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Juric, Adrian R. "The actions/artifacts of historical agents as expressions of rational, purposive thought: R. G. Collingwood's own 'absolute presupposition'". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7498.
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The purpose of this thesis will be to defend R. G. Collingwood's claims about the existence, and the significance, of Absolute Presuppositions. This defense will fall into three main sections. In the first section, I will provide a detailed critical examination of the methods of metaphysical analysis prescribed by Collingwood for uncovering Absolute Presuppositions in the first place: the 'logic of question and answer'. In the second section, I will draw attention to what I take to be the main problem with the Essay on Metaphysics: the fact that this method of metaphysical analysis is never applied in any systematic, thoroughgoing way. In the third and final section of the thesis I will try and remedy this situation. I will do so by applying the method of analysis prescribed by Collingwood to his own historical inquires--specifically, those contained in Roman Britain. This application will produce two important results. (1) It will provide a much-needed demonstration of Collingwood's method in an applied setting. (2) It will reveal the operation of one of Collingwood's own absolute presuppositions, viz. the presupposition that the actions of historical agents and the artifacts left by them are expressions of rational, purposive thought. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Gouthier, Bianca. "Actions rationnelles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0123.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des actions (rationnelles) des schémas en groupes infinitésimaux, avec un accent particulier sur les schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs unipotents et les actions génériquement libres et les actions fidèles. Pour tout k-schéma en groupes fini G agissant rationnellement sur une k-variété X, si l’action est génériquement libre, alors la dimension de l’algèbre Lie(G) est majorée par la dimension de la variété. Nous montrons que c’est la seule obstruction lorsque k est un corps parfait de caractéristique positive et que G est infinitésimal commutatif trigonalisable. Si G est unipotent, nous montrons aussi que toute action rationnelle génériquement libre sur X du noyau de (toute puissance du) Frobenius de G s’étend à une action rationnelle génériquement libre de G sur X. De plus, nous donnons des conditions nécessaires pour avoir des actions rationnelles fidèles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs trigonalisables sur des variétés, et des conditions suffisantes (différentes) dans le cas unipotent sur un corps parfait. L’étude des actions fidèles des schémas en groupes sur une variété X fournit des informations sur les sous-groupes représentables du foncteur-groupe des automorphismes AutX de X. Pour tout corps k, PGL2,k représente le foncteur-groupe des automorphismes de P1 k et donc les sous-schémas en groupes de PGL2,k correspondent aux actions fidèles sur P1 k. De plus, PGL2,k(k) coïncide avec le groupe de Cremona en dimension un, c’est-à-dire les morphismes birationnels de P1 k, puisque toute application rationnelle d’une courbe projective non singulière dans elle-même s’étend à la courbe entière. En caractéristique positive, la situation est complètement différente si l’on considère les actions rationnelles de schémas en groupes infinitésimaux. La plupart des actions infinitésimales fidèles sur la droite affine ne s’étendent pas à P1 k. Si la caractéristique d’un corps k est impaire, tout sous-schéma en groupes infinitésimal de PGL2,k se relève à SL2,k. Ceci n’est pas vrai en caractéristique 2 et, dans ce cas, nous donnons une description complète, à isomorphisme près, des sous-schémas en groupes infinitésimaux unipotents de PGL2,k. Enfin, nous prouvons un résultat qui donne une description explicite de tous les k-schémas en groupes infinitésimaux commutatifs unipotents avec algèbre de Lie unidimensionnelle définis sur un corps algébriquement clos k, montrant qu’il y a exactement n tels schémas en groupes non isomorphes d’ordre fixé pnThis thesis focuses on the study of (rational) actions of infinitesimal group schemes, with a particular emphasis on infinitesimal commutative unipotent group schemes and generically free actions and faithful actions. For any finite k-group scheme G acting rationally on a k-variety X, if the action is generically free then the dimension of Lie(G) is upper bounded by the dimension of the variety. We show that this is the only obstruction when k is a perfect field of positive characteristic and G is infinitesimal commutative trigonalizable. If G is unipotent, we also show that any generically free rational action on X of (any power of) the Frobenius kernel of G extends to a generically free rational action of G on X. Moreover, we give necessary conditions to have faithful rational actions of infinitesimal commutative trigonalizable group schemes on varieties, and (different) sufficient conditions in the unipotent case over a perfect field. Studying faithful group scheme actions on a variety X yields information on representable subgroups of the automorphism group functor AutX of X. For any field k, PGL2,k represents the automorphism group functor of P1 k and thus subgroup schemes of PGL2,k correspond to faithful actions on P1 k. Moreover, PGL2,k(k) coincides with the Cremona group in dimension one, i.e. birational self-maps of P1 k, since any rational self-map of a projective non-singular curve extends to the whole curve. In positive characteristic, the situation is completely different if we consider rational actions of infinitesimal group schemes. Most of the faithful infinitesimal actions on the affine line do not extend to P1 k. If the characteristic of a field k is odd, any infinitesimal subgroup scheme of PGL2,k lifts to SL2,k. This is not true in characteristic 2 and, in this case, we give a complete description, up to isomorphism, of infinitesimal unipotent subgroup schemes of PGL2,k. Finally, we prove a result that gives an explicit description of all infinitesimal commutative unipotent k-group schemes with one-dimensional Lie algebra defined over an algebraically closed field k, showing that there are exactly n non-isomorphic such group schemes of fixed order pn
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Petitjean, Charlie. "Actions hyperboliques du groupe multiplicatif sur des variétés affines : espaces exotiques et structures locales". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS009/document.
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Cette thèse est consacré à l'étude des T-variétés affines à l'aide de la présentation due à Altmann et Hausen. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement au cas des actions hyperboliques du groupe multiplicatif Gm. Dans une première partie, on étudie les espaces affines exotiques, c'est-à-dire des variétés affines lisses et contractiles, en supposant de plus qu'elles sont munies d'une action de Gm. En particulier, dans le cas de dimension 3, on réinterprète la construction des variétésde Koras-Russell en terme de diviseurs polyédraux, et on donne des constructions de variétés affines lisses et contractiles en dimension supérieure à 3.Dans une deuxième partie, on introduit la propriété pour une G-variété d'être G-uniformément rationnelle, c'est-à-dire que tout point de cette variété admet un voisinage ouvert G-stable, qui est isomorphe de manière equivariante à un ouvert G-invariant de l'espace affine. En particulier, on exhibera des Gm-variétés qui sont lisses et rationnelles mais qui ne sont pas Gm-uniformément rationnelleThis thesis is devoted to the study of affine T-varieties using the Altmann-Hausen presentation. We are especially interested in the case of hyperbolic actions of the multiplicative group Gm. In the first part, exotic affine spaces are studied, that is, smooth contractible affine varieties, assuming in addition that they are endowed with a Gm-action. In particular, in the case of dimension 3, we reinterpret the construction of Koras-Russell threefolds in terms of polyhedral divisors andwe give constructions of smooth contractible affine varieties and in dimensionslarger than 3.In the second part we consider the property of G-uniform rationality for a G-variety. This means that every point of this variety there exists an open G-stable neighborhood, which is equivariantly somorphic to a G-stable open subset of the affine space. In particular we will exhibit Gm-varieties which are smooth and rational but not Gm-uniformly rational
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Kjellin, Sofia. "Political leaders' motives to action : An analysis of Jair Bolsonaro's and Emmanuel Macron's motives in the Amazon rainforest fires". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91153.
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This study seeks to explain political leaders' motives to action, by studying how Jair Bolsonaro and Emmanuel Macron have acted in the matter of the fires in the Amazon rainforest. It is assumed that while political leaders may try to act rationally, they are influenced by psychological factors in terms of educational background and style. The theories of rational choice and political psychology are therefore used and integrated to explain their motives. The method used in the paper is a comparative qualitative content analysis, in which various statements and speeches made by the Presidents are read and analyzed. The results of the thesis show that for Bolsonaro, the Amazon fires is an internal matter and should be handled by the Amazonian countries. He seems to be seeking to achieve national goals, while being influenced by his conservative educational background. Macron indicates that the Amazon is an issue for the international community and that it is of major importance for the whole world. He appears to be seeking international goals, while being influenced by his liberal educational background. The assumption that political leaders' style influence their motives to action is not supported.
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Waechter, Matthias. "Rational action and social networks in ecological economics /". Zürich, 1999. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13244.
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Froemming, Steven John. "Rational choice and collective action in an Andean community /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6525.
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Patel, A. M. "Rational formulation design of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1543215/.
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The skin is the outermost organ vital for human life. Its unique structure creates a formidable barrier, one that must be overcome for the delivery of pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives. Ibuprofen is often used for the short term management of musculoskeletal conditions and is applied topically for local delivery. Retinyl palmitate is a vitamin A derivative commonly included in cosmetics as an anti-ageing ingredient. Both model actives were formulated based on their physiochemical properties and solubility or miscibility with selected excipients. Clinically relevant or finite doses were used throughout to simulate point of use conditions. Ibuprofen was prepared in volatile formulations and after evaporation of alcohol only ibuprofen and the excipient remained on the skin. The in vitro permeation of ibuprofen using Franz diffusion cells was initially studied through silicone membranes and porcine skin. Neither of these model membranes were comparable to human skin. Permeation and mass balance studies using human skin were carried out for ibuprofen and the vehicle. This was to determine the vehicle fate and to establish its role during the permeation process. The use of human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was also used to determine the penetration of retinyl palmitate from single and binary vehicle formulations. Mass balance studies were primarily used to determine the penetration of both retinyl palmitate and the vehicle. Analysis was also performed for retinol, a metabolite of retinyl palmitate. Finally an in vivo study using confocal Raman spectroscopy was performed on human subjects. Volatile ibuprofen formulations were applied and the delivery of ibuprofen and vehicle to the stratum corneum was determined. A good relationship between in vitro and in vivo data was observed. Overall the formulation strategy adopted demonstrates that a rational selection of the vehicle can deliver enhanced efficacy of topical formulations.
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Shohfi, Kyle Daniel. "Racial, not rational : economic threat, symbolic racism, and affirmative action". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104568.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-54).
For decades, scholars have debated the determinants of whites' attitudes about racialized policies such as welfare, busing, and affirmative action. While some have argued that whites formulate their positions rationally according to perceived economic threat, others have asserted that such policy attitudes are the function of one's level of symbolic racism, with little to no influence from economic considerations. Using data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Elections Study and demographic data, I assess the effects of actual economic competition and an individual's other attitudes on white opposition to affirmative action. Furthermore, in order to identify the levels, if any, through which the economic threat mechanism operates, this paper measures economic threat in several different ways: at both the level of the individual and the level of whites as a group, and each of these at both the zip code and county levels. I find strong support for the symbolic racism theory of policy attitude formation, as respondent attitudes are driven mostly by racial affect, ideology, and party identification. No matter the level at which economic threat is measured, objective economic conditions do not seem to influence one's attitudes about affirmative action.
by Kyle Daniel Shohfi.
S.M.
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Gardner, Simon C. "Political violence in Eurasia : radical Islam or rational acting?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA387402.
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Akbas, Madeleine. "Are students acting rational? : A study in Behavioural finance". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15219.
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Finance taught in schools generally starts with the efficient market hypothesis, which holds the assumptions of rational investors and markets where all information available is reflected. In recent years however, a lot of critique has been given to efficient markets and its assumptions of rationality. The greatest reason to this is because of crashes and irregularities in the market. The field of behavioural finance has been in existence for many years but is not as established as the efficient market hypothesis. It says that investors may act irrational and are mostly trying to explain the reasons why. People’s behaviour is being closely studied in order to see patterns of behaviour and this has resulted in different heuristics and biases. Heuristics are instances that come to mind when making a decision and differ a lot depending on what kind of decision you are making. Since there are many different heuristics, this thesis only focused on one: the affect heuristic. The method was constructed in a specific way in order to show if the students showed affect in their answers. Also, a check for home bias was made. This thesis presents the behaviour of two different groups of students, finance students from Sweden and MBE-students from Germany. It was proved that both of the groups were acting irrational in their investment decisions. The reason to their irrationality is both because the method was constructed in a way to strategically mislead them but also because of the data collection. There were also some differences noticed depending on age groups, former studies in finance and work experience in finance. The affect heuristic was clearly shown in the answers by both groups of students. A home bias was also noticed in the answers. It was proven that 10,3 percent of the Swedish students invested in Swedish companies in both their first and second choice, even though the three best companies were German. None of the German Students decided to invest in a Swedish company in both the first and second choice.
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Sollaci, Alexandre Balduino. "Is 'tagging' a rationale for affirmative action in education?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11887.
