Artykuły w czasopismach: „Rammed Earth Structures”

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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain i Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture". Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (styczeń 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.399.

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Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Rammed earth is a structural wall system built of natural mineral soils compacted in thin layers within sturdy formwork. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The ancient „rammed earth‟ building technique has been used in Neolithic architecture sites and modern buildings alike. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. Modern architecture is a new architectural style that emerged in many countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the “rational” use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This paper is included many examples of structures made from rammed earth using modern architecture. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly buildings. The earthen buildings are very low in embodied energy, and extremely comfortable to live in based on modern architecture.

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ALİBEYOĞLU, ROJDA NAZ, i MEHMET SELİM ÖKTEN. "AN INVESTIGATION ON RAMMED EARTH STRUCTURES". TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 11, nr 3 (1.07.2021): 1036–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11103100/017.

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Kianfar, Ehsan, i Vahab Toufigh. "Reliability analysis of rammed earth structures". Construction and Building Materials 127 (listopad 2016): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.052.

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Zhou, Tie Gang, Dao Qiang Peng i Jing Hua Cheng. "Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (maj 2012): 2780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2780.

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The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.

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Liu, Kai, Ya An Wang i Ming Wang. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Enhancing the Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Buildings". Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (kwiecień 2014): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.925.

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Rammed earth structures are widely used as farmers dwellings in the southwest of China, however, they are extremely vulnerable to earthquake loadings. An economic, environmental-friendly and less-intervention seismic retrofitting technique is required to reinforce these dwellings so as to increase regional seismic capability. A preliminary laboratory testing was conducted to investigate the enhancement of the seismic behavior of the rammed earth wall with externally bonded fibers. Different retrofitting materials and adhesives were tested to characterize their mechanical properties and bonding performance when externally glued on rammed earth blocks. The most suitable and practical retrofitting material and adhesive were chosen based on the experimental results. Furthermore, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the improvement of the shear capacity of the rammed earth wall with the proposed technique. It was verified that the proposed retrofitting technique is a promising option for seismic retrofitting of rammed earth walls.

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Romanazzi, Antonio, Michiel Van Gorp, Daniel V. Oliveira, Rui A. Silva i Els Verstrynge. "Experimental Shear Behaviour of Rammed Earth Strengthened with a TRM-Based Compatible Technique". Key Engineering Materials 817 (sierpień 2019): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.544.

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Earthen constructions are spread worldwide, not only as architectural heritage but also as new buildings, in which a total of around one fourth of the global population is estimated to live in. Among the different raw earth techniques, rammed earth was widely used to build vernacular dwellings in different regions. Despite the raising awareness for the high seismic hazard, recognized seismic vulnerability and high seismic exposure associated with earthen structures, the reduction of their seismic risk has been a topic insufficiently addressed. In general, the seismic vulnerability of rammed earth structures is due to poor connections between structural elements (walls and floors), high self-weight and low strength of the material. Hence, a TRM-based strengthening technique is proposed to improve their seismic capacity. To estimate the enhancement of the in-plane performance achieved with the TRM, an experimental program was conducted. Rammed earth wallets were tested under diagonal compression considering their unstrengthened and strengthened condition. The TRM strengthening was performed by embedding a glass fibre mesh (GRE) or a nylon mesh (NRE) in a compatible earth-based mortar. In general, the proposed TRM-based strengthening seems to improve the shear behaviour of rammed earth by enhancing the shear strength and promoting stress distribution after cracking, while no significant influence on the shear modulus of rammed earth seems to occur.

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Yu, Shenwei, Shimeng Hao, Jun Mu, Dongwei Tian i Mosha Zhao. "Research on Optimization of the Thermal Performance of Composite Rammed Earth Construction". Energies 15, nr 4 (18.02.2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041519.

