Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Rat

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Rat”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rat"

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Santos, Iwldson Guilherme da Silva, José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior, Isnaldo Isaac Barbosa, Luis Felipe Francisco Ferreira da Silva, William Max de Oliveira Romão, Vitória Rejane Marques dos Santos, Kelvy Rosalvo Alencar Cardoso i Caroline Cristina da Silva de Andrade. "Rede neural artificial aplicada aos casos notificados de dengue cases em Maceió – Alagoas". Research, Society and Development 11, nr 14 (31.10.2022): e406111436382. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36382.

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A dengue é um dos graves problemas de saúde pública mundial. O Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) possui um clima e ambiente urbano ideal para a proliferação do mosquito Aedes (aegypti e albopictus), vetor da doença. O Estado de Alagoas, principalmente a sua capital, tem epidemias da doença de forma frequente. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicação de Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) nos casos notificados de dengue (CND) nas regiões administrativas (RA) de Maceió. As RAs são divididas em: RA1, RA2, RA3, RA4, RA5, RA6, RA7 e RA8. Os CND foram submetidos a RNA não linear autorregressiva (NAR) – (RNA-NAR). O período de estudo foi de 2011 a 2020. Os resultados obtidos de CND se destacaram em anos específicos (2012, 2013, 2017, 2018 e 2020), por outro lado houve superestimativas das previsões via RNA. Em algumas RAs houve subnotificações e, por isso interferiu nos resultados das previsões. A RNA-NAR foi validada, visto que a maioria das previsões apresentou correlação positiva e com resposta aos dados observados, exceto as RAs com subnotificações. O uso da RNA é adequado no alerta e previsão da donça, onde tal instrumento pode ser usado em ações preventivas de controle da doença.
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Rančić, Ivan, i Hatidža Beriša. "Hibridni rat - mit ili stvarnost (rekonceptualizacija hibridnog rata)". Vojno delo 70, nr 4 (2018): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1805255r.

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Tang, Y., Z. Chen, D. Ambrose, J. Liu, J. B. Gibbs, J. Chernoff i J. Field. "Kinase-deficient Pak1 mutants inhibit Ras transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, nr 8 (sierpień 1997): 4454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.8.4454.

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Among the mechanisms by which the Ras oncogene induces cellular transformation, Ras activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or ERK) cascade and a related cascade leading to activation of Jun kinase (JNK or SAPK). JNK is additionally regulated by the Ras-related G proteins Rac and Cdc42. Ras also regulates the actin cytoskeleton through an incompletely elucidated Rac-dependent mechanism. A candidate for the physiological effector for both JNK and actin regulation by Rac and Cdc42 is the serine/threonine kinase Pak (p65pak). We show here that expression of a catalytically inactive mutant Pak, Pak1(R299), inhibits Ras transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts but not of NIH 3T3 cells. Typically, 90 to 95% fewer transformed colonies were observed in cotransfection assays with Rat-1 cells. Pak1(R299) did not inhibit transformation by the Raf oncogene, indicating that inhibition was specific for Ras. Furthermore, Rat-1 cell lines expressing Pak1(R299) were highly resistant to Ras transformation, while cells expressing wild-type Pak1 were efficiently transformed by Ras. Pak1(L83,L86,R299), a mutant that fails to bind either Rac or Cdc42, also inhibited Ras transformation. Rac and Ras activation of JNK was inhibited by Pak1(R299) but not by Pak1(L83,L86,R299). Ras activation of ERK was inhibited by both Pak1(R299) and Pak1(L83,L86,R299), while neither mutant inhibited Raf activation of ERK. These results suggest that Pak1 interacts with components essential for Ras transformation and that inhibition can be uncoupled from JNK but not ERK signaling.
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Tang, Yi, Jong Yu i Jeffrey Field. "Signals from the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPases Converge on the Pak Protein Kinase in Rat-1 Fibroblasts". Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, nr 3 (1.03.1999): 1881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.3.1881.

