Artykuły w czasopismach: „Receivers and reception”

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Al-Anbagi, Haidar N., i Ivo Vertat. "Cooperative Reception of Multiple Satellite Downlinks". Sensors 22, nr 8 (8.04.2022): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082856.

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Popular small satellites host individual sensors or sensor networks in space but require ground stations with directional antennas on rotators to download sensors’ data. Such ground stations can establish a single downlink communication with only one satellite at a time with high vulnerability to system outages when experiencing severe channel impairments or steering engine failures. To contribute to the area of improving the reception quality of small satellites signals, this paper presents a simple receive diversity scheme with proposed processing algorithms to virtually combine satellite downlink streams collected from multiple omnidirectional receivers. These algorithms process multiple received versions of the same signal from multiple geographically separated receiving sites to be combined in one virtual ground station. This virtual ground station helps detect the intended signal more reliably based only on a network of simple and cooperating software-defined radio receivers with omnidirectional antennas. The suggested receive diversity combining techniques can provide significant system performance improvement if compared to the performance of each individual receiving site. In addition, the probability of system outages is decreased even if one or more sites experience severe impairment consequences. Simulation results showed that the bit error rate (BER) of the combined stream is lower than the BER of the best quality receiving site if considered alone. Moreover, virtual ground stations with cooperative omnidirectional reception at geographically separated receivers also allow data to be received from multiple satellites in the same frequency band simultaneously, as software-defined receivers can digitize a wider portion of the frequency band. This can be a significant conceptual advantage as the number of small satellites transmitting data grows, and it is reasonable to avoid the corresponding necessary increase in the number of fully equipped ground stations with rotators.

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Stamm, Raini, Meelis Stamm, Jarek Tigane i Reeda Tuula. "Individual proficiency of reception by the Estonian men’s national team at the qualification tournament of the European Championship". Papers on Anthropology 28, nr 1 (17.06.2019): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2019.28.1.09.

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The aim of the study was to analyse players’ individual proficiency at serve reception and its influence on the following attack in the Estonian national team during the qualification for the European Championship in 2016. The subjects were the players of Estonian national volleyball team during the qualification for the European Championship in 2016. To collect data, video recordings of eight games of the Estonian national team were viewed; the number serve receptions, type and zone of reception and proficiency were registered. In addition, the number of attacks following serve reception, their zone, performer and proficiency were recorded. The results revealed that success at the reception of serve influences the proficiency of attack. At more successful reception, the proficiency of attack was higher than at poorer reception. As a result of the study, it was shown that serve reception by the Estonian team was more proficient in sets won than in sets lost. In the case of more successful reception, the Estonian national volleyball team was more proficient at attack than in the case of less proficient reception. When types of reception were compared, the receivers of the Estonian national team were most proficient at reception from above. The receivers of the Estonian national received the serve best in zone 5.

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Ren, Weijie, Jianfeng Sun, Haisheng Cong i Yuxin Jiang. "Sensitivity Deterioration of Free-Space Optical Coherent/Non-Coherent OOK Modulation Receiver by Ambient Light Noise". Sensors 23, nr 4 (14.02.2023): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042140.

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In free-space optical (FSO) communication systems, on–off keying (OOK) is a widely used modulation format. Coherent and non-coherent OOK receivers with sensitivities of −54.60 dBm and −51.25 dBm, respectively, were built with a communication rate of 1 Gbit/s and a bit error rate of 10−3. In an FSO communication system, the parameters must be designed to ensure a sufficient link margin. In contrast to optical fiber systems, FSO systems have ambient light (AL) noise such as sunlight. The efficiency of sunlight coupling in the single-mode fiber (SMF) of the receivers was calculated in this study. For a signal light with AL, the change in the main components of noise and the sensitivity deterioration were theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified in conditions of coherent reception and non-coherent reception with a preamplifier. For coherent reception, the theoretical sensitivity deterioration results are consistent with the experimental results which indicate that coherent reception exhibits better anti-AL noise performance than non-coherent reception when the power spectral density of the AL is the same. Coherent and non-coherent receivers coupled with SMF can work in direct sunlight. When the receiver lens diameter is greater than 4.88 × 10−4 m, the anti-AL noise performance of the receiver can be improved by increasing the receiver lens diameter.

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Lapinski, Anna-Liesa S., i Anthony W. Isenor. "Estimating Reception Coverage Characteristics of AIS". Journal of Navigation 64, nr 4 (12.09.2011): 609–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463311000282.

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is now well established and widely used in commercial shipping. The system originated from a safety mandate but AIS messages have also been shown to be useful from a security situational awareness perspective. In terms of coastal security, AIS messages are often received by land-based receivers positioned along a nation's coastline. The operational range of the receivers is controlled by complex variable VHF propagation characteristics, power of the transmitter, etc. However, certain characteristics of the reception coverage area can be determined from the AIS message receptions themselves. This paper presents an algorithm to compute coverage characteristics using AIS messages. The algorithm is applied to synthetic data with known coverage characteristics, and also real AIS data obtained from the Maritime Safety and Security Information System. Results from the Norwegian, North and Baltic Seas show how the coverage estimate is influenced by the coverage edge, lack of vessel activity, and diversity in the source data.

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Huang, Yang, Xinyi Zheng, Yufei Guo i Shiming Gao. "Performance Improvement of the Free-Space Optical Communication Link Using Spatial Diversity Reception-Assisted OFDM Signals". Applied Sciences 12, nr 14 (6.07.2022): 6828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12146828.