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Rammed earth (RE) is a low-tech recyclable building material with good heat storage and moisture absorption performance that can better maintain the stability of the indoor thermal environment and improve indoor comfort. With innovations in and the development of new technology, the field of rammed earth construction technology is gradually expanding. However, deficiencies in the thermal insulation of traditional rammed earth structures make it impossible for them to meet China’s building energy codes in cold regions. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index of the thermal performance of rammed earth walls that is based on the heat transfer mechanism, optimizing the thickness of the boundary conditions of the building interior’s design temperature, as well as the energy demand and economic efficiency. This research also offers a new design for the thermal insulation of rammed earth construction by combining the building energy savings design code with WUFI Pro software. This study demonstrates that the optimum thickness of rammed earth construction in Beijing is about 360 mm, the thickness of extruded polystyrene board (XPS) is 50 mm (for public buildings) and 70 mm (for residential buildings), and the structural form of external insulation offers the highest performance benefit. In addition, this work also evaluates the risk of condensation inside composite rammed earth construction, finding that there is a risk of condensation on the exterior side of the wall and at the interface between the insulation panels and rammed earth wall, thus requiring an additional moisture-proof layer. In this study, thermal mass and insulation are fully considered and a design strategy for rammed earth construction given quantitatively, providing a theoretical basis for the application of rammed earth materials in cold regions.

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Liang, Ruifeng, Gangarao Hota, Ying Lei, Yanhao Li, Daniel Stanislawski i Yongqiang Jiang. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Historic Hakka Rammed Earth Structures". Sustainability 5, nr 1 (21.01.2013): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su5010298.

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Shrestha, Kshitij C., Takayoshi Aoki, Mitsuhiro Miyamoto, Phuntsho Wangmo, Pema, Jingyao Zhang i Noriyuki Takahashi. "Strengthening of rammed earth structures with simple interventions". Journal of Building Engineering 29 (maj 2020): 101179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101179.

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Lovec, Vesna, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic i Branislav Zivkovic. "Analysis of heat transfer coefficient of rammed earth wall in traditional houses in Vojvodina". Thermal Science 21, nr 6 Part B (2017): 2919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160714027l.

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Traditional Vojvodina house represents an important part of the building stock of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The research examines the thermal transmittance of the walls of rammed earth, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house, in two ways: by calculations in accordance with Serbian regulations and by measuring in situ. Parameters obtained from the measurements are compared with the calculated values for the three typical traditional Vojvodina rammed earth single family residential houses. The comparison between the values of the heat transfer coefficient, obtained by the calculation, and the results determined by in situ measurements show significant differences. It indicates that the thermal characteristics are better than calculated ones according to national regulations, but at the same time that, due to the complexity of the rammed earth walls and differences in the rammed earth structures, the results differ from case to case and can not be standardized.

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Padevět, Pavel, Barbora Mužíkovát i Tereza Otcovská. "Influence of the clay on mechanical properties of construction made of rammed earth". MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300042.

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The article is focused on the monitoring of mechanical properties of rammed earth made from two types of clays. Due to a change in the composition of the mixture, there are changes in the material properties that are important for the design of the rammed earth structures. The resulting values of the properties of the individual are compared with each other. The mechanical properties of compression and bending compression are compared in the paper.

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Fagone, Mario, Harald Kloft, Federica Loccarini i Giovanna Ranocchiai. "Jute fabric as a reinforcement for rammed earth structures". Composites Part B: Engineering 175 (październik 2019): 107064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107064.

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Moreno Falcón, Mónica, Rocío Ortiz Calderón i Pilar Ortiz Caderón. "Review of satellite resources to assess environmental threats in rammed earth fortifications". Ge-conservacion 21, nr 1 (16.06.2022): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v21i1.1132.

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The nature of rammed earth fortifications and the environmental conditions where they are located determine the pathologies that these structures suffer in the presence of humidity sources and strong winds. The objective of this project is to revise the main mechanisms of deterioration of rammed earth fortifications and evaluate the use of remote detection as a tool to register environmental threats that affect their preservation. The selected images and satellite results offer information about precipitation, ground humidity, temperature, wind intensity and direction and the presence of particles in the wind. The use of statistical analysis methodologies for large volumes of satellite images makes it possible to acquire daily, monthly and yearly maximums, averages and minimums of these variables. The application of satellite resources GPM, SMAP, MODIS, Merra-2 and the statistical analysis of large volumes of images for preventive conservation in Andalusia has become useful to monitor the main threats that affect rammed earth fortifications on a global level: humidity, wind and temperature.

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Wang, Yaan, Ming Wang, Kai Liu, Wen Pan i Xiaodong Yang. "Shaking table tests on seismic retrofitting of rammed-earth structures". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, nr 3 (2.09.2016): 1037–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9996-2.

