Książki: „Real GDP”

1

Macdonald, Ryan. Real GDP and the purchasing power of provincial output. Ottawa, Ont: Statistics Canada, Micro-Economic Analysis Division, 2007.

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Feenstra, Robert C. Who shrunk China?: Puzzles in the measurement of real GDP. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012.

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Feenstra, Robert C. Who shrunk China?: Puzzles in the measurement of real GDP. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012.

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Arby, Muhammad Farooq. Long-run trend, business cycles and short-run shocks in real GDP. Karachi: State Bank of Pakistan, 2001.

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5

Wong, Jason. Forecasting inflation and real GDP: Bayesian VAR models of the New Zealand economy. [Wellington]: Reserve Bank of New Zealand, 1993.

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Giannone, Domenico. Nowcasting gdp and inflation: The real-time informational content of macroeconomic data releases. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2005.

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7

Debs, Alexandre. Testing for a structural break in the volatility of real GDP growth in Canada. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2001.

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8

Harris, C. P. Some features of interstate differences in real output in Australia, 1977-78 to 1992-93 with reference to differences in levels and growth of real GDP at factor cost and real GDP at factor cost per head of population. Townsville, Queensland: James Cook University of North Queensland, Dept. of Economics, 1994.

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9

Kim, Chang-Jin. A Bayesian approach to counterfactual analysis with an application to the volatility reduction in U.S. real GDP. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2004.

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10

Donaldson, Stephen R. The real story: The gap into conflict. New York: Bantam Books, 1991.

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The real story: The gap into conflict. New York: Bantam Books, 1991.

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12

Neiss, Katharine. The real interest rate gap as an inflation indicator. London: Bank of England, 1999.

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13

1949-, Serkes Ira, i Devine George 1941-, red. How to buy a house in California: Strategies for beating the affordability gap. Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press, 1990.

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14

Pinker, Susan. The sexual paradox: Men, women and the real gender gap. New York: Scribner, 2008.

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15

Schaffer, Gordon. The GDR forty years later: The real Liberation story, 1945-1985. [London]: British Peace Assembly, 1985.

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Pinker, Susan. The sexual paradox: Extreme men, gifted women and the real gender gap. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2008.

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17

Orphanides, Athanasios. The reliability of inflation forecasts based on output gap estimates in real time. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2004.

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18

Graff, Michael. Estimates of the output gap in real time: How well have we been doing? Wellington, N.Z: Economics Dept., Reserve Bank of New Zealand, 2004.

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19

Walsh, Patrick P. The real wage gap and its development over time: The Irish experience 1969-1987. Dublin: Department of Political Economy, UCD, 1989.

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20

Schreyer, Paul. GDP. Redaktorzy Matthew D. Adler i Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.3.

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GDP is first and foremost a measure of economic activity and production, and distinct from a measure of welfare, even when narrowly defined as material well-being. Despite this difference, GDP and welfare are not unrelated concepts. Links include the scope of final products that enter GDP and the welfare basis of price indices that are used to compute real GDP. Further, the national accounts systematically link GDP with household consumption and income, the key determinants of average material well-being. Last, in measures of intertemporal social welfare, GDP appears through the need to account for future changes in productivity. This chapter also describes efforts to adjust GDP to gauge welfare more directly but concludes that they have not gained traction because there is no well-articulated theory that would indicate the scope and nature of the required adjustments and because GDP is tremendously useful as a measure of production that needs complementing but not substituting.

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21

Wang, Mengxue, Constance de Soyres i Reina Kawai. Public Debt and Real GDP: Revisiting the Impact. International Monetary Fund, 2022.

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Wang, Mengxue, Constance de Soyres i Reina Kawai. Public Debt and Real GDP: Revisiting the Impact. International Monetary Fund, 2022.

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23

Wang, Mengxue, Constance de Soyres i Reina Kawai. Public Debt and Real GDP: Revisiting the Impact. International Monetary Fund, 2022.