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In this paper, we try to rationalize the existence of one of the most common affirmative action policies: educational quotas. We model a two period economy with asymmetric information and endogenous human capital formation. Individuals may be from two different groups in the population, where each group is defined by an observable and exogenous characteristic. The distribution of skills differ across groups. We introduce educational quotas into the model by letting the planner reduce the effort cost that a student from one of the groups has to endure in order to be accepted into a university. Affirmative action policies can be interpreted as a form of ``tagging' since group characteristics are used as proxies for productivity. We find that although educational quotas are usually efficient, they need not subsidize the education of the low skill group.
Neste artigo, procuramos racionalizar a existência de uma das formas mais comuns de políticas de ação afirmativa: cotas educacionais. Nós modelamos uma economia com dois períodos, assimetria de informação e formação endógena de capital humano, Os indivíduos dessa economia podem vir de dois grupos diferentes, cada grupo definido por uma característica exógena e observável. A distribuição de habilidades difere entre os dois grupos. Nós introduzimos cotas educacionais no modelo ao deixar o planejador social reduzir o custo, em termos de esforço, necessário para que um estudante de um desses grupos seja aceito numa universidade. Nesse contexto, uma política de ação afirmativa pode ser interpretada como uma forma de tagging, já que as características de cada grupo podem ser usadas como proxies para produtividade. Concluímos que, embora políticas de cotas educacionais geralmente sejam eficientes, elas não necessariamente subsidiam a educação do grupo 'menos'habilidoso.
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Johansson, Jan. "Kan rational choice teorin och collective action frames förklara orsakerna till terrorism?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75273.
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En förutsättning för att kunna förhindra att terrorattacker utförs är kunskap om de bakomliggande motiven och drivkrafterna. Om vi känner till de bakomliggande motiven och drivkrafterna finns det möjlighet att kunna påverka dessa faktorer och därigenom minska risken för nya terrorattacker. I den här studien undersöker jag om collective action frames och rational choice teorin var för sig eller tillsammans kan förklara orsakerna till terrorism. Fram till idag har den strategiska modellen varit den mest använda teorin för att förklara orsaker till terrorism. Modellen utgår från rational choice teorin men har avgränsats till att enbart hantera politiska faktorer, vilket har kritiserats. Kritikerna menar att människors känslor har en betydelse för deras handlingar. Här prövar jag två teorier som teoretiskt kan förklara känslornas betydelse för att människor utför terrorhandlingar, dels rational choice teorin och dels collective action frames. Studien visar att teorierna kompletterar varandra men det är enbart rational choice teorin som förklarar orsaker till handlingarna, och då endast rationellt motiverade instrumentella handlingar. Det är många handlingar som inte kan förklaras med någon av teorierna. Slutsatsen är att det sannolikt inte finns en generell teori som kan förklara alla olika typer av handlingar ner till en sådan detaljnivå att resultatet faktiskt är användbart. Det finns många olika motiv och drivkrafter som kan ligga bakom en handling och det finns så många olika användningsområden för resultaten att en enda teori skulle bli oanvändbar då det sannolikt är alldeles för många parametrar att hantera inom ett och samma teoribygge.
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Ilten, Nathan Owen [Verfasser]. "Deformations of rational varieties with codimension-one torus action / Nathan Owen Ilten". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024784762/34.
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Pagare, Piyusha P. "RATIONAL DESIGN OF ALLOSTERIC MODULATORS OF HEMOGLOBIN AS DUAL ACTING ANTISICKLING AGENTS". VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5451.
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Intracellular polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) remains the principal cause of the pathophysiology associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). Naturally occurring and synthetic allosteric effectors of hemoglobin (AEH) have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of SCD. Several aromatic aldehydes, including vanillin, have been studied previously as AEHs for their antisickling activities. Specifically, these compounds form Schiff- base adduct with Hb to stabilize the oxygenated (R) state, increase Hb affinity for O2 and concomitantly prevent the hypoxia-induced primary pathophysiology of Hb S polymerization and RBC sickling, in turn, ameliorating several of the cascading secondary adverse effects. These compounds, however, undergo significant metabolism leading to suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. short duration of pharmacologic action and low bioavailability. These drawbacks have severely hampered the use of aromatic aldehydes as AEHs to treat SCD.
To counter these challenges, we designed and synthesized 14 novel compounds (PP- compounds) based on previously studied pyridyl derivative of vanillin. These modifications were expected to increase binding interactions with the protein and thus stabilize the Schiff-base adduct, as well as lead to perturbation of the surface-located F-helix that would stereospecifically destabilize polymer contacts. We investigated the in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of these newly synthesized compounds to ascertain sustained binding and modification of normal human Hb. Subsequently, we conducted in vitro screening assays to test for inhibition of sickling, modification of Hb to the high-affinity form, as well as for a direct left-shift in oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC). Three selected compounds, PP6, PP10, and PP14, that demonstrated not only high antisickling activity but also showed sustained pharmacologic action were chosen for preliminary in vivo studies.
Our results showed maximal levels of Hb modification, which were sustained for the entire 24 h experimental period. In contrast, TD-7 after reaching maximum effect at 1 h gradually decreased in potency and at 24 h has lost 45% of its activity, consistent with the low bioavailability of this compound. These findings suggested that our modifications appeared to successfully limit drug metabolism in red blood cells. Most of these compounds showed almost complete inhibition of sickling at 2 mM concentration; with significant modification of Hb to a higher affinity Hb as well as an increase in O2 affinity of Hb.
Interestingly, while TD-7 demonstrated a clear linear correlation between its ability to increase Hb-O2 affinity and antisickling activity, PP2, PP3, PP6, PP9, PP10, and PP14, showed a weak correlation between these parameters. In fact, these compounds demonstrated high antisickling effect despite only marginally increasing Hb affinity for O2. This observation indicated that these compounds possibly exhibit the dual mechanism of antisickling activity. We hypothesize that their secondary mechanism of action is due to interactions with the surface located αF-helix that would lead to direct or stereospecific inhibition of polymer formation.
To establish the mode of interaction with Hb, we further conducted x-ray crystallography studies and co-crystallized PP2, PP6, PP9 and PP11 with CO-liganded Hb. Our studies showed that these compounds bind in symmetry-related fashion at the α-cleft of Hb to form Schiff-base adducts with the N-terminal Val1 and showed direct interactions with the F-helix which overall enhanced interactions with Hb.
PP6, PP10, and PP14 demonstrated significant in vivo modification of intracellular Hb in mice after IP administration, with increasing levels from 1 h to the 6 h experimental period. They also showed corresponding changes in O2 affinity observed at 3 h and 6 h, compared to 0 h pre-treatment samples in vivo.
Thus, our results establish these compounds as a novel, promising group of potent anti-sickling agents, demonstrate their proposed mechanism of action and provide proof-of-concept justifications for our structure-based approach to developing potent therapeutics for SCD.
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Shubat, Abdul-Hakim. "Rationale Rekonstruktion und empirische Realität". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät I, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16331.
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Man kann die allgemeinen Probleme, denen Weber sich in seinen kulturwissenschaftlichen Studien gewidmet hat, in zwei Hauptprobleme zusammenfassen: das erste liegt im Verhältnis zwischen kulturwissenschaftlichen Allgemeinbegriffen einerseits sowie empirischer Realität d. h. je individuellen historischen Ereignissen und sozialen Handlungen andererseits; das zweite bezieht sich auf die Trennlinie zwischen Werturteilen und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis beziehungsweise auf die Unterscheidung zwischen dem „Seinsollenden“ und dem „Seienden“. Zur Lösung der ersten Problematik schlägt Weber seinen Ansatz des „idealtypischen Vorgehens“ vor, zur Lösung der zweiten sein Konzept der „Werturteilsfreiheit“ oder „wertfrei“ der Kulturwissenschaften. Wir haben uns in unserer Arbeit vorrangig auf die erste Problematik konzentriert, ohne jedoch deren Zusammenhang mit der zweiten außer Acht zu lassen. Hier kommt die Frage: Inwieweit ist Webers „idealtypische Begriffsbildung“ tauglich als eine rationale Rekonstruktion der empirischen Realität? Im Sinne Weber ist der „Idealtypus“ wohl die einzige Möglichkeit, kulturwissenschaftlich zu forschen. Somit entsteht zwangsläufig das Problem, dass das kulturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisobjekt nur auf eine idealtypische Weise zugänglich ist. So gesehen wäre es unmöglich, die Kulturwissenschaften als Wirklichkeitswissenschaften zu bezeichnen. Daher sollte man auch weiterhin über alternative kulturwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle nachdenken. Zu denken wäre hier etwa an Hempels DN-Erklärung, Drays rationale Erklärung, von Wrights praktischen Syllogismus, Schwemmers rational- rekonstruktive Erklärung sowie verschiedene Modelle weiterer moderner Autoren, die einen wichtigen Anteil an der Diskussion der Frage nach einer gangbaren kulturwissenschaftlichen Methode für die Erklärung von Handlungen hatten. Die Frage selbst wird unseres Erachtens jedoch auch der künftigen Kulturwissenschaft erhalten bleiben und sich mit der Entwicklung der Kulturwissenschaften selbst weiterentwickeln.The general problems Weber addresses in his cultural studies can be summarised as two main problems. The first one is located in the relationship between cultural general terms on the one hand as well as empirical reality, i. e. based on historical events and social action on the other hand; the second one refers to the parting line between value judgements and scientific knowledge which is to say to the differentiation between “what should be” and “what is”. Weber proposes his approach of the “ideal-typical action” in order to solve the first problem; to solve the second problem he proposes his concept of “freedom from value judgements” or “value-free” cultural studies. In our work we are primarily focusing on the first problem without losing sight of its relationship with the second problem. So here comes the question: to what degree is Weber’s “ideal-typical concept formation” suitable as a rational reconstruction of empirical reality? In Weber’s sense, the “ideal type” is arguably the only possibility of conducting research in a cultural-scientific context. In this way the problem inevitably arises that the scientific object of cultural studies can only be accessed through an ideal-typical approach. If we looked at it that way, it would be impossible to consider cultural studies as real life science. For this reason we should continue thinking about alternative explanatory models concerning cultural studies. Perhaps here Hempel’s D-N explanation comes to mind, Dray’s rational explanation, von Wright’s practical syllogisms, Schwemmer’s rational-reconstructive explanation as well as different models of other authors who played an important role in the discussion of the question of a practicable method in cultural studies concerning the explanation of action. As far as we are concerned the question itself will continue to be explored in future cultural studies and with the further development of cultural studies continue developing itself.
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Kristiansson, Martin. "Skolan och den politiska offentligheten - öppning eller tillslutning? : Styrning och skolutveckling utifrån "försöket utan timplan"". Doctoral thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-702.
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This study concerns school-development and the political public sphere in a Swedish context. It draws on an earlier study in which school-leaders expressed political signals in relation to school-development as being ambiguous and contradictive. On one hand they saw a political support for openness and dialogue in school. On the other hand they perceived control and competition. Another point of departure for the study is what tentatively was suggested as a shift in focus for the state government of schools during the 1990:s, from decentralization as such to an increased emphasis on control of its consequences. The overriding aim of the study was to illuminate how this shift could be understood regarding the relation between school-development and the political public sphere.
The study was conducted within a larger, national project where almost 900 schools worked without the national time table. Policy texts behind the governments’ decision on starting the project were used in order to describe and analyse school policy. School-leaders´ accounts on school-work and school-development in the project was used for analysis and description of school practice.
Habermas’ theory of communicative action, particularly his notions on “the welfare-state crisis” as an opening for a revitalized political public sphere grounded upon communicative action, was used as a theoretical frame for the study.
The results support the assumption that school policy, as formulated in the studied documents, did shift over time from a focus on decentralization to an emphasis on control of its consequences. The school-leaders, however, gave voice to a school practice where the importance of a communicative direction was emphasized. The overall conclusion is that while a vital political public sphere in Habermas´ terms is supported in school practice, school policy seems to direct school development in the opposite direction, thereby closing the opportunity for school to support a revitalized public sphere.
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Lee, Hee Min. "Collective action for community-based hazard mitigation: a case study of Tulsa project impact". Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2806.
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During the past two decades, community-based hazard mitigation (CBHM) has been newly proposed and implemented as an alternative conceptual model for emergency management to deal with disasters comprehensively in order to curtail skyrocketing disaster losses. Local community members have been growingly required to share information and responsibilities for reducing community vulnerabilities to natural and technological hazards and building a safer community. Consequently they are encouraged to join local mitigation programs and volunteer for collective mitigation action, but their contributions vary. This research examined factors associated with Tulsa Project Impact partners?? contributions to collective mitigation action. In the literature review, self-interest and social norms were identified and briefly discussed as two determinants to guide partners?? behavior by reviewing game theoretic frameworks and individual decision-making models. Partners?? collective interest in building a safer community and feelings of obligation to participate in collective mitigation action were also considered for this study. Thus, the major factors considered are: (1) collective interests, (2) selective benefits, (3) participation costs, (4) norms of cooperation, and (5) internalized norms of participation. Research findings showed that selective benefits and internalized norms of participation were the two best predictors for partners?? contributions to collective mitigation action. However, collective interests, participation costs, and norms of cooperation did not significantly influence partners?? contributions.
