Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „RCC BUILDING”

A Construção Civil é um dos setores que mais consomem matérias-primas e também gera resíduos sólidos urbanos. É importante, que se consuma menos matérias-primas e que sejam aproveitados estes resíduos gerados. Uma das propostas para esta situação seria reciclar estes resíduos e transformá-los em agregados e filers, para então usá-los na produção de concretos. Ainda se encontram muitas barreiras para utilização destes agregados e filers em concretos, com e sem função estrutural e, dentre os principais motivos está a dificuldade de se alcançar resistências similares as dos concretos produzidos com matérias-primas naturais. Devido a este fato, foi proposto um estudo para analisar a influência do empacotamento de partículas nos agregados reciclados e ainda verificar a possibilidade de uso do filer de pó do polimento das placas de concreto para revestimento de piso. Inicialmente foram caracterizados dois lotes de agregados reciclados e apenas o de resíduo de concreto (ARC) foi considerado adequado para o estudo. Foram propostos três planejamentos experimentais compostos por mistura simplex com 4 fatores das misturas, contendo além dos agregados, filer e cimento Portland CP-V. Foram realizados estudos sobre as massas unitárias das amostras, para cada um dos planejamentos, considerando toda a faixa granulométrica, e também, amostras sem o material passante pela peneira com abertura de 0,150 mm. A quantidade de água foi determinada pelo consistômetro de Vebe, e a partir deste dado foi calculado o excesso de pasta. Após a obtenção dos corpos de prova, sob vibrocompactação, foi determinado o comportamento da resistência mecânica e da absorção de água. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o melhor empacotamento de partículas dos agregados ocorre na faixa de 42% a 58% de pedrisco. O filer utilizado em grandes quantidades, aumenta significativamente o consumo de água de amassamento e o de excesso de pasta, e por consequência, o aumento da absorção de água e perda de resistência do concreto seco. Entretanto, em quantidades menores que o volume de poros, a inclusão do filer é aceitável, pois não há afastamento das partículas. Conclui-se que, na faixa granulométrica estudada não houve alteração de resistência mecânica, sendo o fator preponderante a concentração de cimento. As resistências à compressão observadas mostram que estes agregados podem ser utilizados na fabricação de artefatos de concreto, como por exemplo, produção de blocos de vedação.
Civil Construction is one of the sectors that consumes the rawest materials and also generates municipal solid waste. It is important that less raw materials are consumed and that waste generated is used. One of the proposals for this situation would be to recycle these wastes and turn them into aggregates and filers and then use them in the production of concrete. There are still many barriers to the use of these aggregates and filers in concrete, with and without structural function, and among the main reasons is the difficulty of achieving similar resistance to concrete produced with natural raw materials. Due to this fact, a study was proposed to analyze the influence of the packing of particles in the recycled aggregates and to verify the possibility of using the filter of powder of the polishing of the concrete plates for floor covering. Initially, two batches of recycled aggregates were characterized and only that of concrete residue was considered adequate for the study. Three experimental schedules were proposed, composed of 4 factors of the mixtures, plus the aggregates, filer and Portland cement CP-V. Samples were analyzed for the sample masses, considering the entire grain size range, as well as samples without material passing through the sieve with a 0.150 mm opening. The amount of water was determined by the Vebe consist meter, and from this data, the excess paste was calculated. After the test specimens were obtained, under vibrarocompaction, the behavior of the mechanical resistance and the water absorption were determined. The analysis of the results showed that the best packaging of particles of the aggregates occurs in the range of 42% to 58% of hail. The filer used in large quantities significantly increases the consumption of kneading water and excess paste, and consequently, increased water absorption and loss of strength of dry concrete. However, in smaller amounts than the pore volume, the inclusion of the filer is acceptable, since there is no separation of the particles. It was concluded that in the granulometric range studied, there was no change in mechanical strength, being the preponderant factor the concentration of cement. The observed compressive strengths show that these aggregates can be used in the manufacture of concrete artifacts, such as the production of sealing blocks.

The aim of this research study is to investigate the vulnerability of the building heritage in Gorizia, a town in north-eastern Italy, on the border with Slovenia. This town has not been considered seismic until the year 2003 and then in 2010 it has been classified in a higher seismicity class. For this reason, most of the buildings are not designed to resist seismic action at all and an even lower percentage fulfils the requirements of the current technical standard. Four real existing buildings are analysed as case study buildings, representative of the main structural types that can be found in the town. Two of them are high - rise (11 and 12 storeys) reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings with a brittle concrete stairwell, designed for gravitational load only and built in the 60’s-70’s. In the last years, a growing attention has been payed to the seismic vulnerability of existing RC framed structures, but this type of buildings, with a core of concrete walls, has been investigated much less, although it is a structural type that is very spread. The other two case studies are masonry buildings built in 1740 and in 1903, respectively. One of the masonry buildings is the city hall of Gorizia, on which many in-situ tests have been performed within a project of the Department of Engineering and Architecture with the Municipality of Gorizia. For both RC buildings, some considerations are made about the influence of the masonry infills on the seismic behaviour of the building and of the numerical model. The vibration periods found with numerical modelling are also compared to the periods evaluated with vibrational measurements. The two numerical models without infills are then analysed with non-linear static and dynamic analyses. The results are processed with a cloud analysis in order to calculate fragility curves of the buildings, that show a very brittle behaviour. The two masonry buildings are analysed also with pushover analysis. For the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the analysed buildings, two types of seismic hazard assessments have been considered for the extraction of the seismic inputs: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) method, by the Italian code response spectra and Neo Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (NDSHA) method, with response spectra of two specific possible scenarios for the town of Gorizia. The physics-based scenarios are calculated for the two faults that are the closest to Gorizia: Idrija and Medea. A comparison is made between the demand given by the seismic inputs defined with the two methods. The importance of using both methods for the design of low-damage retrofitting solutions is highlighted. At last, a theoretical study has been carried out within the present research study in order to find an innovative and effective solution for the retrofit of the RC high-rise brittle buildings. It consists in the application of an exo - or endo - skeleton, with the additional introduction of a sliding system at the base of the RC building, in order to decouple its motion from the ground motion. In this way, the exo- or endo-skeleton can be designed independently from the features of the existing building, that remains undamaged. The characteristics of the exo/endo-skeleton can be calibrated on the seismic input of the site of interest, with the possibility to adapt it to new seismic classifications of the territory.
