Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Recess effect on spray charcteristics”

Gas-centered swirl coaxial injectors have become an important subject of study for staged combustion rocket engines with hydrocarbon fuels. While these injectors are employed successfully in rocket engines, it is very rare to find the related research results as applicable to design data. An experimental study on spray characteristics of gas-centered swirl coaxial injectors has been performed. The effects of momentum flux ratio and recess length on the spray characteristics have been investigated by cold flow tests with a photographic technique. The liquid intact length L, which profoundly affects the global spray characteristics, decreases as the momentum flux ratio M increases. The critical momentum flux ratio Mc is introduced to identify the flow patterns as internal or external mixing in the injectors. Concerning the effect of the recess length lR, it is shown that the spray cone angle and the drop size decrease as lR increases.

Achieving full premixing and complete evaporation in lean prevaporized premixed combustors is challenging as it depends on the spray injector characteristics, prevaporisation strategy, and flow conditions. This article experimentally explores the stability and structure of a turbulent swirling n-heptane spray flame under various degrees of prevaporization. The results show that preheating the air to 343 K and 393 K has little effect on the lean blow-off velocity, while recessing the fuel injection significantly decreases the lean stability limit. To correlate these limits, various attempts to define a Damköhler number were made, but unlike previous studies with no prevaporisation, the difficulty in defining laminar flame speed in the present case does not allow a single correlation to work for all degrees of prevaporization. Four stable cases that differ in equivalence ratio, air preheat temperature, and fuel injection recess are investigated using one-dimensional PDA, OH* chemiluminescence and CH[Formula: see text]O-planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Cases without fuel injection recess or air preheat exhibit a conical-shaped heat release zone near the shear layers. Preheating the air to 393 K reduced the Sauter mean diameter, increased prevaporization, and enabled a second heat release zone downstream of the fuel injection. Recessing the fuel injection by 25 mm reduced droplet velocities and led to a semi-spherical instead of a conical heat release zone. The CH[Formula: see text]O-PLIF signal without injection recess was high along the central axis and its distribution resembled that observed for spray jet flames. In contrast, with recessed spray injection, CH[Formula: see text]O was mainly found outside the central recirculation zone and only appeared inside during lean blow-off; similar to previous work with premixed flames. These findings show that different methods of prevaporization, which only differ by subtle changes in droplet characteristics, strongly impact flame stability. The present data can be used for turbulent flame modelling focusing on sprays and finite-rate kinetics.