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24

Nolan, Brian, Max Roser i Stefan Thewissen. Median Household Income and GDP. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the extent to which real income growth for households around the middle is seen to diverge from growth in national income per head—the most widely-used metric for assessing overall macroeconomic performance. While the concentration of income gains at the top of the distribution examined in Chapter 3 is one potential explanation, it is by no means the only one. A range of distinct factors that may contribute are described and their importance assessed across countries and over time. The implications are brought out both for understanding what drives ordinary living standards and for how they are best monitored and assessed.

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25

Di Nino, Virginia, Barry Eichengreen i Massimo Sbracia. Real Exchange Rates, Trade, and Growth. Redaktor Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0013.

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What is the relationship between real exchange rate misalignments and economic growth? And what effect, if any, did undervaluations or overvaluations of the lira/euro have on Italy's growth? This chapter addresses these questions by presenting, first, three main facts: (i) there is a positive relationship between undervaluation and growth; (ii) this relationship is strong for developing countries and weak for advanced countries; (iii) these results tend to hold for both the pre- and the post-World War II period. Building a simple analytical model, we explore channels through which undervaluation may exert a positive effect on real GDP. We assume that productivity is higher in the tradable-goods than in the non-tradable-goods sector, and examine the roles of market structure, scale economies, and wage flexibility in channelling resources from the latter to the former sector, increasing exports and real GDP. We then turn to Italy and verify empirically that, as the theory suggests, undervaluation has positively affected its exports. Undervaluation has been helpful, in particular, to increase the exports of high-productivity sectors, such as most manufacturing industries. Finally, we describe the misalignments of the lira/euro since 1861, analyze their determinants and draw the implications for Italy's economic growth.

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26

Pearson, Gordon. Remaking the Real Economy. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447356585.001.0001.

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The fundamental distinction is made between the real economy and the financial. The financial economy came into existence to serve the real economy, but led by false neoclassical microeconomic theory, it has become predatory on the real economy. Rather than seeking to correct the false theorising, this book sets it aside in its entirety, focusing instead on practical realities. A Deming based systems analysis is provided of organisational systems, their individual components and their interactions with the social and ecological macro systems within which they operate. Those organisational systems serve the real economy which is recognised as having three distinct layers, each requiring a very different approach for their effective service. The social-infrastructural layer is a mandatory state responsibility, rather than being voluntary and competitive. The progressive-competitive layer, served largely by private for-profit organisations, depends on its competitive characteristics being protected and energised. The technological-revolutionary layer is best served by a collaborative involvement of both private and public organisational systems developing and applying new technologies to generate economic progression including the necessary sustainability revolution. Required actions are identified for that remaking of the real economy and escaping destruction by organised money. Appropriate measures of progression are proposed to replace the current orthodox measures such as GDP and its growth. Practitioner Notes provide examples of the practical realities of organisational systems in both the real and financial economies, demonstrating the inadequacy and falseness of neoclassical modelling and the destructiveness of its prime beneficiaries, organised money.

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27

Cashin, Paul A. Using Data on Money Stocks to Estimate Real Colonial Gdp in the Seven Colonies of Australasia: 1861-1991 (Discussion Paper No 687). Yale Univ Economic Growth, 1993.

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28

Coyle, Diane. The Political Economy of National Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0002.

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There have been challenges over the decades to the status of real GDP growth as an indicator of economic progress, including forceful critiques from those urging the need to account for environmental sustainability, and now from the digital sector arguing their industry’s ‘true’ contribution to the economy is mismeasured. As a result, there is a broad coalition in favour of replacing GDP as the gauge of economic health. However, there is no consensus about a single alternative. Instead, there is a proliferation of approaches. This paper models the setting of national accounting standards as a cooperative game with multiple equilibrium outcomes, and considers the conditions for a move away from the prevailing standard. The success of such a move depends on sufficient agreement on an alternative for a co-ordinated move. However, there is unlikely to be sufficient consensus without a compelling theory around which economists and policymakers can coalesce.