The aim of this research study is to investigate the vulnerability of the building heritage in Gorizia, a town in north-eastern Italy, on the border with Slovenia. This town has not been considered seismic until the year 2003 and then in 2010 it has been classified in a higher seismicity class. For this reason, most of the buildings are not designed to resist seismic action at all and an even lower percentage fulfils the requirements of the current technical standard. Four real existing buildings are analysed as case study buildings, representative of the main structural types that can be found in the town. Two of them are high - rise (11 and 12 storeys) reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings with a brittle concrete stairwell, designed for gravitational load only and built in the 60’s-70’s. In the last years, a growing attention has been payed to the seismic vulnerability of existing RC framed structures, but this type of buildings, with a core of concrete walls, has been investigated much less, although it is a structural type that is very spread. The other two case studies are masonry buildings built in 1740 and in 1903, respectively. One of the masonry buildings is the city hall of Gorizia, on which many in-situ tests have been performed within a project of the Department of Engineering and Architecture with the Municipality of Gorizia. For both RC buildings, some considerations are made about the influence of the masonry infills on the seismic behaviour of the building and of the numerical model. The vibration periods found with numerical modelling are also compared to the periods evaluated with vibrational measurements. The two numerical models without infills are then analysed with non-linear static and dynamic analyses. The results are processed with a cloud analysis in order to calculate fragility curves of the buildings, that show a very brittle behaviour. The two masonry buildings are analysed also with pushover analysis. For the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of the analysed buildings, two types of seismic hazard assessments have been considered for the extraction of the seismic inputs: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) method, by the Italian code response spectra and Neo Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (NDSHA) method, with response spectra of two specific possible scenarios for the town of Gorizia. The physics-based scenarios are calculated for the two faults that are the closest to Gorizia: Idrija and Medea. A comparison is made between the demand given by the seismic inputs defined with the two methods. The importance of using both methods for the design of low-damage retrofitting solutions is highlighted. At last, a theoretical study has been carried out within the present research study in order to find an innovative and effective solution for the retrofit of the RC high-rise brittle buildings. It consists in the application of an exo - or endo - skeleton, with the additional introduction of a sliding system at the base of the RC building, in order to decouple its motion from the ground motion. In this way, the exo- or endo-skeleton can be designed independently from the features of the existing building, that remains undamaged. The characteristics of the exo/endo-skeleton can be calibrated on the seismic input of the site of interest, with the possibility to adapt it to new seismic classifications of the territory.

Analysis of the collapse of a precast r.c. industrial building during the 2012 Emilia earthquake, focus on the failure mechanisms in particular on the flexure-shear interactions. Analysis performed by a time history analysis using a FEM model with the software SAP2000. Finally a reconstruction of the collapse on the basis of the numerical data coming from the strength capacity of the elements failed, using formulation for lightly reinforced columns with high shear and bending moment.

Solitamente le tamponature vengono trascurate nella modellazione delle strutture a telaio in cemento armato e solamente il loro contributo in termini di massa viene preso in considerazione, assumendo che la resistenza e la rigidezza delle stesse non influiscano sulla risposta strutturale. Questa pratica è supportata dal fatto che (i) generalmente allo stato limite ultimo le tamponature si considerano completamente danneggiate e, quindi, il loro contributo in termini di rigidezza è trascurabile, mentre (ii) allo stato limite di danno il valore dello spostamento di interpiano, ottenuto trascurando il contributo di rigidezza delle tamponature, può essere considerato a favore di sicurezza. Tuttavia, per edifici di importanza strategica, quali scuole, ospedali, caserme delle forze dell’ordine e dei Vigili del Fuoco, è cruciale preservare le tamponature da qualsiasi danno, anche per terremoti di entità severa, in modo da garantire il normale utilizzo dell’edificio durante la gestione dell’emergenza. Inoltre, questi edifici a volte sono sismicamente protetti con sistemi e dispositivi (smorzatori, isolatori, ecc…) il cui progetto richiede che sia tenuto in considerazione il reale comportamento dinamico della struttura (in termini di frequenze e/o spostamenti e/o velocità). Per questo diventa cruciale modellare accuratamente l’intera struttura, includendo le tamponature, e validare questo modello così ottenuto sulla base dell’evidenza sperimentale. La tipologia delle pareti e le loro procedure costruttive sono fonte di incertezze nella modellazione delle interazioni tra la struttura e gli elementi non strutturali. Quindi, una valutazione sperimentale delle proprietà di rigidezza dei pannelli di tamponatura potrebbe essere molto utile per valutare, all’interno del modello strutturale adottato per il progetto, il contributo in termini di rigidezza fornito alla struttura in c.a. da questi elementi non strutturali. In questa tesi viene presentata una procedura per realizzare modelli globali agli elementi finiti accurati di edifici a telaio in c.a. tamponati, basandosi su risultati ottenuti da analisi modali sperimentali e operative sviluppate rispettivamente su elementi non strutturali e sull’intero edificio. In particolare, sono stati eseguiti test di impatto con martello strumentato su pareti omogenee per identificarne i parametri modali (frequenze e forme modali) e per stimarne le proprietà meccaniche. Dopo di che, le tamponature sono state inserite nel modello strutturale globale agli elementi finiti, i cui parametri modali vengono confrontati con quelli derivanti da analisi modali operative basate su misurazioni di vibrazioni ambientali per valutarne l’accuratezza. In seguito, è stata condotta una campagna sperimentale su tre provini di tamponatura costruiti all’interno del Laboratorio di Prove di Materiali e Strutture della Facoltà di Ingegneria dell’Università Politecnica delle Marche. Questi provini sono stati realizzati con l’intento di riprodurre le caratteristiche di alcune delle tamponature testate in sito e su di essi vengono svolte prove sia dinamiche che statiche. Innanzi tutto, sono stati effettuati test ad impatto con martello strumentato per investigarne il comportamento dinamico fuori dal piano; successivamente sono state svolte prove di spinta laterale per investigare il comportamento statico nel piano dei pannelli soggetti a bassi livelli di forze orizzontali. I risultati sperimentali ottenuti sono stati utilizzati per calibrare modelli agli elementi finiti dei provini al fine di valutare l’esattezza delle proprietà meccaniche delle tamponature stimate in precedenza e secondo diversi approcci.
