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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rape (Plant)"
1
Scarth, R., S. R. Rimmer i P. B. E. McVetty. "Reward summer turnip rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, nr 3 (1.07.1992): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-102.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Reward summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa syn. campestris L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with good resistance to white rust disease race 7. Seed oil and protein contents are very good and the seed coat colour is predominantly yellow. Reward is widely adapted to the canola growing regions of western Canada.Key words: Rape (summer), white rust resistance, cultivar description
2
Cinkocki, Renata, Nikola Lipková, Soňa Javoreková, Jana Petrová, Jana Maková, Juraj Medo i Ladislav Ducsay. "The Impact of Growth-Promoting Streptomycetes Isolated from Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Growth Parameters". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (19.05.2021): 5704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105704.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Inoculation of Streptomyces to improve oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) yields and minimise the use of chemical fertilisers is a promising sustainable strategy. In this study, we isolated 72 actinobacterial strains from rhizosphere of oilseed rape and maize and from bulk soil for screening and characterising their antimicrobial activity. Nine promising strains, identified as Streptomyces sp. by morphology, physiological characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were selected for their plant growth-promoting traits and in planta experiments. The actinobacterial strains were positive for IAA production, siderophore production, and HCN production. In planta experiments were conducted by soaking the oilseed rape seeds in the actinobacterial suspension, followed by plant growth under controlled conditions in a cultivate chamber (22–28 °C, 8 h dark/16 h light, constant humidity 80%). We recorded root and shoot length (cm) and seedling fresh weight (g). For most of the abovementioned parameters, a significant enhancement was observed with strain KmiRC20A118 treatment. The length of the root increased by 53.14%, the shoot length increased by 65.6%, and the weight of the fresh plant by 60% compared to the control. The integrated application of PGPS (Plant Growth Promoting Streptomyces) from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape is a promising strategy to improve the growth of oilseed rape.
3
TUULOS, A., M. TURAKAINEN, S. JAAKKOLA, J. KLEEMOLA i P. S. A. MÄKELÄ. "Forage and seed yield of winter turnip rape established as a mixed crop with cereals". Journal of Agricultural Science 153, nr 2 (13.03.2014): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961400015x.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
SUMMARYCultivation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.) in Finland has been limited because of its reputation as an unreliable crop and its mid-season sowing time of July, when fields are already sown to other crops. An alternative management practice for winter turnip rape is proposed whereby it would be sown as a mixed crop simultaneously with spring cereals. The growth and yield formation of winter turnip rape grown in mixed stands with four different spring cereals was studied in two field experiments conducted in 2009–11. Pure and mixed stands of winter turnip rape and spring cereals were established in May at two different cereal and winter turnip rape stand densities. Subsequent to cereal harvest, one-third of each winter turnip rape plot was harvested for biomass in autumn, before cessation of growth. Three plant stand types, May- and July-sown monocrops and a mixed crop with oat (Avena sativa L.) were sampled for forage analysis. Plant stand densities were monitored from establishment until maturity. Winter turnip rape yield and its quality, including oil content, protein content and thousand seed weight, were determined. Following favourable overwintering conditions, winter turnip rape established with cereals yielded comparably to that of pure stands in terms of both quantity and quality. However, a pure stand of winter turnip rape out-yielded mixed crop stands after unfavourable overwintering conditions. Leaf removal decreased plant survival and seed yield. Establishing winter turnip rape with a cereal in May is an alternative to sowing it as a monocrop in July. A higher seeding rate is needed for under-sown winter turnip rape. Furthermore, autumn-harvested winter turnip rape monocrop forage potentially represents a high-protein supplement for ruminants.
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MANDEEP KAUR, VIRENDER SARDANA i PUSHP SHARMA. "Performance of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) and Indian rape (Brassica rapa) in the intercropping system". Indian Journal of Agronomy 62, nr 2 (10.10.2001): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v62i2.4283.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, during the winter (rabi) season of 201415, to study the production potential of Indian rape (Brassica rapa var. toria), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and Ethiopian mus- tard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) in different row spacings and row proportions in the intercropping systems. The experiment comprised 14 treatments which were replicated thrice as per randomized complete-block design. Plant height at maturity and dry-matter accumulation (DMA) at 90 days after sowing by component crops decreased sig- nificantly in intercropping as compared to their sole crops and such reduction in plant height was more for the nar- row row spacing, and for DMA with increasing row spacing. Number of siliquae/plant and 1,000- seed weight of In- dian rape and Ethiopian mustard, and number of seeds/siliqua of Ethiopian mustard were not influenced by the in- tercropping. The highest seed yield given by Indian rape (1.16 t/ha) in Ethiopian mustard + Indian rape intercrop- ping system (1:2, 22.5 cm) was 80.5% of its sole crop yield. Seed yield of non-canola oilseed rape when inter- cropped with Indian rape (1:1, 22.5 cm) was 45.7% lower than its sole crop yield (1.85 t/ha). However, oilseed rape-equivalent yield produced by non-canola oilseed rape + Indian rape (1 : 1, 22.5 cm) was 22.9% higher than sole non canola oilseed rape. Similarly, sole crop of canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha) gave 91.0, 60.2 and 35.3% higher seed yield than its yield under intercropping with Indian rape in different row proportions and spacing. Oil- seed rape- equivalent yield in the canola oilseed rape + Indian rape sown in 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 row proportion at 22.5 cm row spacing was 16.9 and 20.1% higher than sole canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha). Similar to seed yields, sto- ver yields of component crops were significantly decreased in the intercropping system (ICS). Canola/ non-canola oilseed rape based intercropping system (ICS) resulted in higher net returns than sole crops, whereas Ethiopian mustard sown as sole crop was more remunerative than its intercropping with Indian rape.
5
Lewis, L. J., D. L. Woods i B. F. Cheng. "Introgression of long pod genotype from spring rape (Brassica napus L.) into summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-092.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Long pod character from a summer Brassica napus L. line was introgressed into turnip rape B. rapa L. cultivar AC Sunshine resulting in progeny lines with significantly longer pods and larger seed size than those of AC Sunshine, but producing no yield advantage. Key words: Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, pod length, summer turnip rape, spring rape, interspecific hybridisation
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Degenhardt, D. F., G. R. Stringam i Z. P. Kondra. "Eldorado summer turnip rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-029.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Eldorado summer rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with a seed yield similar to that of Tobin. The seed oil content of Eldorado is significantly higher and its meal glucosinolate content is significantly lower than Tobin. Eldorado is well adapted to the B. rapa-growing areas of western Canada. Keywords: Turnip rape (summer), cultivar description
7
Woods, D. L. "AC Sunshine summer turnip rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, nr 2 (1.04.1995): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-080.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AC Sunshine summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar that is well adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. It has higher oil and protein content than Tobin. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description
8
Jhou, Yi-Syuan, Sushanthi Poovendhan, Li-Hsin Huang i Chi-Wei Tsai. "Host Acceptance and Plant Resistance: A Comparative Behavioral Study of Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum". Insects 12, nr 11 (28.10.2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110975.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aphids are prominent phloem-feeding insect pests. Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum are generalist and specialist species, respectively. In this study, these two aphid species were used to investigate host acceptance and plant resistance to aphid feeding. M.persicae survived and reproduced on rape (Brassica rapa), but few individuals (9%) survived on faba bean (Vicia faba). A.pisum survived and reproduced on faba bean, but no A.pisum survived on rape. The probing and feeding behavior of M. persicae and A. pisum on rape and faba bean was examined using an electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. The results demonstrated the feeding preferences of these two aphid species. The EPG results suggest that the resistance of faba bean to M. persicae and that of rape to A. pisum are likely residing in the phloem and mesophyll tissues, respectively. Due to the distinct probing and feeding behaviors, specialist and generalist aphids would have different impacts on the epidemiology of plant viral diseases. The findings can be applied to the management of viral diseases transmitted by specialist or generalist aphids in crop production.
