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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Setyagama, Azis, Wawan Susilo, Purwanto i Muchammad Su’ud. "Indonesian Government Policy in Increasing State Revenue Through Raw Material Export Prohibitions". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, nr 5 (13.03.2024): e05409. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-018.
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Purpose: To increase state income and revenues by prohibiting the export of raw materials, especially mining and mineral materials, by converting raw materials into semi-finished or finished materials so that added value can be added.
Method: This study uses normative legal research which examines the policies of the Indonesian government as outlined in Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Minerals and Coal, which prohibits raw mining and mineral materials from being exported abroad. The research approach is through a qualitative juridical approach, namely by examining it from a legal standpoint as well as providing explanations related to the ban on the export of minerals and minerals.
Results and Conclusions: The policy of prohibiting the export of raw mining and mineral materials generates greater state income and revenue, because it gets a large added value by imposing high taxes, and also opens up employment opportunities and reduces unemployment in Indonesia.
Research implications: The Indonesian government's policy of prohibiting the export of mineral and mineral raw materials raises pros and cons in the country, but the Indonesian government remains adamant that this policy is to increase state revenues and revenues, added value and employment. Overseas, the government's policy of banning the export of mineral and mineral raw materials is opposed by the United States and the European Union because it will harm them as importers of mineral and raw materials from Indonesia
Originality/value: Importing countries of mining and mineral raw materials such as China, the United States and Europe have established mining and mineral raw material (Smelteer) processing companies in Indonesia.
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Hermawan, Erwan, Nur Anis Hadiyati, Adiarso Adiarso, Ermawan Darma Setiyadi, Siti Zunuraen, Dudi Hidayat, Anwar Wahyudi i Hartini Ahadiyatur Ru’yi. "CHALLENGES AND POLICY SUPPORTS IN INDONESIAN PHARMACEUTICAL RAW MATERIALS INDUSTRY". Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia 11, nr 2 (9.11.2023): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v11i2.2023.196-211.
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Background: Indonesian pharmaceutical industry is experiencing many challenges, spesficically their raw materials mostly are imported products. Several factors that cause the pharmaceutical raw materials industry to be challenging are lack of mastery of technology, lack of government support, low budget for R&D, high costs of development and time consuming, and low innovation incentives. Aims: This study aims to conduct a study on the strategies for developing the pharmaceutical raw material industry in Indonesia Methods: This study employed a qualitative method, the data triangulation gathered from interviews and discussions with several industries and institutions. The study was conducted for six months in 2022. Results: The policies that are required to be implemented to make the pharmaceutical raw materials industry thrive are (i) the presence of a clear grand strategy, (ii) determining the priority of pharmaceutical raw materials based on industrial needs, (iii) protecting domestic products, (iv) increasing health spending, (v) strengthening basic chemical product, and (vi) increasing the budget for R&D. Conclusion: Some policies that can be enhanced include providing incentives and policies that favor the local pharmaceutical raw material industry, ranging from regulated prices, putting an end to dependence on imported products, tax incentives, domestic products protection through import tariff policies, energy subsidies, technology transfers, et cetera. Keywords: pharmaceutical raw materials, policy, pharmaceutical
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Bespalko, Denis. "Features of Development of the Raw Material Sector of the Economy in the Zabaikalsk Territory during the Period of Existence of the Far Eastern Republic (1920-1922)". Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, nr 4 (28.12.2019): 640–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2019.20(4).640-664.
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The article analyzed understudied state policy of the government of Far Eastern Republic aimed at state monopolization of the areas of harvesting, storage and trade of fur and raw materials in the Transbaikal region. The research conducted a comprehensive analysis of legislative enactments that evolved from strictly prohibitive measures against free trade operations of fur-raw material market to cancellation of the restrictions. The author analyzed government regulations, the consequences of the ban of the free trade of raw materials and their free export abroad. All kinds of fur, medicinal-technical raw materials and raw materials of other origin, obtained from domestic breeds of animals were subject to those state regulations. This policy had very limited effect due to the absence of an extensive branch of the executive power on the ground and unwillingness of the population to obey the laws that infringed on their trade rights. With entry into force of various kinds of bans, the black market of the fur-raw material operations flourished. Along the border with China the smuggling did not stop. The attempt to deal with the criminal phenomenon failed because the customs was in a poorly organized state. Eventually the government and the Council of Ministers of the Republic realized that the existing regulations hindered the development of the raw materials sector of the economy and lead to public discontent. They eventually reversed the monopoly law and a number of related enactments and reintroduced free trade of furs and raw materials. The author concluded that this emergency policy was flawed. Due to the general lack of preparation of the executive branch of government, legislative measures aimed at the state monopolization of the commodity market failed to bring under state control the procurement system and the most important counter-currency. As a result, the market returned to free trade relations.
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Zaidun, Muchammad, Yuniarti i Widhayani Dian Pawestri. "Investor Legitimate Expectation and Indirect Expropriation in Domestic Regulation Concerning the Application of Domestic Raw Application". Yuridika 37, nr 2 (29.08.2022): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i2.36278.
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Law No 11/2020 concerning Job Creation (Omnibus Law’) mandates the use of domestic raw materials for all industries in Indonesia. Following the passage of the Omnibus Law, Indonesia issued Government Regulation No 28/2021 concerning Industrial Management and Presidential Regulation No 12/2021 concerning the amendment of Presidential Regulation No 16/2018 concerning Government Procurement of Goods and Services. Both regulations oblige all industries in Indonesia to use domestic raw materials pursuant to the Omnibus Law. In investment law, this kind of policy could lead to indirect expropriation because when an investor makes an investment in a host country, the raw material and machines for production might come from their home state or other states. Furthermore, a public-private partnership contract with investors funding infrastructure projects for at least 50 years using materials agreed upon in advance will lead to indirect expropriation. The method used in this research was legal research theory with statute and conceptual approaches. From this research, the policy of the Indonesian government can be described as indirect expropriation because the regulation is effective and enforced.