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Söderström, Sara. "Is it rational to buy eco-labelled food? : A study of the knowledge of, willingness to pay for and reasons to purchase eco-labelled seafood in Sweden". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1805.
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Eco-labelling is a way to promote sustainable development. This is a quantified study about purchase behaviour regarding eco-labelled seafood in Sweden, based on interviews with a convenience sample of consumers in situ. The objectives were to establish how large the knowledge of eco-labelled seafood is, to investigate the reasons for acquiring the product and thus determine the prime driving force to do it. The willingness to pay for eco-labelled seafood was also investigated. The results show a low awareness where just about a quarter of the respondents knew that eco-labelled seafood existed. The willingness to pay was high; four out of five were ready to spend additional money on an eco-labelled product. Women displayed a higher willingness to pay than men, which supports previous research. Regarding the reasons to purchase the only options presented to the respondents were environmental concern, enhanced health or both alternatives in combination. Health as the single factor was the least preferred choice and the two other alternatives were favoured to an equal amount. A difference in purchase behaviour can be detected among respondents with awareness of ecolabelled seafood when compared to those without. Those aware stated a willingness to pay to a higher degree and also displayed more environmental concern and less health interest than those unaware of eco-labelled seafood.
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Katcharian, Hope. "Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) at petroleum contaminated sites : the rationale for RBCA and natural attenuation". Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA339431.
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Wong, Michael. "Rational design of small molecule probes for investigating the mechanism of action of the chemotherapeutic agents CDDO and artemisinin". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2006368/.
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Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry and health practitioners as they can cause morbidity and in severe cases mortality. ADRs are one of the major reasons why drugs fail during clinical trials so research directed at predicting ADRs to minimise failure is essential. The CDDO (2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate) and the synthetic endoperoxide series are two promising classes that have potential for the treatment of cancers and malaria and may revolutionise treatment, within their fields, if approved for clinical use. The two main aims that are presented in this thesis are to; (i) design and synthesise novel analogues and chemical probes to identify potential molecular targets for both the CDDO and endoperoxide series (ii) develop appropriate in vitro test systems to help define the molecular mechanism of each class of drug. CDDO-Me (methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate) is one of the most potent inducers of Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of numerous cell defence genes in mammalian cells. Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytosol by Keap1, which ‘senses’ chemical and oxidative stress via its 27 cysteine residues. Although CDDO-Me is one of the most potent inducers of Nrf2, the molecular target and chemical mechanism is still not defined. Current literature suggests that a reversible 1,4 conjugate addition to specific cysteine residue(s) located on the Keap1 protein results in an increase in Nrf2 levels. In order for SAR work to be performed a synthetic route to CDDO and analogues was developed which involved nine steps using oleanolic acid as starting material. Highlights of the chemistry included addition of the ketone using mCPBA and incorporation of the cyano group in steps 3 and 7 of the synthesis. In addition to preparing the target molecule CDDO a number of additional molecules were prepared to define the importance of functional groups in the A and C rings of CDDO. Genetically modified H4IIE rat hepatoma cells transiently transfected with the an Nrf2-sensitive luciferase reporter gene were used to screen the CDDO-Me analogues, including DDO-Me which lacks a cyano group on the A ring, for their ability to induce Nrf2. NMR studies with model thiols were performed to determine the ability of these compounds to form reversible or non-reversible adducts. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to confirm the NMR data and interpretations. In total, four probes were identified that reacted in a non-reversible fashion: DDO-Me, DDO-Al and DDO-Az (click probe versions of the parent DDO-Me that can be used to facilitate proteomic studies) and CDDO-Epox (a probe with similar overall structure to CDDO-Me but can react at the β-carbon in a non-reversible fashion; this feature should aid proteomic approaches to reactive cysteine residue identification). To further investigate if these compounds were reactive to cysteine residues within a model protein, recombinant human GSTP1 was used as a model protein for chemically reactive molecules. Cys-47 located on GSTP1 has been shown to react with other electrophones and during our studies LCMS has confirmed that all four of the synthesised active probes were capable of attaching covalently to Cys-47 of GSTP1. The emergence of malaria parasite resistance to most available drugs, including the semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives artemether and artesunate, has led to efforts to create new synthetic peroxides as potential antimalarial agents. Leading examples of synthetic endoperoxides include OZ277 (arterolane), a molecule in phase III clinical trials in combination with piperaquine, and OZ439, a second generation derivative with improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced in vivo antimalarial activity. 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes are another class of endoperoxide with proven excellent antimalarial profiles against both chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum and oral activity in murine models of the disease. It is currently widely accepted that endoperoxides have a similar antimalarial mechanism to artemisinin, whereby Fe2+ medicated generation of cytotoxic carbon-centred radicals, results in death of the parasite. It is presumed that C-radicals can react with important key proteins; however, the specific molecular target(s) that leads to eventual parasite death are still unknown. A chemical synthesis of tetraoxane probes that contain a UV chromophore was performed and analogues were subsequently screened for antimalarial activity. The most active tetraoxane identified was exposed to a range of Fe2+ salts and conditions developed to mimic the biological environment. Primary, secondary and novel carbon-centred radical derived products (surrogate markers of bioactivation) were purified using UV-HPLC, characterised and submitted as chemical probes and standards for biological studies. In order for proteomic studies to be initiated, an allyl or azide group was incorporated into a semi-synthetic artemisinin skeleton. The azide (and alkyne) functional group within these probes provides a handle for protein pull down via click chemistry. Azide and acetylenes were chosen over direct linkage to the biotin group to reduce steric hindrance in the semi-synthetic probe. The synthesised click probes were tested for antimalarial activity and were submitted for protein pull down and identification of potential molecular targets. Similarly DDO allyl and azide were synthesised and were tested for Nrf2 induction and further confirmed as viable probes via NMR experiments with simple thiols and GSTP1. In summary, novel CDDO non reversible probes were synthesised and have shown potential as chemical tools to identify the molecular targets/mechanisms by which these compounds activate Nrf2. Tetraoxanes also have been prepared along with artemisinin click probes and the latter have been submitted for click chemistry pull down experiments, within Plasmodium falciparum parasites, to identify potential molecular targets.
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Ford, William Andrew. "Whose explanation? Which context? : a narrative theological study of the rationale for divine action in the Exodus plagues narrative". Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1773/.
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The story of the Exodus from Egypt is a foundational part of the Old Testament, which is also problematic for many readers in respect of the portrayal of YHWH and his actions. This is especially the case in the `plagues narrative' in Exodus 7-11 with the series of plagues sent upon Egypt, and the hardening of Pharaoh's heart. Many studies have investigated this passage in historical critical terms, or by abstracting the theological issues therein. In contrast, this dissertation carries out a narrative theological study of the final form of the narrative, considering the issues as they arise in context. It concentrates upon the rationales given for YHWH's actions in the text, offering a detailed exegesis and interpretation of the important speech in Ex. 9: 13-19, followed by a comparative investigation of Ex. 10: 1-2 which offers a rather different rationale. These rationales come in the form of interactions between YHWH and humans. Thus particular attention is paid to the messages'a ddresseesa nd to their functions in context. The thesis is proposed that YHWH's messages or `explanations' are targeted at the recipient, responding to their prior words or actions, and seeking a response from them in turn. Reading the wider plagues narrative in this light, we see that as the humans react, so YHWH responds in word and deed. The encounters between YHWH and Pharaoh progress from the initial ambiguities of YHWH's demands and signs that can be copied, through to the final responses of Pharaoh and YHWH. More widely in the Old Testament the exodus story is often used in the context of Israel's response to YHWH, and the study concludes with an examination of the story of the ark in 1 Sam. 4-7, where similar issues arise to those found in the plagues narrative.
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Moncuit, Godefroy de. "Faute lucrative et droit de la concurrence". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV072.
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Notre étude cherche à démontrer pourquoi les agents économiques sont incités à enfreindre le droit de la concurrence. Le choix de l’infraction dépend de l’avantage retiré du manquement comparé au coût subi. La notion de « faute lucrative » illustre parfaitement l’espoir d’un lucre tiré du manquement à la loi. L’économie comportementale nous enseigne cependant que les déterminants de la conformité au droit sont autres que la recherche du profit. Selon cette discipline, l’incitation – c’est-à-dire la motivation principale de l’agent qui fait le choix d’enfreindre la loi – est détachée d’un calcul coût-avantage. L’agent économique est sujet à des « biais cognitifs » : le défaut d’information disponible ne lui permet pas de faire toujours le choix susceptible de maximiser son intérêt. Appliquée au droit de la concurrence, la théorie de l’agent rationnel, fût-elle critiquable, reste néanmoins la plus pertinente pour examiner la dissuasion car elle permet de comparer la règle de droit à un « prix » qui pèse sur le choix d’enfreindre la loi. L’influence des règles juridiques comme un ensemble de normes incitatives ou dissuasives qui influencent le comportement des agents sur le marché est moins pris en compte par l’économie comportementale qui se concentre davantage sur les biais cognitifs des agents.L'agent économique rationnel qui entend retirer un profit de son manquement peut spéculer sur les multiples failles propres au droit de la concurrence, lesquelles affaiblissent le risque juridique de l’infraction. Deux limites fondamentales affectent la dissuasion : d’une part, celles relatives à l’effectivité des règles de concurrence. La probabilité, pour le fautif, d’échapper à l’application du droit génère des infractions « rentables ». D’autre part, celles relatives à l’efficacité des règles de concurrence favorisent aussi la conservation des gains illicites retirés du manquement, car la sanction imposée par le déclenchement de l’action publique et/ou privée n’est pas adaptée à la dissuasion du comportement déviant.Ces limites concernent aussi bien l’application de l’action publique que l’application de l’action privée en réparation. La fonction dissuasive du « private enforcement » est limitée en l’absence de dommages-intérêts confiscatoires. De même, les vices congénitaux à la loi Hamon paralysent la portée dissuasive de l’action de groupe. S’agissant de l’action publique, le développement des ententes algorithmiques et la spécificité des marchés numériques compliquent le travail de détection des autorités de concurrence. Même en cas de détection, la sanction appliquée à l’agent économique semble sous-dissuasive car, comme le démontre notre étude empirique, l’amende et/ou les dommages-intérêts imposés sont souvent inférieurs aux gains retirés des infractions de concurrence.Par ailleurs, le faible risque pénal pesant sur les dirigeants responsables de pratiques illicites affaiblit la dissuasion, car ceux-ci forment aussi des calculs sur l’avantage qu’ils ont personnellement à tirer du manquement à la loi. Il ressort de nos travaux que la création d’un test de légitimité de l’emprisonnement permet de répondre à la question de savoir, pour chaque type d’infraction de concurrence, si la prison est ou non une peine légitime.En somme, l’étude propose la construction d’un régime dissuasif par étapes, visant à renforcer à la fois l’effectivité et l’efficacité des règles de concurrence. Considérant que l’agent économique opère des prédictions sur le droit applicable, il faut non seulement faire en sorte que le droit de la concurrence s’applique effectivement, c’est-à-dire que le contrevenant soit confronté aux coûts de sa violation, mais efficacement, ce qui signifie que le coût du manquement doit être supérieur à son éventuel bénéficeThis study explores the reasons why economic agents are likely to break the rules of competition law. This paper demonstrates that main reasons are related to a cost-benefit calculation, also known as the concept of “lucrative infringement”. Our results are conflicting with the findings of behavioural economics, which reject the theory of cost-benefit calculations incentives and argues that economic agents are subject to “cognitive biases”. However, the theory of the rational agent, despite its limitations, remains the most relevant for assessing the competition law ability to deter anticompetitive practices because it compares the rule of law to a "price" that weighs on the choice to break the law. The influence of legal rules as a set of incentive or deterrent norms that influences agents' behaviour on the market is less considered by behavioural economics that focuses more on agents' cognitive biases.Economic agents are rational and look for a “lucrative infringement”. They speculate on the multiple loopholes of competition law, which weakens the legal risk of the infringement. In this regard, two fundamental limits affect deterrence: on the one hand, the low probability of getting caught which generates “lucrative faults,” and on the other hand, the retention of all unlawful gains derived from the infringement.These limits concern both the application of public and private enforcement. First, the dissuasive function of "private enforcement" is limited by the absence of confiscatory damages. Similarly, the restrictive standard of proof to admit a collective class action hinders its dissuasive nature. When it comes to enforcement, the development of algorithmic cartels and the specificity of digital markets reduce competition authorities’ ability to detect illegal practices. Even when they manage to detect such practices, the sanction applied to the economic agent seems under-dissuasive. As our empirical study shows, fines and/or compensatory damages imposed are often lower than the benefit derived from the infringement.In addition, deterrence is weakened by the absence of criminal punishments for business leaders who have coordinated anticompetitive practices. This study demonstrates that they also make calculations about the benefit they may derive from violating the law. Our study develops a “legitimacy test of imprisonment” to provide an answer to the question of when imprisonment is a legitimate penalty.This study builds a step-by-step deterrent legal regime to daunt anticompetitive practices. Deterrence requires a twofold analysis on the application of competition law and the adequacy of sanctions to deter anticompetitive conducts. It is necessary not only to make competition law effective, i.e. that no infringer can escape with the costs of its violation, but also – to achieve an adequate level of deterrence – that fines and/or compensatory damages exceed any potential gains that may be expected from the infringement
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McGee, Heather L. "US power dominance in the 21st century : a rationale for continued hegemony /". Maxwell AFB, Ala. : School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153&mode=user&action=downloadpaper&objectid=ab1e9dd8-8613-4ac1-ab0b-a1ab5af7a463&rs=PublishedSearch.