9
Stoenescu, F. M., i K. C. Falk. "Hysyn111 summer turnip rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, nr 3 (1.07.1997): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-159.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Hysyn111 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality population-synthetic (syn1) cultivar adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description
10
Degenhardt, D. F., G. R. Stringam i Z. P. Kondra. "Eclipse summer turnip rape". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, nr 3 (1.07.1992): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-101.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Eclipse summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a yellow-seeded canola-quality cultivar with a seed yield similar to that of the cultivars AC Parkland and Tobin. The oil content of Eclipse is similar to that of AC Parkland but is significantly higher than Tobin. Eclipse has a significantly lower glucosinolate content than either AC Parkland or Tobin. Eclipse is well adapted to the B. rapa growing areas of western Canada.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), cultivar description
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Rape (Plant)"
1
Fiebelkorn, Wrucke Danielle. "Genetic Analysis of Frost Tolerance in Rapeseed/Canola (Brassica Napus L.)". Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28362.
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Frost can be detrimental to canola (Brassica napus L.) production. Depending on the severity, the entire field can be killed. Having frost tolerance in canola would benefit growers by allowing them to plant early, utilize early season moisture, and avoid high heat during flowering. However, frost tolerance in canola has not been well studied. A protocol was developed that determined 14 day old seedlings should be acclimated at 4?C for 7 days before being exposed to overnight frost (-4?C) in a small freezing chamber. However, when a larger chamber was used for freezing, the protocol was optimized to -8?C instead. A greenhouse study was conducted on a diverse collection of 231 genotypes and genome-wide association scan (GWAS) was conducted to identify potential genes that were related to frost tolerance or abiotic stress tolerance. Thirty-eight significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were selected based on 10,000 bootstraps and 0.1 percent tail of the empirical distribution. The markers were located on chromosomes A01, A02, A03, A04, A07, A08, A09, A10, C03, C05, C06, C07, and C09. Stepwise regression highlighted a QTL located on chromosomes A02. Another GWAS was done on 147 canola germplasm lines phenotyped under natural conditions. Thirty-eight significant SNPs identified from this study were located on chromosomes A05, A07, A09, C01, C02, C03, C04, C05, C06, C07, and C09. Stepwise regression identified a QTL located on chromosome C04. A protocol was developed to measure the freezing induced electrolyte leakage from leaves of rapeseed/canola. A total of 157 germplasm lines were evaluated for freezing induced (-12?C for 2 h) electrolyte leakage. Thirty-six significant SNPs located on chromosomes A01, A02, A03, A04, A05, A06, A07, A08, A09, A10, C01, C02, C04, C05, C06, C07, and C09 were identified. Stepwise regression identified 10 QTL located on chromosomes A01, A02, A04, A06, A07, C02, C05, C07, C09, and one that could not be assigned. All GWAS studies identified potential genes of interest that were related to frost tolerance, abiotic stress, and transcription factors.Northern Canola Growers Association
2
Mulyati. "Zinc requirements of transplanted oilseed rape". Thesis, Mulyati, (2004) Zinc requirements of transplanted oilseed rape. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/213/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Transplanting is a common practice for many horticultural crops and some field crops. Recently, transplanted oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crops have been reported to be sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, Zn nutrition in transplanted field crops has not been investigated in detail. The objectives of this present research were to investigate whether transplanting increases external Zn requirements of transplanted oilseed rape, and the mechanisms of root function, growth and Zn uptake after transplanting including rhizosphere modification capacity by plant roots. The second objective was to examine the relative effects of root pruning and transplanting on Zn responses of oilseed rape, and the third objective was to determine external and internal Zn requirements of transplanted oilseed rape for diagnosing and predicting Zn deficiency.
An experiment on a low Zn sand (DTPA extractable Zn 0.14 mg kg-1) was set up to determine whether transplanted oilseed rape had a higher Zn requirement than that of direct-sown plants. Low Zn supply depressed shoot dry weight, however, root growth was relatively more strongly suppressed than shoots. Maximum root dry weight required much higher external Zn for transplanted plants compared to direct-sown plants, whilst shoot dry weight required a similarly low external Zn supply. In addition, transplanted plants were sensitive to zinc deficiency during the early post-transplanting growth, and the response weakened as the plants recovered from root injury or transplanting stress. However, the transplanted plants also experienced root pruning before transplanting and so in this experiment the higher Zn requirement could have been due to root pruning or transplanting or both.
A further experiment was undertaken to determine the comparative external Zn requirements of direct-sown and transplanted plants in well-stirred chelate-buffered solution culture where a rhizosphere effect on plant availability of Zn forms is absent and the effects of poor root-soil contact on post-transplanting growth are minimized. In solution culture at the same level of Zn supplied, direct- sown plants produced higher shoot and root dry matter and greater root length than those of transplanted plants. However, since a higher external Zn requirement was found for transplanted plants in buffered solution culture than for direct- sown plants, it was concluded that the higher Zn requirement was not related to decreased rhizosphere modification, to greater demand for Zn or to poor root-solution contact, but rather to the time required for transplanted plants to recover from transplanting and root injury. The recovery of root function in solution culture was more rapid than that in soil culture and expressed as a higher Zn requirement for shoot as well as root growth. It suggested that the delay in root recovery in soil culture was due to slower absorption of Zn from the soil after transplanting than was the case in solution culture.
Chelate-buffered nutrient solution culture and harvesting plants successively at 5 day intervals until 25 days after transplanting was used to examine the mechanisms of the recovery of root growth and function. In this experiment, the external Zn requirement of transplanted plants was investigated with unpruned or pruned root systems. Plants with unpruned root system and sufficient Zn supply exhibited faster recovery from transplanting than those with pruned root system plants. The results suggest that root pruning impaired Zn uptake by plant roots and slowed down the root and shoot growth after transplanting. Increased solution Zn partly alleviated the effects of root pruning and presumably this is a major reason why transplanted oilseed rape had a high external Zn requirement. However, root pruning also appeared to impair water uptake, and may have suppressed shoot growth through sequestering carbon for new root growth and through decreased phytohormone production by roots.
Since rapid root recovery of transplanted plants is essential for successful of growth in the field, Zn application to the nursery bed was explored as a starter fertilizer to stimulate root growth after transplanting. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether increasing the seedbed Zn would stimulate new root growth of transplanted oilseed rape, and therefore would alleviate the need for increased external Zn for post-transplanting growth. Results showed that adequate Zn concentration in the seedbed promoted the post-transplanting growth by stimulating the new root growth especially increased root length, and also hastened the recovery of root systems. However, high Zn concentration at transplanting still had a more dominant effect in stimulating the new root growth of oilseed rape after transplanting.