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Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology is presented for use in free-space optical (FSO) communications accompanied by the spatial diversity reception. Using quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation formats, the OFDM signals show robustness to support high spectral efficiency and compatibility with the spatial diversity reception to improve receiver sensitivity. Compared with the single-carrier QPSK signal, the OFDM-QPSK signal with 64 sub-carriers can reduce the BER from 2.87 × 10−3 to 2.98 × 10−4 at the SNR of 6 dB. Using a two-aperture spatial diversity reception with OFDM, the BER can be reduced from 2.45 × 10−3 of a single receiver to 6.10 × 10−4 under moderate turbulence conditions. Under strong turbulence, the BER of the single receiver is 2.14 × 10−2. It can be improved to 1.16 × 10−3 by using four-aperture receivers, and even 6.87 × 10−4 by using six-aperture receivers. The optimized aperture number should be selected according to channel conditions.

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Brodin, G. J., J. A. Cooper i J. R. A. Stevens. "Measuring the effect of helicopter rotors on GPS reception". Aeronautical Journal 111, nr 1123 (wrzesień 2007): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001834.

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Abstract This paper describes an experiment which was performed using an offshore transport helicopter to investigate the impact of the rotor blades upon Global Positioning System (GPS) reception. The test aircraft was fitted with two separate GPS antennas which were positioned to isolate the effects caused by the main and tail rotors. Testing was undertaken with the aircraft on the ground and this allowed an assessment to be performed at different rotor speeds with accurate control over the relative geometry between the antenna, rotors and satellites. Recorded data from a measurement system incorporating three dissimilar GPS receivers (including a technical standard order (TSO)-C129() compliant aviation unit and a custom research receiver) was analysed to identify the effect of the rotors at the correlator level and to determine the impacts upon ranging accuracy, the availability of ranging measurements, and the receivers’ signal level estimates. Correlation data was used to demonstrate that the rotor blades were capable of generating both destructive and constructive interference effects, and the periodic nature of these oscillations was shown to correspond directly to the blade passing frequency. It was identified that signal degradation was not limited to satellite signal paths which intersected the rotor discs. No evidence was found for any increase in code measurement error due to the rotor interference, but it was demonstrated that there could be a significant impact upon a receiver’s ability to maintain continuous tracking of the satellite signals. The overall effect of this availability problem for a given installation and type of operation will be dependent upon satellite geometry and other factors which are beyond the scope of this study. The ability of a receiver to identify the presence of rotor interference was investigated by examining estimates of carrier-to-noise, and this revealed inconsistencies between the results from different receivers implying differences in the estimation algorithms employed. It was also identified that two alternative ‘textbook’ estimators do not give identical results in the presence of rotor interference and it is suggested that such data should therefore be interpreted with caution.

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Kousa, M. "Enhancement of RAKE receivers for ultra-wideband reception". IET Communications 2, nr 3 (2008): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com:20070061.

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Milosavljević, Srđan, Dejan Milić, Slaviša Trajković, Petar Spalević i Bojana Milosavljević. "LEVEL CROSSING RATE OF MACRODIVERSITY OUTPUT PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF η-μ SHORT TERM FADING AND GAMMA LONG TERM FADING". Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 16, nr 2 (24.10.2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1702157m.

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In this paper macrodiversity reception with macrodiversity selection combining (SC) receiver and two microdiversity MRC receivers operating over shadowed multipath fading channel is studied. Received signal experiences short term fading and correlated Gamma long term fading resulting in system performance degradation. Level crossing rate (LCR) of η-μ random process and level crossing rate of signals at outputs of microdiversity MRC receivers are efficiently calculated. By using these derived formulas, level crossing rate of macrodiversity SC receiver output signal process is calculated. By using this result, average fade duration (AFD) of the proposed wireless communication system can be calculated. The influence of η-μ short term fading severity parameter, Gamma long term fading severity parameter and Gamma long term correlation coefficient on level crossing rate is analysed and studied.

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Zhang, Bo, Christian Malouin i Theodore J. Schmidt. "Towards full band colorless reception with coherent balanced receivers". Optics Express 20, nr 9 (19.04.2012): 10339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.010339.

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Ibrahim, M. M., i A. M. Ibrahim. "Performance analysis of optical receivers with space diversity reception". IEE Proceedings - Communications 143, nr 6 (1996): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-com:19960885.

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Chen, Weigang, Dongming Sun, Changcai Han, Jinsheng Yang, Feng Gong i Wei Wang. "Macrodiversity Reception with Distributed Hard-Decision Receivers for Maritime Wireless Sensor Networks". Sensors 20, nr 14 (15.07.2020): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143925.

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Maritime wireless sensor networks are considered to be the primary means of monitoring methods in the marine environment. The transmission between sensor node and sink node in maritime wireless sensor networks is usually unreliable due to the harsh propagation environment. To extend the transmission range or to enhance the transmission reliability between sensor nodes and sink node, we propose a macrodiversity reception scheme in the sink node equipped with distributed multiple hard-decision receivers. Multiple receivers are divided into several clusters and placed at different locations to receive different signal copies suffering from different fadings. Furthermore, a cascaded combining strategy based on hard-decision information is used to reduce the overall complexity of receiving side. The experimental results in the ocean scenarios show that the macrodiversity reception scheme with two antenna clusters has a transmission gain of 3–4 dB compared with the single antenna reception when the package loss rate is 10 − 2 . The study casts a new method for reliable transmission in maritime wireless sensor networks using commercial transceivers which can only output hard-decision results.

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Campbell, Philip. "Understanding the receivers and the reception of science's uncertain messages". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, nr 1956 (13.12.2011): 4891–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0068.

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Although much work has been done by scientists in developing communications to non-scientist audiences, much less attention has been given by them to the ways in which those messages are interpreted. Here, I look at the published work that examines the issue. I focus on three contexts in particular: debates over the triple vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella, the impacts of the Soufrière Hills volcano on the inhabitants of the island of Montserrat and the public communication of the results of climate change research. Several common themes emerge. The most important conclusions are that scientists communicating with the public need to develop their methods deliberatively, involving their target audiences; and that they need to avoid undue dependence on traditional media and public authorities for such communication, and to develop multiple channels to those audiences, including Internet-based and more traditional social networks. Their approach to communicating uncertainty should depend on the context but, except in some extreme emergencies, transparency is generally a virtue. Above all, they need to persist in such public engagements even when the going is rough and extends over long periods. They need support in doing so.