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Setyagama, Azis, Wawan Susilo, Purwanto, Eko Wahyono i Muchamad Su’ud. "INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY PROHIBITS THE EXPORT OF NICKEL ORE IN THE FORM OF RAW MATERIALS". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, nr 2 (29.02.2024): e1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i2.1163.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research is to critically examine the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting the export of nickel ore and its implications from a legal, regulatory, and economic perspective. By conducting a thorough analysis of relevant regulations, including Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation (Permen ESDM) No. 11 of 2019, this study aims to elucidate the rationale behind the prohibition and assess its impact on Indonesia's economic sovereignty, value addition in the nickel industry, and international trade relations. Additionally, the research seeks to provide recommendations to stakeholders, particularly the Indonesian Government, on navigating the challenges and opportunities associated with the nickel ore export prohibition, with a view toward promoting sustainable economic development and maximizing the benefits derived from the country's mineral resources. Theoretical framework: This research uses a multidisciplinary theoretical framework to analyze the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports. It uses normative legal theory, constitutional law, administrative law, resource curse theory, export-led growth theory, trade policy analysis, state sovereignty, political economy perspectives, and international relations theory to understand the policy's implications on legal, economic, and political dynamics at domestic and international levels. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining normative legal research with qualitative analysis, to examine the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports. It examines the legal framework, aligns with international norms, and gathers insights from stakeholders through interviews, document analysis, and thematic analysis. The findings are then analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the policy's legal, economic, and socio-political dimensions. Findings: The Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports has led to increased value addition, employment opportunities, and technology transfer. This policy aligns with Indonesia's sovereignty over its natural resources, aligns with international obligations, and enjoys domestic support. The policy has potential long-term implications for sustainable development and strategic positioning, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to resource management and international trade relations. Research, Practical & Social Implication: The research provides a comprehensive analysis of Indonesia's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports, offering insights for future studies. It also informs comparative studies, policy design, diplomatic engagement, and social implications. The policy's potential for economic development and environmental protection is highlighted, promoting sustainable management of Indonesia's mineral resources. Originality/Value: This research explores Indonesia's policy prohibiting nickel ore exports, focusing on its economic, legal, and socio-political implications. It uses a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating legal, economic, and political perspectives. The empirical data from stakeholder interviews and document analysis provides valuable insights. The findings have practical implications for policymakers and international actors in resource governance and sustainable development.
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Yanita, Mirawati, Zulkifli Alamsyah, Gina Fauzia, Ernawati Hamid i Dompak Napitupulu. "Development prospects of Indonesia's biodiesel industry: A study of raw material, market, and policy aspects". E3S Web of Conferences 373 (2023): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337304021.
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Biodiesel is a fuel substitute for diesel which is considered more environmentally friendly because the raw materials used come from a mixture of palm vegetable oil, increasing production. The emergence of black palm oil campaigns in several importing countries has encouraged the urgency of biodiesel development in Indonesia. This study aims to; photograph the development of the Indonesian biodiesel industry and describe the development prospects of the Indonesian biodiesel industry in terms of raw materials, markets and policies. This research method uses descriptive analysis to examine the chances of developing the Indonesian biodiesel industry regarding raw materials, markets, and policies. The results showed that; the development of the Indonesian biodiesel industry continues to increase when viewed from the aspects of increasingly large raw materials, promising markets, and policies. It will continue to be studied and updated by the Indonesian government, so it is hoped that this biodiesel can significantly replace imported diesel and absorb Indonesian palm oil. The biodiesel industry in Indonesia has an extensive prospect to continue after implementing the B-30, which was first implemented in 2020. It can be achieved by paying attention to the available raw materials used in the biodiesel industry.
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Gunawan, Yordan, Muhammad Nur Rifqi Amirullah i Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang. "ICJ Jurisdiction Over the Case of Policy to Stop Nickel Exports: European Union v. Indonesia". Jambe Law Journal 6, nr 1 (29.05.2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.6.1.1-22.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding the European Union's legal action against Indonesia in response to Indonesia's policy to halt the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore. The research methodology employed for this paper is normative legal research, relying primarily on legal materials that encompass normative law for data collection. The outcome of this study indicates that Indonesia has implemented a measure to cease the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore, leading to the domestic downstream management of mineral resources within the country. In addition, the purpose of the export stop is the strong desire of the Indonesian government so that all raw materials are managed domestically and can invite investors from abroad to invest in Indonesia. However, the European Union (EU), as one of the enthusiasts and consumers of nickel ore raw materials, objected to the policy issued by Indonesia. The form of objection from the EU is to sue Indonesia to the WTO. The EU objected to the policies issued by the Indonesian government because they could interfere with various policies taken by the EU. The policy is expected that in 2050 the EU will be free from CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the EU argues that the cost of nickel ore, once domestically managed, is anticipated to undergo a significant increase, surpassing the prevailing market price. The author scrutinizes the jurisdictional aspects regulated by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) within this context
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Syamsuddin, Azrin, i Akhmad Fauzi. "Policy Strategy for The Use of Cantrang Fishing Tools". JURNAL AGRIBISAINS 9, nr 2 (1.10.2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jagi.v9i2.8478.
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This study aims to: 1) recommendations on the use of cantrang fishing gear (API) in Paciran District, Lamongan Regency, East Java, 2) integrating a participatory approach for the government and cantrang fishermen in their activities. Quantitative method, and purposive sample selection. Data collection October - November 2019. 20 respondents were selected for the multi-criteria assessment. Stakeholders consist of central and regional regulators, fisherman groups in the research location. Stakeholders know the options for action, and produce: 1) program-based evaluation of policies; 2) Evaluation based on Policies to Scenario. Hypotheses: a) Conservation, b) Economy, c) Integration, d) Smartfish. Data were analyzed using Multipol. The revitalization program and product quality are closer to the fish map and fisherman training programs. Conservation policies, closer to infrastructure programs, marine tourism, fish maps, and fishermen training. Each policy scores on the scenario, superior production policies on the demand side scenario, raw material and income policies have a higher score on the supply side scenario. Best average score on revenue policy, followed by raw materials, conservation and production. Income, conservation, production and raw material policies can be implemented in supply-side and demand-side scenarios. Results of Actions and Policy, the highest scores on marine tourism, infrastructure, fishermen training, and fish maps; The results of Action on Policy, marine tourism are determined by fishermen's infrastructure, and the quality of fishermen's products, raw material policies, supporting infrastructure programs, fish maps, and fishermen's training with the highest scores. Development of raw materials, relying on infrastructure, fish map technology, fishermen training, so that fishermen are more reliable. Scenario and Policy Results, policies on income, conservation, production and raw materials, can be implemented in supply side and demand side scenarios (infrastructure and marine tourism).
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Hillman, John. "Bolivia and British Tin Policy, 1939–1945". Journal of Latin American Studies 22, nr 1-2 (marzec 1990): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015467.
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During the Second World War, Bolivia became the single most important source of tin for the Allies. As with other Latin American countries who were placed in the position of supplying essential raw materials,1 Bolivia confronted a situation where the operation of normal market forces was suspended. Access to Axis markets was denied, and prices were set through government intervention, often at widely divergent levels in different markets. As a result, the impression was created that the poor producers were prevented from enjoying a wartime bonanza by exploitative collusion on the part of the rich consumers.
