simply assumes-away the Homuncular infinity. Dennett’s scheme, which evidently derives from Attneave’s, ultimately involves the same mistakes. Attneave and Dennett fail, because they attempt to reduce intentionality to non-intentionality. Research limitations/implications Homunculus has been successively recognized over the centuries by philosophers, psychologists and (some) neuroscientists as a crucial conundrum of cognitive science. It still is. Practical implications Cognitive-science researchers need to recognize that Reductionist explanations of cognition may actually devolve to Homunculi, rather than eliminating them. Originality/value Two notable Reductionist arguments against the infinity of Homunculi are proven wrong. In their place, a non-Reductionist treatment of the mind, “Emergence”, is discussed as a means of rendering Homunculi irrelevant.
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Meehan, Daniella. "Is Epistemic Blame Distinct from Moral Blame?" Logos & Episteme 10, nr 2 (2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme201910216.

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In contemporary epistemology, recent attempts have been made to resist the notion of epistemic blame. This view, which I refer to as ‘epistemic blame skepticism,’ seems to challenge the notion of epistemic blame by reducing apparent cases of the phenomenon to examples of moral or practical blame. The purpose of this paper is to defend the notion of epistemic blame against a reductionist objection to epistemic blame, offered by Trent Dougherty in “Reducing Responsibility.” This paper will object to Dougherty’s position by examining an account in favour of epistemic blame and demonstrate concerns over the reductionist methodology employed by Dougherty to argue for his sceptical position.
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Mohammad, Saud, i Ismail Kadala Murutha. "Understanding Al-Fārūqī’s Methodology of Studying Religion". ‘Abqari Journal 26, nr 1 (28.04.2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol26no1.333.

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Ismāʿīl Rājī al-Fārūqī (1921-1986) was one of the foremost Muslim scholars to engage in academic study of religion in the modern age. One of his tremendous contributions to this field was his methodology of studying religion which he believed was a theology-free approach based on universal rational thought acceptable and applicable to all religions. Al-Fārūqī disagreed with Western approaches in studying religion because he believed they were either too subjective or too reductionist. This article aims to reveal Al-Fārūqī’s views on Western approaches to studying religion, and at the same, it discusses his own methodology of studying religion. The researcher uses an analytical approach to analyze Al-Fārūqī’s methodology or principles of understanding religion and examine their general applicability. Al-Fārūqī’s approach is presented as suitable to study all religions since it does not rely on religious assumptions from the outset, but on purely rational arguments. Al-Fārūqī challenges the prevailing Western approaches in studying religion and presents an alternative approach which is well-developed, rational, scientific and systematic that is intended to be applied to study all religions.
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Hoekstra, Daan. "The Artist's Study of Nature and Its Relationship to Goethean Science". Janus Head 10, nr 1 (2007): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh200710122.

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Poet and playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's scientific studies grew out of a disenchantment with the reductionist science of his time. He believed a more accurate description of nature was possible. Goethe's scientific method paralleled the methodology of art current in his era, and very likely arose, at least in part, from pre-existing traditions of knowledge in the visual arts. The study of similarities between Goethe's scientific method and the methodology of art couldprovide insights into both disciplines, and insights into the intentions that drove Goethes scientific studies.
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Ingold, Tim. "The use and abuse of ethnography". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01363963.

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Human beings grow into cultural knowledge, within a social and environmental context, rather than receiving it ready made. This seems also to be true of cetaceans. Rendell and Whitehead invoke a notion of culture long since rejected by anthropologists, and fundamentally misunderstand the nature of ethnography. A properly ethnographic study of cetaceans would directly subvert their positivist methodology and reductionist assumptions.
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Malik, Mohd Ashraf. "WESTERN METHODOLOGY TO STUDY RELIGION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COMPARATIVE RELIGION". Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 4, nr 1 (24.09.2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol4.iss1.art3.

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The systematic study and comparison of religions have traversed a long path since Max Muller wrote Comparative Mythology in 1856. Muller had predicted about the ‘Science of Religion’ (Religionswissenschaft) as the ‘Science’ that is based on an impartial and truly scientific comparison of all, or at all events, of the most important religions of mankind. Such an approach was developed in contrast to the reductionist tendencies as found in the anthropological, sociological and psychological theories put forward by the scholars as E. B. Tylor, James Frazer, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud, etc. The process of studying religions comparatively implied the understanding and appreciation for the religious phenomenon without passing any judgement on the religion studied. In the succeeding pages we will be discussing and analysing the approach and method known as phenomenological method in the study of religions. Such a method is a modified or revised form of comparative religion methodology as was envisioned by Max Muller in the 19th century.
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Neris Jr., Celso Pereira, i José Ricardo Fucidji. "Economic theory and (ontological) reductionism: some pitfalls in the road of the microfoundations project". Brazilian Keynesian Review 6, nr 2 (29.05.2021): 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v6i2.199.

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This paper aims to survey the literature on the theoretical enterprise of providing the microfoundations of macroeconomics. To do so, it evaluates that project from the viewpoint of economic methodology, mostly of critical realism. Its novelty lies in analysing the reductionism inbuilt in the project and its unsuitability both to its own terms and to the purpose of illuminating socioeconomic reality. We also stress that, in addition to a project of science (the sound or rigorous way of doing ‘scientific’ economics), it includes an implicit ontology of market sociability that establishes links between microfoundations and the neoliberal ideology. Some attempts at overcoming the reductionist individualism of microfoundations are also evaluated, such as complexity theory and old institutionalism, pointing out its potential and shortcomings. In order to deal with a complex, hierarchically multi-level structured and open reality, economic theory should not adopt explanations that give precedence to a single level. It should instead prefer approaches in which micro and macro levels are mutually conditioned and relatively autonomous.
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Tarasov, E. F. "METAPHYSICS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION". Metaphysics, nr 3 (5.10.2022): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2022-3-105-113.