The final experiment was set up using rhizobags with three rates of Zn supply and unpruned or pruned root systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical change in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere or bulk soil and its relationship to the recovery of root function after transplanting, and also to identify and quantify the organic acids in soil extracts of direct-sown and transplanted plants. The rhizosphere soil pH was lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil, and the decrease of soil pH was suggested as the mechanism of the increase of Zn availability and mobility in the rhizosphere soil. Direct-sown plants were more efficient in utilizing Zn than those of transplanted plants especially compared to those of plants with pruned root system. Zinc deficient plants excreted higher concentration of organic acids particularly citric acid, suggesting this was a mechanism of Zn mobilization and Zn uptake by roots of oilseed rape.
The main implications of the present study for the management of Zn nutrition of transplanted crops were: the need to increase the Zn application to crops in the nursery and at transplanting compared to direct-sown plants; the possibility that external requirements of other nutrients will be greater in transplanted crops also requires further consideration; and in cropping systems where transplanting is practised, greater attention should be given to the avoidance of root damage during the transplanting.
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Mulyati. "Zinc requirements of transplanted oilseed rape". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060109.135933.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Transplanting is a common practice for many horticultural crops and some field crops. Recently, transplanted oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crops have been reported to be sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, Zn nutrition in transplanted field crops has not been investigated in detail. The objectives of this present research were to investigate whether transplanting increases external Zn requirements of transplanted oilseed rape, and the mechanisms of root function, growth and Zn uptake after transplanting including rhizosphere modification capacity by plant roots. The second objective was to examine the relative effects of root pruning and transplanting on Zn responses of oilseed rape, and the third objective was to determine external and internal Zn requirements of transplanted oilseed rape for diagnosing and predicting Zn deficiency.
An experiment on a low Zn sand (DTPA extractable Zn 0.14 mg kg-1) was set up to determine whether transplanted oilseed rape had a higher Zn requirement than that of direct-sown plants. Low Zn supply depressed shoot dry weight, however, root growth was relatively more strongly suppressed than shoots. Maximum root dry weight required much higher external Zn for transplanted plants compared to direct-sown plants, whilst shoot dry weight required a similarly low external Zn supply. In addition, transplanted plants were sensitive to zinc deficiency during the early post-transplanting growth, and the response weakened as the plants recovered from root injury or transplanting stress. However, the transplanted plants also experienced root pruning before transplanting and so in this experiment the higher Zn requirement could have been due to root pruning or transplanting or both.
A further experiment was undertaken to determine the comparative external Zn requirements of direct-sown and transplanted plants in well-stirred chelate-buffered solution culture where a rhizosphere effect on plant availability of Zn forms is absent and the effects of poor root-soil contact on post-transplanting growth are minimized. In solution culture at the same level of Zn supplied, direct- sown plants produced higher shoot and root dry matter and greater root length than those of transplanted plants. However, since a higher external Zn requirement was found for transplanted plants in buffered solution culture than for direct- sown plants, it was concluded that the higher Zn requirement was not related to decreased rhizosphere modification, to greater demand for Zn or to poor root-solution contact, but rather to the time required for transplanted plants to recover from transplanting and root injury. The recovery of root function in solution culture was more rapid than that in soil culture and expressed as a higher Zn requirement for shoot as well as root growth. It suggested that the delay in root recovery in soil culture was due to slower absorption of Zn from the soil after transplanting than was the case in solution culture.
Chelate-buffered nutrient solution culture and harvesting plants successively at 5 day intervals until 25 days after transplanting was used to examine the mechanisms of the recovery of root growth and function. In this experiment, the external Zn requirement of transplanted plants was investigated with unpruned or pruned root systems. Plants with unpruned root system and sufficient Zn supply exhibited faster recovery from transplanting than those with pruned root system plants. The results suggest that root pruning impaired Zn uptake by plant roots and slowed down the root and shoot growth after transplanting. Increased solution Zn partly alleviated the effects of root pruning and presumably this is a major reason why transplanted oilseed rape had a high external Zn requirement. However, root pruning also appeared to impair water uptake, and may have suppressed shoot growth through sequestering carbon for new root growth and through decreased phytohormone production by roots.
Since rapid root recovery of transplanted plants is essential for successful of growth in the field, Zn application to the nursery bed was explored as a starter fertilizer to stimulate root growth after transplanting. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether increasing the seedbed Zn would stimulate new root growth of transplanted oilseed rape, and therefore would alleviate the need for increased external Zn for post-transplanting growth. Results showed that adequate Zn concentration in the seedbed promoted the post-transplanting growth by stimulating the new root growth especially increased root length, and also hastened the recovery of root systems. However, high Zn concentration at transplanting still had a more dominant effect in stimulating the new root growth of oilseed rape after transplanting.
The final experiment was set up using rhizobags with three rates of Zn supply and unpruned or pruned root systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical change in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere or bulk soil and its relationship to the recovery of root function after transplanting, and also to identify and quantify the organic acids in soil extracts of direct-sown and transplanted plants. The rhizosphere soil pH was lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil, and the decrease of soil pH was suggested as the mechanism of the increase of Zn availability and mobility in the rhizosphere soil. Direct-sown plants were more efficient in utilizing Zn than those of transplanted plants especially compared to those of plants with pruned root system. Zinc deficient plants excreted higher concentration of organic acids particularly citric acid, suggesting this was a mechanism of Zn mobilization and Zn uptake by roots of oilseed rape.
The main implications of the present study for the management of Zn nutrition of transplanted crops were: the need to increase the Zn application to crops in the nursery and at transplanting compared to direct-sown plants; the possibility that external requirements of other nutrients will be greater in transplanted crops also requires further consideration; and in cropping systems where transplanting is practised, greater attention should be given to the avoidance of root damage during the transplanting.
4
Ye, Zhengqian. "Effect of low temperature on boron nutrition of oilseed rape and sunflower". Thesis, Ye, Zhengqian (2004) Effect of low temperature on boron nutrition of oilseed rape and sunflower. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/418/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Several reports appear in the literature linking low temperature damage in plants with boron (B) deficiency and alleviation of low temperature injury with B application has been reported in some crops and trees. These results imply that low temperature might increase plant B requirements, beside the reduction of B uptake by plant roots, or that low B tissues might be more sensitive to cold temperature damage than B adequate tissues. In controlled experiments, it has been shown that low root zone temperature (RZT) induces B deficiency in cassava, a tropical root crop. Apart from this, there are few definitive detailed investigations on low temperature effects on B nutrition of plants, including temperate species which are more tolerant of low temperature.
Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a crop sensitive to low B supply, is a major crop in the middle and lower Yangtse river basin, China, where low B soils are widespread. Appearance of B deficiency in oilseed rape often coincides with cold weather during its winter and spring growth. However, the incidence and severity of B deficiency of oilseed rape plants and the efficacy of B fertilization varies from year to year and location to location in ways that are not explained simply by differences in cultivar, agronomy or soil B levels. Low temperature is probably one of the important environmental factors influencing growth and yield of oilseed rape in relation to B nutrition.
Therefore,the objective of the studies in this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of low temperature effects on B nutrition of plants with emphasis on oilseed rape. Field and glasshouse experiments were carried out and the physiological basis of plant response to B at different air and root temperatures is discussed.