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Ujkani, Venera. "The Moderate Party and the Swedish Democrats Idea Development 2010-2018 : Comprehending the Parties Migration Policy Development Through Rational Action, Societal Discourses and Critical Junctures". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-84656.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the Moderate Party and the Swedish Democrats idea development in the issue of migration in 2010-2018. The inquiry consists of the following two research questions. How has the Moderate Party and the Swedish Democrats positions regarding migration developed in 2010-2018? How can institutional theories explain the Moderate Party and the Swedish Democrats idea development? The study is encompassed by three theoretical perspectives also recognised as rational-choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism and discursive institutionalism. In regard to the methodological approach, the study employs the comparative case study design with the most-similar system and is essentially an idea analytical study. The main results reveal that both the Moderate Party and the Swedish Democrats have adjusted their migration policies but to different degrees. The Swedish Democrats promote similar policies in 2010 as in 2018 with smaller alterations while the Moderate Party has customised larger alterations, distinguishing the party’s migration policy from 2010 and 2018. These policy alterations are primarily explained as a result of rational action, societal discourses and critical junctures.
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Fougy, Florian. "Economie et sociologie : quelles filiations théoriques ? Essais sur le cas de la théorie de l’action des années 1960 à nos jours". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0060/document.
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Motivée par la conviction que la science économique et la sociologie doivent se rencontrer, notre recherche a deux objectifs. Elle questionne les filiations théoriques (ou migrations conceptuelles) entre la science économique et la sociologie d’une part ; et à analyser les caractéristiques de ces filiations théoriques d’autre part. Alors que s’accroit le dialogue entre la science économique et la sociologie depuis les années 1960, des filiations théoriques entre les deux disciplines sont-elles possibles ? Et quelles en sont les caractéristiques ? Notre recherche repose sur l’étude d’un cas, celui de la théorie de l’action. Nous abordons plus précisément différents objets de cette vaste théorie : la théorie du choix rationnel, le champ de l’économie des conventions et le concept d’encastrement. L’étude révèle que les filiations théoriques entre la science économique et la sociologie sont possibles, ne sont pas systématiques et peuvent être « imparfaites »Motivated by the conviction that economics and sociology must combine, our research has two goals. It questions theoretical filiations (or conceptual migrations) between economics and sociology on the one hand ; and analyzes the characteristics of these theoretical filiations on the other hand. Even though the dialogue between economics and sociology has been improving since the1960s, we question whether theoretical filiations between both disciplines are possible ; as well as the nature of the characteristics ? Our research is based on a case study, the theory of action. More specifically, we discuss different objects of this vast theory: the rational choice theory, the field of économie des conventions and the concept of embeddedness. The study reveals that theoretical filiations between economics and sociology are possible, unsystematic and can be considered as « imperfect »
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Sahner, Jan Henning [Verfasser], i Rolf W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hartmann. "Rational development of anti-infectives with novel target-sites and new mechanisms of action to overcome bacterial resistances / Jan Henning Sahner. Betreuer: Rolf W. Hartmann". Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069104140/34.
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Laval, Pierre-François. "La compétence ratione temporis des juridictions internationales". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40030.
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La « compétence ratione temporis » est une expression d’origine jurisprudentielle dont la signification varie selon le contexte dans lequel elle se trouve employée. Telle qu’elle apparaît dans les décisions des juridictions internationales, celle-ci désigne d’abord la durée de l’habilitation à exercer le pouvoir juridictionnel que l’on associe à la durée de validité de l’engagement juridictionnel de l’Etat. La compétence temporelle désigne également le domaine temporel d’exercice du pouvoir de juger, les Etats précisant bien souvent les catégories de litiges ratione temporis pour lesquels ils peuvent être attraits en justice. Sur la base de ce constat, la doctrine ne voit dans la compétence temporelle qu’une notion à contenu variable sans véritable utilité pour l’analyse du droit positif, et préfère parler soit de compétence personnelle dès lors qu’est en cause l’existence du consentement de l’Etat à se soumettre à la juridiction, soit de compétence matérielle pour envisager les catégories de différends dont le tribunal pourra connaître. L’étude de la jurisprudence internationale conduit toutefois à remettre en cause le bien-fondé d’une telle analyse. Si l’on peut voir dans la compétence temporelle un élément d’identification de la sphère de compétence du tribunal, et donc un aspect de sa compétence matérielle, la résolution pratique du problème de la durée de l’habilitation à juger ne peut être comprise en ayant recours au concept de compétence personnelle. Par la manière dont les juridictions appliquent l’engagement juridictionnel ratione temporis, celui-ci n’apparaît pas simplement comme l’acte par lequel les Etats consentent à se soumettre à la juridiction, mais d’abord comme le titre qui fonde l’action des justiciables. En cela, l’explication des solutions retenues par les juridictions internationales ne peut faire l’économie d’un concept propre à la durée de l’habilitation : celui de compétence ratione temporis"Jurisdiction ratione temporis" is an expression that derives from case law, the meaning of which varies depending on the context it is used in. As it appears in International court decisions, it is used to mean the time during which the court has the authority to exercise jurisdictional power which also relates to the time during which the State’s consent to jurisdiction is valid. Jurisdiction ratione temporis also means the time period during which the court has the power to judge as the States often specify categories of disputes for which they can be brought to justice as ratione temporis. On this basis, legal doctrine only sees temporal jurisdiction as a variable notion that is not particularly useful in analysing positive law, and prefers to refer to either jurisdiction ratione personae when there is an issue of whether the State has agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the court, or to jurisdiction ratione materiae for categories of disputes for which a court could have jurisdiction. Studies on International case law however call into question the justification of such an analysis. If we can consider that in temporal jurisdiction there is an element of identifying the jurisdictional sphere of the court and therefore an aspect of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, the problem of the time during which a court has jurisdiction cannot be practically solved by referring to the concept of jurisdiction ratione personae. Given the way in which courts apply the title of jurisdiction ratione temporis, this does not appear to be just an act by which the States agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the court but first of all as the very basis of the action. In this, the explanations of the solutions of the International courts cannot ignore a concept that is specific to the duration of authorisation, that of jurisdiction ratione temporis
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Sagrén, Malin. "På vems villkor? : en studie om hur personer utan hem upplever socialtjänsten". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6640.
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The purpose of this paper is to study how people without home experience social services and how they experience their space of action when they meet social services. In order to answer these questions, a qualitative approach has been used. The empirical material consists of five interviews with people who have contact with social services because they are homeless. To support my analysis of the space of action for the persons being interviewed, I’ve used two theoretical perspectives, power analysis by Michel Foucault and Rational Choice. The result shows that the interviewed often feel insulted when they meet social services, that they have little or no involvement and that their space of action is small. According to Michel Foucault, the normalising power of the social services oppresses the clients and the clients in their turn are doing different forms of resistance. According to Rational Choice, interaction between people is based on power, exchange and interest. From the clients point of view the only thing they can exchange to get a place to live is to be submissive. Therefore they don’t have many resources to widen their space of action.
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Burkhardt, Melanie Sue. "The Back for Action Program for Increasing Everyday Activity Levels: Its Rationale, Design and Experimental Evaluation with People Over 70 Years of Age". Thesis, Burkhardt, Melanie Sue (2009) The Back for Action Program for Increasing Everyday Activity Levels: Its Rationale, Design and Experimental Evaluation with People Over 70 Years of Age. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2339/.
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Population ageing and its impact on government provisions for healthcare has focused attention on the development of appropriate services and policies for older people. Considerable resources are being directed towards health promotion media campaigns which aim to encourage older people to initiate and maintain healthier and more active lifestyles. From a behaviour analytic (or ABA) perspective, improving the health and wellbeing of older people involves arranging supportive environments and applying self-management strategies for long-lasting behaviour change from sedentary to more active lifestyles. This important area of application of ABA principles has so far received surprisingly little attention from behaviour analysts.
This thesis describes the rationale, development and evaluation of the Back for Action Program (BAP), a comprehensive intervention based on ABA principles that aims to increase the everyday physical activities of older people. The main components of the BAP are described, including how it selects, measures and reinforces increased physical activity in people over 70 years of age. The first research study undertaken consisted of 7 single-case experiments that were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the main components of the BAP: client feedback based on objective measures of daily activities, behavioural consultation including goal setting and problem solving, and self-management strategies for maintenance. The second research study consisted of a repeated measures group design evaluation involving arbitrary allocation of participants (n = 19) to either the BAP as a package or a ‘control’ condition. The effects of the BAP were evaluated using a comprehensive set of direct and collateral dependent measures of health and wellbeing. These covered participants’ physical, biochemical and psychological health and wellbeing. Research questions included whether the BAP leads to increases in daily activity and reduces sedentary behaviours, and whether higher levels of activity lead to improvements in measures of physical, biochemical, and psychological health and wellbeing. Results provided strong evidence in support of the BAP and showed that increasing daily activity levels by 20% to 103% had clinically significant health benefits even for this older group of people. In so doing, this thesis provides an overdue account of a comprehensive, effective behavioural approach to increasing ‘healthy ageing’ activities of free-living older people in the community.
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VILLANI, ROSANNA. "Direct-acting antivirals (daas) increase the serum vegf level in patients with chronic hepatitis c: a rationale for tumor recurrence". Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/363292.
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The currently available novel combinations of DAAs have completely changed the panorama of hepatitis C therapy. As a result, current HCV infection cure rates have exceeded 90% in a very short time. Data on compensated cirrhosis show rates of sustained virological response (SVR) of around 95-97%, although this is a little lower in more advanced liver diseases.
However, some authors reported that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seems to develop within weeks or few months of starting treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs).
They reported for the first time that patients with cirrhosis and very early HCCs (single tumor <2 cm) or early HCCs with a low to moderate risk of recurrence showed a probability of recurrence at 4 months of between 17.6 and 21.5%; however, the recurrence rate was double the expected rate.
On the other hand, some authors considered it unlikely that DAAs have an effect on tumor recurrence. A French group analyzed 307 chronic HCV patients with HCC who were treated with DAAs in 3 different cohorts; they concluded that there was no increased risk of HCC recurrence.
It is well established that angiogenesis is a major driver of tumor dissemination and that VEGF is a critical player in liver cancer angiogenesis. VEGF levels in HCC tissues or in circulation correlate with more aggressive disease; therefore this research was aimed at monitoring the serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and changes in the pattern of circulating interleukins in 103 chronic hepatitis C patients during antiviral treatment with DAA-regimens.
VEGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, TNF alpha) were assessed at baseline, during treatment, and after treatment.
The biological effect of DAA-treated patient serum on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and Hepa RG cell proliferation in the presence of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, was also confirmed.
The median log10VEGF was significantly increased at 4 weeks after initiation of therapy (from 2.18 log10 pg/mL to 2.45 log10 pg/mL, p<0.001), remaining higher at the end of treatment (2.44 log10 pg/mL, p<0.001 vs. T0), and decreasing to the baseline value upon treatment discontinuation (2.13 log10 pg/mL at SVR4 and 2.28 log10 pg/mL at SVR12)
On the other hand, EGF levels also increased during DAA treatment and subsequently decreased at SVR12; however, this trend was not significant.
The temporal trends of the 2 main inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-10 and TNF-alpha, were different. At 4 weeks, IL-10 significantly
decreased (from 1.44 pg/mL to 0.83 pg/mL; p=0.03), whereas TNF-alpha levels remained stable (from 4.05 pg/mL to 4.01 pg/mL, p=0.27). Interestingly, while IL-10 levels were substantially suppressed from the end of treatment onwards, the decrease in TNF-alpha started later; it was nearly significant at the end of treatment (2.82 pg/mL, p=0.05) and this was confirmed, although with a smaller decrease, at each consecutive time point (2.19 pg/mL and 2.09 pg/mL at SVR4 and 12, respectively). No difference in IL-8 and IL-6 levels was observed during treatment.
The biological activity of sera collected from patients treated with DAAs on human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Hepa RG was also investigated.