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The article deals with the construction of a methodology for the theoretical analysis of speech communication (SC). The article analyzes theoretical reductions of the speech communication model, which are considered an obstacle to an adequate study of SC. The program of a non-reductionist approach to the analysis of SC includes the requirement 1. to consider speech as speech actions aimed at organizing both SC and joint activities (JA); 2. to distinguish images of consciousness from their verbal models; 3. to see the semantic perception of speech as the construction of the speech message content by the recipient from his/her knowledge; 4. to allow the existence of speech only in the processes of its production and reception, assuming that outside these processes, the speech content exists as a certain set of images of communicants’ consciousness; 5. to introduce both single and multiple communicants in to the SC objectarea.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Hannon, Robert Logan, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture i School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "An evaluation of bentonite feed additives in horses and dogs and a reflection on the research process". THESIS_FAH_ARD_Hannon_R.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/738.

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This thesis reports on investigations into the influence of diet and a bentonite feed additive on blood parameters in the horse, and the effect of a bentonite feed additive on the process of digestion in the dog. In addition, the methodology of scientific research is examined, and reflections of learning experiences arising from contact with the Hawkesbury approach described. A high-concentrate low-roughage diet, consisting by weight of 70% oats and 30% lucerne chaff, when fed to horses was shown to influence blood red cell levels and blood L-lactate levels compared to three diets of equivalent energy content but reduced proportion of concentrate. Other blood parameters measured included pack cell volume, total plasma protein, total and differential white blood cell count. These demonstrated no significant alteration with diet. The inclusion of bentonite feed additive in a kibble and mince diet fed to dogs was demonstrated to improve the digestion of dry matter and organic matter components of the diet compared to the unmedicated control diet. Inclusion of bentonite food additive in the diet was also associated with an improvement in degree of stool formation and reduction in faecal odour. Part B of the thesis documents the learning experience developed from involvement in the Masters program and reflection on the research studies undertaken. A model for improved reductionist research is described.
Master of Science (Hons) (Systems Agriculture)
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Hannon, Robert Logan. "An evaluation of bentonite feed additives in horses and dogs and a reflection on the research process". Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/738.

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This thesis reports on investigations into the influence of diet and a bentonite feed additive on blood parameters in the horse, and the effect of a bentonite feed additive on the process of digestion in the dog. In addition, the methodology of scientific research is examined, and reflections of learning experiences arising from contact with the Hawkesbury approach described. A high-concentrate low-roughage diet, consisting by weight of 70% oats and 30% lucerne chaff, when fed to horses was shown to influence blood red cell levels and blood L-lactate levels compared to three diets of equivalent energy content but reduced proportion of concentrate. Other blood parameters measured included pack cell volume, total plasma protein, total and differential white blood cell count. These demonstrated no significant alteration with diet. The inclusion of bentonite feed additive in a kibble and mince diet fed to dogs was demonstrated to improve the digestion of dry matter and organic matter components of the diet compared to the unmedicated control diet. Inclusion of bentonite food additive in the diet was also associated with an improvement in degree of stool formation and reduction in faecal odour. Part B of the thesis documents the learning experience developed from involvement in the Masters program and reflection on the research studies undertaken. A model for improved reductionist research is described.
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Im, Piljae. "A methodology to evaluate energy savings and NOx emissions reductions from the adoption of the 2000 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) to new residences in non-attainment and affected counties in Texas". Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/309.

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Currently, four areas of Texas have been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as non-attainment areas because they exceeded the national one-hour ground-level ozone standard of 0.12 parts-per-million (ppm). Ozone is formed in the atmosphere by the reaction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) in the presence of heat and sunlight. In May 2002, The Texas State Legislature passed Senate Bill 5, the Texas Emissions Reduction Plan (TERP), to reduce the emissions of NOx by several sources. As part of the 2001 building energy performance standards program which is one of the programs in the TERP, the Texas Legislature established the 2000 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) as the state energy code. Since September 1, 2001, the 2000 IECC has been required for newly constructed single and multifamily houses in Texas. Therefore, this study develops and applies portions of a methodology to calculate the energy savings and NOx emissions reductions from the adoption of the 2000 IECC to new single family houses in non-attainment and affected counties in Texas. To accomplish the objectives of the research, six major tasks were developed: 1) baseline data collection, 2) development of the 2000 IECC standard building simulation, 3) projection of the number of building permits in 2002, 4) comparison of energy simulations, 5) validation and, 6) NOx emissions reduction calculations. To begin, the 1999 standard residential building characteristics which are the baseline construction data were collected, and the 2000 IECC standard building characteristics were reviewed. Next, the annual and peak-day energy savings were calculated using the DOE-2 building energy simulation program. The building characteristics and the energy savings were then crosschecked using the data from previous studies, a site visit survey, and utility billing analysis. In this thesis, several case study houses are used to demonstrate the validation procedure. Finally, the calculated electricity savings (MWh/yr) were then converted into the NOx emissions reductions (tons/yr) using the EPA's eGRID database. The results of the peak-day electricity savings and NOx emissions reductions using this procedure are approximately twice the average day electricity savings and NOx emissions reductions.
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Leviaux, Pierre. "Three Essays on the Biological Hypothesis in Evolutionary Cliometrics". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2123.