Infill walls are commonly disregarded in the modelling of reinforced concrete (r.c.) frame structures and only their contribution in terms of mass is taken into account assuming that resistance and stiffness do not affect the structural response. This practice is supported by the fact that (i) at ultimate limit state infill walls are usually considered to be completely damaged, so that their contribution is negligible in terms of stiffness, while (ii) at the damage limitation limit state the value of the interstorey drift, obtained by neglecting the infill walls stiffness contribution, is commonly considered to be conservative. However, for strategic buildings, such as schools, hospitals, police and fire stations, it is crucial to preserve the infill walls from any damage, even for severe earthquake, in order to guarantee the building occupancy during the emergency management. Furthermore, these buildings are sometimes seismically protected with system and devices (dampers, isolators, etc…) whose design requires the real dynamic behaviour of the structure (in terms of frequencies and/or displacements and/or velocities) to be considered. To this purpose, it becomes crucial to accurately model the entire structure, including infill walls, and to validate this model on the basis of experimental evidences. The wall typology and the construction procedures are source of uncertainties in modelling interactions between structural and non-structural components. Thus, an experimental evaluation of the stiffness properties of the wall infill panel could be very useful to assess the stiffening contribution added by the infill masonry walls to the concrete frame in the structural model adopted for the design. In this thesis is presented a procedure for developing accurate global finite element (f.e.) models of infilled r.c. frame buildings based on results of experimental an operational modal analysis of non-structural components and of the whole buildings. In particular, impact load tests with an instrumented hammer are performed on homogeneous wall panels to identify the modal parameters (frequency and mode shapes) and to estimate the mechanical properties of the masonry walls. Afterwards, the infill walls are included in the f.e. structural model, whose modal parameters are compared with those derived with operational modal analysis based on ambient vibration measurements. Furthermore, an experimental campaign on three specimens of infill masonry walls built in the Laboratory of Materials and Structures of the Faculty of Engineering at the Università Politecnica delle Marche is conducted. These specimens are built with the target to reproduce the features of some of the in situ investigated infill walls and are tested both dynamically and statically. First of all, impact load tests with an instrumented hammer are performed to investigate the out of plane dynamic behaviour of these walls; then, lateral load tests are carried out to investigate the in plane static behaviour of the panel under low level of lateral forces. The experimental results obtained are used to calibrate f.e. models of the specimens with the aim to evaluate the reliability of the masonry mechanical properties estimated through different approaches.

Apesar de ser uma grande geradora de impactos ambientais devido ao grande consumo de matéria-prima e da grande geração de resíduos, a Construção Civil é reconhecida como uma das mais importantes atividades para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Nos países desenvolvidos, a geração de RCD nas obras de demolição entre os anos de 1994 a 1999 variava entre 32 e 99 ton/ano. O que não difere muito do Brasil, que em 2005, através de pesquisas em 11 Municípios, observou-se uma geração de resíduos com média de 59% também, provenientes de obras de reforma, ampliação e demolição. O Município de Petrolina localizado em pleno sertão Pernambucano, atualmente, tem uma população de 268.339 habitantes e ainda não possui um sistema de gerenciamento de RCD, conforme preceitua a Resolução n. 307 do CONAMA (2002). Visando contribuir com o estudo desta problemática, a presente dissertação realiza um diagnóstico dos RCD do Município verificando sua potencialidade de reciclabilidade. A pesquisa constitui de um trabalho de campo de natureza exploratória e descritiva que visa identificar os materiais descartados pela indústria da construção civil de 10(dez) empresas geradoras de RCD, bem como identificar, para efeito de estudos de impacto ambiental, 11(onze) pontos de deposição irregular de RCD e a possível reutilização desses materiais. Os resultados demonstraram que 91,2% dos materiais são resíduos classe A, com potencial de reciclabilidade, tendo em vista os descartes de materiais cerâmicos representar no total da amostra 45,5% de todo o material observado, seguido de argamassas com (23,6%), de concreto (14,1%) e da areia (8,0%), ficando os 8,8% restantes destinados ao descartes de plásticos, gesso e madeira. Apesar da falta de uma destinação adequada, tanto as empresas quanto o Poder Público do referido município, tentam se adequar ao que determina a Resolução 307, em especial, no que se refere ao beneficiamento dos RCD, implantando uma usina de reciclagem no aterro remediado Raso da Catarina, proporcionando assim, emprego e renda à população. Esta pesquisa também propõe ações futuras que poderão colaborar na realização de estudos de viabilidade técnica utilizando agregados de RCD na produção de agregados para pavimentação, confecção de blocos sem função estrutural, peças para o meio fio, entre outros, beneficiando a população e o Município de Petrolina