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ABSTRACT Ras plays a key role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Raf is the major effector of Ras in the Ras > Raf > Mek > extracellular signal-activated kinase (ERK) cascade. A second effector is phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase), which, in turn, activates the small G protein Rac. Rac also has multiple effectors, one of which is the serine threonine kinase Pak (p65Pak). Here we show that Ras, but not Raf, activates Pak1 in cotransfection assays of Rat-1 cells but not NIH 3T3 cells. We tested agents that activate or block specific components downstream of Ras and demonstrate a Ras > PI 3-kinase > Rac/Cdc42 > Pak signal. Although these studies suggest that the signal from Ras through PI 3-kinase is sufficient to activate Pak, additional studies suggested that other effectors contribute to Pak activation. RasV12S35 and RasV12G37, two effector mutant proteins which fail to activate PI 3-kinase, did not activate Pak when tested alone but activated Pak when they were cotransfected. Similarly, RacV12H40, an effector mutant that does not bind Pak, and Rho both cooperated with Raf to activate Pak. A dominant negative Rho mutant also inhibited Ras activation of Pak. All combinations of Rac/Raf and Ras/Raf and Rho/Raf effector mutants that transform cells cooperatively stimulated ERK. Cooperation was Pak dependent, since all combinations were inhibited by kinase-deficient Pak mutants in both transformation assays and ERK activation assays. These data suggest that other Ras effectors can collaborate with PI 3-kinase and with each other to activate Pak. Furthermore, the strong correlation between Pak activation and cooperative transformation suggests that Pak activation is necessary, although not sufficient, for cooperative transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts by Ras, Rac, and Rho.
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Ishikawa, F., F. Takaku, M. Nagao i T. Sugimura. "Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein". Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.3.1226-1232.1987.

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In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
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Ishikawa, F., F. Takaku, M. Nagao i T. Sugimura. "Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.3.1226.

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In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
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Ismedsyah, Lavinur i Melva Simatupang. "Potential of Uwi (Dioscorea alata L.) as Antiosteoporosis in Histopathological Appearance of Rat Bone (Rattus novergicus)". ENDLESS: International Journal of Future Studies 5, nr 2 (19.06.2022): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v5i2.70.

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Estrogen deficiency can be overcome by hormone replacement therapy, but it causes various unwanted effects in the long term. Phytoestrogens meet the criteria for having estrogen-like activity. Sweet potato root (Dioscorea alata L.) as a phytoestrogen was used in this study to anticipate bone loss (osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women. This study aims to determine the potential of uwi in bone density in rats by looking at the decrease in the number of osteoclasts. Laboratory experimental research method with a research design using RAL (Rak Complete) with five treatments and six replications. The results showed that the average number of osteoclasts from the negative control group was 4.67; the positive control of 2.83; by offering uwi extract at a dose of 600 milligrams/200 grams. Rat BB 2.16; presented Uwi extract dose of 800 milligrams/200 grams of rat B.B. as much as 2.83; presented Uwi extract at a dose of 1000 milligrams/200 grams Rat BB 1.0; and 2.5 . false group. This study concludes that Uwi is likely to maintain bone density in rats with osteoporosis by decreasing the number of osteoclasts.
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Amila, Hadita, Nurul Afifah, Ramaidhani Ramaidhani i Fitriani Fitriani. "Pembasmi Obligat Hama Tikus Dari Ampas Teh Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Tingkat Mortalitas Rattus norvegicus". Elkawnie 5, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v5i2.4792.

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Rat as one of the important pests that attackcrops in Indonesia. This pest attacks food crops in all phases of growth so that it can cause a considerable decrease in crop yields. So it is necessary to eradicate rat pests by using politicians from tea pulp. The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of political use on rat growth and mortality. The design used is RAL which consists of 5 treatments, namely 0 ml/L, 3 ml/L, 6 ml/L, 9 ml/L, and 12 ml/L. The parameters observed were: mortality, weight, and appetite for mice. Data analysis using ANOVA at 5% significance level and continued with DMRT. The results showed that there was an influence of obligat rat pest use on body weight, appetite, and mortality of mice, obligat rat pest who effectively increased mortality reduced rat body weight, rat appetite and rat mortality in the treatment of 12 ml/L.
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Bassetto, Edson Luis, João Francisco Escobedo i Alexandre Dal Pai. "ESTIMATIVA DA FRAÇÃO DIFUSA DA IRRADIAÇÃO GLOBAL COM TÉCNICAS DE APRENDIZAGEM DE MÁQUINAS." Revista Brasileira de Energia Solar 9, nr 2 (13.02.2023): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59627/rbens.2018v9i2.242.