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Historiquement, les échanges entre biologie et économie ont été fréquents et ont bien souvent suscité d’importantes controverses. Plus précisément, de nombreux chercheurs en sciences sociales, qu’ils soient économistes ou qu’ils exercent leur activité dans d’autres disciplines, ont régulièrement exprimé des réserves, des réticences et parfois même une forme d’aversion vis-à-vis de certaines formes d’échanges entre économie et biologie. Ces échanges se sont produits à travers différents canaux et selon différentes modalités. Ils ne se sont pas limités à de simples analogies ou métaphores. Cette thèse s'intéresse à deux formes distinctes d’importation de la biologie dans l’économie qui ont été particulièrement problématiques. La première consiste en l’explication de phénomènes économiques, que ceux-ci se manifestent au niveau micro-économique ou macro-économique, par des variables biologiques. Les travaux cliométriques de R. W. Fogel d’une part, et de Q. Ashraf et O. Galor d’autre part, dont les approches empiriques de la croissance économique reposent respectivement sur un réductionnisme physiologique et sur un réductionnisme génétique, illustrent cette première tendance, et constituent l’objet d’étude des deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse. Parallèlement à ce recours à des formes de réductionnisme biologique plus ou moins motivé, qui se produit principalement dans l’énonciation de théories économiques cherchant à fournir des fondements biologiques à la structure et au fonctionnement des systèmes économiques, un second recours à la biologie a également suscité d’importances controverses. Ce second usage de la biologie a pris la forme bien connue de la métaphore de la sélection naturelle. Alors que le réductionnisme biologique s’exprime principalement dans la dimension structuro-fonctionnelle des systèmes économiques, le recours à la métaphore de la sélection naturelle concerne quant à lui la dimension évolutive de ces mêmes systèmes. Le troisième chapitre de cette thèse est ainsi consacré à l’étude critique des conditions permettant l’extension des principes darwiniens de variation, de sélection et d’hérédité à la compréhension de la dynamique évolutive des systèmes économiques. A travers l’étude des enjeux à la fois méthodologiques et épistémologiques que ces deux grands types de recours à la biologie soulèvent, cette thèse vise à permettre de renouveler les échanges entre ces deux disciplines sous une forme qui échappe à la fois aux écueils d’un recours parfois naïf au réductionnisme biologique et à ceux d’un transfert trop audacieux des principes de l’évolution biologique dans le champ de l’évolution sociale et économique. Les développements proposés semblent au contraire inviter les économistes intéressés par le dialogue entre biologie et économie à se prémunir à la fois contre la tentation d’un réductionnisme biologisant et contre les multiples facettes d’un évolutionnisme naturalisant, qui ne constituent finalement que les deux faces d’une même pièce : celle de la négation du caractère profondément politique des objets sociaux et économiques et de la restriction arbitraire et néfaste du « champ des possibles » propre aux systèmes économiques et sociaux
Historically, exchanges between biology and economics have been frequent and have often caused considerable controversy. More specifically, many social scientists, whether economists or conducting academic research in other disciplines, have regularly expressed reservations, reluctance and sometimes even a form of aversion toward certain forms of exchange between economics and biology. These exchanges between these two disciplines have occurred through different channels and in different ways. As this dissertation explains, they were not limited to mere analogies or metaphors. Indeed, two distinct forms of imports from biology into economics have been particularly problematic. The first is the explanation of economic phenomena, whether the latter take place at the micro-economic or macro-economic level, by biological variables. The cliometric approaches of RW Fogel on the one hand, and of Q. Ashraf and O. Galor on the other, whose empirical studies of the determinants of economic growth are respectively based on physiological reductionism and on genetic reductionism, illustrate this first trend, and constitute the subject matter of the first two chapters of this thesis. Along with the use of more or less motivated forms of biological reductionism, which occurs mainly in the formulation of economic theories that seek to provide a biological basis for the structure and functioning of economic systems, a second recourse to biology has also been used, and also aroused important controversies. This second use of biology in economics took the well-known form of the metaphor of natural selection. While biological reductionism mainly occurs in studies related to the structuro-functional dimension of economic systems, the use of the metaphor of natural selection obviously concerns the evolutionary dimension of these same systems. The third chapter of this thesis is therefore devoted to the study of the conditions that allows for the extension of the three Darwinian principles of variation, selection and inheritance to the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of economic systems. Through the study of both some methodological and epistemological stakes that these two major types of recourse to biology raise, this thesis aims to allow for a renewal of the exchanges between these two disciplines in a form that eschews both the pitfalls of a sometimes naive recourse to biological reductionism and of an excessively daring transfer of the principles of biological evolution into the field of social and economic evolution. On the contrary, it seems necessary for economists interested in a fruitful dialogue between biology and economics to be able to guard against both the temptation of a biologizing reductionism and the many facets of a naturalizing evolutionism, which finally turn out to be the two sides of the coin: that of the negation of the deeply political nature of social and economic objects and of the arbitrary and harmful restriction of the "field of possibilities" which characterizes economic and social systems
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"A Methodology of Rewriting Orchestral Reductions for Piano". Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15993.