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Hamdamov, Behzod Kh. "THE POLICY OF RESETTLEMENT OF RUSSIANS TO THE TERRITORY OF TURKESTAN, TURNING IT INTO A RAW MATERIAL BASE FOR COTTON". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, nr 12 (1.12.2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-24.
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One of the motives for the subjugation of Central Asia was the desire of tsarism to turn it into a colonization area for the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. However, Uzbekistan did little to justify the calculations of the tsarist government, since there was no free irrigated land. Peasant colonization became widespread only on the territory of Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The resettlement of Russian peasants was often accompanied by a violent seizure of the lands of the indigenous population. The kulak settlers exploited both the local population and the Russian poor. The tsarist government attached great importance to the resettlement of part of the peasants of Russian villages to Central Asia in order to mitigate the social contradictions in Russia caused by the lack of land in connection with the development of capitalist relations in Russian agriculture. Already in 1869, rules on peasant settlements in Semirechye were developed, which created favorable conditions for the influx of Russian settlers. During the period from 1888 to 1916, the sowing of cotton increased by almost 10 times (from 68.5 thousand dessiatins to 680 thousand 911 dessiatins), and the gross cotton harvest increased by almost 7 times (from 2.27 million poods per year). 1879 to 14.9 million poods – in 1916) The area of irrigated land and the production of agricultural products increased significantly, the range of agricultural sectors expanded. Cotton attracted Russian capital to Central Asia. At least 30 of the largest trading companies were engaged in its production and purchase. The main creditors were the largest banks in Russia
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Buratovic, Emma, Dervis Cocalic, Kasper Eliasson, Matilda Danestig i Linus Everlid. "Controversial Materials : Ethical issues in the production of mineral based raw materials". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327393.
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This report has investigated the ethical issues associated with mining or processing of materials that make them considered as controversial. For each material, the main areas of use and the top producing countries are analysed, followed by social and/or environmental issues as well as potential problems in the future. In total, 13 materials are discussed, of which most are minerals. The overall issues, that are recurring throughout the report and are important to be aware of are: child labor, low safety standards, mining activity resulting in deforestation or harming biodiversity, mining processes that affect communities (e.g. because of large water consumption) and the risks associated with widespread illegal mining. The report also provides research about organisations and initiatives that aim to affect the problems, and gives a brief view over tools that can be used to increase awareness of these issues.
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Květová, Lenka. "Foreign direct investment vs. development assistance as tools of foreign policy: Chinese policy in Africa". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191978.
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This thesis examines Chinese foreign direct investments in Sub-Saharan Africa and their influence on Chinese foreign policy on the continent between the years 2004 and 2010. It is often believed that oil and raw materials are the principal determinants of Chinese investments in Africa. However, this research suggests that even though there exists strong correlation between the existence of reserves of raw materials and FDI distribution, such motivation is not the only one. Pragmatism, manifested by the Chinese government in FDI allocation, can lead the People's Republic to invest in controversial countries with bad governance like Sudan. China is then forced to keep closer relations with such countries and thus promote their stability to protect its investments. Tools of such efforts include foreign policy, closer cooperation on multilateral level, which includes establishment of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, and foreign aid.
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ZICHELLA, LORENA. "Natural stone sludge as secondary raw materials: towards a new sustainable recovery process". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2742785.
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Sklyarova, Mariya, i Tetiana Kobets. "Eco-efficiency for sustainability : IKEA's environmental policy in Russia". Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-922.
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In the modern world businesses are seen more often not only as carriers of technological development, innovations, capital investments and profit makers. The present-day situation with growing ecological problems has put a high demand on organizational environmental responsibility of small, medium, large and transnational enterprises all over the world. IKEA is a well known furniture and textile retailer operating worldwide. The company has received a great amount of publicity concerning its leadership in adopting more environmentally friendly measures in manufacturing process and operations. The company issues its global sustainability report yearly and is very popular with the media; however, the actual environmental impact of IKEA’s production and operation may be more damaging than it is usually perceived. The following research work aims to provide the answer whether IKEA is really eco-efficient and looks with more detail to its operation in Russia. A sound theoretical background is provided concerning the definition and means of measuring eco-efficiency, as well as its place in the concept of sustainable development. A great emphasis is placed on comparing IKEA initiatives worldwide and in Russia, as well as discussing their actual environmental impact. Finally, barriers and challenges IKEA faces when implementing its environmental policy in Russia are defined and conclusions are drawn.
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Castro, Camila Elisa Alves de. "Produção de biodiesel pelas cadeias produtivas de soja, canola e girassol no Rio Grande do Sul". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127235.
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A busca de fontes sustentáveis de combustíveis líquidos, com o intuito de substituir o petróleo por uma fonte renovável e reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa, destacaram e impulsionaram a produção e comercialização de biodiesel. Este biocombustível é uma fonte de energia renovável menos poluente e produzida a partir de diferentes matérias-primas. O Brasil possui promissor potencial como produtor destas matérias-primas, bem como do próprio biodiesel, pois possui políticas públicas favoráveis e detém a tecnologia necessária. No País, a produção e uso de biodiesel se sustenta em recente quadro institucional, a fim de desenvolver o suporte de conhecimentos, marco legal e introduzir este combustível na matriz energética brasileira. A diversificação de matérias-primas para produzir biodiesel está entre os principais objetivos dos programas instituídos. Todavia, no País, este biocombustível é produzido predominantemente com soja. Com o objetivo de entender os motivos da preeminência desta oleaginosa, buscou-se avaliar a competitividade, eficiência econômica e efeitos de políticas na produção de biodiesel pelas cadeias produtivas de soja, canola e girassol no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método da Matriz de Análise Política (MAP), o qual auxilia na análise e definição de políticas públicas, e na identificação de possíveis falhas de mercado que possam impactar os resultados econômicos das cadeias agroindustriais, do mesmo modo que avalia a competitividade e eficiência econômica destes sistemas de produção e comercialização. Os resultados indicaram a superioridade da produção de biodiesel a partir da cadeia da soja, pois esta apresenta maior competitividade e eficiência econômica. Por outro lado, foram quantificadas as distorções de políticas que desfavorecem a rentabilidade privada e social das três cadeias estudadas, como, por exemplo, o sistema de pagamento ao produtor rural baseado no peso de grãos, mesmo que os percentuais e preços do óleo sejam muito diferentes entre as matérias primas, afora as diferenças significativas nos padrões tecnológicos adotados nas lavouras.The search for sustainable sources of liquid fuels, in order to replace oil with a renewable source and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, provided prominence to the biodiesel. This biofuel is a renewable source of clean energy and produced from different raw materials. Brazil has a promising potential as a producer of these raw materials as well as the biodiesel itself, because it has favorable public policies and has the necessary technology. In Brazil, the production and use of biodiesel is based on recent institutional framework in order to develop and introduce this fuel in the Brazilian energy matrix. The diversification of raw materials to produce biodiesel is among the main objectives of the programs established by the government. However, in Brazil, this biofuel is predominantly produced using soybeans. In order to understand the reasons for the predominance of this oilseed, we evaluated the competitiveness, economic efficiency and political effects in biodiesel production by productive chains of soybean, canola and sunflower in Rio Grande do Sul. For this, we used the method of the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), which assists in analyzing and defining public policies and identifying possible market failures that might impact on economic outcomes of agribusiness chains, just as assesses the competitiveness and efficiency of these systems. The results indicated the superiority of biodiesel production from soybean chain, as this presents greater competitiveness and economic efficiency. On the other hand, policy distortions were observed which disadvantage the private and social profitability of the three chains studied, such as the farmer’s payment system based on the seed weight, even if the percentage and oil prices differ substantially from the raw materials, besides the significant differences in technological standards adopted in crops.