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Foram desenvolvidos modelos de estimativa da fração difusa (Kd) em função da fração transmitida da irradiação global (Kt) na partição horária sendo: Modelo Estatístico (ME); Redes Neurais Artificias com Função de Base Radial (RBF); e Sistema Adaptativo de Inferência Neuro Fuzzy (ANFIS). O modelo estatístico utiliza como referência somente Kt e as técnicas uma combinação de seis (06) variáveis astronômicas, geográficas e meteorológicas. Os modelos utilizam uma base de sete anos (2000-2006) de medidas realizadas na Estação de Radiometria Solar de Botucatu/SP na partição horária, sendo parte para treinamento e outra para validação dividida em Ano típico (AT) e atípico (AAT). A equação do modelo estatístico gerada por regressão polinomial de 4ª ordem, apresenta coeficiente de determinação R2 = 0.80 e na comparação dos valores medidos e estimados na validação, um coeficiente de correlação para ano típico (AT) rAT=0.90 e para o ano atípico (AAT) de rAAT=0.89, erro quadrático médio rRMSEAT = 30.55% e rRMSEAAT = 27.97%. No desempenho das técnicas RBF e ANFIS, os modelos mostraram-se satisfatórios a partir da segunda combinação sendo para RBF2 um coeficiente rAT=0.91 e rAAT=0.90 e erro de rRMSEAT = 29.63% e rRMSEAAT = 26.93% e para ANFIS2 um rAT=0.93 e rAAT=0.93 com erro rRMSEAT = 25.13% e rRMSEAAT = 22.76%. Para sexta combinação, a rede RBF6 um coeficiente de rAT=0.92 e rAAT=0.92 e erro de rRMSEAT = 26.48% e rRMSEAAT = 24.69% e para ANFIS6 um coeficiente rAT=0.95 e rAAT=0.94 e erro de rRMSEAT = 22.63% e rRMSEAAT = 21.19%. Os indicadores mostram que as técnicas de aprendizagem de máquinas comparadas com modelo estatístico apresentaram um desempenho melhor com redução nos indicadores na ordem de 16% para rede RBF6 e 34% para rede ANFIS6 do erro quadrático médio para duas bases de validação (AT e AAT) em relação ao modelo ME.
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Hsia, Kai, Chih-Hsun Lin, Hsin-Yu Lee, Wei-Min Chen, Chao-Ling Yao, Chien-Chin Chen, Hsu Ma, Shyh-Jen Wang i Jen-Her Lu. "Sphingosine-1-phosphate in Endothelial Cell Recellularization Improves Patency and Endothelialization of Decellularized Vascular Grafts In Vivo". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 7 (2.04.2019): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071641.

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Background: S1P has been shown to improve the endothelialization of decellularized vascular grafts in vitro. Here, we evaluated the potential of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by ECs and S1P on decellularized vascular scaffolds in a rat model. Methods: Rat aorta was decellularized mainly by 0.1% SDS and characterized by histology. Rat ECs, were seeded onto decellularized scaffolds, and the viability of the ECs was evaluated by biochemical assays. Then, we investigated the in vivo patency rate and endothelialization for five groups of decellularized vascular grafts (each n = 6) in a rat abdominal aorta model for 14 days. The five groups included (1) rat allogenic aorta (RAA); (2) decellularized RAA (DRAA); (3) DRAA with S1P (DRAA/S1P); (4) DRAA with EC recellularization (DRAA/EC); and (5) DRAA with S1P and EC recellularization (DRAA/EC/S1P). Results: In vitro, ECs were identified by the uptake of Dil-Ac-LDL. S1P enhanced the expression of syndecan-1 on ECs and supported the proliferation of ECs on decellularized vascular grafts. In vivo, RAA and DRAA/EC/S1P both had 100% patency without thrombus formation within 14 days. Better endothelialization, more wall structure maintenance and less inflammation were noted in the DRAA/EC/S1P group. In contrast, there was thrombus formation in the DRAA, DRAA/S1P and DRAA/EC groups. Conclusion: S1P could inhibit thrombus formation to improve the patency rate of EC-covered decellularized vascular grafts in vivo and may play an important role in the construction of TEVGs.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Rat"

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Madhoo, Jitesh. "Continuous low dose rate irradiation of the rat brain". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26785.

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The reported median survival time for patients who are diagnosed with high grade astrocytomas and who undergo postoperative radiotherapy is of the order of 24 to 40 weeks. The course of radiotherapy administered to these patients takes up a considerable portion of their expected survival time. Therefore, any means of reducing the treatment time may contribute to an enhanced quality of life for these patients. A potentially useful method for the reduction of the treatment time may be achieved with the use of continuous low dose rate external beam radiotherapy, where the treatment is administered over a 12 to 24 hour period. A relationship between fractionated and continuous low dose rate irradiation has been reported for skin, however, no such relationship has been reported for the brain. Low dose rate protocols that are equivalent in effect to fractionated (conventional) protocols can be derived using the linear quadratic theory, provided that quantitative radiobiological data for normal tissue (brain) is known. Thus, the aim of the current study is to test the radiation tolerance of the rat brain to low dose rate and fractionated radiation in order to establish the values for the parameters of the linear quadratic model.
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Amorim, João Paulo de Arruda 1981. "Caracterização do comportamento materno e suas implicações no desenvovimento fisico,na função reprodutiva e no perfil hormonal da prole feminina de ratas UChA e UChB (consumidoras voluntárias de etanol a 10%)". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317536.