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Giuffrida, Giada, Rosa Caponetto, Francesco Nocera i Massimo Cuomo. "Prototyping of a Novel Rammed Earth Technology". Sustainability 13, nr 21 (28.10.2021): 11948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111948.

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Buildings of the future are called to meet increasingly high-performance requirements and to ensure adequate environmental sustainability of the production and construction chain. This issue has stimulated a keen interest in the use of natural materials in construction. Among these, raw earth has proved to be particularly interesting for its intrinsic availability, sustainability, and recyclability. In Europe, the spread of raw earth building technologies has often been hindered by the lack of specific legislation regulating its use for load-bearing structures, even if in many countries, it can be noticed a widespread and well-established constructive tradition. Some transoceanic research experiences attest that unfired earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create seismic-resistant buildings. After presenting a review of the main raw earth reinforced technologies, the present study focuses on a novel reinforced and modular rammed earth construction made with natural or recycled materials, developing a technology with low energy consumption and low environmental impact, specifically designed for areas with high seismic risk. In particular, the work presents the results of a prototyping procedure aiming at developing a new seismic-resistant construction system that combines rammed earth with timber reinforcement elements and nylon/polyester ropes. These elements have a dual function: (1) they are fundamental components of the construction process (as they integrate the formwork system), and (2) they act as seismic-resistant devices once the structure is completed. In line with the performance-based approach required by the construction sector, the study aims at defining a controlled and standardised supply chain for rammed earth construction.

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Reyes, Juan C., Luis E. Yamin, Wael M. Hassan, Juan D. Sandoval, Cristian D. Gonzalez i Francisco A. Galvis. "Shear behavior of adobe and rammed earth walls of heritage structures". Engineering Structures 174 (listopad 2018): 526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.061.

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Kosarimovahhed, Mohammadhossein, i Vahab Toufigh. "Sustainable usage of waste materials as stabilizer in rammed earth structures". Journal of Cleaner Production 277 (grudzień 2020): 123279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123279.

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Quagliarini, Enrico, i Gianluca Maracchini. "Experimental and FEM Investigation of Cob Walls under Compression". Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (27.08.2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7027432.

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Earth has been used as construction material since prehistoric times, and it is still utilized nowadays in both developed and developing countries. Heritage conservation purposes and its intrinsic environmental benefits have led researchers to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this material. However, while a lot of works concern with rammed earth, CEB, and adobe techniques, very few studies are directed towards cob, which is an alternative to the more diffused rammed earth and adobe in specific geographic conditions. Due to this lack, this paper presents an experimental program aimed at assessing the failure mode and the main mechanical properties of cob earth walls (compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) through monotonic axial compression tests. Results show that, if compared with CEB, adobe, and rammed earth, cob has the lowest compressive strength, the lowest modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio. Differences are also found by comparing results with those obtained for other cob techniques, underlining both the high regional variability of cob and the need of performing more research on this topic. A strong dependence of material properties on loading rate and water content seems to exist too. Finally, the ability of a common analytical method used for masonry structures (an FEM macromodelling with a total strain rotating crack model) to represent the mechanical behaviour of cob walls is showed.

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Fagone, Mario, Federica Loccarini i Giovanna Ranocchiai. "Strength evaluation of jute fabric for the reinforcement of rammed earth structures". Composites Part B: Engineering 113 (marzec 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.12.054.

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Plaček Otcovská, Tereza, Barbora Mužíková i Pavel Padevět. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAMMED EARTH WITH RESPECT TO CLAY MIXTURE COMPOSITION". Acta Polytechnica 59, nr 4 (31.08.2019): 372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2019.59.0372.

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Unfired earth is a traditional building material, but it is less used than other building materials, such as concrete or steel. But the use of unfired earth is experiencing a renaissance. ammed earth is a type of unfired earth and is usually used for load bearing structures. This paper descries an experimental determination of the tensile bending strength and compressive strength of the rammed earth specimens with known compositions. Mechanical properties are dependent on these compositions (kind of clay, amount of clay, amount of mixture water). Laboratory specimens were produced without inorganic binders or fibrous admixtures. We observed higher tensile bending strengths and lower compressive strengths in specimen mixtures containing more clay. The obtained results were evaluated in a context of a previous research. The results were also compared with results published by another author.