HUVEC proliferation was measured upon stimulation with cell medium supplemented with sera obtained from patients receiving therapy.
A significant induction of HUVEC proliferation was observed upon supplementation of media with sera from patients receiving DAA therapy (mean: 290±60% vs. 120±30, p<0.0001). Moreover, consistent with the reduction of VEGF upon treatment withdrawal, HUVEC proliferation was comparable to baseline in cell cultures supplemented with sera collected 12 weeks after treatment interruption. Of note, the peak of HUVEC stimulation upon addition of patient sera was comparable to maximal HUVEC stimulation under standard culture conditions
The addition of serum from patients collected during therapy induced HepaRG proliferation that was partially inhibited (decrease of 50%)
by bevacizumab; the effect disappeared 4 weeks after the end of therapy (SVR4). These results suggest that additional factors may be involved in the cellular growth observed after supplementation with sera collected during antiviral therapy.
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Junior, Carlos Adolfo Schmidt Sarmento. "Empreendedorismo Político e Relações Internacionais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-17072013-145408/.
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O artigo desenvolve o conceito de \'Empreendedor Político\' de Russell Hardin (1982), a partir da abordagem da Escolha Racional e da Teoria do Bem Público. Originalmente aplicado à Ciência Política, o objetivo é transformá-lo em um instrumento de análise para a avaliação do desempenho da ação de Estados nas Relações Internacionais. Para isso, o artigo lança mão da taxonomia de Soares de Lima (1990) para designar o comportamento \'empreendedor\' de países emergentes, e assim qualificar o desempenho do Brasil como empreendedor político em dois estudos de caso que serão objeto de consideração no artigo empírico.The article develops the concept of \'Political Entrepreneur\' of Russell Hardin (1982), from the approach of the Rational Choice and of the Theory of the Public Good. Originally applied to the Political Science, the objective is transforming the concept in an instrument of analysis for the evaluation about the performance of States in the International Relations. For that, the article utilizes of the taxonomy of Soares de Lima (1990) for assessing the behavior of developing countries, and qualifies the performance of Brazil as \'entrepreneur\' in two case studies that will be object of consideration in the coming empirical article.
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Souza, Ádamo Alberto de. "A Teoria dos jogos e as ciências sociais /". Marília : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88823.
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Orientador : Marcos César AlvarezResumo: Neste trabalho, foi feita uma análise crítica da relação da Teoria dos Jogos com as Ciências Sociais. Antes disso, é elucidada a história da Teoria dos Jogos, sendo destacado que esta teoria surgiu com o objetivo de atuar na Economia, que é uma Ciência Social. Conforme a Teoria dos Jogos evoluiu, mais ampliou e aprofundou suas aplicações em diferentes âmbitos, visto que em todas as suas aplicações a Teoria dos Jogos é usada para se compreender e até mesmo prever como diferentes agentes se comportarão de forma interdependente em situações de conflito, cooperação ou até mesmo o misto de ambos contextos (conflito e cooperação). Ao longo deste trabalho, é abordada a Teoria dos Jogos no contexto das Ciências Sociais, assim como a possibilidade de se aplicar a teoria no aspecto macro-social da sociedade. Dando seqüência à discussão, é também exposta a aplicação da teoria dos Jogos nas Relações Internacionais; em seguida, é elucidada a grande afinidade da Teoria dos Jogos com a Teoria da Escolha Racional. Para mais aprofundarmos o objeto desta pesquisa (a relação da Teoria dos Jogos com as Ciências Sociais), o Homo Sociologicus de Dahrendorf é analisado como um jogador, em condições de decidir e optar por estratégias alternativas, levando-se em consideração os diferentes comportamentos dos demais agentes inseridos nos mesmos contextos sociais que o Homo Sociologicus se encontra. Por fim, procuramos apresentar uma visão crítica à Teoria dos Jogos, assim como possíveis afinidades e obstáculos no que se referem à relação da teoria com as Ciências Sociais. Quanto mais a Teoria dos Jogos é aperfeiçoada, mais ela se aproxima da possibilidade de ser aplicada nas Ciências Sociais, tendo como base o aprofundamento de relações sociais em que as condutas dos agentes são interdependentes, podendo vigorar a cooperação e a competição simultaneamente.
Abstract: This written work was carried out as a critical analysis about the relation between Games Theory and Social Sciences. First, the Games Theory history is made clear, putting in relief the fact that this theory arouse with the purpose of actuating on Economy which is a Social Science. According to the evolution of Games Theory, its applications to different areas increased an deepened, since all of its applications, the Games Theory is used to comprehend and even to foresee how different agents will behavior on an independent way within conflict, cooperation or a mix of both situations. In the course of this work, the Games Theory is taken within the Social Sciences context, as well as the possibility of applying this theory to the society macrosocial aspect. Afterwards, its is showed the application of this theory to the International Relations; and after that it is made clear the very close affinity between Games Theory and Rational Chose Theory. In the sake of deepen the object of this research (the relation between Games Theory and Social Sciences), Homo Sociologicus of Dahrendorf is analyzed as a player, in conditions of opting and deciding for alternative strategies, considering the different behaviors of the others agents among the same social contexts in which Homo Sociologicus has been in. Finally, it is intended to show a critical view of Games Theory, as well as, possible affinities and obstacles relating to the relation between this theory with Social Sciences. The most improved Games Theory is, the closest it gets to be applied on Social Sciences, based on the fact of the deepening of social relationships in which the agents procedures are interdependent, being possible the cooperation and competition rule simultaneously.
Mestre
33
Norderhaug, Arne. "Fully rational morality and evaluation of public decisions : with action research case study : a local planning controversy and residents' appeal to a public inquiry and to national and international courts". Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16128.
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The impetus for my deliberations arises from the need to establish which proposals and decisions by social institutions to approve. This seems to come down to much the same as considering which alternatives are the better in a moral sense, but, unfortunately, there is no general agreement as to which of numerous proposed moral systems is apt, and the long and tortuous history of ethics indicates very poor prospects for such agreement. If at the outset I had been more conversant with that and the argument that the notion of a 'right' or 'objective' morality is tautological, nonsensical and/or incoherent, I would probably have thought it ridiculously ambitious to seek the basis of morality and would probably not have embarked upon the theoretical parts of this thesis. However, occasionally something is gained by attempting the impossible, and, while I certainly do not claim to have found the (morally) right morality, I suggest that I come at least very near to establishing how to ascertain what rules for behaviour are fully rational. Whether fully rational rules (FRM) are the same as 'moral' ones is arguably essentially a semantic question. However, I suggest that our definition of 'moral' is doomed to be a minority quest of marginal significance in reasonably rational societies if it entails rules which are notably at variance with those which are the most likely to be adopted by reasonably rational people as the general expectation and/or requirement in a maximally rationally structured society (arguably a 'true' democracy). Evaluation is hardly fUlly rational unless it is practicable. I have therefore included an attempt to apply FRM to the complex real situation which my Walton Street 'action research' examines and which comprises a number of decisions of a type crucial to the working of modem societies (e.g. those of pressure groups, local authorities, the press, public inquiries and national and international Courts). My 'action research' concerns the insistence by the authorities that the poor housing in the Walton Street area in Hull must be dealt with by total clearance under the Housing Act 1957 rather than by the partial clearance and Housing Action Area treatment which was facilitated by the Housing Act 1974 and was overwhelmingly preferred by the residents. In their bid to change the authorities' plan the residents exhausted all means of appeal, and in view of the evidence regarding the quality of the houses and cost calculations submitted on behalf of the residents, it was accepted (e.g. by the Court of Appeal) that the residents' alternative was both feasible and cheaper in the short term (and there were no long term assessments). Nevertheless, neither local, nor central, government would accept that the residents' proposal constituted the most satisfactory method of dealing with the conditions - seemingly for rather dubious reasons.
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Souza, Ádamo Alberto de [UNESP]. "A Teoria dos jogos e as ciências sociais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88823.
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souza_aa_me_mar.pdf: 358518 bytes, checksum: ec188cb5ee5feaa87e381764160f86c9 (MD5)Neste trabalho, foi feita uma análise crítica da relação da Teoria dos Jogos com as Ciências Sociais. Antes disso, é elucidada a história da Teoria dos Jogos, sendo destacado que esta teoria surgiu com o objetivo de atuar na Economia, que é uma Ciência Social. Conforme a Teoria dos Jogos evoluiu, mais ampliou e aprofundou suas aplicações em diferentes âmbitos, visto que em todas as suas aplicações a Teoria dos Jogos é usada para se compreender e até mesmo prever como diferentes agentes se comportarão de forma interdependente em situações de conflito, cooperação ou até mesmo o misto de ambos contextos (conflito e cooperação). Ao longo deste trabalho, é abordada a Teoria dos Jogos no contexto das Ciências Sociais, assim como a possibilidade de se aplicar a teoria no aspecto macro-social da sociedade. Dando seqüência à discussão, é também exposta a aplicação da teoria dos Jogos nas Relações Internacionais; em seguida, é elucidada a grande afinidade da Teoria dos Jogos com a Teoria da Escolha Racional. Para mais aprofundarmos o objeto desta pesquisa (a relação da Teoria dos Jogos com as Ciências Sociais), o Homo Sociologicus de Dahrendorf é analisado como um jogador, em condições de decidir e optar por estratégias alternativas, levando-se em consideração os diferentes comportamentos dos demais agentes inseridos nos mesmos contextos sociais que o Homo Sociologicus se encontra. Por fim, procuramos apresentar uma visão crítica à Teoria dos Jogos, assim como possíveis afinidades e obstáculos no que se referem à relação da teoria com as Ciências Sociais. Quanto mais a Teoria dos Jogos é aperfeiçoada, mais ela se aproxima da possibilidade de ser aplicada nas Ciências Sociais, tendo como base o aprofundamento de relações sociais em que as condutas dos agentes são interdependentes, podendo vigorar a cooperação e a competição simultaneamente.
This written work was carried out as a critical analysis about the relation between Games Theory and Social Sciences. First, the Games Theory history is made clear, putting in relief the fact that this theory arouse with the purpose of actuating on Economy which is a Social Science. According to the evolution of Games Theory, its applications to different areas increased an deepened, since all of its applications, the Games Theory is used to comprehend and even to foresee how different agents will behavior on an independent way within conflict, cooperation or a mix of both situations. In the course of this work, the Games Theory is taken within the Social Sciences context, as well as the possibility of applying this theory to the society macrosocial aspect. Afterwards, its is showed the application of this theory to the International Relations; and after that it is made clear the very close affinity between Games Theory and Rational Chose Theory. In the sake of deepen the object of this research (the relation between Games Theory and Social Sciences), Homo Sociologicus of Dahrendorf is analyzed as a player, in conditions of opting and deciding for alternative strategies, considering the different behaviors of the others agents among the same social contexts in which Homo Sociologicus has been in. Finally, it is intended to show a critical view of Games Theory, as well as, possible affinities and obstacles relating to the relation between this theory with Social Sciences. The most improved Games Theory is, the closest it gets to be applied on Social Sciences, based on the fact of the deepening of social relationships in which the agents procedures are interdependent, being possible the cooperation and competition rule simultaneously.
35
Schreiber, Trine. "Forhåbninger og skuffelser i kvindeerhvervene : kvinders møde med ny teknologi og organisatorisk forandring". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65818.
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In the meeting between women from office- and library work and the computer technology and organizational changes, different actions were found. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse this meeting to consider the situation of the employed when computer technology and new organization are implemented, to discuss the importance of prior social and working life with regard to the understanding of the meeting and to address the working conditions in the 1980s with special attention to women. The starting point for the analysis of the meeting is an empirical study. The study uses qualitative data from interviews with 30 women. 24 women expresses criticism, 6 expresses consent, with the renewals. The analysis has three levels. At the first level the contents of the interviews are described. At the second level, from a theory of action, criticism and consent are considered for both foundations and forms of action. At the third level these forms of action are discussed in relation to a list of historical conditions for the social and working life of women generally. The thesis shows, firstly, that in the criticism and the consent there are three forms of action. These are the department-based form of action, the solidarity form and the individual form. Secondly, that in light of the socio-historical structures it becomes possible to see the three forms of action as three types of interest for development of work and organization. Thus behind both criticism and consent there is an interest in development and change. In the context of the socio-historical perspectives this interest is emphasized. The thesis shows, thirdly, that both the hopes and the disappointments of womens prior working life are reproduced in the 1980s. Lastly, that the forms of action and the types of interest reflect the limited possibilities for women in the female-occupations to change their position in the working life.digitalisering@umu
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Diallo, Moussa. "Fondements philosophiques du projet d'un Etat mondial chez Eric Weil". Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30041/document.