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Orientadores: Francisco Eduardo Martinez, Wilson de Mello Junior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estudos realizados com mães dependentes de etanol demonstraram que elas apresentam maior dificuldade em cuidar de suas crianças, quando comparadas às mães não dependentes, evidenciando um distúrbio no comportamento materno durante o período pós-natal, que corresponde ao período onde as primeiras ligações sociais do animal são formadas e o organismo está muito sensível aos efeitos de estímulos ambientais. Vários estudos têm documentado as conseqüências do uso de etanol durante a gestação para a saúde do infante, porém pouca atenção tem sido dada à relação materno-infantil em mulheres alcoólicas durante o período pós-natal e as consequências dessa relação para prole feminina na vida adulta. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar o comportamento materno das ratas da variedade consumidora de etanol (UChA e UChB) e verificar as influências da variação do comportamento materno no desenvolvimento físico, na função reprodutiva e no status hormonal da prole feminina. O comportamento foi avaliado observando os seguintes parâmetros: carregar, lamber, amamentar com o dorso arcado e lamber, amamentar com o dorso arcado, amamentar passivamente e não contato com a prole. A avaliação do desenvolvimento físico da prole feminina considerou o dia do nascimento dos pêlos, da abertura dos olhos e do descolamento de orelhas. Para avaliar o desenvolvimento sexual inicial foram analisados os dias da abertura vaginal e idade do primeiro e segundo estro. A função reprodutiva foi avaliada pela regularidade de ciclo estral, pela expressão dos receptores AR, ER-? e ER-? no ovário e pelo perfil hormonal da prole feminina (níveis plasmáticos de FSH, LH, 17?-estradiol, progesterona e corticosterona). As fêmeas UChA apresentaram maiores frequências dos comportamentos de carregar, de lamber/limpar e de amamentar os filhotes. Mães muito cuidadosas apresentaram concentrações elevadas de corticosterona e 17?-estradiol. A prole UChA apresentou maior ganho de peso corporal, aceleração da abertura dos olhos, da abertura vaginal, da instalação da puberdade e sincronização do ciclo estral. A prole feminina que recebeu baixo cuidado materno (UChB) revelou maior duração do ciclo estral, aumento das concentrações de corticosterona e 17?-estradiol e de seus receptores ovarianos (ER-? e ER-?), maior peso dos ovários, maior número de folículos primordiais, antrais e maduros e mais imunomarcações positivas do Ki67 nos folículos ovarianos. Concluímos que a variedade de ratas UChB, apresenta acentuada variação do comportamento materno, sendo classificada como mãe pouco cuidadosa e essa variação do cuidado materno afeta diretamente o desenvolvimento físico, a instalação da puberdade, os níveis hormonais, desregula o ciclo estral e a foliculogênese e regula diferencialmente a expressão dos receptores ER-? e ER-? nos ovários de ratas adultas
Abstract: Studies focused on drug-dependent mothers (mainly ethanol-dependent mothers) have demonstrated that there is an enormous difference in the care of their children compared to non-dependent mothers, showing an disorder in maternal behavior during the postnatal period, which corresponds to the period where the first social bonds are formed and the animal's organism is very sensible to the effects of environmental stimuli. Various studies have documented the consequences of ethanol use during pregnancy for the health of the infant, but little attention has been given to the mother-child relationship in alcoholic female during the postnatal period and the consequences of this relationship to female offspring in adulthood. The aim of the present work is to evaluate maternal care in ethanol-preferring rats (UChA and UChB) and its effects on physical development, in sexual function and in status hormones in female offspring. The behavior was evaluated by observing the following parameters: carry, licking/grooming, arched-back nursing and licking/grooming, arched-back nursing, passive nursing, contact and not with the pups. The evaluation of the physical development of the female offspring considered the day of birth of hair, eye opening and detached ears. To evaluate the early sexual development were analyzed days of vaginal opening and age of first and second estrous. The reproductive function was evaluated by the regularity of the estrous cycle, the expression of receptors AR, ER-? and ER-? in the ovary and the hormonal status of female offspring (plasma levels of FSH, LH, 17?-estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone). UChA mothers showed higher frequencies of carrying, licking/grooming and nursing the pups. Mothers high care evidencing the highest plasma corticosterone levels and 17?-estradiol. The UChA offspring showed greater body weight gain, accelerated eye opening, vaginal opening, the installation and synchronization of estrous cycle. The female offspring who received low maternal care (UChB) showed an increase of the estrous cycle, concentrations of corticosterone and 17?-estradiol and ovarian receptors (ER-? and ER-?, higher ovarian weight and increased number of primordial, antral and mature follicles and higher Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 in the ovarian follicles. We conclude that UChB rats show marked variations in maternal care, being classified as low maternal care and the variation of maternal care directly affects the physical, the installation of puberty, hormone levels, deregulate the estrous cycle and folliculogenesis and differentially regulates the expression of receptors ER-? and ER-? in the ovaries of adult rats
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Lewis, S. J. "Studies in catch-up growth in the rat skeleton". Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382473.