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Hladíková, Andrea. "Energetická závislost EU - stávající stav a návrh řešení". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113691.
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In the first part of my diploma thesis I analyze energy policies of six selected Member states (France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Finland and Czech Republic) and the development of the creation efforts of the external European Union's energy policy during the process of the european integration. Third chapter is devoted to the analysis of the EU's energy situation, primarily to the possibilities of the reduction of the strong EU's external energy dependence. The following chapter deals with the analysis of global raw materials market and their (potential) suppliers. In the last chapter I analyze creation possibility of the common external energy policy as the energy security tool of Member states.
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Yiu, Lo, i 姚魯. "The development and implementation of the strategic trade control system in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: an exploratory study". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4456983X.
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Dussaux, Damien. "Les effets des politiques environnementales sur le commerce international des déchets, l’innovation verte, et la compétitivité, dans un monde globalisé". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0047/document.
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Les politiques environnementales unilatérales, destinées à corriger les défaillances de marché, peuvent échouer dans un monde globalisé. Dans cette thèse, j'analyse plusieurs mécanismes dans lesquels certaines réglementations environnementales peuvent conduire à un équilibre sous optimal dans une situation de libre-échange. J'étudie également la façon dont certaines politiques environnementales telles que les politiques de recyclages peuvent contribuer à atteindre d'autres objectifs politiques à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le premier chapitre de cette dissertation, j'analyse l'impact des différences de taxation sur la gestion des déchets entre différents pays sur les échanges bilatéraux de déchets entre les pays membres de l'Union Européenne. Je trouve qu'une différence entre les taux de taxes a un impact non négligeable sur la quantité de déchets exportés des pays à fort niveau de taxation vers les pays à faible niveau de taxation. Ce résultat illustre l'impact néfaste que peuvent avoir, en situation de libre échange, les comportements stratégiques de type « nivellement par le bas ». Ce résultat a d'importantes implications en termes de politiques publiques car ces comportements stratégiques peuvent conduire à une sous internalisation des dommages environnementaux. Les politiques de recyclages ont originellement été mises en place pour réduire les impacts environnementaux du traitement des déchets. En réalité, elles peuvent aussi contribuer à la diminution de la dépendance en matières premières à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que les politiques de recyclages, qui stimulent la production locale de matières premières secondaires, ont un impact négatif substantiel sur les importations de matières premières métalliques. Dans le troisième chapitre, je teste empiriquement si la délocalisation vers les pays à faible coût de production diminue la propension des entreprises à développer des technologies vertes. Je trouve que la capacité d'importer des matériaux en provenance des pays à bas coût a réduit de manière drastique l'innovation verte dans les pays à coût de production élevé durant les dernières décennies. Dans le dernier chapitre, j'utilise des données sur les entreprises industrielles françaises pour tester empiriquement la majorité des hypothèses formulées par Porter et van der Linde. Mon analyse empirique rejette l'hypothèse de Porter bien que l'impact négatif des réglementations environnementales sur la profitabilité des firmes soit plutôt faible. Ce résultat constitue une preuve d'une condition nécessaire mais non suffisante à l'existence de havres de pollutionIn a globalized world, unilateral environmental policies may fail to correct market failures from a global point of view. In this dissertation, I examine some mechanisms through which environmental regulations could lead to inefficient outcomes under free trade. I also investigate how particular environmental policies such as recycling policies can help to address other concerns at the country level. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I analyze how cross-country difference in waste taxes impacts the bilateral trade in waste between the member states of the European Union. I find that a higher asymmetry in the waste taxes is associated with a non negligible amount of waste exported from strict countries to lax countries. This result illustrates the harmful impact that "race to the bottom" behaviours can have under free trade. This result has important policy implications since these behaviours can lead to an insufficient internalization of the environmental damages caused by waste management activities. Recycling policies are implemented to reduce environmental impacts but they can also mitigate country dependence on foreign raw materials. In the second chapter, I find that recycling policies substantially reduce country dependence on foreign raw materials by stimulating domestic production of secondary raw materials. In the third chapter, I test empirically whether offshoring to low-production-cost countries reduces firms' propensity to innovate in clean technologies. I find that trade with low-cost countries may have significantly reduced green innovation in high production cost countries during the last decades. In the last chapter, I use micro-data on French manufacturing to test a major part of the assumptions made in the seminal work of Porter and van der Linde. I find evidence against the Porter Hypothesis although the negative impact of regulations on firm profitability is rather small. This is evidence of a necessary but not sufficient condition for the Pollution Haven Hypothesis
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Chang, Jaw-Huan, i 張肇煥. "The Optimal Inventory Policy of Production in View ofthe Holding Costs for Raw Materials". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52078830464995773553.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
99
Abstract In current inventory-management environment, enterprise must pay much attention to the raw materials on stock-holding cost which is always ignored, in order to sustain, thereby acquiring better financial conditions to create new business opportunities, i.e. reducing cost to allocating funds more effectively. The mode of economic production quantity (EPQ), the major increase of raw material inventory holding costs of the part of the establishment of strategic raw materials inventory model. Therefore, the cost model of production operations covering: production operations set-up costs and holding costs of raw materials and production stage inventory holding costs and inventory holding costs of finished goods of research. In this study, the production cost of inventories and total related costs with the model is divided into two categories: first category (reference chapter third), the rate of adverse construction-related manufactured goods excluding inventory model; the other (chapter four), production operations produce adverse rate, increased rate of purchase of bad material inventory model. Participation in the four and third chapters are a inventory model to calculate the best time of the operating cycle, and the per unit time of production on total related costs, so managers need to find these models to optimize inventory. Finally, the two inventory model values listed in Example, and the table had shows the value of the relationship between the two modes, for comparative analysis. This example showed up that the difference between the two models, but seeks the best operating cycle and the best order quantity, no significant differences. Therefore, the data analysis then managers can choose the most appropriate model, as a production inventory management(EPQ)decision.