Besides the fact that it is the cause of some environmental impact due to the great consumption of raw material and generation of residues, construction engineering is recognized as one amongst the most important activities that contributes to the economic and social development of our country. Within underdevelopment countries the generation of CDW (Construction and Demolition waste) in demolition works between the years 94-99 varied from 32 to 99 tons/year. CDW in Brazil is not different. In 2005, a research carried in 11 municipalities showed that the medium CDW was 59% as well. The municipality of Petrolina is located in the arid backlands of the state Pernambuco, the current population is 268,339 and still doesnt own a system for management of the CDW as required in the resolution 307 of CONAMA(2002) (National Council for Environmental Issues). Willing to contribute to the solving of this problem, the present dissertation brings a survey of variability of CDW in the municipality of Petrolina and verifies its recycling potential. The research is based on exploratory and descriptive field work and aims to identify the varied waste material discarded through the work of ten civil engineering companies and also to identify 11(eleven) points of irregular discard and the possible re-use of the discarded material. Results show that 91, 2% of residues are class A, waste with recycling potential. 45, 5% of the waste is ceramic, 23, 6% is mortar, 14, 1% is concrete and 8% is sand. The other 8, 8% are discard of wood, plastic and plaster. Despite the lack of place for disposal, private and governmental companies try to adjust themselves to what is required in resolution 307, specially regarding to recycling of CDW.There have been implemented a recycling industry in a disposal area called Raso da Catarina therefore providing jobs for the population. The present work of study also suggests some future action that may collaborate in studies for the use of CDW aggregates for paving, blocks with non-structural function and pieces for sidewalk, benefitting population and municipality as a whole

With the outlook of improving seismic vulnerability assessment for the city of Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), the global dynamic behaviour of four nine-storey r.c. large-panel buildings in elastic regime is studied. The four buildings were built during the Soviet era within a serial production system. Since they all belong to the same series, they have very similar geometries both in plan and in height. Firstly, ambient vibration measurements are performed in the four buildings. The data analysis composed of discrete Fourier transform, modal analysis (frequency domain decomposition) and deconvolution interferometry, yields the modal characteristics and an estimate of the linear impulse response function for the structures of the four buildings. Then, finite element models are set up for all four buildings and the results of the numerical modal analysis are compared with the experimental ones. The numerical models are finally calibrated considering the first three global modes and their results match the experimental ones with an error of less then 20%.

Questa tesi si propone di indagare sulla modellazione degli elementi non strutturali relativi alle pareti di tamponamento interne ed esterne, cercando di quantificare la differenza indotta dalle diverse strategie di modellazione sul valore dell'indice di vulnerabilità sismica con riferimento a edifici strategici. A tale scopo vengono analizzati due casi studio: il liceo Benedetto Croce di Avezzano e il liceo Varano di Camerino, entrambi edifici a telaio in c.a. oggetto di adeguamento sismico tramite torri dissipative esterne dotate di dissipatori viscosi alla base. Per entrambi i casi di studio, sono stati implementati tre modelli sia prima che dopo l'adeguamento, caratterizzati da un livello crescente di dettaglio: modello A con solo le componenti strutturali, modello B con tamponature esterne modellate come puntoni equivalenti secondo letteratura e modello C con pareti di tamponamento esterne ed interne calibrate attraverso i risultati dei test dinamici in situ. Per quanto riguarda la fase di pre-retrofitting, il calcolo dell'indice di vulnerabilità sismica è stato effettuato mediante analisi statica non lineare (pushover). Per quanto riguarda la fase post-retrofitting, il calcolo dell'indice di vulnerabilità sismica è stato effettuato mediante analisi dinamica non lineare (I.D.A). I risultati sono mostrati in termini di confronto tra le curve di capacità ottenute con analisi push over (pre-retrofitting) e con analisi dinamiche incrementali, per i diversi modelli implementati. Inoltre, i risultati sono mostrati anche in termini di livello di intensità dell'azione sismica necessaria per raggiungere uno stato limite predeterminato per il modello A, il modello B e il modello C.
This thesis aims to investigate on the modelling of the non-structural elements related to internal and external infill walls, trying to quantify the difference induced by different modelling strategies on the value of the seismic vulnerability index with reference to strategic buildings. On this purpose, two case studies are analysed: the Benedetto Croce high school in Avezzano and the Varano high school in Camerino, r.c. frame buildings retrofitted with external steel towers equipped with viscous dampers at the basis. For both case studies, three models are implemented, before and after the retrofitting, which are characterized by an increasing level of detail: model A with only structural components, model B with external infill panels modelled as equivalent connecting struts according to literature, and model C with external and internal infill walls calibrated through the results of in-situ dynamic tests. As regards the pre-retrofitting phase, the calculation of the seismic vulnerability index was carried out by means of nonlinear static analysis (pushover). As for the post-retrofitting phase, the calculation of the seismic vulnerability index was carried out by means of non-linear dynamic analysis (I.D.A). The results are shown in terms of comparison between the capacity curves obtained with push over analyses (pre-retrofitting) and with incremental dynamic analyses for the different model. In addition, the outcomes are shown also in terms of intensity level of the seismic action necessary to reach a predetermined limit state for model A, model B and model C.