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Gil-Martín, Luisa María, Luisa Hdz.-Gil, Mohsen Kohrangi, Esperanza Menéndez i Enrique Hernández-Montes. "Fragility Curves for Historical Structures with Degradation Factors Obtained from 3D Photogrammetry". Heritage 5, nr 4 (30.10.2022): 3260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040167.

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The influence of the effects of the degradation of materials on the seismic fragility of Cultural Heritage buildings in Granada (Spain) is investigated. The degradation of the material, which mainly happens at the lower levels of the façades, is obtained by using 3D photogrammetry data. Fragility curves for three cultural heritage constructions in Granada are calculated by using FE nonlinear dynamic analyses for both non-deteriorated and deteriorated geometries. The Finite Elements (FE) models, based on the macro-modelling technique, are subjected to ground motions for the city of Granada, which were selected by considering Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) methodology with their probability of occurrence. The response of each model is analyzed for different seismic Intensity Measure (IM) levels, which, in this study, correspond to average pseudo-acceleration. The procedure is applied to three monuments in Granada that were built with two different constructions materials: calcarenite and rammed earth. The damage mechanisms considered are roof displacement or maximum compressive principal stress, depending on each case. The results show that the restoration works that have been carried out has prevented structural failures in the rammed earth construction studied, and that, during future seismic events, special attention must be paid to the level of compressive strengh reached in the Santa Pudia calcarenite used at the San Jerónimo monastery.

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ITO, Takumi, Yasuhito BEPPU, Kenjiro MORI, Kei-ichi IMAMOTO i Chiduru KIYOHARA. "DEVELOPMENT OF MASONRY HYBRID STRUCTURES OF RAMMED EARTH – STEEL AND ELEMENTARY EXPERIMENTAL STUDY". AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 27, nr 65 (20.02.2021): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.27.247.

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López-Osorio, J. M., i P. Bel-Anzué. "EXPERIMENTAL CONSOLIDATION WORKS IN RAMMED EARTH WALLS: THE CASE OF THE BAÑUELO IN GRANADA (SPAIN)". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (24.07.2020): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1103-2020.

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Abstract. Between 2015 and 2018, different restoration works were carried out on the dividing walls of the Bañuelo in Granada. They affected rammed earth, masonry and brick fabrics of different chronological periods, corresponding to medieval structures (12th–15th centuries), Modern Age repairs (16th–18th centuries) and contemporary restoration works conducted by F. Prieto-Moreno and L. Torres Balbás (20th century). In this article are presented the works carried out on the west dividing wall, which separate the Arab bath from the garden of the adjoining house. This fabric corresponds to a recent chronology and is not related to the founding fabrics of the Andalusian building; this fact has allowed the development of experimental methodologies avoiding any alteration on structures of a high historical value. Nevertheless, this wall preserves a layered structure of repairs or restorations of Modern and Contemporary Age, which has been factored in the consolidation works. Accordingly, the intervention has not been limited to a strict preservation or a volumetric reintegration of the rammed earth fabric, but aims to offer a range of solutions according to the state of conservation of the structures and the erosion level of the surfaces, on the basis of a previous laboratory tests. Consequently, the conservation works present different intervention techniques and surface coating treatments, which facilitate the execution and contribute to the legibility and the integration of the intervention in the general context of the building.

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Shrestha, Kshitij C., Takayoshi Aoki, Mitsuhiro Miyamoto, Phuntsho Wangmo i Pema. "In-Plane Shear Resistance between the Rammed Earth Blocks with Simple Interventions: Experimentation and Finite Element Study". Buildings 10, nr 3 (13.03.2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030057.