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abstract: Numerous orchestral reductions for piano are plagued by cumbersome passages that impede pianists from delivering phrases with flow and elegance. The vocal works of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) and Richard Wagner (1813–1883) are among the more unwieldy of these. While arrangers of the piano vocal scores by these two composers admirably include as much orchestration as possible, their efforts often result in writing that is not idiomatic for the piano. The frustrating difficulties in the orchestral reductions of Handel’s “Empio, dirò, tu sei” (Giulio Cesare), his Messiah chorus “For unto us a child is born” as well as Wagner’s aria “Du bist der Lenz” (Die Walküre) all plead for a new, fresh arrangement for the working pianist. Concerning itself with the formation of one’s hands, stamina preservation, and the need to give proper support to the singers, this paper makes examples of these three pieces to document and justify the steps and techniques one may take to customize both these and any variety of orchestral reductions. With great emphasis on the methodology of rewriting operatic and choral orchestral reductions, this document presents newly arranged note–for–note piano vocal scores of the above arias and chorus. By customizing and rewriting complex scores, our partners benefit by singing above the identical accompaniment every time. It is the intent that the collaborative pianist can apply these methods to future rewrites, with the result of producing scores that are conducive to proper technique and flow.
Dissertation/Thesis
D.M.A. Music 2012
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(5930705), Theodora Konstantinou. "MARKET ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF ELECTRIC ROADWAYS ON CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS". Thesis, 2019.

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Traffic is inevitably a major source of air pollution, particularly in urban areas. Efforts are made towards reducing emissions by improving vehicle and fuel technology and promoting alternative, sustainable modes of transportation. Although the emergence of EVs has shown capabilities of decreasing energy use and emissions levels, the EV market is developing slowly mainly due to drivers’ range anxiety and charging time. Electric roadways (ERs) have been proposed as a solution to overcome the concerns related to EVs by converting road segments into powered lanes where vehicles can be charged as they move along the roadway. This technology has the potential to increase driving range, decrease battery size and thus, lower the weight and the cost of EVs. In this context, exploring the challenging concept of ERs comes natural.

Since data on the market acceptance and the environmental implications on this technology are limited to non-existent, this thesis has the following objectives: 1) identify the factors that affect the short- and long-term intention to use ERs, 2) estimate the level of adoption of the ER technology and identify characteristics of the market segments and 3) assess the impact of ERs on criteria pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions based on the market adoption results.

To achieve these objectives, a survey of the general population in Los Angeles, California was conducted, gathering 600 responses representative of gender and age in the area. Los Angeles is considered a leader in electro-mobility and thus, a natural choice for the implementation of ERs. The short-or long-term intentions to drive on ERs and purchase an EV knowing about the availability of ERs were found to be correlated and thus, were modeled simultaneously using a bivariate ordered probit model. The compatibility of the ER technology with respondents’ lifestyle and needs, respondents’ tendency towards using sustainable forms of transportation, respondents’ innovativeness and perceived environmental benefits were among the most significant variables found to affect the short-term and long-term intention to use ERs.

The level of adoption of the ER technology and corresponding market segments were identified using a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis. Three clusters emerged from the analysis: early adopters (48.5%), mid-adopters (27.67%) and late adopters (23.83%) that differed in terms of demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, travel and EV charging characteristics and level of awareness.

The adoption levels found were then used to estimate the emissions change due to the implementation of the ERs by 2050. Using the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) 2017 EMissions FACtor model (EMFAC). Two scenarios were examined considering light-duty vehicles (LDVs) in a specific corridor: “with” and “without electrification” scenarios. The results suggested that the ER technology for light-duty vehicles has the potential to provide emission reductions of 4 to 24%. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to examine the effect of speed on the results.

Turning to the practical implications, this thesis can provide a foundational framework for the evaluation of the ER technology in terms of environmental and economic viability and set the groundwork for future research. Ultimately, the short-term and long-term intention analysis can be used as a draft guide by state and local agencies and inform their strategic short- or long- range plans for mobility. By segmenting potential users, policy makers and transport operators can be informed about the main challenges regarding the promotion of the ER technology to distinct market segments and devise ways to accelerate its adoption. The findings from the impact analysis of ERs on criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases can also inform long-range transportation plans and existing regulations and policies in California and beyond.

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Książki na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Grobler, Adam. Problem redukcji a teza o niewspółmierności teorii naukowych. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1986.

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Kezin, A. V. Nauchnostʹ, ėtalony, idealy, kriterii: Kriticheskiĭ analiz metodologicheskogo redukt︠s︡ionizma i pli︠u︡ralizma. Moskva: Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1985.

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Philp, Bruce. Anti-reductionism, methodological individualism and analytical Marxism. Manchester: Department of Economics and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995.

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Religion and the discourse on modernity. London: Continuum, 2008.

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Cartesian method and the problem of reduction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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Explaining human action. London: Duckworth, 1990.

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Explaining human action. La Salle, Ill: Open Court, 1990.

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Gerken, Mikkel. Against Knowledge-First Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0003.