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Notre thèse traite du thème : « Fondements philosophiques du projet d’un État mondial chez Éric Weil. » Il faut relever que l’idée d’un État mondial a effleuré l’esprit de beaucoup de penseurs avant et après Weil lui-même. Sans revenir en détails sur les idées cosmopolitiques qui ont été développées depuis les stoïciens jusqu’aux auteurs contemporains, on peut retenir que l’idée d’un État mondial a toujours visé un seul et unique but : instaurer une paix perpétuelle dans le monde. Ce qui fait la particularité et l’originalité de l’approche weilienne de cette question, c’est qu’elle centre la problématique de l’État mondial sur la question fondamentale de sa philosophie : le problème de la violence. Si le problème de la violence du langage a été thématisé et traité de façon systématique dans la Logique de la philosophie ; si le problème de la violence en l’homme a pu trouver sa solution dans la Philosophie morale; si la violence de la nature a pu trouver sa solution dans l’organisation rationnelle du travail social ; si la violence entre les individus à l’intérieur des États particuliers a pu trouver sa solution dans le cadre des États-nations, il restait à Weil de résoudre le problème non moins fondamental de la violence entre les États. C’est dans ce but qu’il a envisagé dans la troisième et dernière partie de la Philosophie politique la création d’un État mondial dont le but est « la satisfaction des individus raisonnables à l’intérieur d’États particuliers libres ». En confrontant la conception weilienne de l’État mondial avec celles de Maritain et de Kojève notamment, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que Weil a utilisé l’appellation « État mondial » pour désigner, une administration mondiale de la société mondiale du travail social. En somme, la conception weilienne de l’État mondial est pertinente et pleinement justifiée sur le plan philosophique, sur le plan de sa philosophie. Elle est philosophiquement justifiée parce qu’elle trouve ses fondements dans la Logique de la philosophie de Weil. Elle est pleinement justifiée, parce qu’elle permet de surmonter les obstacles comme le nationalisme, l’impérialisme, le conflit des cultures par l’idée de la promotion d’un État mondial pluraliste qui préserve la diversité des formes de vie. Elle est pleinement justifiée, parce qu’elle permet de surmonter l’obstacle du droit des nations à disposer d’elles-mêmes par la garantie de la souveraineté bien comprise des États particuliers dans le cadre de l’État mondial. Elle est pleinement justifiée, parce qu’elle vise à réaliser un monde sensé, à réaliser un monde de raison où vivrons des hommes libres, égaux et raisonnables. En un mot, la création de l’État mondial, telle que l’a envisagée Weil à la fin de la Philosophie politique, permet à l’humanité de se réconcilier avec elle-mêmeAbstract Our thesis deals with the theme: “Philosophical foundations for a world state project by Éric Weil”. It should be mentioned that the idea of a world state has been explored by many thinkers before and after Weil. Without going into details about the cosmopolitan ideas that have been developed since the Stoicians to contemporary authors, it is to be noted that the idea of a world state has always aimed at single and unique objective: establishing everlasting world peace. The specificity and originality of Weil’s approach resides in his questioning the philosophy underlying the world state concept, that is, the issue of violence. If the problem of the violence of language has been thematized and systematically treated in the Logic of Philosophy. Even though man-inherent violence issue is solved by Moral philosophy, and nature-inherent violence is solved to rational organization of social labour, and violence among individuals dealt with within the framework of nation-states, the fundamental issue of inter-state violence remains unsolved. In the third and last part of his book, Political Philosophy, he suggests the creation of a world state whose aim is “the satisfaction of reasonable individuals within specific free states”Comparing the Weilian conception of the world state with that of Maritain and Kojeve leads to the conclusion that Weil used the term "world state" to designate a global administration of the world society’s social work. In short, the Weilian conception of the world state is philosophically relevant and fully justified. It is philosophically justified because it finds its foundations in the Logic of the philosophy of Weil. It is fully justified because it overcomes such obstacles as nationalism, imperialism, the conflict of cultures by the idea of promoting a pluralistic world state that preserves the diversity of life forms. It is fully justified because it overcomes the obstacle of the right of nations to self-determination by guaranteeing the sovereignty, well understood by sovereign States within the framework of the world state. It is fully justified, because it aims to realize a sensible world, a world of reason in which free, equal and reasonable men will live together. In short, the creation of the world state, as envisioned by Weil at the end of Political Philosophy, would enable mankind to reconcile with itself
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Seguin, Christel. "De l'action à l'intention : vers une caractérisation formelle des agents". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30048.
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Nous proposons une formalisation logique des univers multi-agents. Pour cela, nous avons analyse les agents rationnels a travers les liens qui existent entre leurs attitudes mentales et leur comportement. Les attitudes mentales, connaissance et intention, constituent les objets du raisonnement de l'agent. Les connaissances correspondent a la perception partielle mais objective que l'agent a de son environnement alors que les intentions decrivent les situations que l'agent souhaite atteindre. Le comportement de l'agent est analyse a travers l'enchainement de ses actes. Ces differentes composantes sont interdependantes. La notion d'action est le trait d'union qui les relient toutes. Ainsi, les intentions motivent les actions; la realisation effective d'une action est fonction des connaissances; la realisation d'une action modifie connaissance et intention puisqu'elle affecte l'environnement. Nous proposons un cadre logique qui prend en compte ces differentes notions et explicite la facon dont les agents gerent l'evolution de leurs attitudes mentales. La formalisation est basee sur la combinaison de trois logiques modales: logique de l'action, logique des croyances et logique de l'intention. Pour definir la rationalite des agents, il faut determiner le type d'interactions qui existe entre les systemes de base. Cette etude pose le probleme de la representation de l'univers, des lois physiques qui regissent sa structure et son evolution, des actions. Nous proposons de traiter les contraintes physiques comme des actions particulieres et normalisons la description des actions et des contraintes de maniere a expliciter le type de changement suscite. Cette representation permet de resoudre le probleme du decor (frame problem) et des effets de bord d'une action (ramification problem). Elle permet ainsi de traiter des problemes de planification. Elle est utilisee pour creer un lien entre les croyances des agents et les actions qu'ils observent et determine ainsi la facon dont les croyances d'un agent rationnel evoluent. Plus generalement, le cadre complet nous permet de prendre en compte des problemes de cooperations en considerant que la communication entre agents est une action particuliere dont les effets dependent de l'etat mental (etat de connaissance et d'intention) de l'auditeur comme du locuteur. D'autre part, les strategies de cooperation peuvent etre basees sur les qualites des differents agents et les qualites d'un agent peuvent etre vues comme l'interaction entre son etat mental et son comportementNous proposons une formalisation logique des univers multi-agents. Pour cela, nous avons analyse les agents rationnels a travers les liens qui existent entre leurs attitudes mentales et leur comportement. Les attitudes mentales, connaissance et intention, constituent les objets du raisonnement de l'agent. Les connaissances correspondent a la perception partielle mais objective que l'agent a de son environnement alors que les intentions decrivent les situations que l'agent souhaite atteindre. Le comportement de l'agent est analyse a travers l'enchainement de ses actes. Ces differentes composantes sont interdependantes. La notion d'action est le trait d'union qui les relient toutes. Ainsi, les intentions motivent les actions; la realisation effective d'une action est fonction des connaissances; la realisation d'une action modifie connaissance et intention puisqu'elle affecte l'environnement. Nous proposons un cadre logique qui prend en compte ces differentes notions et explicite la facon dont les agents gerent l'evolution de leurs attitudes mentales. La formalisation est basee sur la combinaison de trois logiques modales: logique de l'action, logique des croyances et logique de l'intention. Pour definir la rationalite des agents, il faut determiner le type d'interactions qui existe entre les systemes de base. Cette etude pose le probleme de la representation de l'univers, des lois physiques qui regissent sa structure et son evolution, des actions. Nous proposons de traiter les contraintes physiques comme des actions particulieres et normalisons la description des actions et des contraintes de maniere a expliciter le type de changement suscite. Cette representation permet de resoudre le probleme du decor (frame problem) et des effets de bord d'une action (ramification problem). Elle permet ainsi de traiter des problemes de planification. Elle est utilisee pour creer un lien entre les croyances des agents et les actions qu'ils observent et determine ainsi la facon dont les croyances d'un agent rationnel evoluent. Plus generalement, le cadre complet nous permet de prendre en compte des problemes de cooperations en considerant que la communication entre agents est une action particuliere dont les effets dependent de l'etat mental (etat de connaissance et d'intention) de l'auditeur comme du locuteur. D'autre part, les strategies de cooperation peuvent etre basees sur les qualites des differents agents et les qualites d'un agent peuvent etre vues comme l'interaction entre son etat mental et son comportement
38
Guéniche, Alain. "Dérivation empirique du portefeuille optimal des investisseurs informés et test du MEDAF conditionnel". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAG017.
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Les modèles d’équilibre à anticipations rationnelles (EAR) ont été considérablement développés ces 40 dernières années. Cependant, encore relativement peu d’avancées ont été réalisées quant à leurs applications empiriques, les signaux privés étant inobservables. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie, fondée théoriquement, pour reconstituer ces signaux et ainsi parfaitement déduire toute l’information. Ce qui nous permet de construire le portefeuille optimal des agents informés et d’explorer ses propriétés à travers trois études. Dans un premier article, nous montrons que les ordres soumis au carnet d’ordres (l’offre) et le prix d’équilibre qui en résulte constituent une statistique suffisante pour l’ensemble d’information agrégé. Nous expliquons comment extraire l’information contenue dans ces deux données, en utilisant les volumes réalisés (connus avec délai) comme proxy pour l’offre, et construire ex post le portefeuille conditionnel à l’information privée. Nous comparons ses performances avec le portefeuille optimal des agents non-informés obtenu ex ante à partir des prix. Dans un second article, nous dérivons le portefeuille optimal des investisseurs informés en explorant une spécification différente du bruit. Constitué dans la première étude par une offre fournie de façon exogène par des noise traders, nous considérons à présent que les investisseurs informés et non-informés échangent entre eux. Ils sont initialement dotés d’une quantité aléatoire d’actifs risqués et échangent rationnellement sur le marché boursier pour se couvrir et spéculer sur leur information. Nous démontrons qu’il est alors nécessaire d’utiliser la partie des volumes relative à de l’information, déterminée à partir d’une mesure de la probabilité d’échanges informés, à la place des volumes totaux. A cause des contraintes et de la complexité de cette mesure, nous trouvons qu’utiliser les volumes totaux constitue le meilleur choix, du moins jusqu’à ce qu’une meilleure mesure soit trouvée. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, nous utilisons le portefeuille des agents informés pour tester le modèle d’évaluation des actifs financiers (MEDAF) conditionnel, à la place d’un indice boursier pondéré selon les capitalisations traditionnellement utilisé comme proxy pour le portefeuille de marché. Nous démontrons que conditionner à l’information privée permet d’estimer le vrai bêta, ainsi que la prime de risque du marché en isolant la prime de risque d’information qu’un indice boursier est incapable de distinguerRational expectation equilibrium (REE) models were considerably developed over the past 40 years. However, still relatively little has been done on their empirical applications, private signals being unobservable. We propose a new methodology, theoretically premised, to reconstitute these signals and thus perfectly infer all the information. This allows us to build the optimal informed investors’ portfolio and explore its properties through three studies. In the first paper, we show, based on a REE model, that the orders entered into the order book (supply) and the resulting equilibrium price constitute a sufficient statistic for the aggregate information set. We explain how to extract the information contained in these two data, using realized volumes (known with delay) as proxy for the supply, and to construct ex post the portfolio conditional on private information. We compare its performance with the optimal uninformed agents’ portfolio obtained ex ante from prices. In a second paper, we derive the optimal informed investors’ portfolio by investigating a different specification for the noise. Constituted in the first study by a supply exogenously provided by noise traders, we now consider that informed and uninformed investors trade amongst themselves. They are initially endowed with a random quantity of risky assets and have both risk-sharing and informational motives to trade rationally on the stock market. We demonstrate that we must use information-related volumes, determined with a measure of the probability of informed trades, instead of total volumes. Due to the constraints and complexity of this measure, we found that using total volumes constitutes the best choice, at least until a better measure is found. Finally, in a third study, we use the informed agents’ portfolio to test the conditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM), instead of a value-weighted stock index traditionally used as proxy for the market portfolio. We show that conditioning on private information allows estimating the real beta, as well as the market risk premium by isolating the information risk premium that an index is unable to distinguish
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Jones, Indra. "Reflective practice and the learning of health care students". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/3471.