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Chang, Jaewon, Junil Ahn, Jeungmin Joo i Dongweon Lee. "Development of Wideband Multi-Channel Receiver for Direction Finding of Communication Signals". Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 24, nr 5 (5.10.2021): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2021.24.5.527.

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In wireless environments, wideband receivers are used in a communication intelligent system to detect unknown signals and obtain azimuth information. To design a wideband receiver that performs multiple signal detection and direction finding simultaneously, it is necessary to consider a reception structure composed of multiple channels. In this paper, we propose a wideband multi-channel receiver for direction finding of unknown wideband communication signals including frequency hopping signals. A signal processing method for detecting received signals and estimating azimuth information is presented, and components of the manufactured wideband receiver are described. In addition, test results of the signal detection performance by mounting the proposed wideband multi-channel receiver on the flight system are included.

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ElHelaly, Alaa, Ahmed H. Mehana i Mohammad M. Khairy. "Reduced-Complexity Receiver for Free-Space Optical Communication over Orbital Angular Momentum Partial-Pattern Modes". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8514705.

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This paper explores the effect of a partial-pattern receiver for transmitted orbital angular momentum (OAM) multimodes included in the Laguerre-Gaussian beam propagating under non-Kolomogorov weak-to-moderate turbulence on the achievable capacity and the error rates with introduced controlled parameters. We deduce the necessary conditions for reducing the receiver’s area to guarantee that the modes are decoupled when the area is reduced. Furthermore, we derive the conditions at which area reduction yields a performance gain over the complete-area reception. For that, some use cases are introduced and discussed and the basic building block for multibeam MIMO receivers with a reduced area is developed and analyzed.

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Chang, Z., P. Lyu i B. Peng. "Differentiated Reception Modes Based Multiple Access". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (11.10.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5328007.

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In recent years, the continuous increase in wireless data services and users’ traffic demand has been imposing great challenges on traditional multiple access control (MAC) methods. Some existing MAC techniques improve the communication system’s spectral efficiency (SE) via signal processing based cochannel interference (CCI) management. However, no interference management (IM) is free, i.e., its realization is based on the consumption of some communication resources, such as power and degree-of-freedom (DoF), which can also be used for the user’s desired data transmission. To lessen the resource cost for IM-based MAC, we exploit interactions among multiple wireless signals to propose a new MAC method, namely, Differentiated Reception Modes based Multiple Access (DRM-MA), in this paper. Under DRM-MA, a central control unit (CCU) is adopted to manage and pair multiple transmitting antennas with their serving receivers (Rxs). The CCU first calculates the phase difference of signals sent from each candidate antenna and perceived by the two receiving antennas of an Rx based on the locations of the transmitting antenna and Rx. Then, the CCU selects and pairs a proper transmitting antenna with each Rx, so that various Rxs can adopt either additive or subtractive reception mode to postprocess the signals received by its two antennas to realize in-phase desired signal construction and inverse-phase interference destruction. DRM-MA can avoid transmission performance loss incurred by signal processing-based IM. Our theoretical analysis and simulation results have shown that DRM-MA can enable concurrent data transmissions of multiple antenna-receiver pairs and output a high system’s SE.

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Taylor, Brian. "Gender in Sarawak: Mission and Reception". Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013814.

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The interaction of gender and religion affects a developing as much as a developed church. A missionary church raises appropriate issues not merely as they affect those spreading the message, but as they affect the receivers, both immediately and in a later period of establishment. This paper deals with such matters as they appear in the history of the Anglican Church in Sarawak, where the missionary activity began in 1848.

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Deepa, R., i Dr K. Baskaran. "Mimo Based Efficient JPEG Image Transmission and Reception by Multistage Receivers". International Journal of Computer Applications 1, nr 15 (25.02.2010): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/329-499.

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Setiyanto, Budi, Risanuri Hidayat, I. Wayan Mustika i Sunarno Sunarno. "CNR and BER Ranges for the DVB-T2 Reception-Success". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, nr 6 (1.12.2017): 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3727-3734.

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DVB-T2 (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial Second Generation) reception requires a sufficient quality of the received signal. CNR (carrier-to-noise ratio) and BER (bit-error-rate) are two of quantities describing the quality. This paper presents the range of each quantity providing a successful reception based on real data obtained by field-measurements. This data was collected from MO (mobile-outdoor) and SI (stationary-indoor) receiving-systems capturing signal sent by some on-air trial transmitters broadcasting services focused on the fixed-receivers. The result indicated that the successful and failed receptions were split into two quite separated (concentrated) ranges of post-decoded BER and therefore a boundary distinguishing them could be prominently defined. In contrast, they were spread in a wide common range of CNR and pre-decoded BER. Furthermore, the boundary that corresponded to this last quantity was ambiguous. In the case of MO reception as numerical examples, the two split ranges of post-decoded BER were less than about 10-5 and more than about 2.7 × 10-4 for the successful and failed receptions, respectively, whereas CNR as high as about 14 dB could be viewed as a soft boundary distinguishing these both reception-success conditions.

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Coolahan, Marie-Louise. "The Cultural Dynamics of Reception". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 50, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-7986553.

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The cultural dynamics of reception are best understood as a reiterative process of reshaping and reframing. Reception as an object of critical study embraces first the history of how texts were read, disseminated, and consumed across media, languages, and geographical regions. But if this is the first port of call, such analysis quickly draws in questions about the relationship between reception and production, audience and agency, about contemporary and posthumous reputation. This special issue investigates the ways in which the act of reception is a reiterative process on a continuous spectrum with cultural production. Receivers — of texts, events, reputations — are mediators, creatively reconstituting that which they receive according to their own agendas and contemporary imperatives. The articles in this collection embrace international, comparative, and new material contexts for early modern reception studies as they address poetry, romance, letters, history, hagiography, autobiography, and literary reviews. The transnational perspectives that emerge lead from the Low Countries to Italy, Ireland to France and the Spanish Netherlands, Spain to England, and England to France. The introductory essay for the issue additionally examines recent digital projects concerned with the history of reading and reception, exploring in particular how digital resource design foregrounds questions of representation and our immersion, as critics, in the act of reception.