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Banco Santander / Banespa
CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Prefeitura Municipal de Gramado - RS
A significativa quantidade de resíduos gerada pelo setor da construção civil é hoje um grande problema a ser enfrentado pelas empresas construtoras e pelo Poder Público, exigindo a adoção de políticas setoriais por parte dos municípios. O que se constata, porém, é que a exigência e fiscalização do cumprimento e adequação a estas normas até hoje não são efetivas. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição para o Município de Gramado-RS adequado à Resolução 307/2002 do CONAMA, sob o ponto de vista do poder público. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi realizado um estudo de caso junto à Prefeitura do município. Dentre as etapas do estudo, foi estimada a quantidade de resíduos de construção e demolição gerada no município, diagnosticado o sistema de gestão empregado pela prefeitura e identificados os pontos falhos e oportunidades de melhorias. Como principais resultados o trabalho apresenta diferentes ações que devem ser realizadas por parte do poder público, que envolvem a estrutura da própria Prefeitura Municipal, empresas construtoras, empresas envolvidas com a coleta de resíduos e a sociedade em geral. Questões como a disponibilização de áreas para deposição de pequenos volumes de resíduos, o trâmite de aprovação mais unificado nos setores da Prefeitura Municipal e a exigência da licença ambiental da empresa de recolhimento de entulho para atendimento aos requisitos técnicos e ambientais, são consideradas fundamentais para o início do processo. Por outro lado, as empresas construtoras também precisam desempenhar o seu papel, adquirindo conhecimento, disponibilizando-os aos seus funcionários e desenvolvendo seus projetos de gerenciamento de resíduos.
The significant amount of waste generated by the construction industry is now a major problem being faced by construction companies and the government, demanding the adoption of sectoral policies by the municipalities. What is evident, however, is that the requirements and monitoring process of compliance and adequacy of these standards are still not effective. In this context, this master degree dissertation presents guidelines for developing a construction and demolition waste management system for the city of Gramado-RS suitable for the CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 from the point of view of county public power. As a research strategy was a case study conducted at the City Hall of the county. Among the stages of the study we estimated the amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the county, diagnosed the management system employed by the city and identified the defective points and improvement opportunities. As main results the paper presents various actions to be undertaken by the government, involving the structure of their own City Hall, construction companies, companies involved in waste collection and society in general. Issues such as the provision of areas for disposal of small volumes of waste, the procedure adopted more unified in the sectors of the City and the requirement for the environmental permit from the collector of debris to meet the technical requirements and environmental impacts, are considered fundamental to the top process. Furthermore, construction companies must also play its role, acquiring knowledge, making them available to their employees and developing their projects for waste management.

När byggnader projekteras används klimatfiler från 1981-2010 för att dimensionera konstruktionen och energisystemet. Detta leder till att byggnader dimensioneras för ett klimat som varit och inte ett framtida klimat. SMHI har tagit fram olika klimatscenarier för framtiden som beskriver möjliga utvecklingar klimatet kan ta beroende på fortsatt utsläpp av växthusgaser. Dessa scenarier kallas för RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways). I denna studie används två olika klimatscenarier, RCP4,5 och RCP8,5. Siffran i namnet står för den strålningsdriving som förväntas uppnås år 2100. I RCP4,5 kommer medelårstemperaturen öka med 3 °C fram till år 2100 jämfört med referensperioden 1961-1990.  För samma tidsperiod sker en ökning på 5 °C enligt RCP8,5.  Ett flerbostadshus certifierad enligt Miljöbyggnad 2.2 nivå silver placerat i Vallentuna i Stockholms län används i denna studie som referensbyggnad. Byggnaden simuleras i programmet IDA ICE där den utsätts för RCP4,5 och RCP8,5. Resultatet visar att byggnaden inte skulle klara av kraven för Miljöbyggnad 2.2 gällande termiskt klimat sommar i något av de två klimatscenarierna. De operativa temperaturerna blir för höga i byggnaden utan att tillsätta komfortkyla.  Byggnaden ändras för att se vilka faktorer som kan förbättra resultatet gällande det termiska klimatet. Resultatet visar att värmelagringsförmåga hos byggmaterial och solavskärmning har störst påverkan på det termiska klimatet.  I studien gjordes flertal olika kombinationer av byggnadsutformningar. Enbart kombinationen av en tung stomme av betong tillsammans med fönster med lägre g-värde klarar kraven för Miljöbyggnad 2.2 i RCP4,5 och RCP8,5 utan komfortkyla. Kombinationen får lägst energianvändning i RCP8,5 av de olika kombinationerna som testats i studien.  En kombination av tung stomme av KL-trä med lågt U-värde, fönster med lägre g-värde och komfortkyla får lägst energianvändning i grundklimatet och RCP4,5 av de olika kombinationerna som testats i studien trots användningen av komfortkyla.  Frågan om vilket alternativ som är bäst ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är svårt att svara på. Det finns många aspekter som behöver tas i hänsyn till som byggnadens totala klimatavtryck både i tillverkning och användning. Oavsett val av konstruktion är det viktigt att projektera för att komfortkyla och solavskärmning skall kunna appliceras när ett varmare klimat råder.