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29

Balassone, Fabrizio, Maura Francese i Angelo Pace. Public Debt and Economic Growth. Redaktor Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0018.

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This chapter investigates the link between the government debt-to-GDP ratio and real per capita income growth in Italy over 1861-2007. By estimation of a standard production function, we find support for the hypotheses of a negative relation between the two variables which appears to work mainly through reduced investment. A descriptive analysis of fiscal policy in 1880-1914 (when the negative correlation between the two variables is particularly strong) and 1985-2007 (when the correlation appears to break down when debt starts declining) suggests that differences in the timing of fiscal consolidation, as well as in the size and composition of the budget, are additional significant explanatory factors.

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30

Donaldson, Stephen R. The Real Story (Gap). Voyager, 1999.

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31

The Real Story (Gap). Voyager, 1999.

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32

Patterson, Adam. REAL Big Stone Gap. Independently Published, 2020.

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33

Donaldson, Stephen R. REAL STPRU-SPEC ED (Gap). Spectra, 1991.

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34

Donaldson, Stephen R. The Real Story: The Gap into Conflict (Gap). Spectra, 1992.

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35

Students Gde Ease Real Cov Equ. Irwin, 1993.

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36

The Real Story: The Gap into Conflict. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2009.

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37

Anjum, Rani Lill, i Stephen Mumford. Getting Real about the Ideals of Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0028.

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Science is experiencing a crisis of reproducibility, where many published experimental results fail to reproduce when repeated. This crisis can, among other interpretations, be taken as indicating some misconceptions about the nature of causation itself. Such assumptions have led us to underplay the significance of interference, preserving instead a commitment to same cause, same effect. A consequence has been a widening gap between the ideal and the real. The danger, if this gap continues to widen, is that science has less and less practical application. The crisis of reproducibility need not be taken as a failure of science in every case since it could also reflect the natural variety that can arise in a world of tendencies.

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38

Bohlmann, Heinrich, i Rod Crompton. The impact on the South African economy of alternative regulatory arrangements in the petroleum sector. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/910-5.

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This paper adds quantitative analysis to the study by Crompton et al. (2020), in which various alternative regulatory arrangements regarding the petrol price in South Africa were explored. We use a multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium model for South Africa to conduct our economic impact analysis. Five scenarios are modelled, first individually to correctly calibrate the shocks, and then cumulatively to find the overall economy-wide effects of the proposed reforms. Under the most comprehensive set of reforms to the determination of petrol prices, which seeks to emulate market forces, the South African economy is seeing substantial benefits. GDP is expected to rise by 0.67 per cent and real wages by over 1.1 per cent relative to the baseline. Refineries are assumed to shrug off reforms targeted at removing pure profits earned via the import parity price (Basic Fuel Price) methodology by accepting a slightly lower rate of return, enabling them to meet the expected increase in demand for petrol on the back of the lower consumer prices achieved via the reforms. Whilst job losses at fuel service stations may be expected as a result of reduced revenues and margins, increased activity and job opportunities in the rest of the economy, facilitated through cheaper trade and transport margins, will more than offset those losses.

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39

Bella, Gabriel Di, Francesco Grigoli, Alexander Herman i Andrew Swiston. Output Gap Uncertainty and Real-Time Monetary Policy. International Monetary Fund, 2015.

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40

Heffernan, Jim. Making up the Retirement Gap Through Real Estate. lulu.com, 2016.

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Bella, Gabriel Di, Francesco Grigoli, Alexander Herman i Andrew Swiston. Output Gap Uncertainty and Real-Time Monetary Policy. International Monetary Fund, 2015.

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42

Grigoli, Francesco. Output Gap Uncertainty and Real-Time Monetary Policy. International Monetary Fund, 2015.

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43

Amann, Edmund, Carlos R. Azzoni i Werner Baer, red. The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.001.0001.