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The paper presents experimental and numerical works to assess the in-plane shear characteristics of rammed earth (RE) structures in Bhutan. The material characterization works involve compressive and tensile splitting strength tests on extracted cylindrical core samples. The effects of the RE layer thickness and drying period in the strength characteristics of the rammed earth is presented. The main experimental part reports in-plane shear tests on 3 test specimens, 1200 mm long, 1200 mm high, and 600 mm wide. The test matrix has unreinforced and reinforced specimens with variable RE layer thicknesses. For the reinforced RE specimen, the effectiveness of a simple intervention with insertion of reinforced concrete dowel at the RE block interface as a strengthening measure is discussed. Furthermore, corresponding finite element models were developed to verify the test observations. Both the experimental observations and numerical computations showed the effectiveness of proposed intervention technique in enhancing the shear strength and delaying the slip along the RE joint interface. The results showed that the shear strength of the reinforced specimen increased by 12.3% over the benchmark specimen.

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Yang, Xinlei, i Hailiang Wang. "Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Walls with Precast Concrete Tie Columns". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9739853.

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Rammed earth (RE) constructions are widespread in underdeveloped rural areas in developing countries. However, these RE constructions are often susceptible to earthquake damage due to their poor seismic performance. Precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars) were proposed to improve the seismic behavior of RE constructions. Four RE walls, including a traditional RE wall and three RE walls with precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars), were tested under reversed cyclic loading, and the seismic behavior of these tested specimens was evaluated in terms of failure pattern, energy dissipation, displacement ductility, and stiffness degradation. The results showed that a significant increase of the load-bearing and deformation capacity could be achieved with the application of precast concrete tie columns in combination with RE. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity of traditional RE wall were increased by an average of 113% and 417%, respectively. These test results could provide reference to the design and construction of the environmental-friendly structures in rural areas.

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Frangedaki, Evangelia, Xihong Gao, Nikos D. Lagaros, Bruno Briseghella, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, G. Fivos Sargentis i Nikiforos Meimaroglou. "Fujian Tulou Rammed Earth Structures: Optimizing Restoration Techniques Through Participatory Design and Collective Practices". Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.209.

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Nguyen, Tien-Dung, Tan-Trung Bui, Ali Limam i Ameen Topa. "Effect of openings on the behaviour of rammed earth structures under quasi-static loading". Engineering Structures 281 (kwiecień 2023): 115759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115759.

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MORI, Kenjiro, Rikako HOTTA, Takumi ITO, Kei-ichi IMAMOTO i Chizuru KIYOHARA. "RESISTANT MECHANISM AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF MASONRY HYBRID STRUCTURES OF RAMMED EARTH-LIGHT WEIGHT STEEL MEMBERS". AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 29, nr 71 (20.02.2023): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.29.192.

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Perić, A. "Characterization of materials used for earth architecture in Eastern Croatia". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, nr 1 (1.12.2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012044.

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Abstract Even though earthen architecture is recognized as cultural heritage in Croatia, most of existing buildings are in deteriorated and heavily damaged state. Until today, there has been no conducted research on earthen architecture in Croatia, nor was any preservation act proclaimed. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to learn more about behaviour of traditional earthen architecture to highlight the importance of sustainable building. For that purpose, earthen houses in Eastern Croatia, mainly Slavonia and Baranja area, were studied and in-situ samples were collected. In order to learn about characteristics and composition of mixtures, five samples were tested. Results gathered within this research will be the first step towards creation of national standard for designing rammed earth structures. In scope of future research, authors are planning to use verified recipe in making of walls that will be tested for seismic resistance.

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Diviš, Jakub, i Jan Růžička. "The Influence of Clay Structures to the Hygrothermal Component of the Indoor Environment". Materials 15, nr 5 (25.02.2022): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051744.

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In this article, research on the sorption properties of clay materials in comparison with commonly used building materials is published. The topic is mainly focused on the dynamic sorption properties and their influence on the relative humidity in the indoor environment. The results of comparisons of clay structures, rammed earth panels, clay plaster, and unburned bricks, with commonly used building materials, concrete, lime plaster, and gypsum board are examined. Statistically evaluated results in the form of confidence intervals are presented and the rate of dynamic sorption is analyzed. It is clear from the results that clay materials have a positive effect on the rapid adsorption and desorption of air moisture in the interior of buildings. However, there are many variables, band not every clay material has such excellent sorption properties.

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Mileto, C., F. Vegas i J. M. López. "Criterios y técnicas de intervención en tapia. La restauración de la torre Bofilla de Bétera (Valencia)". Informes de la Construcción 63, nr 523 (29.07.2011): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.10.014.