A field experiment with oilseed rape cv. Zheyouyou 2 was carried out on a red soil (Hapludult, US Soil Taxonomy) with low B availability in Zhejiang province, China. Canopy covers made from transparent plastic sheets, which increased night temperatures by up to 1.5 oC around shoots for 15 days in early February, strongly increased shoot dry weight at all levels of B supply. Furthermore, covering plants increased shoot dry weight of B deficient plants without increasing their leaf B concentration. This suggests that internal B requirements were decreased by canopy covering, possibly due to higher temperatures within the canopy.
Experiments conducted to investigate the effect of RZT (10 and 20 oC) on oilseed rape cv. Hyola 42 response to B in solution culture, in summer and winter, showed that regardless of canopy conditions, low RZT (10 oC) promoted the distribution of shoot B towards the actively growing leaves, especially when B supply was low. At low B supply, B deficiency symptoms appeared later at 10 oC than 20 oC RZT and B concentrations in the youngest fully opened leaves (YOL) were higher in plants grown at RZT of 10 oC than that at 20 oC. Growth of plant dry weight (DW) was not affected by RZT in the summer but was greatly reduced at 10 oC than 20 oC in winter. In B adequate plants, shoot to root ratio (S/R ratio) was not affected by RZT regardless of canopy conditions. By contrast, S/R ratio was smaller in low B plants at 10 oC than 20 oC. In addition, low RZT delayed occurrence of plant B deficiency symptoms regardless of plants' pre-treatment RZT (either 10 or 20 oC). These results appeared to contradict the response to low RZT found in previous studies with cassava.
In a subsequent experiment, low RZT of 5 oC not only greatly reduced plant DW production of oilseed rape, but also accentuated plant B deficiency. Partitioning of B into the young growing shoots was also depressed and a significant decrease of B concentration in the youngest shoot parts was caused by 5 oC RZT in comparison with that at the control RZT (10 oC). Similar results were also observed in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hysun 25). But B deficiency symptoms in sunflower were induced by RZT as high as 12 oC, when plants were supplied with 0.25 mcg B, whilst these plants were free from B deficiency at warmer RZT (17 - 27 oC). Higher external B concentrations were required at such RZT (Chilling temperature) for plant growth free from B deficiency. Therefore, there is a RZT threshold below which an increased response to B is expected in plants of oilseed rape and sunflower. And in the range of chilling RZT, the external B requirement for shoot growth increased with lower RZT. The threshold RZT was considerably higher in the chilling-sensitive plant species, sunflower, than in oilseed rape, a chilling-resistant plant species.
At chilling RZT, leaf functioning was impaired by low B supply as measured by potassium (K) leakage from the youngest mature leaf blade (YML) of sunflower, whereas it was much less directly affected by RZT, and there was no effect of RZT on B- adequate plants. By contrast to leaves, root function was impaired more by chilling RZT than low B.
Despite their different threshold RZT, in both oilseed rape and sunflower, the rates of B uptake (BUR) and B translocation from root to shoot (BTR) were dramatically depressed by chilling RZT especially at low B supply (0.2 mcg B): being only 30% of those at the control (5 oC vs 10 oC RZT) in oilseed rape and 33% (10 oC vs 20 oC RZT) in sunflower, respectively. By contrast, there was little or no difference over a range of warmer RZT (10 - 20 oC for oilseed rape, and 20 - 27 oC for sunflower). It is predicted that higher rates of B application will be required for plant growth when soil temperature is below a critical threshold, which is between 5 and 10 oC for oilseed rape, and about 17 oC for sunflower, respectively. Below the threshold RZT plant B deficiency was induced and accentuated due to impairment of B translocation into growing shoot parts besides the decrease of B uptake rate and B transport rate and greater shoot to root ratio.
In comparison with RZT, little is known about causal mechanisms linking cold air temperature and B nutrition. Experiments in this thesis showed not only B transport to the shoot was strongly reduced by low night air temperature during a 6 day period (11.719.4 vs 15.5 - 23.5 oC), but also that an overnight chilling (at 0 oC) could cause more severe injury to low B than adequate B leaves of oilseed rape plants, expressed by higher solute leakage, in comparison with control (at 10 oC). Moreover, after chilling treatment, solute leakage from low B leaves was increased by exposure to light, which suggests that low temperature injury to leaves in low B plants after a freezing night in the field is at least partly a consequence of light induced damage of leaves.
In summary, at chilling temperature, B uptake, transport and partitioning into growing shoots are strongly impaired, and B use efficiency in the growing tissues might be reduced as well. Low temperature contributes to plant B deficiency also by increasing S/R ratio, so that shoot B demand is not satisfied by available B. Furthermore, low air temperature might increase the internal B requirement for shoot growth. To further understand mechanisms of low temperature, especially the air temperature, effects on plant responses to B, more research is needed, such as the relationship between low temperature and B incorporation into cell walls which may play an important role in leaf tolerance to chilling temperature.
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Ye, Zhengqian. "Effect of low temperature on boron nutrition of oilseed rape and sunflower". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060510.154332.
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Several reports appear in the literature linking low temperature damage in plants with boron (B) deficiency and alleviation of low temperature injury with B application has been reported in some crops and trees. These results imply that low temperature might increase plant B requirements, beside the reduction of B uptake by plant roots, or that low B tissues might be more sensitive to cold temperature damage than B adequate tissues. In controlled experiments, it has been shown that low root zone temperature (RZT) induces B deficiency in cassava, a tropical root crop. Apart from this, there are few definitive detailed investigations on low temperature effects on B nutrition of plants, including temperate species which are more tolerant of low temperature.
Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a crop sensitive to low B supply, is a major crop in the middle and lower Yangtse river basin, China, where low B soils are widespread. Appearance of B deficiency in oilseed rape often coincides with cold weather during its winter and spring growth. However, the incidence and severity of B deficiency of oilseed rape plants and the efficacy of B fertilization varies from year to year and location to location in ways that are not explained simply by differences in cultivar, agronomy or soil B levels. Low temperature is probably one of the important environmental factors influencing growth and yield of oilseed rape in relation to B nutrition.
Therefore,the objective of the studies in this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of low temperature effects on B nutrition of plants with emphasis on oilseed rape. Field and glasshouse experiments were carried out and the physiological basis of plant response to B at different air and root temperatures is discussed.
A field experiment with oilseed rape cv. Zheyouyou 2 was carried out on a red soil (Hapludult, US Soil Taxonomy) with low B availability in Zhejiang province, China. Canopy covers made from transparent plastic sheets, which increased night temperatures by up to 1.5 oC around shoots for 15 days in early February, strongly increased shoot dry weight at all levels of B supply. Furthermore, covering plants increased shoot dry weight of B deficient plants without increasing their leaf B concentration. This suggests that internal B requirements were decreased by canopy covering, possibly due to higher temperatures within the canopy.