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Sadi, Gokhan. "Antioxidant Enzyme Activities In Rat Liver Tissues Of Diabetic Rats". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605254/index.pdf.

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Free radicals are the compounds having one or more unpaired electrons in their outer orbital and this unpaired electron make these compounds very reactive. Especially as their concentration increases, they initiate a chain oxidation reaction of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The condition, in which the production of free radicals exceeds their elimination or tissue defense mechanism decrease against them or both occur together, is called oxidative stress. In diabetes mellitus which is a glucose metabolism disorder, there occurs excessive non-enzymatic protein oxidation, glucose autoxidation and enhanced activity of polyol pathway enzymes, which are the possible sources of the oxidative stress in this disease. In this study, the conditions of the activity measurements of major antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx, 1.11.1.9) and glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) were studied and the optimum conditions (pH, temperature and substrate concentrations) for each assay were determined. Further objectives of the study were to characterize the enzymatic antioxidant systems (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase), tissue oxidation status (concentrations of TBARS, protein carbonylation, and lipid/protein ratios) and nonenzymatic antioxidant (reduced glutathione) levels of the diabetic rat liver tissues. According to our results, the hepatic SOD and GPx activities significantly increased whereas CAT activity markedly decreased in diabetic rats compared to control group. Also, GST activities did not change in diabetes. As a result of oxidative stress, TBARS concentration, lipid/protein ratios and protein carbonylation increased and GSH levels decreased in diabetic rats compared to control rats. This increase in tissue damage, in spite of the increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, could have been due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species that exceeded the capacity of the antioxidant enzymes during the eight week of diabetes.
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Edlund, G. L. "Lactate and pyruvate transport in rat erythrocytes and rat hepatocytes". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375019.

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Costa, Rafaela 1984. "Efeitos da estimulação tatil em ratos adultos jovens, submetidos ou não ao modelo de estresse cronico". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288840.

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Orientador: Fernanda Klein Marcondes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Problemas emocionais como ansiedade e depressão, relacionados ao estresse, estão cada vez mais presentes na sociedade moderna, e o suporte social, mais especificadamente suporte familiar, pode exercer um importante papel em atenuar os efeitos de diversos estressores. Em modelos animais o enriquecimento ambiental tem sido utilizado para melhora do bem estar animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental por meio da estimulação tátil em ratos submetidos ou não a estresse crônico. No Capítulo I, foi evidenciado que a estimulação tátil diminuiu a ansiedade e aumentou as respostas indicadoras de aprendizado e memória em ratos jovem-adultos. No Capítulo II, foram avaliados os efeitos do estresse crônico moderado e imprevisível e da estimulação tátil sobre respostas comportamentais (ansiedade, anedonia, aprendizado e memória) e sobre o perfil lipídico. O estresse aumentou a secreção de corticosterona avaliada quinze dias após o fim do estresse; induziu anedonia evidenciada pela diminuição da preferência pela sacarose 1%; aumentou a atividade locomotora; teve efeito negativo sobre o aprendizado e memória; e aumentou a concentração sérica de triglicerídeos, colesterol total e lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL). A manipulação diminuiu a ansiedade em animais submetidos ou não ao estresse crônico; diminuiu a secreção de corticosterona induzida pelo estresse e cancelou a redução do aprendizado e retenção de memória induzida pelo estresse crônico. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a estimulação tátil de ratos adultos jovens produziu efeitos comportamentais positivos que podem melhorar o bem-estar animal e diminuir efeitos deletérios induzidos pelo estresse crônico.
Abstract: Emotional problems such as stress related anxiety and depression, are becoming increasingly present in modern society, and social support, more specifically familiar support, can play an important role in attenuating the effects of various stressors. In animal models environmental enrichment has been used to improve animal welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment by handling, in rats submitted and those not submitted to chronic stress. In chapter 1 it was shown that handling diminished anxiety, and enhanced learning abilities and memory indicating response in young-adult rats. In chapter 2 the effects of handling on behavioral (anxiety, ahnedonia, learning and memory) and metabolic responses induced by chronic mild unpredictable stress. Whereas stress raised the corticosterone secretion evaluated fifteen days after the end of stress; induced ahnedonia evidenced by a 1% decrease in sucrose preference; increased locomotor activity; had negative effects on learning and memory; and raised the serum concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Handling reduced the anxiety in animals both when they were and were not submitted to chronic stress; diminished the corticosterone secretion induced by the stress and cancelled the reduction of learning and memory retention induced by the chronic stress. The results obtained showed that the handling of young-adult rats produced positive behavioral effects capable of improving the animal's welfare and diminishing the deleterious effects induced by chronic stress.
Mestrado
Fisiologia Oral
Mestre em Odontologia
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Bobrov, Evgeny. "Rat social touch". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17036.