Książki na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Nepal. Dept. of Industries. Material consumption norms. Kathmandu: Govt. of Nepal, Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Supplies, Dept. of Industries, 2006.
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Skogmar, Gunnar. Studier i stormakternas råvarupolitik under mellankrigstiden. Roskilde: [Institut for historie og samfundsforhold ved Roskilde universitetscenter, 1988.
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Bhargava, B. P. Import of capital goods, raw materials, components, and consumables: Law, policy, and procedure. New Delhi: Vidhi Foundation, 1990.
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Ogunwusi, A. A., A. P. Onwualu, A. E. Inyang i I. C. Olife. Raw materials development for the transformation of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, 2013.
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Ken, Geiser, Irwin Frances H i World Wildlife Fund (U.S.), red. Rethinking the materials we use: A new focus for pollution policy. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund, 1993.
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India) India Steel Summit (8th 2014 New Delhi. 8th India Steel Summit: Investment scenario & raw material security. New Delhi: The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2014.
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Pfeil, Florian, i Raimund Bleischwitz. Globale Rohstoffpolitik: Herausforderungen für Sicherheit, Entwicklung und Umwelt. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009.
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Tietenberg, Thomas H. Environmental & natural resource economics. Wyd. 9. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education, 2012.
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Zamęcki, Łukasz. Polityka surowcowa II Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1935-1939: (analiza decyzyjna). Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Aspra-JR", 2010.
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Maull, Hanns. Strategische Rohstoffe: Risiken für die wirtschaftliche Sicherheit des Westens. München: R. Oldenbourg, 1988.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Tiess, Günter. "Utilisation of non-energy raw materials". W General and International Mineral Policy, 39–53. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89005-9_2.
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Tiess, Günter. "Demand and supply of non-energy raw materials in Europe". W General and International Mineral Policy, 55–136. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89005-9_3.
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Horváth, Á., A. Takácsné Papp i P. Bihari. "Coal-fired power plants in the crossfire of the European Union's energy and climate policy". W Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector, 147–58. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003259954-16.
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Šolar, Slavko V., Luca Demicheli i Patrick Wall. "Raw Materials Initiative: A Contribution to the European Minerals Policy Framework". W Non-Renewable Resource Issues, 21–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8679-2_2.
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López-Ibor Mayor, Vicente, i E. J. I. López-Ibor Mayor. "The Formation of Energy Law as a Discipline That Integrates the Principle of Energy Justice". W Just Transitions, 17–22. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46282-5_3.
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AbstractJustice and energy are undoubtedly a combination of the highest importance. It touches the most important values and foundations of society. It also brings together important elements such as energy and climate policy, regulation and principles of energy law. The transition requires overarching principles that are valid and applicable to all energy sources, hence the importance of identifying energy justice as a principle, its constituent elements and its legal, technical and economic implications. Energy justice, in turn, requires that energy law considers the entire supply chain; the impacts and projections, from the extraction or use of raw materials to infrastructure development, transformation and provision of economic general services of general interest.
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Buti, Marco, Alessandro Coloccia i Marcello Messori. "11. European Public Goods". W Financing Investment in Times of High Public Debt, 191–200. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0386.11.
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A well-functioning economic union needs a permanent central fiscal capacity. Stepping up the supply of European Public Goods (EPGs) delivered and financed at EU level appears the most promising avenue. EPGs should meet a number of criteria at the intersection of the economic theory of public goods, the theory of fiscal federalism, and EU-specific institutional and political features. The green, digital, and social transition; the supply of critical raw materials; health; security; and defence define the areas where economic, institutional, and political coherence meet. Several issues still need to be addressed before EPGs could be launched at the appropriate scale. However, the ongoing mid-term review of the EU Multiannual Financial Framework provides an opportunity for bringing EPGs to the centre of the policy debate.
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Shi, Changhong, i Ruiting Guo. "Research on the Relationship Between Government Incentives, Carbon Information Index and High-Quality Development of Enterprises Under the Background of Double Carbon: Taking Chemical Raw Materials and Chemical Product Manufacturing as an Example". W Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Sport Science, Education and Social Development (SSESD 2022), 316–28. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-13-8_40.
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Kim, Soyeun. "From Goa to Angola: Exploring Ideas and Mechanisms in Japan’s Kaihatsu-Yunyū". W The Semantics of Development in Asia, 179–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1215-1_12.
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AbstractThe chapter investigates the evolution, ideational background, and implementation mechanisms of kaihatsu-yunyū (the “develop-and-import” scheme). In exploring and historicising this little studied topic, the chapter first examines the earliest form of kaihatsu-yunyū as seen in the Goa formula first appeared in 1951. The Goa formula was essentially a long-term resource-backed credit agreement in which Japan exported the necessary capital goods and technology to India—formerly considered as part of Southeast Asia—in exchange for iron ore as repayment. The chapter then surveys kaihatsu-yunyū in the context of Japan’s economic cooperation during the 1950s and 1960s as a dual-purpose policy tool to rebuild trade relations with Southeast Asia by securing raw materials from it, and expanding exports to the region. It also examines kaihatsu-yunyū-style aid that was designed to promote trade with Southeast Asia. To conclude, the chapter briefly discusses the legacy and significance of kaihatsu-yunyū—particularly the influence of Goa on the “Aid for Trade” agenda and China's contemporary large-scale resource-for-infrastructure swap agreements under its Angola model.
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Andabaka, Ana. "Circular Construction Principles: From Theoretical Perspective to Practical Application in Public Procurement". W Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment, 3–13. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_1.
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AbstractThis paper aims to highlight the role of government and other public authorities in promoting the implementation of circular economy principles in the built environment. Circular construction ecosystem is based on circular building design and the coordinated action of stakeholders along the value chain. Government and local authorities have a special role to play in the built environment as they manage infrastructure and act as regulators and enablers as well. Moreover, circular building design strategies should be encouraged through the government policy tools like public procurement allowing public authorities to formulate tenders that incorporate circular economy principles when purchasing goods, services, and works related to the built environment. The case studies presented show that public procurement can be a valuable tool for promoting circular use of materials and reducing waste, encouraging the construction of circularly designed zero-emission buildings, and stimulating market innovation that reduces the environmental impact of construction while providing benefits to society. Thus, public authorities can be a powerful force driving change and innovation in the construction industry towards more circularity in the built environment.