Experiments conducted to investigate the effect of RZT (10 and 20n oC) on oilseed rape cv. Hyola 42 response to B in solution culture, in summer and winter, showed that regardless of canopy conditions, low RZT (10 oC) promoted the distribution of shoot B towards the actively growing leaves, especially when B supply was low. At low B supply, B deficiency symptoms appeared later at 10 oC than 20 oC RZT and B concentrations in the youngest fully opened leaves (YOL) were higher in plants grown at RZT of 10 oC than that at 20 oC. Growth of plant dry weight (DW) was not affected
by RZT in the summer but was greatly reduced at 10 oC than 20 oC in winter. In B adequate plants, shoot to root ratio (S/R ratio) was not affected by RZT regardless of canopy conditions. By contrast, S/R ratio was smaller in low B plants at 10 oC than 20 oC. In addition, low RZT delayed occurrence of plant B deficiency symptoms regardless of plants¡¦ pre-treatment RZT (either 10 or 20 oC). These results appeared to contradict the response to low RZT found in previous studies with cassava.
In a subsequent experiment, low RZT of 5 oC not only greatly reduced plant DW production of oilseed rape, but also accentuated plant B deficiency. Partitioning of B into the young growing shoots was also depressed and a significant decrease of B concentration in the youngest shoot parts was caused by 5 oC RZT in comparison with that at the control RZT (10 oC). Similar results were also observed in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hysun 25). But B deficiency symptoms in sunflower were induced by RZT as high as 12 oC, when plants were supplied with 0.25 £gM B, whilst these plants were free from B deficiency at warmer RZT (17 - 27 oC). Higher external B concentrations were required at such RZT (Chilling temperature) for plant growth free from B deficiency. Therefore, there is a RZT threshold below which an increased response to B is expected in plants of oilseed rape and sunflower. And in the range of chilling RZT, the external B requirement for shoot growth increased with lower RZT. The threshold RZT was considerably higher in the chilling-sensitive plant species, sunflower, than in oilseed rape, a chilling-resistant plant species.
At chilling RZT, leaf functioning was impaired by low B supply as measured by potassium (K) leakage from the youngest mature leaf blade (YML) of sunflower, whereas it was much less directly affected by RZT, and there was no effect of RZT on B- adequate plants. By contrast to leaves, root function was impaired more by chilling RZT than low B.
Despite their different threshold RZT, in both oilseed rape and sunflower, the rates of B uptake (BUR) and B translocation from root to shoot (BTR) were dramatically depressed by chilling RZT especially at low B supply (0.2 £gM B): being only 30% of those at the control (5 oC vs 10 oC RZT) in oilseed rape and 33% (10 oC vs 20 oC RZT) in sunflower, respectively. By contrast, there was little or no difference over a range of warmer RZT (10 - 20 oC for oilseed rape, and 20 ¡V 27 oC for sunflower). It is predicted that higher rates of B application will be required for plant growth when soil temperature is below a critical threshold, which is between 5 and 10 oC for oilseed rape, and about 17 oC for sunflower, respectively. Below the threshold RZT plant B deficiency was induced and accentuated due to impairment of B translocation into growing shoot parts besides the decrease of B uptake rate and B transport rate and greater shoot to root ratio.
In comparison with RZT, little is known about causal mechanisms linking cold air temperature and B nutrition. Experiments in this thesis showed not only B transport to the shoot was strongly reduced by low night air temperature during a 6 day period (11.719.4 vs 15.5 ¡V 23.5 oC), but also that an overnight chilling (at 0 oC) could cause more severe injury to low B than adequate B leaves of oilseed rape plants, expressed by higher solute leakage, in comparison with control (at 10 oC). Moreover, after chilling treatment, solute leakage from low B leaves was increased by exposure to light, which suggests that low temperature injury to leaves in low B plants after a freezing night in the field is at least partly a consequence of light induced damage of leaves.
In summary, at chilling temperature, B uptake, transport and partitioning into growing shoots are strongly impaired, and B use efficiency in the growing tissues might be reduced as well. Low temperature contributes to plant B deficiency also by increasing S/R ratio, so that shoot B demand is not satisfied by available B. Furthermore, low air temperature might increase the internal B requirement for shoot growth. To further understand mechanisms of low temperature, especially the air temperature, effects on plant responses to B, more research is needed, such as the relationship between low temperature and B incorporation into cell walls which may play an important role in leaf tolerance to chilling temperature.
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Stangoulis, James Constantine Roy. "Genotypic variation in oilseed rape to low boron nutrition and the mechanism of boron efficiency". Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs7856.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 132-159. Boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napua L. and B. juncea L.) was investigated in a wide range of genotypes. Using a solution culture screening of 10 day old seedlings, root length best described shoot growth response, and was used to characterise a total of 65 genotypes. Varieties and breeders lines tolerant of B-deficient growing conditions were identified, and the screening process validated through field trials. B responses in plants sampled at the 'green bud' stage indicated that vegetative growth is important in B efficiency. Studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism of B efficiency in oilseed rape. Results suggest no association between B efficiency and the capacity to acidify the root rhizosphere, or an increased translocation of B from root to shoot. Boron retranslocation was also studied as a mechanism of B efficiency.
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Babwah, Andy Videsh. "Development and application of biotechnological tools in the major crop plant, Brassica napus". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37867.
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A two-component transposable element system consisting of a stabilized Activator (Acst) and a chimeric Dissociation (Ds) element has been introduced into the genome of Brassica napus. This Acst/ Ds system incorporates the use of several highly effective screenable and selectable markers. One of these markers is the maize Lc gene, a transcriptional regulator of flavonoid biosynthetic genes. This substrate-independent screenable marker was tested for the first time in B. napus and I show that when overexpressed, there is augmented trichome production and a light-dependent, enhanced accumulation of anthocyanins in B. napus plants. The phenotypes are expressed under a wide range of conditions, are visually distinct, and are observed throughout plant development. When used as a visual marker for the Acst element, Lc B. napus plants were rapidly identified among F2 segregating populations. As part of my goal to develop a very efficient Acst/Ds system for use in B. napus, a conditional negative selectable marker, the E. coli codA gene, was also tested for the first time in B. napus. This was done because use of a substrate-dependent negative selectable marker can facilitate the rapid and reliable identification of stable Ds transposition events when used as a marker for the Acst T-DNA. The enzyme cytosine deaminase, encoded by the codA gene, catalyzes the deamination of the non-toxic compound 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the highly toxic compound 5-fluorouracil. In codA transformed B. napus seedlings, expression of cytosine deaminase results in a severe suppression of growth and this phenotype is dependent on the presence of the 5-FC substrate. Wild-type seedlings, however, lack endogenous cytosine deaminase activity and appear unaffected by the presence of 5-FC in the growth media. These results indicate that codA has the potential to be used effectively in B. napus as a substrate-dependent negative selectable marker for the Acst T-DNA. To determine if Ac transposase cou
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Basu, Krishna Rachel. "Improving seed quality in winter oilseed rape". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31239/.