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Reflective practice, though ill-defined, has become an accepted educational concept within many health care disciplines particularly in nursing. Subsequently it has become benchmarked within Paramedic Sciences as a professional requirement for continuing education and clinical practice. However, despite the vast literature in nursing and the increasing growth of reflective practice in paramedic curricula it is unclear how it influences the students’ learning in preparation for graduate practice as future reflective practitioners. This research explored ‘to what extent does reflective practice in the paramedic curriculum influence the students’ academic and clinical learning leading to graduate practice’? A mixed methods approach with cohort samples of undergraduate health care students comprised four studies including surveys and non-participant observations of clinical simulation that were conducted in a university learning environment. The results showed overall that Paramedic students believed that they understood reflective practice and perceived it to be useful for their academic studies and clinical practice; although this is probably influenced more by formal teaching rather than the result of their own views. Students were able to describe reflective practice in ideal theoretical terms and were positive towards it regardless of their individual learning styles. However, in a clinical context, they applied it differently with significant emphasis on technical reflection. Evidence of the nature of reflective practice as it occurred during and after clinical simulation scenarios highlights a need for revised approaches to existing learning/teaching strategies with paramedic students. An extended understanding and refinement of reflective practice concepts including a new pedagogic framework to promote enhanced reflectivity are proposed. This theoretical framework is designed to accommodate reflective learning for both personal and collaborative learning related to curriculum outcomes. The use of clinical simulation for the development of reflective practice in the paramedic curriculum is supported with recommendations for further studies in academic and clinical settings.
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Holm, Cyril. "F. A. Hayek's Critique of Legislation". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236890.
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The dissertation concerns F. A. Hayek’s (1899–1992) critique of legislation. The purpose of the investigation is to clarify and assess that critique. I argue that there is in Hayek’s work a critique of legislation that is distinct from his well-known critique of social planning. Further that the main claim of this critique is what I refer to as Hayek’s legislation tenet, namely that legislation that aims to achieve specific aggregate results in complex orders of society will decrease the welfare level. The legislation tenet gains support; (i) from the welfare claim – according to which there is a positive correlation between the utilization of knowledge and the welfare level in society; (ii) from the dispersal of knowledge thesis – according to which the total knowledge of society is dispersed and not available to any one agency; and (iii) from the cultural evolution thesis – according to which evolutionary rules are more favorable to the utilization of knowledge in social cooperation than are legislative rules. More specifically, I argue that these form two lines of argument in support of the legislation tenet. One line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the dispersal of knowledge thesis. I argue that this line of argument is true. The other line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the cultural evolution thesis. I argue that this line of argument is false, mainly because the empirical work of political scientist Elinor Ostrom refutes it. Because the two lines of argument support the legislation tenet independently of each other, I argue that Hayek’s critique of legislation is true. In this dissertation, I further develop a legislative policy tool as based on the welfare claim and Hayek’s conception of coercion. I also consider Hayek’s idea that rules and law are instrumental in forging rational individual action and rational social orders, and turn to review this idea in light of the work of experimental economist Vernon Smith and economic historian Avner Greif. I find that Smith and Greif support this idea of Hayek’s, and I conjecture that it contributes to our understanding of Adam Smith’s notion of the invisible hand: It is rules – not an invisible hand – that prompt subjects to align individual and aggregate rationality in social interaction. Finally, I argue that Hayek’s critique is essentially utilitarian, as it is concerned with the negative welfare consequences of certain forms of legislation. And although it may appear that the dispersal of knowledge thesis will undermine the possibility of carrying out the utilitarian calculus, due to the lack of knowledge of the consequences of one’s actions – and therefore undermine the legislation tenet itself – I argue that the distinction between utilitarianism conceived as a method of deliberation and utilitarianism conceived as a criterion of correctness may be used to save Hayek’s critique from this objection.
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Higgins, Paul Anthony. "Reducing uncertainty in new product development". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20273/1/Paul_Higgins_Thesis.pdf.
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Research and Development engineering is at the corner stone of humanity’s evolution. It is perceived to be a systematic creative process which ultimately improves the living standard of a society through the creation of new applications and products. The commercial paradigm that governs project selection, resource allocation and market penetration prevails when the focus shifts from pure research to applied research. Furthermore, the road to success through commercialisation is difficult for most inventors, especially in a vast and isolated country such as Australia which is located a long way from wealthy and developed economies.
While market leading products are considered unique, the actual process to achieve these products is essentially the same; progressing from an idea, through development to an outcome (if successful). Unfortunately, statistics indicate that only 3% of ‘ideas’ are significantly successful, 4% are moderately successful, and the remainder ‘evaporate’ in that form (Michael Quinn, Chairman, Innovation Capital Associates Pty Ltd).
This study demonstrates and analyses two techniques developed by the author which reduce uncertainty in the engineering design and development phase of new product development and therefore increase the probability of a successful outcome. This study expands the existing knowledge of the engineering design and development stage in the new product development process and is couched in the identification of practical methods, which have been successfully used to develop new products by Australian Small Medium Enterprise (SME) Excel Technology Group Pty Ltd (ETG).
Process theory is the term most commonly used to describe scientific study that identifies occurrences that result from a specified input state to an output state, thus detailing the process used to achieve an outcome. The thesis identifies relevant material and analyses recognised and established engineering processes utilised in developing new products. The literature identified that case studies are a particularly useful method for supporting problem-solving processes in settings where there are no clear answers or where problems are unstructured, as in New Product Development (NPD).
This study describes, defines, and demonstrates the process of new product development within the context of historical product development and a ‘live’ case study associated with an Australian Government START grant awarded to Excel Technology Group in 2004 to assist in the development of an image-based vehicle detection product. This study proposes two techniques which reduce uncertainty and thereby improve the probability of a successful outcome.
The first technique provides a predicted project development path or forward engineering plan which transforms the initial ‘fuzzy idea’ into a potential and achievable outcome. This process qualifies the ‘fuzzy idea’ as a potential, rationale or tangible outcome which is within the capability of the organisation. Additionally, this process proposes that a tangible or rationale idea can be deconstructed in reverse engineering process in order to create a forward engineering development plan. A detailed structured forward engineering plan reduces the uncertainty associated with new product development unknowns and therefore contributes to a successful outcome. This is described as the RETRO technique. The study recognises however that this claim requires qualification and proposes a second technique.
The second technique proposes that a two dimensional spatial representation which has productivity and consumed resources as its axes, provides an effective means to qualify progress and expediently identify variation from the predicted plan. This spatial representation technique allows a quick response which in itself has a prediction attribute associated with directing the project back onto its predicted path. This process involves a coterminous comparison between the predicted development path and the evolving actual project development path. A consequence of this process is verification of progress or the application of informed, timely and quantified corrective action. This process also identifies the degree of success achieved in the engineering design and development phase of new product development where success is defined as achieving a predicted outcome. This spatial representation technique is referred to as NPD Mapping. The study demonstrates that these are useful techniques which aid SMEs in achieving successful new product outcomes because the technique are easily administered, measure and represent relevant development process related elements and functions, and enable expedient quantified responsive action when the evolving path varies from the predicted path. These techniques go beyond time line representations as represented in GANTT charts and PERT analysis, and represent the base variables of consumed resource and productivity/technical achievement in a manner that facilitates higher level interpretation of time, effort, degree of difficulty, and product complexity in order to facilitate informed decision making. This study presents, describes, analyses and demonstrates an SME focused engineering development technique, developed by the author, that produces a successful new product outcome which begins with a ‘fuzzy idea’ in the mind of the inventor and concludes with a successful new product outcome that is delivered on time and within budget. Further research on a wider range of SME organisations undertaking new product development is recommended.
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Higgins, Paul Anthony. "Reducing uncertainty in new product development". Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/20273/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Research and Development engineering is at the corner stone of humanity’s evolution. It is perceived to be a systematic creative process which ultimately improves the living standard of a society through the creation of new applications and products. The commercial paradigm that governs project selection, resource allocation and market penetration prevails when the focus shifts from pure research to applied research. Furthermore, the road to success through commercialisation is difficult for most inventors, especially in a vast and isolated country such as Australia which is located a long way from wealthy and developed economies.
While market leading products are considered unique, the actual process to achieve these products is essentially the same; progressing from an idea, through development to an outcome (if successful). Unfortunately, statistics indicate that only 3% of ‘ideas’ are significantly successful, 4% are moderately successful, and the remainder ‘evaporate’ in that form (Michael Quinn, Chairman, Innovation Capital Associates Pty Ltd).
This study demonstrates and analyses two techniques developed by the author which reduce uncertainty in the engineering design and development phase of new product development and therefore increase the probability of a successful outcome. This study expands the existing knowledge of the engineering design and development stage in the new product development process and is couched in the identification of practical methods, which have been successfully used to develop new products by Australian Small Medium Enterprise (SME) Excel Technology Group Pty Ltd (ETG).
Process theory is the term most commonly used to describe scientific study that identifies occurrences that result from a specified input state to an output state, thus detailing the process used to achieve an outcome. The thesis identifies relevant material and analyses recognised and established engineering processes utilised in developing new products. The literature identified that case studies are a particularly useful method for supporting problem-solving processes in settings where there are no clear answers or where problems are unstructured, as in New Product Development (NPD).
This study describes, defines, and demonstrates the process of new product development within the context of historical product development and a ‘live’ case study associated with an Australian Government START grant awarded to Excel Technology Group in 2004 to assist in the development of an image-based vehicle detection product. This study proposes two techniques which reduce uncertainty and thereby improve the probability of a successful outcome.
The first technique provides a predicted project development path or forward engineering plan which transforms the initial ‘fuzzy idea’ into a potential and achievable outcome. This process qualifies the ‘fuzzy idea’ as a potential, rationale or tangible outcome which is within the capability of the organisation. Additionally, this process proposes that a tangible or rationale idea can be deconstructed in reverse engineering process in order to create a forward engineering development plan. A detailed structured forward engineering plan reduces the uncertainty associated with new product development unknowns and therefore contributes to a successful outcome. This is described as the RETRO technique. The study recognises however that this claim requires qualification and proposes a second technique.
The second technique proposes that a two dimensional spatial representation which has productivity and consumed resources as its axes, provides an effective means to qualify progress and expediently identify variation from the predicted plan. This spatial representation technique allows a quick response which in itself has a prediction attribute associated with directing the project back onto its predicted path. This process involves a coterminous comparison between the predicted development path and the evolving actual project development path. A consequence of this process is verification of progress or the application of informed, timely and quantified corrective action. This process also identifies the degree of success achieved in the engineering design and development phase of new product development where success is defined as achieving a predicted outcome. This spatial representation technique is referred to as NPD Mapping. The study demonstrates that these are useful techniques which aid SMEs in achieving successful new product outcomes because the technique are easily administered, measure and represent relevant development process related elements and functions, and enable expedient quantified responsive action when the evolving path varies from the predicted path. These techniques go beyond time line representations as represented in GANTT charts and PERT analysis, and represent the base variables of consumed resource and productivity/technical achievement in a manner that facilitates higher level interpretation of time, effort, degree of difficulty, and product complexity in order to facilitate informed decision making. This study presents, describes, analyses and demonstrates an SME focused engineering development technique, developed by the author, that produces a successful new product outcome which begins with a ‘fuzzy idea’ in the mind of the inventor and concludes with a successful new product outcome that is delivered on time and within budget. Further research on a wider range of SME organisations undertaking new product development is recommended.
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Mintoff, Joseph. "Rational intention, rational action". Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10302.
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Sometimes, the intentions most promoting one's interests might result in the performance of actions not most promoting one's interests. For example, being the sort of person who intends to keep promises might most promote one's interests - since then others would be more inclined to enter into beneficial agreements with one - even though some of the resulting actions of promise-keeping do not most promote one's interests. A plausible view about the nature of rationality is that the rational intentions for an agent to have are those which most promote their interests, but what are we to say when such intentions result in the performance of actions not most promoting their interests? On the one hand, some say that since such actions are the result of intentions it is plausibly rational to have, then they too must be rational: on this view of the matter, if it is rational to have or to adopt a certain intention, then it is always rational to act upon it. On the other hand, others say that since such actions do not most promote the agent's interests, then they must be irrational: on this view of the matter, since the rational intentions are those which most promote the agent's interests, then surely the rational actions must also always be those most promoting the agent's interests. What, then, is the relation between the rationality of intention and that of action? Addressing this issue is the task for this thesis.
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Wu, Sixian. "Rational Modeling of Arching Action in Laterally Restrained Beams". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35148.
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It is well known that arching action in reinforced concrete slabs resulting from surrounding restraining elements is responsible for much greater collapse loads than those estimated considering flexural effects only. However, the subject needs to be better understood and simplified if it is to be reliably applied in broader practice. This thesis presents a rational treatment of the problem. By limiting the scope of investigation to one-way slab systems, for the first time an explicit method of calculating the load-carrying capacity of elastic- plastic slab strips with a laterally rigidly restrained boundary condition is derived. Application of the proposed model to specimens selected from four experiment programs proves its reliability in ultimate strength calculations. The proposed model is then employed in a parametric study of structural responses of deck slab strips. The parametric study shows that a longer span, lightly reinforced deck slab system is still adequate in strength if it is cast in higher strength concrete and sufficient lateral restraint is available.
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Chang, Hsingju, i 張心如. "Labor, interaction and rational action: habermas' reconstructive program for social progress". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00808295002868425794.