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Hussain, Arif, Hina Magsi, Arslan Ahmed, Hadi Hussain, Zahid Hussain Khand i Faheem Akhtar. "The effects of using variable lengths for degraded signal acquisition in GPS receivers". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, nr 4 (1.08.2021): 3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3201-3211.

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The signal acquisition in GPS receivers is the first and very crucial process that may affect the overall performance of a navigation receiver. Acquisition program initiates a searching operation on received navigation signals to detect and identify the visible satellites. However, signal acquisition becomes a very challenging task in a degraded environment (i.e, dense urban) and the receiver may not be able to detect the satellites present in radio-vicinity, thus cannot estimate an accurate position solution. In such environments, satellite signals are attenuated and fluctuated due to fading introduced by Multipath and NLOS reception. To perform signal acquisition in such degraded environments, larger data accumulation can be effective in enhancing SNR, which tradeoff huge computational load, prolonged acquisition time and high cost of receiver. This paper highlights the effects of fading on satellite signal acquisition in GPS receiver through variable data lengths and SNR comparison, and then develops a statistical relationship between satellite visibility and SNR. Furthermore it also analyzes/investigates the tradeoff between computation load and signal data length.

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Regis, Carlos D. M., Raissa B. Rocha, Mylene C. Q. Farias i Marcelo S. Alencar. "Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Spatially Transcoded Videos for Mobile Receivers". Journal of Communications Software and Systems 6, nr 2 (21.06.2010): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v6i2.189.

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Digital television produces video signals with different bit rates, encoding formats, and spatial resolutions. To deliver video to users with different receivers, the content needs to be dynamically adapted. Transcoding devices convert video from one format into another. The reception of digital videos using mobile receivers, implies that the spatial resolution of the video must be adjusted to fit the small display. This paper presents subjective and objective quality analysis of spatially transcoded videos. Transcoding algorithms that downsample the video frames using the moving average, median, mode, weighted average and sigma filters are considered.

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Yin, Huiwen, Yue Yu i Zhiping Huang. "DLI-Based DP-QPSK Reception Scheme for Short-Range Optical Communication". Applied Sciences 10, nr 14 (13.07.2020): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144815.

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The unacceptably high cost of digital coherent receivers for short-range optical communication has in recent years fueled the study of alternative transmission schemes that are simultaneously highly performing and cost-effective. However, the proposed solutions (e.g., Kramers–Kronig receiver) usually require the cooperation of a transmitting end, which is unachievable in the context of non-cooperative communication. In this work, we mainly studied a dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift-keying (DP-QPSK) non-coherent reception scheme based on a delay-line interferometer (DLI) and measures to improve the reception performance. A data recovery algorithm was proposed for DLI-based DP-QPSK demodulation. The simulation results demonstrated that the algorithm could accurately recover the raw data from the transmitter. Moreover, decreasing the differential delay of the DLI could effectively increase the chromatic dispersion tolerance of the receiver and the optimal delay scaled inversely with the chromatic dispersion. It was found that a DLI-based DP-QPSK reception scheme is a better choice for short-range, non-cooperative communication with less severe transmission impairments.

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Fayadh, Rashid Ali, Mohd Fareq Abd Malek, Hilal Adnan Fadhil i Norshafinash Saudin. "Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Indoor Matched Rake Receiver Using Multiple-Combining Techniques". Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (listopad 2014): 921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.921.

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This paper discusses the enhancement of the wireless rake receiver for high speed and short distance indoor ultra wideband (UWB) propagation with line-of sight (LOS) and non line-of sight (NLOS) channel models. The proposed matched rake receiver uses three main combining techniques, maximum ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC), and selective combining (SC) to capture most of the energy of the multi-path components (MPCs). When the wireless communication systems work with high capacity and high speed in transmission and reception scenarios, there will be a serious challenge defined as inter-symbol interference (ISI) during the reception process. The ISI causes increasing in the bit error rate (BER) when the wireless communication systems work with high bit rate propagation. The matched rake receiver scheme was designed to suppress ISI by maximizing the signal to noise ratio (SNR) before constructing the desired signal in decision circuit and effectively the system enhancement is improved. After adding additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) to the received signal, the improvement is cleared comparing with the theoretical results that has no AWGN. During the comparison of the simulation results, MRC partial rake receiver of less complexity showed better performance than the EGC and SC rake receivers.

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Xie, Peng, i Mark G. Petovello. "Improved Correlator Peak Selection for GNSS Receivers in Urban Canyons". Journal of Navigation 68, nr 5 (26.03.2015): 869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331500017x.

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Multipath arises from the reception of reflected or diffracted signals in addition to the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) signal. By using a block processing high sensitivity receiver scheme, this paper aims to obtain better positioning performance in urban canyon areas. Generally, the peak with the most power is utilised in high sensitivity receivers; however, this approach is not always optimal in multipath environments. Noting that signal correlation peaks may be separated in the Doppler domain by a long coherent integration time, a peak identification scheme is proposed in this work, which yields better positioning performance. It is shown that most of the multipath peaks are removed in the receiver after using the proposed algorithm.

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Borisov, Vasily. "Amateur Radio Activity in the USSR before World War II". Science Management: Theory and Practice 4, nr 3 (26.09.2022): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.13.