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Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan, Johan Bouma, Serena Caucci i Lulu Zhang. "Organic Waste Composting Through Nexus Thinking: Linking Soil and Waste as a Substantial Contribution to Sustainable Development". W Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_1.
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AbstractThis introductory chapter explains why organic waste composting is considered as one of the best examples to demonstrate the benefits of nexus thinking. Current literature is rich with information covering various aspects of composting process. However, it mainly represents two distinct fields: waste from the management point of view and soil/agriculture from the nutrient recycling point of view. It is hard to find information on how these two fields can benefit from each other, except for a few examples found within large agricultural fields/businesses. A policy/institutional framework that supports a broader integration of management of such resources is lacking: a structure that goes beyond the typical municipal or ministerial boundaries. There is a clear need to address this gap, and nexus thinking can help immensely close the gap by facilitating the mindset needed for policy integration. Good intention of being sustainable is not enough if there is no comprehensive plan to find a stable market for the compost as a product. Therefore, the chapter also discusses the strong need to have a good business case for composting projects. Composting can also support achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. While directly supporting SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and SDG 13 (Climate action), enhanced composting practices may also assist us reach several other targets specified in other SDGs. While encouraging waste composting as a sustainable method of waste and soil management, we should also be cautious about the possible adverse effects compost can have on the environment and public health, especially due to some non-traditional raw materials that we use nowadays such as wastewater sludge and farm manure. Towards the end, we urge for the improvement of the entire chain ranging from waste generation to waste collection/separation to compost formation and, finally, application to soil to ensure society receives the maximum benefit from composting.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Baan, Bram B. "Impact on Government Policy Prohibiting Export of Mining Products and Minerals Raw Materials". W 2018 International Conference on Energy and Mining Law (ICEML 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceml-18.2018.15.
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Noyan Yalman, İlkay, Mutlu Türkoğlu i Yalçın Yalman. "Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) and Foreign Trade Policy". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01207.
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A high level of a country’s foreign trade is related to the growth of foreign earnings, to the acceleration of investments, to increase employment and contributes significantly to the growth of the country's economy. In this context, SMEs as one of the mile stones of the economy, foreign trade and economic growth are located in the leading roles. Especially SMEs sufficiently developed oppressed against strong opponents abroad, government policies or practices in trade restrictive policies are some of the reasons for this downside.
SMEs that exports goods, or the infrastructure needed to produce goods for SMEs who import raw materials as well as the country's foreign trade policies and developments in the world economy is important. SMEs to follow the development, recognizing competitors, new markets, new products is very important in terms of growth both business and the countries.
In this study, SMEs engaged in foreign trade in Sivas Province performing an application on in terms of both the business and government policy at the local level status will be examined. Data will be obtained on issues such as ultimately foreign trade potential of existing SMEs while doing foreign trade problems they face, strengths and weaknesses, market policies at national and international levels, the opinions about the state's foreign trade policy. The results obtained from the data on SMEs engaged in foreign trade by making general inferences about the data obtained on a micro scale, will allow making inferences on the macro scale.
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Ayşen Hiç Gencer i Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz. "The Relationships between Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A Study on the Countries of Central Asia and Caucasus". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00424.
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The relationships among input, production and market suddenly broke down after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The reflections of this disintegration are deeply felt in the Central Asian and in the Caucasian economies, which lack the traditions of being a government. The imbalances in the supply and demand, such as shutting down of factories due to breakdown of production relations and the resulting severe rise in the unemployment rate, caused a transition recession. As well-known in the literature, the main reason behind this is the interdependency of the production structures in these newly independent former Soviet countries. Large industrial establishments were left alone due to lack of sufficient raw materials and other inputs, due to lack of new technologies, and/or due to political void resulting from the transition period. In the newly established economic and political system, all of these countries, namely Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, try to realize their economic growth and development by specializing in the production of goods in which they have an economic advantage in terms of competitiveness. In this study, the effects of competitiveness on economic growth is investigated for these 7 countries during the 1995-2010 period using panel data analysis based on the Lafay index. In the light of the results of this research, policy recommendations are attempted in order to determine the sectors in which these countries are more competitive and hence to suggest ways of increasing their economic growth rate.
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Kobayashi, T., M. Kato, H. Sori, Y. Sasai, M. Sato, T. Inada, K. Harada i T. Okada. "Sustainable Progression of Technology Education for Atomic Energy Engineering in Tsuyama National College of Technology". W 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16567.
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This study describes the achievements of a program that provides technology education about low-level radiation to develop practical core engineers. An education program starting at an early age and continuous and consistent educational agendas through seven years of college has been constructed in collaboration with regional organizations. Subjects relating to atomic energy or nuclear engineering were regrouped as “Subjects Related to Atomic Power Education” for most grades in each department. These subjects were included in the syllabus and the student guide book to emphasize a continuous and consistent policy throughout the seven-year period of college study, comprising the five-year system and the additional two-year advanced course. Furthermore, the content of lectures, experiments, and internships was enriched and realigned in collaboration with the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Okayama University, and Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc. Additional educational materials were developed from inspection visits by teaching staff to atomic energy facilities were also used in the classes. Two student experiment textbooks were developed to promote two of the subjects related to atomic energy: “Cloud Chamber Experiment” and “A Test of γ-ray Inverse Square Law.” In addition to the expansion and rearrangement of atomic power education, research on atomic power conducted for graduation thesis projects was undertaken to enhance educational and research activities. Some examples are as follows: “Study on the Relation between γ Dose Rate and Rainfall in Northern Okayama Area,” “Remote Sensing of Radiation Dose Rate by Customizing an Autonomous Robot,” and “Nuclear Reaction Analysis for Composition Measurement of BN Thin Films.” It should be noted that an atomic-energy-related education working group has been in place officially to continue the above activities in the college since 2011. In consequence, although government subsidy has been decreasing, both human and material resources have been enhanced, and many students with a satisfactory understanding of atomic energy are being developed. This program was partially funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan.
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van Engelenburg, Selinde, Boriana Rukanova, Jolien Ubacht, Siu Lie Tan, Yao-Hua Tan i Marijn Janssen. "From requirements to a research agenda for governments governing reuse of critical raw materials in the circular economy". W dg.o 2022: The 23st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3543434.3543645.
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Fauza, G., Y. Amer, S. H. Lee i H. Prasetyo. "An inventory model of production-inventory policy for food products considering quality loss in raw materials". W 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2015.7385780.
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Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, Krzysztof Galos i Katarzyna Guzik. "SAFEGUARDING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AS THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN UNION RAW MATERIALS SECURITY IN THE ERA OF UNSTABLE GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS". W 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s03.046.