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Lin, Chi-Yun, i 林琪芸. "An Action Research for Implementation of Financial Educationin Affected Rational Consumption to Students". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52113561432709725008.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
102
This study is an action research which is conducted to explore the planning and implementing process of the financial education curriculum on 27 sixth-grade students of an elementary school in Taoyuan County. The objectives are to investigate the implementation effectiveness of the financial education program on students upon its completion and the impact of financial education on students’ rational consumption, and to put forward concrete proposals for domestic financial education. This study designed nine units of the financial education curriculum based on the contents of the financial education curriculum in Britain, America, Japan, Australia and other countries and six items of the “Personal Financial Literacy Indicator” provided by the Financial Literacy Website as well as 102 financial basic education framework proposed by the Ministry of Education in 2013. After nine units of financial education courses were completed, the study found that, first, financial education trains students’ correct concept of money and consumption view; it would be best to integrate the financial education curriculum into the social sphere and daily life patterns, and to combine it with off-campus teaching. Second, the students’ knowledge on financial education had been significantly improved upon completion of the implementation of the financial education curriculum. According to the qualitative data analysis, the students’ financial management skills had been improved significantly; for their attitude on financing, they could understand parents’ hard work, care more about savings. Third, the implementation of financial education had an impact on students’ rational consumption, but the extent of the impact varied with students’ love for the curriculum as well as the original family upbringing. Fourth, the plight of implementing financial education involved a lack of teaching resources, difficulty in taking into account both curriculum goals and time problem as well as the problem of handling sensitive issues. Finally, based on the study findings, proposals are made for educational administration, school units, teachers, students, parents and future researchers.
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Baptista, Maria de La Salete de Jesus. "Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of novel anti-cancer chemopotentiators acting on DNA-repair pathways". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/80430.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas, na especialidade de Química Farmacêutica, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de CoimbraCancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with a huge socio-economic impact. Although important improvements in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics have been achieved, their outcomes remain unsatisfactory because of several factors, such as drug resistance, tumour diversity and dose-limiting toxicity, which can be responsible for relapse and/or death. Targeting DNA repair has emerged as a promising approach to fighting cancer, mostly because the DNA repair inhibition can prevent the survival of cancer cells after DNA damage. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key effector of DNA repair that plays an important role in the repair of both single-strand and double-strand breaks via different DNA-repair pathways. The PARP-1 inhibitors that have been discovered to date are associated with a lack of target selectivity and the emergence of resistance. Thus, there is a constant demand for new, selective and safer PARP-1 inhibitors that act as anti-cancer agents. In the present work, the discovery of new and selective PARP-1 inhibitors was pursued. A dynamic receptor-based pharmacophore strategy was first applied, based on the molecular interaction fields calculated on the PARP-1 catalytic domain, which was previously subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. After a pharmacophore-based virtual screening against several compound databases, in which the hits that better matched the pharmacophore hypotheses were selected for molecular docking, the top-scoring compounds from the docking calculations were submitted to in vitro evaluation, to determine their ability to inhibit PARP-1. As the first approach failed to identify interesting PARP-1 inhibitor candidates, a new strategy was applied. Taking as starting point the analysis of the interactions established between different inhibitors and the PARP-1 catalytic domain after molecular dynamics, various dynamic structure-based pharmacophore models were generated and screened against two virtual compound libraries. The drug-like hits retrieved were subjected to molecular docking into the PARP-1 catalytic domain and the top-ranking molecules obtained were submitted to in vitro evaluation against PARP-1. Three novel PARP-1 inhibitor scaffolds with interesting activity, i.e., NSC131753, NSC86342 and NSC121848, were identified. Importantly, two cholic acid (CA) derivatives that were designed and evaluated as PARP-1 inhibitors, but without relevant PARP-1 inhibitory activity, were used as the starting point in the design of a bile acid (BA) derivative library, which was further subjected to docking calculations. Two chenodeoxycholic derivatives, 5.10 and 5.13, obtained from that library exhibited a promising binding affinity for the ligand-binding domain of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Taken together, these results provided the identification of novel and promising PARP-1 inhibitor scaffolds through an integrated medicinal chemistry strategy that combined a structure-based drug approach, which was based on the dynamics features of active site–ligand interactions, to generate pharmacophore models. This was followed by in vitro studies to evaluate the PARP-1 inhibitory activity of the compounds. Furthermore, new potential FXR agonists were identified using a virtual screening strategy by redirecting the target of two CA derivatives that were initially designed and evaluated as PARP-1 inhibitors. New directions for the investigation of unexplored scaffolds as PARP-1 inhibitors and for the development of novel steroidal FXR agonists were opened through the work developed in this thesis.
O cancro é uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo, tendo um grande impacto socio-económico. Apesar de todos os avanços no diagnóstico e na terapêutica, os resultados continuam a revelar-se insuficientes, devido, em grande parte, ao desenvolvimento de resistência aos fármacos utilizados, à diversidade tumoral e à toxicidade dos agentes anti-cancerígenos. Todos estes fatores podem contribuir, em última instância, para o aparecimento de recidivas e/ou provocar a morte. Os mecanismos de reparação do DNA têm vindo a emergir como uma estratégia promissora para combater o cancro, uma vez que a inibição da reparação do DNA pode comprometer a sobrevivência das células tumorais e, consequentemente, travar a sua proliferação. Deste modo, a enzima poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) representa um potencial alvo terapêutico, dado o seu papel chave na reparação do DNA. Os inibidores da PARP-1 desenvolvidos até agora não apresentaram a seletividade desejada e encontram-se associados a fenómenos de resistência. Assim sendo, a procura de inibidores mais seletivos e mais seguros da PARP-1 que atuem como anti-cancerígenos tem adquirido especial relevo, sendo este o objectivo deste trabalho. Inicialmente, foi utilizada uma estratégia baseada na criação de modelos dinâmicos de farmacóforos baseados na estrutura do recetor, nomeadamente nos campos de interação molecular no domínio catalítico da PARP-1, que havia sido previamente sujeito a simulações de dinâmica molecular. Após o screening virtual de várias bases de dados, utilizando os modelos farmacofóricos criados, os hits que apresentaram uma melhor correspondência com os estes modelos foram selecionados para docking molecular. Os compostos com melhores resultados nos cálculos de docking foram sujeitos a estudos in vitro, de modo a avaliar a capacidade destes em inibir a PARP-1. Contudo, devido à incapacidade de identificar candidatos promissores seguindo a metodologia supracitada, uma nova estratégia foi aplicada com vista a obtenção de moléculas mais eficazes na inibição da PARP-1. Tendo como ponto de partida a análise das interações estabelecidas entre diferentes inibidores e o domínio catalítico da PARP-1 após dinâmica molecular, diferentes modelos farmacofóricos foram gerados e utilizados no screening de duas bibliotecas de compostos virtuais. Os drug-like hits obtidos foram dockados no domínio catalítico da PARP-1 e as moléculas mais promissoras foram testadas in vitro para avaliar a sua capacidade em inibir a PARP-1. Como resultado da nova estratégia empregue três novos scaffolds de inibidores da PARP-1 com uma importante atividade foram identificados: NSC131753, NSC86342, e NSC121848. Importa salientar que dois derivados do ácido cólico, desenhados e avaliados como inibidores da PARP-1 mas que não demonstraram uma relevante inibição da mesma, foram usados como ponto de partida para o desenho de uma biblioteca de derivados de ácidos biliares, que foram posteriormente sujeitos a cálculos de docking para avaliar a sua interação com o farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Dois derivados do ácido quenodesoxicólico, 5.10 e 5.13 demonstraram uma promissora afinidade com o domínio de ligação do FXR. Resumindo, estes resultados permitiram a identificação de novos e promissores scaffolds de inibidores da PARP-1 através de uma estratégia de química medicinal integrada, que combinou uma abordagem baseada na estrutura do recetor, que teve em conta as características dinâmicas das interações de diferentes ligandos com o local ativo da PARP-1 para gerar modelos farmacofóricos, com estudos in vitro, para testar a inibição da atividade da PARP-1. Além disso, novos potenciais agonistas do FXR foram identificados, através de screening virtual, partindo de dois derivados do ácido cólico que haviam sido inicialmente desenhados e avaliados como inibidores da PARP-1 e que foram posteriormente usados como base para o desenho de uma biblioteca virtual de derivados dos ácidos biliares usados no screening. Em termos gerais, esta tese contribuiu para a identificação de novos scaffolds para o desenvolvimento de inibidores da PARP-1 e para o desenvolvimento de novas moléculas esteróides como agonistas do recetor FXR.
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Chen, Ching-Yu, i 鄭靜育. "An Action Study on Using Rational-emotive Curriculum for Emotional Education in Second Grade Students of Elementary Schools". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47688829447919150672.
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碩士國立新竹教育大學
課程與教學碩士學位在職進修專班
102
This study adopts RET (rational-emotive therapy) to help students understand their own emotions and learn to express feelings better, so as to better comprehend their current conditions and growth of emotional wisdom, and consequently enhance the researcher’s professional growth through this action study. The study was undertaken from March through June 2013, with an axis centered upon rational-emotive curriculum that is comprised of five constructs: “self-acceptance,” “feelings, beliefs and behavior,” “interpersonal relationships,” “problem solving,” and “decision making,” which leads students to explore emotional awareness, emotional recognition, emotional expression, emotional understanding, and emotional adjustment. The subjects were 23 second graders. Learning sheets, instructional journals, video recording and interviews as well as a questionnaire that shows emotional intelligence were adopted to verify their emotional expression and the growth of their emotional intelligence through multi-faceted information feedback. The findings and results of this action study are as follows: 1.This study mainly adopts rational-emotive therapy to elevate the subjects’ emotional intelligence while designing an emotional education project that accommodates the needs of lower graders. 2.To effectively accomplish the instructional goal, emotional education may use picture books, videos, and experience activities with the help of question discussions and real-life execution. 3.When undertaking emotional education, individualistic differences shall be put into consideration, meaning personal counseling and parent-teacher cooperation are required to meet the special needs of students. 4.Rational-emotive education effectively increases students’ emotional wisdom. As students employed the rational-emotive knowledge into the aspects of interpersonal issues or solving emotional disturbances, they have better empathy toward other people, adopt a more rational attitude to solve problems, and maintain a more cordial atmosphere of the class. 5.The researcher has improvements ability in professional competencies of curriculum design, instructional skills, and emotional education. In summation, the researcher proffers suggestions in the areas of school administration, teaching staff instruction, and future research on the basis of research results and discussion conclusions.
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Jugwanth, Usha. "Rationale for the participation of low level employees in industrial action in a public sector provincial department". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1247.
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It has been observed within the provincial department under study, that officials occupying levels 1-4 constituted approximately 70% of the population that participated in the National Public Service Strike of 2007. Higher level employees piggy-back on the efforts of low level employees, since they do not participate in industrial action, do not have any deductions made from their salaries due to the implementation of the 'no work no pay' rule, but derive benefits from the collective efforts of industrial action. This study explored the rationale for the participation of low level employees in industrial action in a Public Sector Provincial Department. The objectives of the study was to establish the psychological motivation for low level employees engaging in collective action and the types of behaviour low level employees engage in when participating in industrial action. In this study, the population constituted all level 1-4 employees that participated in the Public Service Strike of 2007. The sample included 80 subjects that were selected, using the probability simple random sampling design, from the population. The questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Frequency distributions, percentages, chisquare distributions and graphs were used to analyse the data. Very strong response rates were received for subjects indicating that they did not participate in strike/protest action because they thought that they can have a holiday or that the supervisor will not be at work. Very strong response rates were also recorded for subjects indicating that they did not force/influence other people to participate in strike/protest action when they themselves participated in strike/protest action. Strong response rates were received for subjects indicating that they did not participate in strike/protest action because other employees of similar level as them participated in strike/protest action, they were not absent on the day of a strike/protest action because of the pressure from union officials or that they were forced by union officials not to attend work, that when they participated in strike/protest action they were notified by the union about the strike, that when they participated in strike/protest action they participated in union marches/rallies, that they participated in strike/protest action because their grievances were not attended to and that they participated in strike/protest action because they believed that they could control events by their own behaviour. Moderate response rates were recorded for subjects indicating that they participated in strike/protest because they felt that they were worse off than other employees who earn more and have greater benefits than they have, that they participated in strike/protest because they were frustrated and dissatisfied in the work place and that they participated in strike/protest action because they believed that such behaviour could impact on political processes. This study has provided greater insight into the rationale for the participation of low level employees in industrial action despite the monetary losses they suffer due to the implementation of the 'no work no pay' rule.Thesis (M.Admin.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.
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Coe, Kevin M. "Words of war : presidential rationales for military action from World War II to Iraq /". 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337741.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4172. Adviser: Scott Althaus. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-221) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.