When buildings are designed climate files from 1981 to 2010 are used to construct the building and its energy system. This leads to building being designed to a climate that has been and not to a future warmer climate that will come. SMHI has developed different climate scenarios for the future that describe different paths the climate can take depending on continued emissions of greenhouse gas. This climate scenarios are called RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) In this study two of the climate scenarios, RCP4,5 and RCP8,5 are used. The number in the name stands for the radiation forcing that is expected in the year 2100.  In RCP4,5 the mean average air temperature will increase with 3 °C until year 2100 compared to the reference period 1961-1990. In the same time period RCP8,5 will increase with 5 °C.  An apartment building certified according to Miljöbyggnad 2.2 level silver placed in Vallentuna, Stockholms län is used as a reference building. The building is simulated through the simulation software program IDA ICE where it´s exposed to RCP4,5 and RCP8,5. The results demonstrate that the reference building would not meet Miljöbyggnad 2.2 requirement in the indicator about thermal comfort during summer. The operative temperature in the building is too high unless comfort cooling is used.  The design of the building changes to see what factors can improve the results regarding the thermal comfort. The results demonstrate that thermal conductivity and solar shading has the greatest impact on thermal comfort.  In this study several combinations of different building designs were made. Only the combination of a concrete frame with windows with low g-value met the requirement of Miljöbyggnad 2.2 regarding the thermal comfort during summer without using comfort cooling in RCP4,5 and RCP8,5. The combination had the lowest energy demand in RCP8,5 of all the combinations tested in the study.  A combination of cross laminated wood frame with low U-value, windows with low g-value and comfort cooling had the lowest energy demand in the original climate file and RCP4,5 despite the use of comfort cooling.  The questing about which building construction is the best from a sustainable perspective is difficult to answer. To answer that question the building´s total climate footprint in both production and use must be calculated. Regardless of the choice of building construction it is important to have in mind when designing a building that comfort cooling and solar shading should be easily applied when a warmer climate will prevail.

This project named as “DESIGN OF EARTH-QUAKE RESISTANT MULTI-STORIED RCC BUILDING ON A SLOPING GROUND” involves the analysis of simple 2-D frames of varying floor heights and varying no of bays using a very popular software tool STAAD Pro. Using the analysis results various graphs were drawn between the maximum axial force, maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, maximum tensile force and maximum compressive stress being developed for the frames on plane ground and sloping ground. The graphs used to drawn comparison between the two cases and the detailed study of “SHORT COLOUMN EFFECT” failure was carried up. In addition to that the detailed study of seismology was undertaken and the feasibility of the software tool to be used was also checked. Till date many such projects have been undertaken on this very topic but the analysis were generally done for the static loads i.e. dead load, live load etc, but to this the earthquake analysis or seismic analysis is to be incorporated. To create a technical knowhow, two similar categories of structures were analyzed, first on plane ground and another on a sloping ground. Then the results were compared. At last the a structure would be analyzed and designed on sloping ground for all possible load combinations pertaining to IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 13920 manually.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
96
This research mainly is to develop a computer program that provides the user to input the design information of slabs in the RC Construction design drawing, and save them into the database. Base on the code, The computer program can read this information of the database to draw a shop drawing of slabs automatically with AutoCAD and to calculate the amount of material. It is very important for a constructor to bid a RC building project or to construct a RC building under the control of budget and schedule. The automation computer program of slab reinforcements is based on the slab reinforcements of design and uses the techniques of GUI which is named graphical user interface to develop the program. And it will decrease difficulties for computer user with it’s friendly operation interface.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
90
Low-rise RC street buildings in disaster area of the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake were seriously damaged. The failure modes of these street buildings were very unique. The main reason for the damages is due to poor structural system. The purpose of this paper is to find out the effective strengthening strategy of existing street buildings to meet the requirements of the tentative performance-based design code. After considering the failure characteristics of the street building in disaster area, which are weak-column and strong-beam structures, this thesis adopts static push-over method as analytical calculation. Six typical street buildings with different structural systems, seismic zones and soil conditions are under designed and then used as analysis examples. Moreover, after surveying the most popular strengthening measures of street buildings in disaster area of the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake, this thesis evaluates the effectiveness of these measures. The results show that most of the measures are ineffective. The conclusions of this paper are: 1. The most effective measures to strengthen existing street buildings are to add RC shear walls or steel braces in the direction parallel to corridor. 2. For safety and economy, it is suggested that strengthening of street building should be done before earthquake. 3. From structural behavior point of view, steel brace performs better than RC wall for strengthening of existing street buildings. 4. From tentative performance-based criteria point of view, the critical review check point is to meet the requirement of drift ratio (<1.1﹪) under 475-year return period of earthquake. 5. Most strengthening measures for damaged street buildings in disaster area, aimed only at columns in the corridor, are ineffective for improving the aseismic ability.

碩士
東南科技大學
營建科技與防災研究所在職專班
102
General construction of buildings facades are divided into dry and wet . In this study, the present state of exterior work practice analysis , according to the project cost , duration, number of criteria such as labor law assessment for case workers . Assessment results show that the cost of dry- wall construction (Steel Structures Dry Wall) construction costs, much higher than the RC (Reinforced Concerte) structure , because the current domestic use of exterior materials are mostly dependent on imports , so the cost is relatively high. Second, evaluate construction period facades dry construction method is superior to the wet construction method , wet construction method is much higher than the time required for dry construction method . The number of its three facades labor assessment , construction methods and labor are higher than the wet dry construction method . By analyzing the results show a dry construction method in addition to the lack of market competitiveness costly , time and labor, the number of engineering methods are better than wet . Currently domestic traditional industries to create large-scale use of natural resources on the environment caused by pollution , how to make good use of the proper combination of engineering methods , so that the building automation , mold , reduce costs and shorten the construction period to meet the needs of green building , so if research and development in line with economic, practical, comfortable, efficient , environmentally friendly and ecological construction of new engineering methods, human society would be a great help .