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The economic results of many dynamically developing European countries largely depend on the availability of mineral raw materials. For this reason, securing their supplies from import must be supported by a committed foreign policy as well as a sustainable raw materials policy in the field of their obtaining from domestic sources, both from mineral deposits, as well as secondary and waste sources. Raw material security must be based on the diversification of supply sources and minimizing supply risks. The results of analyses show that the European Union relies heavily on imported raw materials, especially in industries recognized as strategic (renewable Energy - wind & PV; grids, Li-ion batteries (LIB), electric vehicles (EVs), Robotics and defense). Moreover, most of the import sources are countries with high or very high risk of supply. Recently, these risks are higher due to unstable political situation in Eastern Europe. Taking into account above, the European Union should consider the possibility of further development of its own mining industry, based on its own resources. The raw material potential of European countries is significant, but recently problems related to the possibility of launching new mining projects have been increasing. Social, environmental and spatial conditions play a decisive role. In this context, particular attention should be paid to the properly implemented policy of mineral deposits safeguarding which provides access to primary sources of raw materials (deposits), thus reducing dependence from unstable import sources.
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Shumilova, L. V., K. K. Razmakhnin i A. N. Khatkova. "EXTRACTION OF GOLD FROM TECHNOGENIC RAW MATERIALS WITH PRELIMINARY OXIDATION OF CARBONACEOUS SUBSTANCES". W XVI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "METALLURGY OF NON-FERROUS, RARE AND NOBLE METALS" named after corresponding member of the RAS Gennady Leonidovich PASHKOVA. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/sfu.mnfrpm.2023.47-58.
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In accordance with the state policy of the innovative development path of Russia and the tightening of requirements for the introduction of the best available technologies that ensure the possibility of compromise coexistence of two systems: human nature, human technology, it becomes necessary to develop environmentally friendly methods for leaching gold. Therefore, the search for a substitute of aggressive cyanide for lowtoxic solvents using the intensification methods of the process in order to fully extract the noble metal is an urgent scientific task.
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Sumburova, Elena Ivanovna. "THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF THE STATE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE 1920-1930S (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)". W Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-66/71.
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The article is devoted to studying the aspects of the educational policy of the Soviet government in the 1920-1930s among the numerous non-Russian peoples who lived in the USSR. On the basis of census data and archival documents of higher education institutions in the Middle Volga region, the author analyzes the main directions of government action and methods for improving the educational level among the indigenous population of the region.
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Lins, Saulo de Oliveira, i Mauricio Johnny Loos. "The importance of remuneration policy in motivating and retaining professionals in organizations". W I Seven International Engineering Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniengineering-031.
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In organizations, the main active capital, asset or wealth, are people. In addition to investments in machines, equipment, raw materials, methods and processes, organizations need to invest in their main differentiator for success, in their workforce, in their talents with the capacity for transformation and overcoming. As the main mainspring and driving force within any organization are people, they are the ones who make the other resources of an organization function with quality. They are the agents of transformation and should be the main investment of entrepreneurs.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Raw materials – government policy"
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Bernal, Richard L. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean: Potential and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009313.
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China has recently become the third largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world and is a major source of development aid for developing countries, including those in the Caribbean. The capital flows it provides have taken the form of loans to governments to finance infrastructure projects and to expand production of oil and other raw materials. There have been indications of interest in further investment in the Caribbean from Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. This is driven by both state policy, which seeks to more actively integrate China into the global economy, and enterprise-level interests by both state and private enterprises. Caribbean governments have generally been receptive to prospective incoming FDI. This paper identifies the instances of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean to date and discusses the potential for further investment, highlighting opportunities in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, mining, infrastructure, and fishing. The factors influencing the emergence of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean include: the ongoing learning process by both investors and the governments of host countries; the performance of vanguard companies; transnational ethnic business networks; the local business environment; and the policies of Caribbean governments.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro i Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.
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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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Tcha, MoonJoong. From Potato Chips to Computer Chips: Features of Korea's Economic Development: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, czerwiec 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007002.
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When considering countries of phenomenal economic development and growth, Korea is among the top tiers. While there are other economies with similar economic growth, including those of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, the economic growth of Korea is exceptional considering that the country lacked basic economic foundation in the past. R. Lucas Jr. (1993), a Nobel Laureate in economics and also a renowned scholar of the respective field, praised the country's economic success, by stating that "I do not think it is in any way an exaggeration to refer to this continuing transformation of Korean society as a miracle". As an evidence for his argument, he asserted "Never before have the lives of so many people undergone so rapid an improvement over so long a period, nor is there any sign that this progress is near its end". Yet, the history of Korea is more than just its outcome; it is the history of continuous national ordeal, a series of challenges and crisis that required people to toil night and day to overcome the situation. If it were not for today's splendid economic success, it would have been more appropriate to describe the history of Korea as that of wretchedness and misery. The fact that South Korea became one of the leading nations in the world is nothing less than a miracle, considering that it underwent many hardships after its independence such as fratricidal Korean War, a long period of dictatorship, 4.19 revolution as a reactionary to the dictatorship, 5.16 military coup, the engagement in the Vietnam War, two oil crises, another military coup afterwards, civil revolutions, a foreign exchange crisis, and the global economic crisis. Economic growth means value-added increase in a certain period of time. To boost this value-added increase, the elements of production such as labor, capital, and land must be both accumulated and invested. Furthermore, it requires the effective use of these elements by combining them when necessary, so that the best value can be drawn out. In other words, the vital factor in economic growth is raising productivity. Then, given similar situations, how come some countries show different performance in factor accumulation or productivity improvement? The accumulation of resources and increase of productivity depend on economic incentive. Proper institution in an economy that provides incentives for economic agents enables factors to flow and to be accumulated where productivity is high. It also gives motivation for innovation and improvement of productivity. Competition in product markets and acquisition of resources and raw materials with low cost through an open-door policy can induce the accumulation of elements and improvement of technology, where in a broader perspective, open-door policy can also be considered as a part of institution.The growth of the Korean economy is unique since only a few economies could demonstrate compatibly high growth rates for a long period. However, at the same time, Korea's case is never unique as its success story is based on factor accumulation, productivity enhancement and, most of all, a fundamental called institution. Its growth was possible due to the fact that there was a proper functioning of market backed by the establishment of proper institutions. The Korean government indeed worked favorably towards the establishment of institution and running of economy in a market-friendly manner. Some features of its growth pattern are worthwhile to be illustrated as there are still a large number of developing countries and high income countries with unstable institutions worldwide, which could gain from a part of Korea's story, at least, and collect substantial knowledge for their future growth.