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The majority of UK oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is September-sown on heavy clay soils where straw has been incorporated following the cereal harvest in August. A series of germination, emergence and field experiments was conducted to assess the effects of variation in seed quality on establishment and to evaluate the improvements possible by mother crop nitrogen management and pre-sowing seed treatments on commercial and farm-saved seedlots. In germination experiments designed to examme the performance of commercial seed lots at temperatures ranging between 5 and 25°C significant differences were recorded in the speed and unifonnity of germination, particularly at 10 and 15°C, which are comparable to UK field temperatures in late-August to September. The analysis of Apex variety seeds grown from nitrogen-managed mother crops in 1996 and 1998 showed a negative correlation between their nitrogen and oil percentage, which was significantly affected by both the amount (kg ha -1) and timing (vegetative growth period or flowering period) of nitrogen application. The highest nitrogen seeds were produced from mother crops that had received medium (160 kg ha -1) amounts of nitrogen fertiliser during the flowering period. Seeds that were harvested from pods taken from the lower < 1.5 m) section of the crop canopy also had a significantly higher nitrogen and significantly lower oil percentage than those taken from the upper (> 1.5 m) section of the canopy. In germination and emergence experiments the highest nitrogen (3.46 to 3.61 %) seeds germinated significantly faster than the seeds of lowest nitrogen (2.30 to 2.95%) content but they did not emerge as well as low nitrogen seeds from depth. Selecting small (< 2 mm diameter) seeds over large (> 2 mm diameter) seeds significantly improved the rate of geTI11ination and emergence and the final percentage emergence at 10 mm sowing depth although the final percentage emergence at 20 mm sowing depth was significantly greater from the large seeds. Hydrating seeds in water for 18 hours at 15 grad. C before drying them back in the laboratory at 20 grad. C significantly improved the speed of germination and the speed and final percentage emergence at 10 mm sowing depth compared with control treatments provided that the radicle had not emerged before drying back; small seeds derived the most benefit from hydration. Seed heat treatment at temperatures of 80 grad. C significantly delayed the onset of germination and emergence but significantly hastened field establishment. The effects of seed nitrogen percentage, seed size and heat treatment on seedling emergence and subsequent plant growth and development were examined in the field between October 1999 and July 2000. Growth analyses, which were performed in February (growth phase), May (flowering) and July (pre-harvest), showed that the high nitrogen, large seeded and heat-treated populations had a significantly lower rate of plant loss than the low nitrogen, small seeded and control populations. Under field conditions, the higher growth rates and growth parameters of the seedlings produced from the high nitrogen and! or large seeds were not always significant nor were they consistently maintained until harvest. Large seed size and heat treatment significantly increased the number of established plants per m2 and significantly increased the initial plant size. The final yield was not significantly affected by seed nitrogen percentage, seed size or seed heat treatment.
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Jean, Martine. "Genetic mapping of restorer genes for cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus using DNA markers". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40147.
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DNA markers tightly-linked to nuclear fertility restorer genes for cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) are valuable tools for breeders and researchers working with these genes. Two different targeting approaches were used to identify markers linked to the Rfp1 restorer gene for the pol CMS of canola (Brassica napus L.): nearly isogenic line (NIL) comparison and bulked segregant analysis. These methods were equally efficient in identifying markers linked to Rfp1; combining them allowed a targeting efficiency of 100% to be achieved. The efficiency of bulked segregant analysis was found to be limited by the inadvertent occurrence of shared homozygosity at specific chromosomal regions in the bulks, in contrast with the efficiency of NIL comparison which was limited by the occurrence of residual DNA from the donor cultivar at scattered sites around the genome of the NILs. Eleven DNA markers linked to the Rfp1 gene were identified, one of which perfectly co-segregates with Rfp1. The linkage group on which Rfp1 is localized contains 17 DNA markers. Two restorer genes of the pol CMS, Rfp1 and Rfp2, and a Rfn restorer gene of the nap CMS were found to be at least tightly linked to one another and may all reside at the same locus. A fourth restorer gene, the Rfo restorer for the ogu CMS, was, however, found to be unlinked to the other restorer genes. Different restorer genes for the nap CMS were found in the lines 'Westar-Rf and 'Karat'. A linkage map of the B. napus genome containing 146 markers organized into 23 linkage groups covering a total length of 850.2 cM was constructed from a BC$ sb1$ population. This map contains 63 loci previously localized on the B. napus genome through analysis of an F$ sb2$ population. Comparative analysis indicates that the total length of the BC$ sb1$-derived map is smaller than that of the F$ sb2$-derived map, which suggests that a reduction in recombination frequency is occurring in male gametes. The preferential use of two or three probe-
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McWilliam, Simon Charles. "Plant establishment, canopy structure and yield formation in oilseed rape". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243684.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Rape (Plant)"
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Khan, A. Rehman. Rape and mustard in Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, 1987.
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V, Alford D., red. Biocontrol of oilseed rape pests. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2003.
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Central Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), red. The rape plant (Brassica napus, Linn.): Its culture, use and value. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
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Alford, D. V. Biocontrol of oilseed rape pests. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003.
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Kenkyūjo, Kokuritsu Kankyō. Heisei 21-nendo idenshi kumikae seibutsu ni yoru eikyō kanshi chōsa hōkokusho. Tsukuba-shi: Kokuritsu Kankyō Kenkyūjo, 2010.
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Statusseminar "Biotechnologie für die Züchtung von Industrieraps" (1992 Münster in Westfalen, Germany). Beiträge zum Statusseminar "Biotechnologie für die Züchtung von Industrieraps": Universität Münster, 11. Juni 1992. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 1993.
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Chen, Bao-Yuan. Resynthesized Brassica napus L.: A potential in breeding and research. Svalo v, Sweden: Dept. of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1989.
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Wahiduzzaman, Md. Potentials for species introgression in Brassica napus with special reference to earliness and seed colour. Uppsala: Institutionen för växtförädling, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 1987.
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Engqvist, Gabriele. Biometrical genetics of oilseed rape: Selection among crosses in F3̳. Svalöv: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Plant Breeding Research, 1993.
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1951-, Shahidi Fereidoon, red. Canola and rapeseed: Production, chemistry, nutrition, and processing technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Rape (Plant)"
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Wiesler, F., T. Behrens i W. J. Horst. "Nitrogen efficiency of contrasting rape ideotypes". W Plant Nutrition, 60–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_28.
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Schuster, C., i G. W. Rathke. "Nitrogen fertilisation of transgenic winter oilseed rape". W Plant Nutrition, 336–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_162.
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Rask, Lars, Mats Ericson, Joakim Rödin, Marit Lenman, Mats Ellerström, Hans-Olof Gustafsson, Eva Muren i Lars-Göran Josefsson. "Synthesis and Processing of Rape-Seed Storage". W Plant Molecular Biology, 667. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7598-6_98.
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Penaud, Annette, i Anne-Sophie Walker. "Oilseed Rape Pathogens in France". W Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogens, 389–99. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55642-8_24.
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Werner, Christian, i Rod Snowdon. "Genome-Facilitated Breeding of Oilseed Rape". W Compendium of Plant Genomes, 245–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43694-4_15.
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Voigt, K., S. Schleier i J. Wöstemeyer. "Molecular diagnosis of rape seed pathogens". W Developments in Plant Pathology, 195–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0043-1_41.
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Rouan, Dominique, i Philippe Guerche. "Transformation and regeneration of oilseed rape protoplasts". W Plant Tissue Culture Manual, 277–300. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0103-2_15.
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Rathke, G. W., i C. Schuster. "Yield and quality of winter oilseed rape related to nitrogen supply". W Plant Nutrition, 798–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_388.
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Tilsner, J., i G. Lohaus. "N use efficieny and amino acid transport in rape (Brassica napus L.)". W Plant Nutrition, 28–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_12.