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Ratten verwenden Schnurrhaare (Vibrissen) zur Berührungswahrnehmung, und die Leitungsbahn von den Vibrissen zum primären somatosensorischen Areal (Barrel Cortex, BC) ist gut untersucht. Ratten zeigen auch vielfältiges Sozialverhalten, u.a. Berührung von Artgenossen mit ihren Vibrissen. Es ist jedoch unbekannt, wie diese sozialen Berührungssignale im Gehirn repräsentiert sind. Deshalb hatte die vorliegende Studie zum Ziel, die neuronale Repräsentation von sozialen Berührungen im BC zu untersuchen und mit anderer somatosensorischer Stimulation zu vergleichen. Mit extrazellulären Einzelzellableitungen in sich frei bewegenden Ratten habe ich gezeigt, dass die Aktivität eines Großteils von Neuronen im BC durch soziale Berührungen moduliert wird. Antworten waren meist erregend und Feuerraten während sozialer Interaktionen unterschieden sich zwischen kortikalen Schichten. Ratten bevorzugten Interaktionen mit Artgenossen gegenüber unbelebten Stimuli. Auch die Berührungsstrategien unterschieden sich, dabei wurden Objekte mit regelmäßigeren Bewegungen abgetastet, und die Vibrissen weiter vorgestreckt. Neuronale Antworten unterschieden sich ebenso, mit leicht aber konsistent schwächeren Antworten auf Objekte. Interessanterweise habe ich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in neuronalen Antworten beobachtet. Der ausgeprägteste war die stärkere Modulation regulär-feuernder (RF) Zellen in Männchen während sozialer Berührungen. Dieser Unterschied konnte nicht mit sozialem Berührungsverhalten erklärt werden, was eventuell auf eine neurale Grundlage dieser Differenz hindeutet. Zudem feuerten RF-Zellen von Weibchen deutlich seltener, wenn das Weibchen im Östrus war. Zusammenfassend ist dies die erste Studie, die soziale Signale in einem primären sensorischen Areal bei sich frei bewegenden Tieren auf zellulärer Ebene untersuchte. Sie legt nahe, dass die Repräsentationen sensorischer Hirnrinde weniger stimulusabhängig und stärker top-down-moduliert sein könnten, als zuvor angenommen.
Rats use their stiff facial hairs (whiskers) for somatosensation, and the pathway from the whiskers to the primary somatosensory cortex (barrel cortex, BC) is well known. Rats also show diverse social behaviors, including touch of conspecifics with their whiskers. The representation of these social touch signals in the brain is however unknown. Thus, the present study aimed at characterizing the neuronal representation of social touch signals in BC and comparing them with non-social somatosensory stimulation. Using extracellular single-cell recordings in freely-moving rats, I could show that the activity of a large fraction of BC neurons is modulated by social touch. Responses were typically excitatory and the pattern of firing rates during interactions differed between cortical layers. Rats preferred interactions with alive conspecifics over inanimate stimuli. Whisking strategies also differed in that inanimate stimuli were whisked at with more regular movements from more protracted set angles. Neuronal responses were also different, such that objects elicited slightly but consistently weaker responses than alive rats. Interestingly, I observed sex-specific differences in neuronal responses. Prominently, there was stronger modulation by social touch in regular-spikers (RS) recorded from males. This could not be explained by behavioral measures, possibly indicating a neural origin of this difference. Further, RS from females fired much more weakly when females were in estrus. In summary, this is the first study that investigated social signals in a primary sensory area of freely-moving animals at the cellular level. It suggests that representations in sensory cortices might be less stimulus-driven and more top-down modulated than previously thought.
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HASSANI, OUM KALTOUM. "Controle dopaminergique du noyau sybthalamique chez le rat normal et chez le rat modele de la maladie de parkinson (rats 6-ohda)". Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112037.