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Wojciechowski, M. J. Recherche et développement dans le secteur des minéraux. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331554.
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Canada has the potential for good long-term development of its mineral resources, and needs to maintain a competitive position for crude minerals in export markets. Therefore, Canada should strongly support the mineral exploration and mining sectors. This conclusion is reinforced by the finding that most of the other countries in this study, which represent much of the world's mining technology and mining education expertise, are in or are approaching the decline phase of their mining industries' life cycles. They are also dependent on imported crude minerals, and are turning their R&D focus away from primary resources towards substitution and efficiency in the use of raw materials. This pattern of R&D focus is not appropriate for Canada, although it is in fact being followed. Canada should stress R&D in extractive metallurgy with a special emphasis on environmental and health aspects and on conservation of energy. This can give Canada a comparative advantage in smelting and refining over the United States and Western Europe, where the cost pressures resulting from dependence on raw materials and energy and from environmental controls make such R&D investments relatively unattractive. Canada should make special efforts to compensate for and reduce the negative effects of the prevalent separation of scientists and engineers from management and formulators of public policy. These three initiatives, if adopted, should help Canada to realize the benefits of its mineral endowment, to keep its mineral sector viable for the long term, to take advantage of opportunities arising from the decline of the primary mineral sectors in other countries, and to avoid being le ft potential. behind by newly emerging countries with mineral The views expressed in this report and in the background study are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Centre for Resource Studies and its sponsors, or of The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET).
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TERENTIEV, S., O. GRUNINA i L. PONOMAREVA. FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION OF DOUGH SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT PRODUCED USING LENTIL FLOUR. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-2-4-15-22.
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Bread consumption has a stable increase in the territory of Russia and in particular in the Ulyanovsk and Samara regions. Bread, as a fairly low-priced product, is in high demand among consumers, but this product is not biologically saturated with useful substances, therefore, in modern production, a number of techniques are used to increase the nutritional and biological value of these types of products. In our work, one of these methods will be considered - the introduction of lentil flour into dough preparations. The problem is that the state policy regarding import substitution, aimed at replacing food additives produced abroad, necessitates the use of food additives or raw materials of natural origin produced in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the lack of development of regulatory and technological documentation in this direction is a significant problem for public enterprises. nutrition. Purpose - to carry out the development of a recipe for a test semi-finished product produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose Results: based on the results of the study, a recipe for a test semi-finished product was developed, produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose.
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Gayá, Romina, Rodrigo Wagner, Eric Warner, Evan Ellis, Rhys Jenkins, Eduardo Bianchi, Gary Gereffi i in. Integration & Trade Journal: No. 40: June, 2016. Inter-American Development Bank, czerwiec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008303.
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How to build a convergence within the diversity of integrationist experiences? How can global efforts converge with regional and national realities through a glocal (global + local) governance that supports a productive integration and generates sustainable jobs? In this context of new challenges, Latin America must face the transformation of the Chinese economic model. After years of keeping prices of raw materials high, an exponential growth and an active investment policy in the region, Chinese economy grows at a slower rate, shows greater financial volatility, and shifts the focus from production to consumption. How will this metamorphosis impact on Latin-American development? What are the ways to overcome the stage of mere exchange of commodities for industrial products? How to move forward to a technology transfer that fosters innovation and facilitates export diversification? World-class authors, diplomats, negotiators, academics and private sector representatives analyze here the outlook of the linkage with the Asian giant. From an interdisciplinary approach, the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), a unit of the Department of Integration and Trade of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), makes through this volume a contribution to building a regional agenda to jointly address the questions of the current scenario.
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Cassity, Elizabeth, Debbie Wong, Jevelin Wendiady i Jennie Chainey. Teacher Development Multi-Year Study Series. Vanuatu: Final Report. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-729-8.
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The Australian Government is supporting the Government of Vanuatu through its Vanuatu Education Support Program (VESP) to undertake long-term education reforms. A key focus of these reforms is the rollout of a new national curriculum in conjunction with the National Language Policy (2012), intended to improve teaching quality and student learning outcomes for students in the primary and early secondary years of education. Part of a multi-year study series, the Education Analytics Service (EAS) is investigating how the VESP is making a difference to these teaching and learning outcomes. The new primary curriculum has been rolled out to schools in stages by year level, starting with Year 1 in 2016, and is accompanied by the distribution of teaching and learning materials and training. The new curriculum facilitates content uniformity and promotes pedagogical approaches, such as student-centred learning, that aim to transform teaching and learning. The National Language Policy is an important change implemented as part of the new curriculum, allowing agreed local languages to be used throughout the primary years as students make the transition to English or French (MoET, 2012). 1 Phases I and II of the VESP have been integral to the design and implementation of the new primary curriculum. In-service training modules have supported the curriculum rollout. VESP also supports the distribution and development of teaching and learning materials as part of the new curriculum. This study has provided the opportunity to investigate teaching quality and student learning outcomes in Vanuatu linked to the rollout of the national curriculum.
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete i in. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.
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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André i Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.
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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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Soroka, Anastasia. Повномасштабна фаза російсько-української війни: висвітлення в іспанських медіа (2022). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11734.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of coverage of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in the online-versions of leading Spanish print media. While studying the materials published in the “Opinión” section on the websites of such Spanish newspapers as La Razón, 20 minutos, El Periódico, El País, El Diario, El Correo, El Mundo, ABC and La Vanguardia from February to October 2022, the main attention was paid to narratives, which are related to the war in Ukraine and which are shaping public opinion about it in Spanish society. The methods used in the article include content analysys, comparative analysis and generalization. The publications were selected by searching the keywords “Ucrania”, and phrases “La Guerra en Ucrania”, “La Guerra en Europa” in the column “Opinión”. By using the methods of comparative analysys and generalization we outlined the main narratives and general trends of coverage of the full-scale war in Ukraine in Spanish newspapers. Conclusions of the research: almostly in all newspapers there is the presence of double standards when neutral, pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian narratives intersect with each other. We found out that combination of these narratives sometimes can be traced not only in a certain edition, but also in a single journalistic text. The research is relevant because the war in Ukraine is still going on. War, which is not only on the battlefield, but also in the information front still continuing. So, it’s important to know which media are spreading pro-russian narratives and which media conversely are supporting Ukraine. The study could help Ukrainian government to understand the features of these narratives and to form the main principles of international information policy in order to resist the pro-russian ideas in the world press. Keywords: Spanish media, La Razón; 20 minutos; El Periódico; El País; El Diario; El Correo; El Mundo; ABC; La Vanguardia; full-scale invasion, war in Ukraine, Ukrainian question, image of Ukraine.