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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott i R. W. Briddon. "Brassica napus (Canola/Oilseed rape/Rapeseed)". W Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 293–97. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_132.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Rape (Plant)"
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Erichsmeier, Fabian, Maksim Kukushkin, Johannes Fiedler, Matthias Enders, Simon Goertz, Martin Bogdan, Thomas Schmid i Reinhard Kaschuba. "Automating the purity analysis of oilseed rape through usage of hyperspectral imaging". W Photonic Technologies in Plant and Agricultural Science, redaktorzy Dag Heinemann i Gerrit Polder. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3002665.
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Chantseva, V. V., A. V. Didio, K. Ealing, T. V. Grishina, B. Hochenwarter, A. Zints, G. N. Smolikova, T. E. Bilova, A. A. Frolov i S. S. Medvedev. "The randomization of the gravity vector leads to a change in the proteome of the germinating rape seed". W IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-465.
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ŠIDLAUSKAS, Gvidas, Irena PRANCKIETIENĖ, Rūta DROMANTIENĖ i Viktoras PRANCKIETIS. "THE EFFECT OF AGRONOMIC AND CLIMATIC FACTORS ON WINTER OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) ROOT NECK GROWTH IN AUTUMN". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.025.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the growth habit of winter oilseed rape root neck during the vegetative period in autumn. Such information is important for better understanding of winter oilseed rape growth pattern at early stages of development with the purpose to improve over winter survival. Field trials were conducted on Endocalcari – Epihypogleyic Cambisols. For the determination of changes of winter oilseed rape root neck thickness during autumnal development the effect of planting date, seedbed nitrogen application, stand population density, number of calendar days after emergence, accumulated by plants growing degree days and interaction among these factors was tested. For the description of the root neck growth pattern Boltzmann’s growth function performing a nonlinear fitting of estimating parameters was used. Results collected in the experiments indicate that the effect of sowing date including accumulated by plants growing degree days and the number of calendar days after emergence showed much greater effect on winter oilseed rape root diameter than seeding rate or pre-plant nitrogen application. On the basis of collected data winter oilseed rape root neck growth model was developed. These studies that relate mentioned factors to fall growth of winter oilseed rape root neck are presented in the paper.
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DAUTARTĖ, Anželika, Vidmantas SPRUOGIS, Romualdas ZEMECKIS, Edmundas BARTKEVIČIUS i Algirdas GAVENAUSKAS. "THE INFLUENCE OF BIOORGANIC PREPARATIONS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CONVENTIONALY GROWN WINTER RAPE ACTIVATING AND SAVING THE USE OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS". W RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.051.
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The aim was to determine the impact of Raskila bio-organic preparation on the productivity of winter rape ‘Sunday’ grown under conventional system, in order to activate and save the use of treatment Rovral aqua flo and to improve the wintering of plants. The scientific article presents the data of the conventional winter rape ‘Sunday’ growth intensity, plant formation, accumulation of dry matter, seed quality parameters, fertility data and the influence of the use of bioorganic fertilizers e. winter rape 'Sunday' seeds were coated with bioorganic preparations and synthetic treatments, and additionally sprayed with a bioorganic fertilizer solution. Agrotechnics was carried out according to the technology of winter rape growing at Aleksandras Stulginskis University Experimental station. Additional treatment of winter rape seeds and additional spraying with bioorganic fertilizers had a positive influence on the processes of growth and development of winter rape. By combining seed treatments and treatment with bio-organic Raskila fertilizers (3 l for 100 kg) and spray in autumn (3 l ha-1 ), the best results are achieved: the maximum rape seed yield was 3.87 t ha-1 and the best quality production. Bioorganic fertilizers and treatment Rovral aqua flo has significantly increased the following indicators of winter rape ‘Sunday’: the length of the plant (118.16-127.64 cm), the number of branches (6-10), seeds in the silique (28.27), the seed yield (3.16-3.87 t ha-1). The highest seed yield (3.87 l ha-1) was achieved, applying Nagro preparations in the autumn and the Rovral aqua flo treatment and spraying Raskila plants when the rape reaches a height of 5-7 cm (BBCH 10-19). Premium yield was 86.6 % compared to control. Raskila fertilizers and treatment Rovral aqua flo significantly increased the following parameters of winter rape seeds: content of fat (41.52-43.05 %), proteins (20.39-20.91%), glucosinolates decreased from 18.68 to 18.31 m mol g-1. This has improved seed quality. Treatment with Raskila and treatment Rovral aqua flo decreased seeds and seedlings infestation and morbidity due to Fusarium, Drechlera, Alternaria, Penicillium. Rates of treatment can be reduced if combined with bioorganic fertilizers. Application of bioorganic fertilizers and treatment in combination increases the effectiveness of treatment. Bio-organic fertilizer reduces plant stress caused by synthetic treatment.
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Mathieu, Amelie, Tiphaine Vidal, Alexandra Jullien, QiongLi Wu i Paul-Henry Cournede. "Sensitivity analysis to help individual plant model parameterization for winter oilseed rape". W 2016 IEEE International Conference on Functional-Structural Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (FSPMA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fspma.2016.7818299.
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Кулагин, О., П. Кудашкин i И. Иванова. "Эффективность новых инсектицидов и их влияние на опылителей в посевах рапса". W International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.54.
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The data on the effectiveness of new preparations of JSC "Shchelkovo Agrokhim" in the fight against rape blossom beetle on rapeseed in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia were obtained. The preparations have shown high efficiency in the fight against the pest. An increase in the number of pollinators found in plots treated with insecticides.
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Kuzmenko, Volodymyr, Viacheslav Bratishko, Sergiy Subota i Oleksandr Kholodiuk. "Influence of moisture on particle size of plant raw materials after grinding". W 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf122.
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Stem plant materials, as a common lignocellulosic raw material, are widely used both in agro-industrial production and in biofuel technologies. One of the main technological operations when using stem plant materials is grinding. The performed studies are dedicated to determining the influence of raw material moisture on the efficiency of grinding plant materials such as wheat straw, rape straw and corn stalks. A hammer grate crusher was used for the research. The diameter of the rotor was 520 mm, the diameter of the sieve holes was 7.25 mm, and the frequency of rotation of the rotor was 1470 rpm. In the upper part of the rotor, four knives are installed on a disk with slots, which preliminarily destroy the raw materials. Raw materials obtained after grinding were analysed using a sieve classifier. Grinding quality was assessed by the weighted average particle size. Experiments were conducted with wheat straw, rape straw and corn stalks with moisture obtained during crop harvesting, as well as additionally dried. Each type of raw material had three levels of moisture, and the repetition of the experiments was threefold. The moisture limits for each crop were individual and ranged from 8 to 30%. When analysing the results of the experiment, mathematical dependencies were obtained that describe the change in the weighted average length of the crushed raw material in the form of linear functions. It was established that when grinding wheat straw, rape straw, and corn stalks with a hammer crusher, an increase in their moisture content within the range of 8-30% leads to an increase in the weighted average length of particles from 1.6 to 2.4 mm, and the coefficient of determination of linear models of the influence of moisture on the change in weighted average length is in the range of 0.68-0.96.
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Wang, Xiujuan, Amélie Mathieu, Paul-Henry Cournède, Jean-Michel Allirand, Alexandra Jullien, Philippe de Reffye i Bao Gui Zhang. "Stochastic Models in Floral Biology and its Application to the Study of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Fertility". W 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.12.