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This chapter attacks, on several fronts, what is often cited as a theoretical advantage to regarding knowledge as a theoretical primitive—namely, that knowledge can be used to reductively analyse other epistemic phenomena. It suggests that proponents of such an approach commit a similar mistake to the one that they charge their opponents with—viz., the mistake of seeking to reductively analyse basic epistemic phenomena in terms of other allegedly more basic or fundamental phenomena. After leveling this charge against reductionist brands of knowledge-first epistemology, the chapter takes the knowledge norm of assertion as its critical focus and challenges non-reductionist brands of knowledge-first epistemology. It concludes by articulating an alternative to knowledge-first methodology: that is labeled ‘equilibristic epistemology’. According to equilibristic epistemology there isn’t a single epistemic phenomenon or concept that is ‘first’. Rather, there are a number of basic epistemic phenomena that are not reductively analysable although they may be co-elucidated in a non-reductive manner.
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Chemero, Anthony, i Charles J. Heyser. Methodology and Reduction in the Behavioral Neurosciences: Object Exploration as a Case Study. Redaktor John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0004.

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This article looks at the research methodologies in behavioral neurosciences focusing on reductionism and object exploration procedures for rodents. It provides a brief description of reduction and reductionism and describes the object exploration methodology as it is used in behavioral neuroscience, behavioral genetics, and psychopharmacology. It discusses three of a series of experiments conducted using the object exploration methodology which showed that the affordances of the to-be-explored objects affect the way rodents explore objects. It concludes that neuroscientists, even those who focus their research on genes or neurotransmitter effects, must attend closely to the details of behavior and that neuroscientists who use the object exploration methodology must adopt an extended cognition approach.
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Apostolopoulos, Yorghos, Michael K. Lemke i Kristen Hassmiller Lich, red. Complex Systems and Population Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880743.001.0001.

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Currently, population health science is an integral part of academic curricula around the world. For over a century, the principles of the reductionist paradigm have guided population health curricula, training, research, and action. Researchers continue to draw upon these principles when theorizing, conceptualizing, designing studies, analyzing, and devising interventions to tackle complex population health problems. However, unresolved impasses in delineating and managing pressing population health challenges have catalyzed calls for the integration of complex systems science–grounded theoretical, methodological, and analytical approaches into population health science. Mounting evidence denotes that a complex systems paradigm can bring about dramatic, multipronged changes for education and training and lead to innovative research, interventions, and policies. Despite the large and untapped promise of complex systems, the haphazard knowledge base from which academics, researchers, students, policymakers, and practitioners can draw has slowed their integration into the population health sciences. This volume fulfills this growing need by providing the knowledge base necessary to introduce a holistic complex systems paradigm in population health science. As such, it is the first comprehensive book in population health science that meaningfully integrates complex systems theory, methodology, modeling, computational simulation, and real-world applications, while incorporating current population health theoretical, methodological, and analytical perspectives. It is intended as a programmatic primer across a broad spectrum of population health stakeholders—from university professors and graduate students to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. This book also aims to provoke long-overdue discourse on the need for updated new curricula in the population health sciences.
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Części książek na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Bündgen, Reinhard, i Werner Lauterbach. "Combining reductions and computations in ReDuX". W Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology, 633–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014360.

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Maurer, Ueli, Renato Renner i Clemens Holenstein. "Indifferentiability, Impossibility Results on Reductions, and Applications to the Random Oracle Methodology". W Theory of Cryptography, 21–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24638-1_2.

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Shaw, R. W. "Optimization of Emission Reductions to Reduce Atmospheric Sulphur Deposition in Europe: An Examination of a Methodology". W Acidic Precipitation, 879–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_91.

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Clark, Constance. "Anthropology and Original Sin". W Science Without God?, 216–34. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834588.003.0013.

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The legacies of rejected nineteenth-century models of evolutionary anthropology remain influential. Nineteenth-century founders of the discipline such as E. B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan aspired to study human societies, including morals and religion, as natural phenomena, reflecting a natural order. In the context of shared assumptions about race and empire they postulated a trajectory from primitive society to civilization, identifying ‘primitive’ societies as remnant populations arrested at early stages of evolutionary development—the ‘childhood of the race’. Rejecting the racial and teleological implications of this trajectory, Franz Boas argued that anthropology and other historical sciences differed fundamentally from the nomothetic, law-giving physical sciences. Naturalism has become problematic for some anthropologists—not in the sense that the ‘God hypothesis’ has returned as methodology, but manifested in an uneasiness about definitions of culture and of human nature in naturalistic, deterministic, reductionist, and biological terms.
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Sowter, Ben, Shadi Hijazi i David Reggio. "Ranking World Universities". W Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 1–24. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0819-9.ch001.

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One of the recurrent criticisms levelled against rankings is that they are simplistic and reductionist. Yet, from the user perspective, this ‘simplicity' yields important advantages when rankings are contributing to decision-making. To encompass these two opposing views, QS has sought to maintain a critical and self-reflective stance, continuously concerned with methodological improvement to its portfolio of rankings and ratings, while striving to provide an accurate and practical representation of the complexity of higher education institutions worldwide. Over the last decade, such analysis, both critical and salutary, has resulted in key refinements in the QS Rankings methodology, including the introduction of new regional and subject-driven rankings. Our chapter sets out to explain how various aspects of institutional performance are conceptualised and measured in a practical and operational framework for rankings purposes, and how these measurements have evolved. Further issues, currently under investigation for the improvement of the QS Rankings and their indicators, are also addressed.
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Bandar, Jeffrey S. "Reductions". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0010.