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The article discusses the emergence and development of amateur activities in radio communications and television reception in the USSR. Amateur radio activity in the USSR received legal recognition in 1924. By the end of 1928, more than 450 amateur radio stations were on the air in the country. From the beginning of the 1930s domestic radio amateurs have also mastered the reception of television broadcasts on home-made televisions. By the end of the 1930s. there were a large number of home-made television receivers tuned to the transmission of optical-mechanical television in the country. In this regard, short-line mechanical television broadcasting in the USSR existed until the early 1940s.

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Song, Yingchen, Yanyu Zhang, Xiaoxiao Du, Xiaojing Wang i Yijun Zhu. "Research on Efficient Handover Mechanism for Cubic Receiver in Visible Light Communication". Electronics 12, nr 3 (31.01.2023): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030701.

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Visible light communication (VLC) has the advantages of rich spectrum resources, endogenous safety and anti-electromagnetic interference, so the application of VLC to the Industrial Internet of Things is one of its current development directions. Due to the limited coverage of light emitting diodes (LEDs), dense placement is often required in industrial manufacturing scenarios. However, mobile users will face frequent handover between these LEDs, and reliable reception of signals on mobile terminals requires receivers with a large detection area. In this paper, we used a cubic receiver to increase the detection area, which is more conducive to signal reception than a single photo-detector plane receiver. Then we studied the handover scheme for a cubic receiver to ensure the performance of the communication link. We also rotated the receiver to further improve signal quality and obtain the optimal rotation angles using a genetic algorithm with low complexity. The results show that a cubic receiver has a better received signal quality than a plane receiver, and rotation can enhance the signal quality more. In addition, it can be seen that the handover for the cubic receiver depends not only on the distance, but also on its structure, angle and position. Considering these factors jointly when performing a handover, users can connect to LEDs, which provide the best quality of service, and system communication performance can be improved.

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Meehan, J. "Antenna diversity for improved indoor reception of US digital terrestrial television receivers". IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 48, nr 4 (listopad 2003): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2003.1196412.

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Sivokon’, I. P., i S. A. Sinel’nikov. "Measurement of the sensitivity of the subsidiary reception channels of radio receivers". Measurement Techniques 52, nr 9 (wrzesień 2009): 971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-009-9374-4.

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Burciu, Ioan, Guillaume Villemaud, Jacques Verdier i Matthieu Gautier. "Low power front-end architecture dedicated to the multistandard simultaneous reception". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, nr 6 (grudzień 2010): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000735.

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In this paper, we address the architecture of multistandard simultaneous reception receivers and we aim to reduce the complexity and the power consumption of the analog front-end. To this end, we propose an architecture using the double orthogonal translation technique in order to multiplex two signals received on different frequency bands. A study case concerning the simultaneous reception of 802.11 g and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) signals is developed in this article. Theoretical and simulation results show that this type of multiplexing does not significantly influence the evolution of the signal-to-noise ratio of the signals. In the same time a 30% reduction of the power consumption is expected as well as a significant reduction of the complexity.

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Hassanien, Jasmien. "Multi-GNSS Software Receiver Design Optimization for Accuracy Improvement". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 9 (30.09.2021): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38190.

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Abstract: Recently, tremendous research has been conducted on Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) software receivers to better serve the current challenging environments that suffers from multipath fading. Therefore, the development of GNSS receivers has seen a new rush toward a multi-GNSS as a solution for fading problems. In this paper, a multi-GNSS software receiver is designed, optimized, and its performance is presented. The implemented software receiver covers three different signals from two GNSS constellations, namely GPS L1, GPS L2, and Galileo E1. In this paper. the fundamentals of stages of GNSS signal reception (acquisition, tracking, and navigation) are discussed where each stage is customized and optimized for each considered signal and the stage of mutli-GNSS data combination is optimized afterword. The performance of the optimized multi-GNSS software receiver is examined under different combination scenarios where the Least-Square Estimation (LSE) method using precise positioning (PP) algorithms is adopted. Results showed that using multi-GNSS receiver enhances the accuracy of Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) solution. Keywords: GNSS, PVT, GPS, Galileo, and accuracy

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Bažec, Matej, Franc Dimc i Polona Pavlovčič-Prešeren. "Evaluating the Vulnerability of Several Geodetic GNSS Receivers under Chirp Signal L1/E1 Jamming". Sensors 20, nr 3 (3.02.2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030814.

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Understanding the factors that might intentionally influence the reception of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals can be a challenging topic today. The focus of this research is to evaluate the vulnerability of geodetic GNSS receivers under the use of a low-cost L1/E1 frequency jammer. A suitable area for testing was established in Slovenia. Nine receivers from different manufacturers were under consideration in this study. While positioning, intentional 3-minute jammings were performed by a jammer that was located statically at different distances from receivers. Furthermore, kinematic disturbances were performed using a jammer placed in a vehicle that passed the testing area at various speeds. An analysis of different scenarios indicated that despite the use of an L1/E1 jammer, the GLONASS (Russian: Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) and Galileo signals were also affected, either due to the increased carrier-to-noise-ratio (C/N0) or, in the worst cases, by a loss-of-signal. A jammer could substantially affect the position, either with a lack of any practical solution or even with a wrong position. Maximal errors in the carrier-phase positions, which should be considered a concern for geodesy, differed by a few metres from the exact solution. The factor that completely disabled the signal reception was the proximity of a jammer, regardless of its static or kinematic mode.

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Chen, Jiang Bo, Yan Li, Cai Lian Xue i Shao Qing Wang. "Research of the Best Receive Principle Based the Binary Knowing Signal". Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (marzec 2013): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.1247.

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the best reception technologyis an important part of communication technology ,this article starting fromthe perspective of improving receivers,mainly analyzes how to make the maximumprobability of correct signals,and minimize the probability of error signalunder the same channel noise conditions,which means the best reception.And give thebinary knowing signal in the white noise of the channel under the condition ofthe best receive structure and principle,filter to accept, analysis ofcommunication technology theoretical research and practical application is verysignificant.