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Un modele d'organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle des ganglions de la base a ete propose par albin et coll. (1989). Selon ce modele, l'expression de l'hypokinesie serait la consequence d'une hyperactivite du noyau subthalamique (nst). Cette derniere resulterait d'un processus de desinhibition mettant en jeu successivement deux voies inhibitrices, la voie striato-pallidale et la voie pallido-subthalamique. Au cours d'une premiere partie de ce travail, nous avons cherche a determiner l'origine de cette hyperactivite. En effectuant des lesions soit de la substance noire pars compacta (rats 6-ohda) soit du globus pallidus soit des deux structures, nous avons pu montrer que l'hyperactivite des neurones subthalamiques provoquee par une lesion de la voie dopaminergique nigrostriatale n'est pas reproduite par une lesion pallidale. Nous avons confirme dans une deuxieme partie, l'existence d'une projection dopaminergique importante vers le nst du rat. L'importance fonctionnelle de cette projection a ete etudiee chez des rats normaux et des rats 6-ohda. Nous avons montre que chez le rat normal la stimulation des recepteurs dopaminergiques d1 et/ou d2 presents dans le nst exercerait un controle inhibiteur sur cette structure. Chez les rats 6-ohda, l'activation des recepteurs d2 produit plutot un renforcement de de cette activite. L'hyperactivite des neurones subthalamiques ne peut etre uniquement la consequence de la depletion dopaminergique. Par ailleurs, chez le rat normal et le rat 6-ohda l'injection systemique d'agonistes dopaminergiques entraine une depression de l'activite des neurones subthalamiques, suggerant ainsi que la dopamine assurerait un controle inhibiteur sur l'activite subthalamique a l'etat normal mais aussi a l'etat parkinsonien. Enfin, chez des rats 6-ohda, l'injection systemique de riluzole entraine une diminution (58,7%) de l'activite des neurones subthalamiques qui atteint une valeur proche de la normale.
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Osypiw, Jacqueline Connett. "Heterogeneity of rat hepatocytes". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261422.

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Sullivan, Lawrence. "Roof Rat Control around Homes and Other Structures". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146716.

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Książki na temat "Rat"

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Owings, Lisa. Rat attack. Minneapolis, MN: Bellwether Media, Inc., 2013.

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Carr, Aaron. Rat. New York, NY: AV2 by Weigl, 2016.

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Eberstadt, Fernanda. Rat. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.

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Samutwanit, Chaiʻanan. Rat. [Bangkok]: Samnakphim Čhulālongkō̜nmahāwitthayālai, 1987.

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Cheripko, Jan. Rat. Honesdale, Pa: Boyds Mills Press, 2002.

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Eberstadt, Fernanda. Rat. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.

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Eberstadt, Fernanda. Rat. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010.

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Zaniewski, Andrzej. Rat. London: Picador, 1995.

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Rayner, Matthew. Rat. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2008.

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Caesar, Caius Iulius. Galski rat: Gra♯anski rat. Wyd. 2. Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 1988.

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Części książek na temat "Rat"

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Frenz, Walter. "Rat". W Handbuch Europarecht, 249–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31101-0_4.

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Bazin, Hervé. "Rat-Rat Hybridoma Formation and Rat Monoclonal Antibodies". W Methods of Hybridoma Formation, 337–78. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4826-2_18.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Lung, Rat". W Respiratory System, 321–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_37.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Lung, Rat". W Respiratory System, 203–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96846-4_33.

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Peeters, Wim. "Rat geben". W Erzählen, 269–73. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05364-0_41.

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Fernandes-Stacke, Manuel. "Guter Rat?" W Anlegen am Wendepunkt, 303–10. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-87143-5_28.

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Walker, Vernon E., i James A. Swenberg. "Gliomas, Rat". W Nervous System, 134–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83516-2_24.