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Manfred T. Reetz at the Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim and Philipps-Universität Marburg developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1665) a mutated Thermoethanolicus brockii alcohol dehydrogenase for the enantioselective reduc­tion of 4-alkylidene cyclohexanone 1. Using a new C₂-symmetic chiral bisphos­phine ligand (Wingphos, 5), Wenjun Tang at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4235) the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of β-aryl enamide 3. Qi-Lin Zhou of Nankai University utilized chiral spirophosphine oxazoline iridium complexes 8a and 8b for the asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated piperidine carboxylic acid 6 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 6072) and 1,1-diarylethylene 9 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 1556) with excellent selectivities. The iron- catalyzed chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 11 was demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5120) by Matthias Beller at the University of Rostock. Jeffrey S. Johnson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 594) that asymmetric trans­fer hydrogenation of racemic acyl phosphonate 14 yielded β-stereogenic α- hydroxy phosphonate 16, a reversal in diastereoselectivity observed in the case of α-keto ester analogues. Gojko Lalic of the University of Washington developed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1112) a monophasic copper catalyst system for the selective semireduction of terminal alkyne 17. Alois Fürstner and coworkers at Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 355) the ruthenium-catalyzed trans- selective hydro­genation of alkyne 19. Macrocyclic alkynes could also be selectively hydrogenated to E- alkenes using this methodology. Bernhard Breit at the University of Freiburg found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2231) that a bimetallic Pd/ Re/ graphite catalyst system was highly active for the hydrogenation of tertiary amide 21 to amine 22. Professor Beller also discovered (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 4437) that a commercially available ruthenium complex allowed for the effective transfer hydrogenation of aromatic nitrile 23 to benzyl amine 24. Notably, no reductive amination side products were observed. Maurice Brookhart at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill used (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 496) tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as a highly active catalyst for the selective reduction of carboxylic acid 25 to aldehyde 26 with triethylsilane as a hydride source.
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Nail, Thomas. "Method and Critique". W Marx in Motion, 46–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526477.003.0003.

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The aim of this chapter is to show the previously unacknowledged continuity between Marx’s earlier method of kinetic materialism with the methodology he lays out at the beginning of Capital. Furthermore, and more generally, it shows that Marx’s critical method in Capital has nothing to do with any sort of determinism, reductionism, or anthropocentrism. Instead, this chapter argues that Marx’s method is consistent with and anticipates the method of new materialism. Marx offers new materialism a historical new materialism in which history plays an important role in shaping the present. This chapter offers a close reading of the first few lines of Capital and a new materialist theory of critique.
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Hesselink, Martijn W. "Introduction". W Justifying Contract in Europe, 1–15. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843654.003.0001.

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This chapter provides the introduction to the book. It sets out how it will explore the normative foundations of European contract law by addressing fundamental political questions on contract law in Europe from the perspective of leading contemporary political theories. It states the book’s main aims and starting points, and introduces its methodology. The chapter also explains how the approach and focus of this study differs from all other contributions to contract theory, private law theory, and the theory of European law—in particular how it aims to move the debate beyond acquis positivism, market reductionism, normative intuitionism, private law essentialism, and methodological nationalism.
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Ishaque, Sarin, Junaid Ul Mulk, Muhammad Ali i Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. "Maternal Determinants of Childhood Stunting". W Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 19–36. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch002.

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The progress on reducing stunting is rather slow in Pakistan despite significant reductions in poverty which begs a question why Pakistan has been unable to make significant strides in improving nutrition indicators for children over the past few decades. Despite the recognized importance of the problem in national and international forums, research on determinants of child stunting in Pakistan is scarce, especially in the context of the role of mother's health, education, and empowerment in determining a child's nutrition status. Therefore, this chapter incorporates the mother's health, education, and empowerment-related factors in determining the factors that affect child stunting in Pakistan. Using simple OLS methodology on DHS (2012-13) dataset for Pakistan, the authors' results show that improvement in mother's health, women empowerment, and women's education are likely to reduce stunting. Moreover, better hygiene and better food intake also reduce stunting among children in Pakistan.
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Van Eenoo, Christopher. "A Framework for Analyzing Information Systems in an Integrated Supply Chain Environment". W Global Integrated Supply Chain Systems, 125–38. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-611-2.ch008.

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The concept and study of supply chains are nothing new. The concept of integrated supply chain environments (ISCE), however, has received increased study as of late. Technology has become the enabling factor for corporations to share information externally and to improve material flow within the supply chain. Many benefits can be realized from an integrated supply chain environment, including improved customer relations, cost reductions, and increased competitive advantage. Despite the potential benefits, there are many factors that lead to failed integrated supply chain implementations. Many of the major factors that lead to failure are not due to technological reasons but rather to the failure of the project team to recognize the complexities of the implementations of integrated supply chains. This chapter introduces the Interaction Approach methodology as a framework for analyzing supply chains in the hope of improving the design, development, and implementation of integrated supply chain environments.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Beļicka, Līga, i Tatjana Bicjutko. "Challenges and Opportunities of Asynchronicity: Task-Based Approach After COVID-19". W 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.73.