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Takahashi, Satoshi. "Method for Determining Broadcaster Advised Emergency Wake-up Signal for ISDB-T Digital Television Receivers". Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (29.03.2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2019.131619.

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There is a way to automatically wake up television receivers when a broadcaster sends out an emergency alert. In the Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial (ISDB-T) digital television standard, the emergency wake-up procedure is called an Emergency Warning System (EWS). In ISDB-T, the special signal is embedded in a control message known as transmission and modulation conﬁguration control (TMCC). However, improper identiﬁcation of the wake-up signal, often encountered in mobile reception, leads to unnecessary wake ups. In this paper, a method of reliably determining a wake-up signal is proposed by assuming that broadcasters will not change the TMCC message except for the wake-up signal when the broadcaster sends out an emergency alert. A change in the wake-up bit leads to variation parity, and the proposed method also relies on such variations. Mutual information to be obtained by the wake-up receiver is evaluated using the memoryless binary asymmetric channel model. Results showed that the proposed method provided mutual information even at a Eb/N₀ being lower than 10 dB. Mutual information of the proposed method with intermittent reception is also analyzed as a function of the duty ratio of the intermittent receiver.

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Hassantabar Bozroudi, Seyed Hossein, Daniele Ciani, Mahdi Mohammad Mahdizadeh, Mohammad Akbarinasab, Ana Claudia Barbosa Aguiar, Alvaro Peliz, Bertrand Chapron, Ronan Fablet i Xavier Carton. "Effect of Subsurface Mediterranean Water Eddies on Sound Propagation Using ROMS Output and the Bellhop Model". Water 13, nr 24 (16.12.2021): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243617.

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Ocean processes can locally modify the upper ocean density structure, leading to an attenuation or a deflection of sound signals. Among these phenomena, eddies cause significant changes in acoustic properties of the ocean; this suggests a possible characterization of eddies via acoustics. Here, we investigate the propagation of sound signals in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean in the presence of eddies of Mediterranean Water (Meddies). Relying on a high-resolution simulation of the Atlantic Ocean in which Meddies were identified and using the Bellhop acoustic model, we investigated the differences in sound propagation in the presence and absence of Meddies. Meddies create sound channels in which the signals travel with large acoustic energy. The transmission loss decreases to 80 or 90 dB; more signals reach the synthetic receivers. Outside of these channels, the sound signals are deflected from their normal paths. Using receivers at different locations, the acoustic impact of different Meddies, or of the same Meddy at different stages of its life, are characterized in terms of angular distributions of times of arrivals and of energy at reception. Determining the influence of Meddies on acoustic wave characteristics at reception is the first step to inverting the acoustic signals received and retrieving the Meddy hydrological characteristics.

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Xiang, Wei, Shao Jie Ni, Wei Wu i Fei Xue Wang. "Analysis of Adaptive Detection Threshold for High Sensitivity Compass Navigation Receiver". Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (grudzień 2012): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.489.

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Compared with fixed detection threshold, adaptive detection threshold substantially improves the reception sensitivities in high sensitivity receivers. The optimal detection threshold depends on probability distribution of the received signals. The out-of-phase auto correlation values and cross correlation values of Chinese Compass B1-I signal were analyzed, and the probability distribution of the signal with the differential correlation technique was provided. Then the optimal detection threshold and the sensitivity gain that can be obtained by the adaptive detection threshold were provided.

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Khakimov, Ortagoli. "Immersion ultrasonic transducers". Ukrainian Metrological Journal, nr 2 (2.07.2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2021.236076.

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The principles of operation and design of immersion ultrasonic transducers developed by the authors for excitation and reception of elastic vibrations in moving filament-like and plane-parallel materials, in particular, polymer fibbers and films, with an adjustable angle of input (reception) of probing signals into moving controlled object – polymer fibbers and films at normal and high temperatures. The technical characteristics of the installation are given in which the converters developed by us are used, namely, sounding base (distance from the emitter to the receivers), the duration of the probing pulses, the frequency of filling and the duration of the probing pulses, the speed of the controlled object, the combined standard measurement uncertainties of the difference Δt of the propagation times of ultrasonic waves from the emitter to the first and second signal receivers, relative combined standard uncertainties of measurements of attenuation coefficient and velocity of propagation of ultrasonic waves.

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Dae Jin Kim, Sung Woo Park, Young Han Kim i Won-Sik Yoon. "Timing-offset independent equalization techniques for robust indoor reception of ATSC DTV receivers". IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 46, nr 3 (2000): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.883391.

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Last, J. D., i D. K. Linsdall. "Reception of Decca Navigator multipulse and zone identification transmissions by single-channel receivers". IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 133, nr 5 (1986): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1986.0072.

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Juang, Jyh-Ching, Chiu-Teng Tsai i Yu-Hsuan Chen. "Development of a PC-Based Software Receiver for the Reception of Beidou Navigation Satellite Signals". Journal of Navigation 66, nr 5 (12.06.2013): 701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000271.

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Beidou is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) being developed in China, with the aim to provide a global navigation service that is similar to the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Galileo navigation systems. In this paper, it is demonstrated that through the flexibility and re-configurability of a PC-based software receiver in which the baseband operations are realized in terms of software, it is possible to acquire, track, and demodulate Beidou satellite signals even when only a limited amount of information is known. Further, with the Beidou interface control document now available, the proposed PC-based software receiver can be easily adapted to perform navigation functions. This research lays the foundation for the further development of navigation receivers and exploration of multi-GNSS applications.

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Şişman, İsmail, i Korkut Yeğin. "Reconfigurable Antenna for Jamming Mitigation of Legacy GPS Receivers". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4563571.