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
96
This study is to develop a computer program that combine with Data Base Management System(DBMS), and the program can input the design information of stair and flat slab with graphical interface, and the program could establish the basic design information into the database, and calculate the amount of use of reinforcements.At last the program unify the AutoCAD program, and plot the shop drawing and lists details of reinforcements of RC building stair and flat slab. It is very helpful to calculate the amount of strings, and check the input data to ensure the arrangement of reinforcements agree with specification, management and application data of RC building stair and flat slab. It is very important for a constructor to bid a RC building project or to construct a RC building under the control of budget and schedule. Our programs are more effective for constructor to input the design information simply, and then the program establishes the shop drawing and lists details of reinforcements of RC building stair and flat slab automatically.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
90
Many school buildings were seriously damaged in the Chi-Chi earthquake that struck Taiwan in 1999. In order to avoid the damage in the following earthquakes, it is necessary to investigate the performance of school buildings under seismic action. Firstly, this research surveyed 35 school buildings in Jushan, Guoshing and Puli. Secondly, for the purpose of quantifying aseismic ability of school buildings, this research investigated some parameters about the seismic vulnerability of 16 school buildings out of 35 school buildings. Finally, we strengthen 3 school buildings that were heavily damaged of 16 school buildings to meet the performance-based design code. This paper includes five parts as collecting data of the present status of the school buildings, sorting and redrawing the illustration of the buildings, analyzing and counting the causes of the school buildings seismic damage, evaluating the aseismic ability of every school by static push-over method and discussing the structural strengthening of three school buildings. The main results obtained in this research show that: 1.The reinforcing steel rate of pillars has great effect on the aseismic ability of school buildings, and 2%-2.5% is better. 2.The space between the transverse stirrups has great effect on the aseismic ability. Especially when the space decreases from 15cm to 10cm, the aseismic ability is significantly increased. So, it is better that the stirrup space is within 15cm. 3.As for the effect that the concrete quality plays on the aseismic ability of school buildings, increase 70kg/cm2, and its effect degree is about ±15%. 4.When the axle direction of the pillar is parallel to that of the seismic force, it can significantly increase the aseismic ability. 5.The school buildings are added by stages or stories, which is detrimental to the aseismic ability. Add one more storey, and its aseismic ability will approximately decrease by 30%. 6.Pillar section amplifying and reinforcing method can efficiently increase the aseismic ability of buildings. For example, after the northern building of Beishan junior school, its aseismic ability is increased by 1.23-1.84 times. 7.Establishing RC walls can greatly increase the aseismic ability of buildings. 8.As for the performance-based design code, among the three kinds of restrengthening methods, pillar section amplifying and reinforcing method as well as establishing RC walls is better. After the isolated slot between pillars and windows is cut with reinforcing method, although its aseismic ability of buildings is increased a little, it cannot be independently used.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
96
This study is to develop a computer program, RC structure design drawing obtained offers and builds the manufacturer to participate in and submit a tender, put through computer procedure materials in database of the computer to build correlated with RC building slurry wall, basement outer wall and RC wall from design drawing, it could calculate the amount of all kinds of steels, volume of concrete and area of moldboard of design materials from database through computer program, it draw inboard and outboard sides their mix muscle picture and side mix muscle section system through AutoCAD, and list the reinforcing bar and dispose the state and materials of consumption of reinforcing bar on the surface of picture. RC structure design drawing obtained that in the past to calculate the quantity of the material form by way of manpower from build the manufacturer in the past and submit a tender, and hope through this study that can lighten this heavy and complicated job through the computer, build manufacturer can clearly know that the amount of steels, concrete project and in order to control the budget and understand cost.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程技術學系
86
This research investigates the effect of the revisions of the National BuildingDesign Code and Regulation , and the ACI Code , in the recent three decades , on theseismic resistant behavior of RC buildings. The designed earthquake load required inthe National Building Design Code and Regulation has been revised in 1974 , 1982 ,and 1990 , while it has a dramatic change in the 1995 version. In order to enhance theseismic resistance of RC structures , a special seismic resistant provision has beenincorporated in the ACI Code since 1983. The provision requires to increase thecrossties and hoops in the column members and regulates that the column to beamstrength ratio shall not be less than 1.2. The study classifies the provisions of the regulation into two categories , i.e. , thenew and the old versions . A five , ten , twenty-story R.C. building has been designedaccording to the old and the new codes , respectively , and the section curvatureductility of each member of the buildings has been calculated. To investigate thestructural response and the ductility requirement of the designed structures understrong earthquake , the structural frame are then performed nonlinear static andnonlinear time history analysis for the Taipei 1115 , MEXICO , EL CENTROearthquakes by DRAN-2DX Program. The results from the analysis indicate that the five or ten-story low-rise buildingdesigned according to the old codes have insufficient design earthquake load. The loose requirement on the crossties and hoops in columns also reduce the section ductility of the members. In addition , the lack of strong column to weak beam requirement results in a poor ductility of the whole structure , and hence the designed structures have comparatively less seismic resistant capacity than the ones designed according to the new codes. A quantitative comparison between the behavior of structures designed according to the old and new codes has been provided in the thesis. Finally , the possible remedy measures have also recommended.