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The fast transition to fully online studies due to the pandemic made the universities around the world question many of their accepted notions on teaching foreign languages in general and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) methodology in particular. Putting stress on the synchronous remote teaching and learning has proven to yield a reductionist perspective missing asynchronicity, the dimension which makes reconsider the whole educational process. With its shift from the sole focus on learning terminology to training skills in authentic professional contexts, the task-based approach has long excelled in meeting the diverse needs of students. Thus, the research question is how well task-based teaching (TBT) solves the problems raised with asynchronous learning in a university ESP course. The research of available literature on TBT yielded the framework for constructing an extended task applicable in the advanced medical English. The case study with 120 first-year students of medicine organised around an informational interview with health professionals demonstrated easy adaptability of the task to the asynchronous nature of the educational process. Personal observations by the course instructor, summaries of student-conducted interviews, and student written feedback proved the responsiveness of the method to the learners’ needs and the potential of the approach in terms of motivation. The emphasis on self-directed learning, however, threatens the systematicity of the acquired language skills, as a more controlled teaching environment would not allow “skipping” any learning step. Additionally, TBT does not solve the problem of the voluminous teaching load.
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Meng, Li, i Zhao Jing. "Methodology of Emission Reductions for Public Building Retrofit in China". W 2012 Third International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2012.123.

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Nalanagula, Santosh, i G. T. Varadharajan. "Aerodynamics Drag Reductions Methodology for the Commercial Vehicles Using Computational Fluid Dynamics". W SAE 2016 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-8139.

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Lumbreras, J., A. Guijarro, J. M. López i E. Rodríguez. "Methodology to quantify the effect of policies and measures in emission reductions from road transport". W URBAN TRANSPORT 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut090501.

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Bermudez-Contreras, A., A. Ivanova-Boncheva i A. Martínez de la Torre. "A methodology to estimate the potential of grid-connected PV residential systems for greenhouse gas emission reductions". W SUSTAINABLE CITY 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc140922.

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Hafkamp, P. "Designing and implementing a maintenance management system with an expert support system: methodology, implementation, expert IT-system, achieved cost reductions". W 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2001). IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20010697.

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Polanco, Alejandra, Juan Fuentes, Sebastián Porras, Daniel Castiblanco, Julián Uribe, Daniel Suárez i Luis Muñoz. "Methodology for the Estimation of the Aerodynamic Drag Parameters of Cyclists". W ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98067.

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Abstract The aerodynamic drag force has a relevant effect on cycling performance since it is one of the major resistive forces acting on the bicycle. For this reason, this paper presents the development of an experimental methodology to estimate the aerodynamic parameters of a bicycle-cyclist set. The methodology combines outdoor measurements to estimate the drag area with indoor measurements to measure the projected frontal area. The methodology was implemented to quantify the effect of posture in the aerodynamic parameters of a group of cyclists. The tests were performed to characterize the drag parameters associated with three postures defined by the position of the grip on the handlebar: tops, hoods, and drops. Significant differences in the aerodynamic parameters were found for the postures studied through the proposed methodology. The posture variation led to reductions of up to 11.8% in the drag area of the cyclists when passing from tops to drops posture. The results obtained are in agreement with the literature indicating that the implementation of the methodology is feasible for the estimation of the aerodynamic parameters in cycling.
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Botte, Marilisa, Domenico Puca, Bruno Montella i Luca D’Acierno. "An Innovative Methodology for Managing Service Disruptions on Regional Rail Lines". W Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.134.

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Regional rail transport, albeit a major element in public mobility, is frequently affected by great vulnerability to system failure. Hence it is worth developing suitable procedures to manage rail disruption appropriately. In the particular case of breakdowns, the latter may be managed by means of shunter locomotives or empty rail convoys if the faulty convoy is able to travel in non-autonomous conditions. Obviously, the use of rescue vehicles on the line generates a disturbance with related reductions in service quality. Against this backdrop, this paper has two main aims. First, we investigate the possibility of adopting some unconventional rescue strategies based on the use of operating rail convoys or maintenance vehicles, and propose a methodology, based on a micro-simulation approach, for accurately modelling interactions among all rail system components so as to optimise management in emergency contexts. The second aim is to identify suitable intervention strategies which provide the right balance between the swiftness of rescue operations and the disturbance inflicted upon rail services during failure management. Finally, the method is applied to the ‘Naples-Sorrento’ regional rail line in southern Italy in order to show the utility and feasibility of the suggested approach.
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Fyffe, John R., Aaron K. Townsend i Michael E. Webber. "Methodology for Comparing End-of-Life Pathways for Non-Recycled Materials". W ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64131.

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Recycling plastics is widely accepted as the most beneficial end use of plastic products. Consequently, many cities are turning towards single-stream recycling to make it easier for consumers to recycle and to increase the total amount of municipal solid waste (in particular, energy-dense plastic waste) that is diverted to recycling facilities. However, single-stream recycling Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) are now faced with sorting more diverse material flows with increased contamination from the mixing of recyclable and non-recyclable materials, leading to roughly 5–10% of the incoming material being sent to landfills. Converting the energy dense MRF waste material into solid recovery fuel (SRF) pellets creates an additional use for the products, diverts the material from the landfill, and displaces some fossil fuel use. However, there are some non-obvious energetic and environmental tradeoffs that require analysis to quantify. That is the intent of the research presented here. To analyze the potential of SRFs as viable alternative fuel sources, a first-order thermodynamic materials and energy balance was constructed using cement kilns as a test-bed. The proposed methodology allows for a range of traditional fuels to be compared with and without supplemental SRF. The SRF case can be benchmarked against the reference case, or conventional plastic end-of-life pathway, landfilling of the non-recycled plastic. The comparison includes transportation and processing steps required for each pathway, including any additional sorting needed for creating the SRF as well as the pelletization process itself. A robust methodology was created that allows for the MRF residue to be adjusted on a compositional basis because residue composition varies by season and location, which affects the analysis. Additionally, proximity to SRF conversion facilities and cement kilns will vary for each MRF and can impact the analysis so the methodology allows these factors to be adjusted. A test case was studied to compare the landfilling or combustion of MRF residue in a cement kiln at a rate of 0.9 metric tons per hour (7884 metric tons for a one year period). The analysis details the total energy consumed, landfill avoidance, amount of fuel displaced, and the total equivalent CO2 emissions of each scenario. The methodology successfully models the reference and SRF case and is robust enough to be used with a wide variety of potential SRF scenarios. A few parametric studies were performed on the transportation and landfill variables to determine their relative effect on results. It was found that additional transportation would have minimal effect of total energy consumption. When using SRF as a supplementary cement kiln fuel, the equivalent CO2 reductions are higher in scenarios with low methane capture efficiency at the landfill. Overall, it was found that using SRF as a supplementary fuel at cement kilns reduces the total fossil energy consumption and total equivalent CO2 reductions by 6% and 76%, respectively.
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Walker, A. Duncan, Jonathan F. Carrotte i Andrew M. Rolt. "Duct Aerodynamics for Intercooled Aero Gas Turbines: Constraints, Concepts and Design Methodology". W ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59612.