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Li, Dong, Xiujuan Wang, James C. Trask, Baogang Lin i Dongqing Zhang. "The variability of plant branching and structural properties: data analysis and modeling investigation of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)". W 2018 6th International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2018.8611620.
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Pinet, Amelie, Alexandra Jullien, Jean-Michel Allirand, Amelie Mathieu i Bertrand Ney. "Are Yield and Biomass Distribution Affected by Sink Organ Clipping During Reproductive Phase of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)?" W 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.53.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Rape (Plant)"
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Marinkovic, Catalina, i Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Is Energy Planning Consistent with Climate Goals? Assessing Future Emissions from Power Plants in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005183.
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At least ten Latin American and Caribbean countries have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality. Has electricity planning in the region evolved towards reaching these goals? We compare power generation capacity in 2023 to announced plans in 2019. We then estimate committed emissions from existing and planned power plants that is emissions that would result from the normal operations of these plants during their typical lifetime and compare them to emissions from power generation in published IPCC scenarios. We find that fossil fuel planned capacity has decreased by 47% since 2019, mainly due to the cancellation of 50% of coal and 40% of gas projects, compared to only 32% of renewable energy projects. But existing plants in the region will emit 6.7 GtCO2 during their lifespan, and if all planned plants are built, they will add 4.9 GtCO2, totaling 11.6 GtCO2, exceeding median carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2C-consistent IPCC pathways (2.3 and 4.3 GtCO2). Natural gas power plants are the largest contributor to existing (62%) and planned (75%) emissions (versus 24% and 23% for coal). We evaluate emissions reduction strategies to achieve carbon budgets. Assuming no new coal plants comes into operation, announced gas and oil projects are canceled at the same rate as in the past four years, all fossil fueled plant lifetimes are reduced by 10 years, and all new natural gas displaces existing coal, committed emissions fall by 59%, almost meeting the 2C budget, but still twice as large as the median 1.5C budget. Our results suggest that while progress is being made, energy planning in the region is not yet consistent with global climate goals as reflected by the IPCC scenario database.
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Rykken, Jessica. Pollinator diversity and floral associations in subarctic sand dunes of Kobuk Valley National Park, Alaska. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302008.
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Active sand dunes in Kobuk Valley National Park are a regionally rare and ecologically distinct landscape feature occurring within the northern boreal biome. The sand dunes harbor a rich diversity of plants, including several rare and disjunct species and the endemic Kobuk locoweed (Oxytropis kobukensis). Pollinators associated with these dune plants have not been studied in Kobuk Valley, despite their essential role in transporting pollen which many plants rely on for successful reproduction. In order to gain a better understanding of pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator associations in this unique ecosystem north of the Arctic Circle, we conducted surveys of bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) and syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in several places along the Kobuk River and in two active dune areas, the Hunt River Dunes and the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, in late June-early July of 2017 and 2019. We used active and passive collecting methods to sample pollinators at 21 different sites and along five walking transects, and we documented plant associations for net-collected specimens. In all, we collected 326 bees and 256 syrphid flies, representing 27 and 37 taxa, respectively. The most abundant and widespread species collected among syrphid flies were Lapposyrpus lapponicus and Eristalis obscura. For bees, three soil-nesting solitary species, Andrena barbilabris, Megachile circumcincta, and Osmia tarsata made up 60% of the total bee catch. Dryas integrifolia, a widespread plant on the dunes, hosted the highest number of bee and syrphid fly taxa (13 and 20, respectively). Bumble bees (Bombus) and megachilid bees (Megachile, Osmia) favored several plants in the Fabaceae family, while mining bees (Andrena) were abundant on Salix species (willow). A high diversity of syrphid flies were collected on the composite Packera ogotorukensis, and Salix species. Our collections indicate that the endemic Oxytropis kobukensis was primarily visited by the mason bee, Osmia tarsata (44% of all visitors) and the leafcutter bee, Megachile circumcincta (27%). Bumble bees (genus Bombus) made up another 13% of all visitors to this plant. Our study confirms that the active sand dunes in Kobuk Valley provide an ecologically unique habitat both for plants and their associated insect pollinators. For example, many of the solitary bees living in the dunes rely on deep sands for nesting and thus are limited in their distribution across Arctic and boreal landscapes.
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Landolt, Peter, Ezra Dunkelblum, Robert Heath i Moshe Kehat. Host Plant Kairomonal Effects on Heliothis Mate-Finding Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613016.bard.
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We investigated the possible attraction of species of Helicoverpa and Heliothis to host plant odors and to male pheromone as a prelude to a larger investigation of host chemical effects on moth sexual and reproductive behavior. Both sexes of H. armigera and H. peltigera were attracted to particular host plants or host plant extracts. Heliothis virescens was also found to be attracted to a flowering shrub it may use as a nectar source. Unmated females of H. armigera and H. peltigera were attracted to live males and to a male pheromone extract prepared from exposed filter papers in cages of males. Some attraction of unmated female H. zea to males was also evident, but at much lower response rate.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling i Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.
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Cutherell, David, i Wendy Cass. Survival of replanted American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Shenandoah National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301890.
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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a perennial herb of eastern deciduous forests that is harvested for medicinal use. Because of the high market value of its roots, ginseng is threatened in much of its range and is a target for poaching in national parks. In Shenandoah National Park, illegally harvested roots confiscated by law enforcement are replanted in the Park to salvage the roots and reestablish ginseng populations. Ninety-five sites where roots were replanted between 1998 and 2017 were surveyed to determine the plants? survival rate. Population growth was measured as the total number of plants found at each site divided by the number of roots originally replanted. Average population growth across sites was found to be 0.60, or 60% of the number of replanted roots. Ninety-one percent of sites contained at least one plant, and at least 42% contained juvenile plants, indicating that these populations were reproducing. Habitat data collected at each site were analyzed to determine what type of plant communities contained the most successful populations, but the results were inconclusive. Since root condition prior to replanting is likely to be the most important factor in determining survival of replanted roots, basic guidelines were summarized for staff involved in handling ginseng. Twenty-eight 4 x 10 m covert ginseng plots were also resampled 14 years after installation. Plant counts were similar between samples likely indicating consistent poaching pressure.
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Alber, T. G., C. R. Hunt, S. P. Fogarty i J. R. Wilson. Idaho Chemical Processing Plant failure rate database. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/114588.
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Fluhr, Robert, i Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.
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Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.
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Christopher, David A., i Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, maj 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.
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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Roberts, Ronald. Implementing the Race Equality Action Plan. Wales Centre for Public Policy - Cardiff University, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54454/20211115.
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The Welsh Government’s Race Equality Action Plan sets out to tackle structural racial inequalities in Wales in order to make ‘meaningful and measurable changes to the lives of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people by tackling racism’ and achieve ‘a Wales that is anti-racist by 2030’. The consultation closed in July and responses are currently being reviewed. Delivering on this ambitious vision will require concerted and carefully thought-through actions. The Welsh Government and public bodies are going to need to establish a very clear set of priorities and metrics to ensure accountability for achieving measurable race equality improvements. Building on the recommendations in WCPP’s evidence reviews on improving race equality in Wales, which informed the development of the Race Equality Action Plan, this commentary highlights some of the steps that might be necessary or helpful to make good on the Plan’s aims.
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Steffens, John C., i Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.
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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.