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Brazil constitutes a globally vital but troubled economy. It accounts for the largest GDP in Latin America and ranks among the world’s largest exporters of critical commodities including iron ore, soya, coffee, and beef. In recent years Brazil’s global economic importance has been magnified by a surge in both outward and inward foreign direct investment. This has served to further internationalize what has been historically a relatively closed economy. The purpose of this Handbook is to offer real insight into the Brazil’s economic development in contemporary context, understanding its most salient characteristics and analyzing its structural features across various dimensions. At a more granular level, this volume accomplishes the following tasks. First, it provides an understanding of the economy’s evolution over time and the connection of its current characteristics to this evolution. Second, it analyzes Brazil’s broader place in the global economy, and considers the ways in which this role has changed, and is likely to change, over coming years. Third, reflecting contemporary concerns, the volume offers an understanding, not only of how one of the world’s key economies has developed and transformed itself, but also of the ways in which this process has yet to be completed. The volume thus analyzes the current challenges facing the Brazilian economy and the kinds of issues that need to be tackled for these to be addressed.

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44

The Real Story The Gap Into Conflict The Gap Into Vision Forbidden Knowledge. Orion Publishing Co, 2008.

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45

Pinker, Susan. Sexual Paradox: Men, Women and the Real Gender Gap. Scribner, 2008.

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46

Horizons Learn Read Lva Gde Lit.Col. Science Research Associates (SRA), 1998.

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47

Fox, Jonathan. Ethnoreligious Data Collection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.389.

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Collecting and examining datasets on ethnicity and religion involves translating and codifying real-world phenomena such as actions taken by governments and other groups into data which can be analyzed by social science statistical techniques. This methodology is intended to be applied to phenomena which in their original form are in a format not readily accessible to statistical analyses, i.e. “softer” phenomena and events such as government policies and conflict behavior. Thus, this methodology is not necessary for phenomena like GDP or government military spending, but is based on behavior by organizations or groups of individuals which are assessed by a coder who translates this behavior into data. Aggregate data collected by this methodology should have three qualities. First, they must be reproducible. Second, the data must be transparent in that all aspects of the data collection process and its products be clear and understandable to other researchers, to the extent that they could, in theory, be replicated. Third, it must measure what it intends to measure in a clear, accurate, and precise manner. A project which accomplishes all of this must be conceptualized properly from the beginning, including the decision on which unit of analysis to use and which cases to include and exclude. It must have appropriate sources and a tight variable design. Finally, the data must be collected in a systematic, transparent, and reproducible manner based upon appropriate sources.

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48

Frijters, Paul, i Christian Krekel. A Handbook for Wellbeing Policy-Making. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896803.001.0001.

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Around the world, governments are starting to directly measure the subjective wellbeing of their citizens and to use it for policy evaluation and appraisal. What would happen if a country were to move from using GDP to using subjective wellbeing as the primary metric for measuring economic and societal progress? Would policy priorities change? Would we continue to care about economic growth? What role would different government institutions play in such a scenario? And, most importantly, how could this be implemented in daily practice, for example in policy evaluations and appraisals of government analysts, or in political agenda-setting at the top level? This book provides answers to these questions from a conceptual to a technical level by showing how direct measures of subjective wellbeing can be used for policy evaluation and appraisal, either complementary in the short run or even entirely in the long run. It gives a brief history of the idea that governments should care about the happiness of their citizens, provides theories, makes suggestions for direct measurement, derives technical standards, shows how to conduct wellbeing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and gives examples of how real-world policy evaluations and appraisals would change if they were based on subjective wellbeing. In doing so, the book serves the growing interest of governments as well as non-governmental and international organizations in how to put subjective wellbeing metrics into policy practice.

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49

Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare i Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.

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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.

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50

Voigts, Simon, Jean-Marc Natal, Koralai Kirabaeva i Alvar Kangur. How Informative Are Real Time Output Gap Estimates in Europe? International Monetary Fund, 2019.

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Książki na temat „Real GDP”

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