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We propose a simple solution for jamming mitigation of L1 band GPS by electronically switching antenna beam for wide and narrow beamwidths. Assuming the jamming signal is directed from low elevation angles, antenna reception can be made significantly lower at these angles by electronically reconfiguring the antenna beamwidth. Four-element antenna array and one of the elements of the array are designated as antijam (array) mode and normal mode of the antenna. The antenna is placed on a degenerate-ground with symmetric slots in the ground. Front-end configuration for this antenna is also discussed. Simulations and measurements are performed to validate the proposed design. The antenna achieves more than 15 dB rejection in measurements and more than 20 dB cross-polarization improvement compared to standalone (normal mode) antenna. The system can easily be replaced with existing active antenna to improve antijam capability of the receiver.

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Klatser, Paul, Marc Van Der Vossen, Gerard Voshaar, Rinus Boot, Adriaan Hulzinga, Maikel Iven i Chris Roeloffzen. "An ultra flat phased array Ku-band antenna with integrated receivers in SiGe BiCMOS". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, nr 3-4 (czerwiec 2015): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000999.

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A highly integrated Ku-band (10.7–12.75 GHz) planar phased array receiver of 64 antenna elements is presented. It features instantaneous reception of the full Ku-band (2.05 GHz wide) in two orthogonal polarizations with wide scan angles by using time delay instead of phase shift. The receiver is part of a system for satellite broadcast TV reception on board of moving vehicles. Two SiGe radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) were developed, packaged in ceramic BGAs and assembled onto a 15-layer printed circuit board (PCB) which integrates the antenna elements. An outline of the system is given along with a detailed description. It sets a new standard in integration density. The receiver has extensive analog signal processing at intermediate frequency (IF)-level. A novel bipolar implementation for true time delay is proposed, with a continuous programmable delay range of 0…80 ps with less than 2.5 ps group-delay variation in 2 GHz bandwidth (BW). The wide BW calls for a constant group-delay implementation in the IF chain. The receiver (RFIC) consumes only 132 mW per channel. Each channel has 40 dB gain.

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Pieniz, Mônica. "Structural mediation of technicity: audiences repositioning on Twitter". Matrizes 9, nr 1 (23.06.2015): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v9i1p213-228.

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This paper presents elements of a PhD thesis that had the objective of understanding the process of audiences repositioning where receivers become emitters by sharing their perceptions about telenovela on Twitter. The research sought to discover the motivations and contents involved in this practice, from the theoretical approach of structural mediation of technicity. The methodological protocol included content analysis of tweets, on Nvivo10 software, questionnaires and interviews with twitterers receivers. The results show different contents and motivations, which evidence that, besides being a reception shared via web, this is a practice of individuals that seek to please their own possible audience.

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KINJO, Nobuhide, i Masato SAITO. "Diversity Reception and Interference Cancellation for Receivers Using Antenna with Periodically Variable Antenna Pattern". IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E104.A, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2020wbp0006.

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López, Eduardo, Ignacio Díez-Vega i Juan José Molina. "Effect of serve on reception and side-out performance in relation to ball´s contact with the net and type of serve, in high level male volleyball. [Efecto del saque en el rendimiento de la recepción y en el complejo I en función del contacto del balón con la red y el tipo de saque, en voleibol]." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 17, nr 63 (1.01.2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2021.06305.

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The contact of the serve’s ball with the net in volleyball generates uncertainty in the receivers, due to the change in trajectory and speed that occurs. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the serve contact with the net on the performance of the receiving team, on male teams of the highest international level. A total of 4,227 actions of reception or side-out corresponding to 29 matches were analysed, of which only 275 contacted the net (5.42%). Reception performance was higher in the power jump serves that contacted with the net (p<0.001). However, the effect of contact with the net on floating serves did not have a significant impact. The final performance of the side-out did not make a significant impact neither. In conclusion, the contact of the ball with the net affects the reception performance in the highest international men's volleyball teams.

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Dmitriev, D. D., V. N. Tyapkin, Yu L. Fateev, A. B. Gladyshev i N. S. Kremez. "Methods of mutual high-precision navigation based the use of relative modes of anglemeasuring receivers of global navigation satellite systems signals". Spacecrafts & Technologies 6, nr 2 (24.06.2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/j.st.2022.2.07.

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The article presents the results of experimental studies of mutual high-precision navigation methods for unmanned and specialized transport systems. The proposed methods are based on the application of the relative operating modes of two or more angle-measuring receivers of global navigation satellite systems signals. To conduct research, a software and hardware complex has been developed, consisting of two angle-measuring receivers of global navigation satellite systems signals, a turntable and a computer model of the navigation system of unmanned and specialized transport systems. It provides the positioning error of the antenna system in angular coordinates less than 1 arc minute, which allows it to be used as a reference when measuring the angular displacements of the receiver of global navigation satellite systems signals antenna system. The results of measurements of planar and angular coordinates both in autonomous and relative phase modes of operation of goniometric receivers global navigation satellite systems signals are presented and analyzed. It has been established that the root-mean-square error of measuring relative coordinates was 0,019 meter. A further increase in the relative position measurement accuracy is possible by taking measures to reduce the multipath reception error, which is the most significant uncorrelated position measurement error by two sets of receivers of global navigation satellite systems signals. Thus, the methods of mutual high-precision navigation using angle-measuring receivers of global navigation satellite systems signals have high accuracy without the use of external information about differential corrections. This will allow the operation of unmanned or special transport systems in hard-toreach and northern regions, in conditions of lack of communication and other adverse factors.

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Shimazaki, Kan, Hiroko Nakajima, Naoki Sakai i Akiko Miyajima. "Gaps Between the Transmission and Reception of Information on Rainfall Amounts". Journal of Disaster Research 13, nr 5 (1.10.2018): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0879.