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Economic and environmental concerns are a major driving force behind the development of aero gas turbine technology, with ever more stringent legislation dictating significant reductions in specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Intercooling has long been of interest as it has the potential for lower compressor delivery and turbine cooling air temperatures, together with reduced NOx and higher overall pressure ratios, which enable reduced fuel consumption. However, thus far the technical complexities, both aerodynamic and mechanical, have been prohibitive. For example, improvements in core cycle thermal efficiency could easily be offset by reduced component efficiencies and pressure losses in the intercooler and its associated ducting. This paper describes an intercooled concept typical of those that may be used for a large, high by-pass ratio, high OPR aero-engine. The paper goes on to describe the aerodynamic challenges of designing a duct system to transfer the core air, issuing from the low pressure compressors, into the intercooler modules. A design methodology is developed which includes consideration of: system loss, the inclusion of local constraints such as a radial drive shaft, the need to provide core access for ancillary services, and minimization of aerodynamic interaction with surrounding components. Finally a preliminary duct design is presented for a specific intercooled aero-engine design.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Reductionist methodology"

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Corbus, D., M. Martinez, L. Rodriguez i J. Mark. Renewable energy and its potential for carbon emissions reductions in developing countries: Methodology for technology evaluation. Case study application to Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184773.

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Robinson, W. Evaluation of thin flexible pavements under simulated aircraft traffic. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39161.

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A full-scale airfield pavement test section was constructed and trafficked by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to evaluate the performance of relatively thin airfield pavement structures. The test section consisted of 16 test items that included three asphalt pavement thicknesses and two different aggregate base courses. The test items were subjected to simulated aircraft traffic to evaluate their response and performance to realistic aircraft loads and to evaluate the effect of reductions in tire pressure on thin asphalt pavement. Rutting behavior, pavement cracking, instrumentation response, and falling weight deflectometer response were monitored at selected traffic intervals. The results of this study were used to extend existing Department of Defense pavement design and evaluation techniques to include the evaluation of airfield pavement sections that do not meet the current criteria for aggregate base quality and minimum asphalt concrete surface thickness. These performance data were used to develop new aggregate base failure design curves using existing stress-based design methodology.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra i Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Rahmani, Mehran, Xintong Ji i Sovann Reach Kiet. Damage Detection and Damage Localization in Bridges with Low-Density Instrumentations Using the Wave-Method: Application to a Shake-Table Tested Bridge. Mineta Transportation Institute, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2033.

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This study presents a major development to the wave method, a methodology used for structural identification and monitoring. The research team tested the method for use in structural damage detection and damage localization in bridges, the latter being a challenging task. The main goal was to assess capability of the improved method by applying it to a shake-table-tested prototype bridge with sparse instrumentation. The bridge was a 4-span reinforced concrete structure comprising two columns at each bent (6 columns total) and a flat slab. It was tested to failure using seven biaxial excitations at its base. Availability of a robust and verified method, which can work with sparse recording stations, can be valuable for detecting damage in bridges soon after an earthquake. The proposed method in this study includes estimating the shear (cS) and the longitudinal (cL) wave velocities by fitting an equivalent uniform Timoshenko beam model in impulse response functions of the recorded acceleration response. The identification algorithm is enhanced by adding the model’s damping ratio to the unknown parameters, as well as performing the identification for a range of initial values to avoid early convergence to a local minimum. Finally, the research team detect damage in the bridge columns by monitoring trends in the identified shear wave velocities from one damaging event to another. A comprehensive comparison between the reductions in shear wave velocities and the actual observed damages in the bridge columns is presented. The results revealed that the reduction of cS is generally consistent with the observed distribution and severity of damage during each biaxial motion. At bents 1 and 3, cS is consistently reduced with the progression of damage. The trends correctly detected the onset of damage at bent 1 during biaxial 3, and damage in bent 3 during biaxial 4. The most significant reduction was caused by the last two biaxial motions in bents 1 and 3, also consistent with the surveyed damage. In bent 2 (middle bent), the reduction trend in cS was relatively minor, correctly showing minor damage at this bent. Based on these findings, the team concluded that the enhanced wave method presented in this study was capable of detecting damage in the bridge and identifying the location of the most severe damage. The proposed methodology is a fast and inexpensive tool for real-time or near real-time damage detection and localization in similar bridges, especially those with sparsely deployed accelerometers.
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