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Coleman, Gerald L. "Hibernoma, Rat". W Integument and Mammary Glands, 126–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83749-4_22.

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Zinnecker, Jürgen, Imbke Behnken, Sabine Maschke i Ludwig Stecher. "Nützlicher Rat". W Null Zoff & Voll Busy, 152–53. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-95013-0_25.

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Zinnecker, Jürgen, Imbke Behnken, Sabine Maschke i Ludwig Stecher. "Nützlicher Rat". W null zoff & voll busy, 152–53. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-10915-0_45.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Rat"

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Holland, Brian, Karthik Nagarajan, Chris Conger, Adam Jacobs i Alan D. George. "RAT". W the 1st international workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1328554.1328560.

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Singh, Sarabjot, Harpreet S. Dhillon i Jeffrey G. Andrews. "Downlink rate distribution in multi-RAT heterogeneous networks". W ICC 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2013.6655408.

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Bin Mohd Nazri, Muhammad Safarruddin, i Aliza Sarlan. "Smart Rat Trap". W 2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccoins49721.2021.9497131.

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Godwin, Bryan. "One rat short". W ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Computer animation festival. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1179196.1179263.

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Wiles, Janet, Scott Heath, David Ball, Laleh Quinn i Andrea Chiba. "Rat meets iRat". W 2012 IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/devlrn.2012.6400870.

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Petrini, Lori. "The rat rules!" W ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 computer animation festival. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1281740.1281841.

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Van Hooste, WLC. "182 There’s a rat in the lab – rat bite and rat bite fever in the occupational healthcare setting". W 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.600.

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Chae, Seong Ho, Jun-Pyo Hong i Wan Choi. "Performance enhancement via RAT association control in multi-RAT cellular networks". W ICC 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2016.7510956.

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Gao, Zihang, Guanglu Jia, Hongzhao Xie, Xiaowen Guo, Toshio Fukuda i Qing Shi. "Learning Rat-Like Behavioral Interaction Using a Small-Scale Robotic Rat". W 2022 12th International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cyber55403.2022.9907721.

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Song, Ji, Lisa X. Xu, Sheldon Weinbaum i Daniel E. Lemons. "Scaling Blood Flow Rate in the Rat Spinotrapezius Muscle". W ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0751.

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Abstract In this study, appropriate biological scalings were established based on our experimental measurements of the tissue weight, vessel diameter and blood flow rate in rat spinotrapezius muscle under the normal, vasoconstricted and vasodilated conditions. Based on the measured data in the spinotrapezius of rat of different weight, the scaling laws for geometry and flow in the same organ were analyzed for the first time. Using these relationships, blood flow rates within microvessels of different generations in spinotrapezius muscle can be extrapolated over a wide range of muscle weights. This provides an opportunity to predict the blood flow in large microvessels where it is difficult to make direct measurements using optical methods due to the high blood flow rate and the thickness of the tissue and vessel wall. Further, the allometric relationship between the blood flow rate and vessel diameter indicates that the shear stress at the vessel wall is approximately constant which follows the theoretical minimum work principle.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Rat"

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Brunnermeier, Markus, i Martin Oehmke. The Maturity Rat Race. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16607.

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Ramey, Garey, i Valerie Ramey. The Rug Rat Race. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15284.

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Minning, G. V., i D. R. Sharpe. Surficial Geology, Rat Portage Bay, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132461.

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Gould, Michael N. Characterizing a Rat Brca2 Knockout Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maj 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada471025.

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Griep, Anne E. Transgenic Rat Models for Breast Cancer Research. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb235877.

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Li, He, Maria Braga, Chris Hough, Sean Manion, Xiaolong Jiang, Aiquin Chen, Eleanore H. Gamble, Preetha Abraham i V> Anderjaska. Neuroplasticity and Calcium Signaling in Stressed Rat Amygdala. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luty 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435451.

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McFarlin, Daniel. Mechanisms through which Rat Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis is Preferentially Initiated by H-Ras over K-Ras Signaling Pathways. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, lipiec 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397154.

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McFarlin, Daniel R. Mechanisms through which Rat Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis is Preferentially Initiated by H-Ras Over K-Ras Signaling Pathways. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, lipiec 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423045.

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McFarlin, Daniel R. Mechanisms through which Rat Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis is Preferentially Initiated by H-Ras over K-Ras Signaling Pathways. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, lipiec 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383193.

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Nandi, Satyabrata. A Rat Model for Human Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484719.

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