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In weather forecasts, the intensity of rainfall is often expressed either as a quantitative value – the amount of rainfall per hour – or using qualitative language such as “heavy rain.” To date, however, there has been no research into the extent of rainfall that is assumed by information receivers when presented with these qualitative terms. Thus, the present study examines the correspondence between rainfall evaluation and expressions using a rainfall generator. The large-scale rainfall experiment facility owned by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience was used to generate rainfall of 60, 180, and 300 mm h-1, and 21 experiment participants experienced this rainfall without knowing the rainfall amounts. Following this, the participants were asked to give feedback using a scale that correlated numerical expressions of rainfall amounts per hour with 10 language expressions such as “heavy rain” and “downpour.” The results revealed that rainfall rates of 60, 180, and 300 mm h-1 were evaluated by the participants as 135, 223, and 311 mm h-1, respectively. The 10 language expressions were felt to be stronger than the official criteria outlined by the Japan Meteorological Agency. In addition, there was no statistical significance among several expressions, suggesting that the qualitative language used to describe different rainfall amounts by information senders were not distinguished by information receivers.

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Andress, K., i E. Downey. "(A146) Disaster Patient Tracking – Local, State and Federal Interoperability during a Multi-Hospital Evacuation Exercise". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (maj 2011): s42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001476.

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IntroductionAssociated with hospital evacuation is the need to track multiple patient evacuees from point of origination to final hospital reception. Patient tracking, a component of the hospital emergency operations plan, is vital to patient care; family association, resource management, financial reimbursement, risk management, and repatriation. Tracking strategies and plans can include a variety of vendors, hardware, software, and coordination issues. Hospital evacuee tracking plans and platforms exist at multiple jurisdictional levels but may not be interoperable.MethodsThree patient tracking platforms representing a local, state and federal application were used during a multi-hospital evacuation exercise, initiated in New Orleans, Louisiana, May 2010. Simulated patients were flown and tracked to multiple patient reception centers in the southern United States, including the Federal Coordinating Center in Shreveport, Louisiana, and receiving National Disaster Medical System hospitals. This review summarizes tracking operations, patient data characteristics captured and interoperability at the Shreveport reception location.Results7 New Orleans hospitals entered 51 patients for evacuation into Louisiana's web-based, At-Risk-Registry (ARR) database including 8 patient identifiers each. ARR data was shared with federal and Louisiana Region 7 patient evacuee receivers for flight manifest construction and reception planning. 34 ARR evacuee patients were indicated for the Shreveport, Louisiana, reception site. 34 patients with 6 identifying characteristics were entered from ARR into EMTrack, the local patient tracking system. A C130 arrived with a TRAC2ES manifest of 20 simulated patients with 6 patient data characteristics. The local tracking system was reconfigured for the hardcopy manifest; simulated patients were received at the airport; transported and received at local hospitals.ConclusionsTracking system interoperability may be challenged by tracking technologies, jurisdictional requirements and degree of implementation at the local, state and federal level. Tracking should be standardized based on national recommendations with local systems remaining flexible for just-in-time requirements.

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Yi, Ding, Sihan Yang i Sunil Bisnath. "Native Smartphone Single- and Dual-Frequency GNSS-PPP/IMU Solution in Real-World Driving Scenarios". Remote Sensing 14, nr 14 (8.07.2022): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143286.

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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) capability in smartphones has seen significant upgrades over the years. The latest ultra-low-cost GNSS receivers are capable of carrier-phase tracking and multi-constellation, dual-frequency signal reception. However, due to the limitations of these ultra-low-cost receivers and antennas, smartphone GNSS position solutions suffer significantly from urban multipath, poor signal reception, and signal blockage. This paper presents a novel sensor fusion technique using Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and the inertial sensors in smartphones, combined with a single- and dual-frequency (SFDF) optimisation scheme for smartphones. The smartphone is field-tested while attached to a vehicle’s dashboard and is driven in multiple real-world situations. A total of five vehicle experiments were conducted and the solutions show that SFDF-PPP outperforms single-frequency PPP (SF-PPP) and dual-frequency PPP (DF-PPP). Solutions can be further improved by integrating with native smartphone IMU measurements and provide consistent horizontal positioning accuracy of <2 m rms through a variety obstructions. These results show a significant improvement from the existing literature using similar hardware in challenging environments. Future work will improve optimising inertial sensor calibration and integrate additional sensors.

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Khudov, Hennadii, Petro Mynko, Shamil Ikhsanov, Oleksii Diakonov, Oleksandr Kovalenko, Yuriy Solomonenko, Yevhen Drob, Oleh Kharun, Serhii Сherkashyn i Oleksii Serdiuk. "Development a method for determining the coordinates of air objects by radars with the additional use of multilateration technology". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, nr 9 (113) (31.10.2021): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242935.

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This paper reports an experimental study aimed at confirming disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers. The experimental investigation into disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers involved the FlightAware Piaware receiver. Examples of the disrupted performance of ADS-B receivers are given. It was found that the experimentally detected disruptions in the operation of ADS-B receivers could lead to a decrease in the accuracy of determining the coordinates of air objects with the joint use of the radar and multilateration technology. A method for determining the coordinates of an air object by radar with additional use of multilateration technology has been devised. The method involves the following stages: entering initial data, the calculation of distances between the points of reception and the air object, the computation of the inconsistency vector, the calculation of the matrix of partial derivatives taking into consideration the estimates of the coordinates of an air object at the previous iteration, the computation of the correction, the calculation of the refined coordinates of the air object. Unlike those known ones, the improved method for determining the coordinates of an air object by a radar additionally uses multilateration technology. The accuracy of determining the air objects' coordinates by a radar with the additional use of multilateration technology was estimated. It was established that the additional application of multilateration technology would reduce the error in determining the coordinates of an air object by 1.58 to 2.39 times on average, compared to using only an autonomous radar

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Zhou, Xiaoping, Xingwen Yi i Kun Qiu. "Colorless reception of a single channel from 64 WDM-OFDM channels using coherent balanced receivers". Optical Engineering 52, nr 6 (5.06.2013): 065004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.52.6.065004.

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