As part of a regional cooperation project on the reduction of earthquake risk in the Central American countries Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua (RESIS-II), one of the major work tasks consists in the identification of the structural and non-structural seismic vulnerability of schools, hospitals and health centres. The regional cooperation project RESIS II (Reduccion de Riesgo Sismico) is focused on earthquake risk reduction for the Central American countries Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua, project funded by the Norwegian Embassy in Managua (Nicaragua) and headed by NORSAR (Norway). Beside a number of project tasks dealing with seismic hazard and risk assessment, a main part of the project is allocated to earthquake vulnerability studies of those buildings that are of major importance to the society: schools and hospitals. The integrity of schools and hospital buildings during an earthquake disaster is of utmost importance. As given by PAHO (2004) the safety of a health facility (hospital) is determined by four different modules: geographic location (natural and man-made hazards or dangers, geotechnical properties of soils at the site); structural safety (structural vulnerability determined by the building’s design and primary structural system); non-structural safety (non-structural elements such like infill walls, equipment, installations or furniture may not influence the building’s stability but it may put people and the contents of the building at risk and increases the follow-up losses during evacuation); and functional capacity (how hospital personnel is trained and organized in disaster situations is crucial in order to assess the hospitals functionality after the event). As for any building, the assessment of the structural vulnerability is of utmost importance in order to get an idea about the building’s exposure to suffer structural damage as a direct effect of earthquake shaking. However, especially for high-priority structures like hospitals and schools non-structural and functional vulnerability can lead to severe follow-up losses in the direct aftermath of an event and in the weeks or months to follow.[1] In this work a study on the seismic vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete structures is presented, with special focus on schools and hospitals in Central America. The evaluation of seismic risk is an actual problem, many earthquakes all over the word occur each day, so it is important the assessment and the reduction of seismic risk; it can be evaluated as the product with hazard and vulnerability. This work has two goals: do vulnerability analysis for representative buildings of analysed schools and hospitals with a mechanical model; and check a survey card formulated ad hoc and the correspondent method for vulnerability evaluation based on questionnaires. For each category (schools and hospitals), representatives buildings are chosen following to surveys done ad hoc in Central America, which have allowed to chose really representative buildings, and to have all necessary information about geometry, structural peculiarities and materials. Detailed analysis are used to compute structural vulnerability of reinforced concrete existing structures; suitable structural models and the corresponding non-linear lumped plasticity models are generated. The seismic capacity is determined via pushover analysis and by the transformation of the equivalent SDOF capacity curve into bilinear form. The resulting lateral strength and displacement capacity are considered for selected limit states; also the effective period is retrieved. Combining structural capacity with seismic demand through Capacity Spectrum Method, fragility functions are derived for each representative building of schools or hospitals.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
98
It’s considerably common in Taiwan to use ceramic tile as external wall material,which is one of the factors displaying facade feature in house. The attachment between ceramic tile and structure relies on different materials and techniques. Even the nature of ceramic tile is stable,external wall could cause different inferior changes,such as chaps and peeling off. Due to the limited land in Taiwan,global materials cost unceasingly rising and increased construction cost,the number of people who are capable to build houses by their own decreases year by year. According to the issuing numbers of construction licenses by Department of Budget,Accounting and Statistics of Kaohsiung City Government,the number of newly houses dramatically drops,which increases the amounts of people buying old houses. To extend the life of building and indirectly raise repairing cases,external wall improvement will be highly valued in the foreseeable future. The development of ceramic tile upgrades with time,by understanding it’s history and time,this research divides ceramic tile into two categories： 1. Mosaic tile during 1971-1980 2. Square brick and Erding hanging bricks during 1981-1990 Even the diversity of house choices,the construction model of townhouse occupies the majority due to the weather and culture in Taiwan. At the first stage,cooperated with house enterprises,the research is mainly on investigating the deterioration of external wall with the provided data of selling house. After analyzing and comparing these cases,further understand the townhouses popular tiles of the regarding times, to learn about the Kaohsiung City houses residential tiled each era over all deterioration of conditions prevalent products are as follows: 1. Mosaic tiles deterioration behavior to cracking, spalling fouling rust spots, as a primary. 2. Square brick deterioration behavior to deface rust spots,mainly,Roberts. 3. Erding hanging bricks deterioration behavior to deface rust spots,mainly,Roberts. By means of the result of first stage,the second stage is to interview experts with surveysheets. To clarify the improving techniques which commonly used in Taiwan,the main purpose is to contrast the deterioration situation and improving technique. Here’re five improving techniques： 1. The same tile restart methods of work 2. Another kind of tile restart methods of work 3. Double wall methods of work 4. Coatings Brushing methods of work 5. External Wall Wash methods of work Finally investigation through case deterioration, the analysis results will be tiled in various popular and the resulting deterioration behavior, edition of the mechanic method instead, recommend suitable proposals, the provision of housing people in the reference to sale. 1. Mosaic tiles of residential buildings, it is recommended of Another kind of tile restartmethods of work 2. Square brick of residential buildings, it is recommended of Coatings Brushing methodsof work 3. Erding hanging bricks of residential buildings, it is recommended of External Wall Wash methods of work

As the construction industry is rapidly growing, the importance given to sustainable construction techniques has increased, to protect the environment and the limited reserves of natural resources. In order to reduce the negative environmental impact of the construction industry and to meet the increasing global demand for raw materials, the significance of recycling and reusing construction waste has increased over the years. Considering the wide applications of concrete and the large consumption of coarse aggregates used in concrete on a global scale, using Recycled Aggregate (RA) in concrete is an environment-friendly and sustainable construction alternative. However, Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) does not exhibit adequate structural performance due to its inferior material properties compared to those of Natural Aggregate Concrete (NAC). At present, RAC is restricted to limited structural use and is extensively used only in pavements and as shotcrete in tunnels. Some previous studies have shown that RAC with adequate structural performance can be produced using various techniques. In this study, the particular technique of adding another material, Steel Fibre (SF), is investigated. SF improves the mechanical performance of RAC and makes it suitable for structural applications, especially under flexural load. This research aims to replace NAC with RAC that incorporates SF. The use of the new material, Steel Fibre Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete (SFRRAC), in fabricating structural members subjected to flexure is proposed to gain advantages in terms of environmental effects, production costs and structural properties. Structural members fabricated using a new material such as SFRRAC should be designed according to proper design models and guidelines. The current design guidelines are limited to NAC and cannot be directly applied to SFRRAC due to the change in the material properties. This research proposes a design model for SFRRAC beam cross-sections under flexure, developed using a reliability based framework consisting of the following four parts: (i) a new theoretical model development for predicting the moment-capacities of SFRRAC beam cross-sections; (ii) experimental investigation of SFRRAC specimens at material-level and member level; (iii) numerical investigation on SFRRAC beams using Finite Element Analysis (FEA); and (iv) capacity factor calibration for a SFRRAC flexural capacity prediction model using the theoretical predictions and the adaptively combined database of experimental and FEA results.