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Bui, Quoc-Bao, Tan-Trung Bui, Mai-Phuong Tran, Thi-Loan Bui i Hoang-An Le. "Assessing the Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Walls with an L-Form Cross-Section". Sustainability 11, nr 5 (1.03.2019): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051296.

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Rammed earth (RE) is a construction material which is made by compacting the soil in a formwork. This material is attracting the attention of the scientific community due to its sustainable characteristics. Among different aspects to be investigated, the seismic performance remains an important topic which needs advanced investigations. The existing studies in the literature have mainly adopted simplified approaches to investigate the seismic performance of RE structures. The present paper adopts a numerical approach to investigate the seismic behavior of RE walls with an L-form cross-section. The 3D FEM model used can take into account the plasticity and damage of RE layers and the interfaces. The model was first validated by an experimental test presented in the literature. Then, the model was employed to assess the seismic performance of a L-form wall of a RE house at different amplitudes of earthquake excitations. Influences of the cross-section form on the earthquake performance of RE walls were also investigated. The results show that the L-form cross-section wall has a better seismic performance than a simple rectangular cross-section wall with similar dimensions. For the L-form cross-section wall, the damage observed concentrates essentially on the connection between two flanges of the wall.

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Fagone, Mario, Federica Loccarini, Giovanna Ranocchiai i Tommaso Rotunno. "Numerical Constitutive Models of Low Tensile Strength Materials for the Description of Mechanical Behavior of Rammed Earth Masonry". Key Engineering Materials 817 (sierpień 2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.30.

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The preservation and enhancement of traditional earthen masonry structures as well as the practice of new construction with raw earth material is nowadays matter of investigation. At this stage of research, experimental analysis needs to be supported by numerical analysis to corroborate and interpret results and, successively, to extend the analysis to more complex load conditions, tune design methods and define quick verification formulas for simple structures. For this reason, constitutive models provided by engineering simulation software for mechanical analysis, to describe low tensile strength materials, have been used to reproduce mechanical tests and have been compared. The arch was selected as the best case study to test the response of constitutive models suitable for a low tensile strength material and, in a successive stage of research, the efficiency and the modelling of reinforcement techniques.

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Vyncke, Johan, Laura Kupers i Nicolas Denies. "Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics". MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902001.

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This paper presents an overview of the different earth building techniques, the latest innovations and the normative aspects. The oldest man made earth constructions known to exist date back to 10 000 BC. Since then, earth has remained a popular building material throughout history. With time, different techniques evolved, starting from sundried adobe blocks to cob constructions, rammed earth walls and compressed earth bricks. Today these techniques are still being optimized and alternative binders, specifically adapted admixtures and surface treatments are being developed. Even though nearly one third of the world’s population lives in an earth construction, few specific building standards and testing methods exist. Many of the tests used today are based on tests for concrete and thus do not take into account the complex nature of earth constructions, such as their sensitivity to water. RILEM, the union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures, set up a new Technical Committee in 2016: TC TCE (Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based building materials and elements). This committee, consisting of an international group of experts on the topic, aim to define testing procedures for earth as a building construction material. To end with, this paper also gives a short introduction to “Deep soil mixing”, an “earth” building technique dedicated to geotechnical engineering.

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Perić, Ana, Ivan Kraus, Jelena Kaluđer i Lucija Kraus. "Experimental Campaigns on Mechanical Properties and Seismic Performance of Unstabilized Rammed Earth—A Literature Review". Buildings 11, nr 8 (19.08.2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080367.

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Earthen architecture has a significant share in the world’s fund of both residential architecture and cultural heritage. It provides a home to more than half of the world’s population and can be found in seismically active areas. Empirically acquired knowledge on building with rammed earth (RE) has usually been passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, with no written scientific grant for the load-bearing capacity and resistance of structural elements. Today, many countries still do not have standards for the design of RE structures. In the development of new as well as existing design standards, the results of experimental research play a significant role. The focus of this study was on unstabilized RE, which is locally available material with low embodied energy. This paper elaborates experimental campaigns, within which meticulous techniques were employed to provide new knowledge on RE for use in earthquake-prone areas. Furthermore, this paper includes: (i) ranges of values of mechanical properties determined on RE specimens from all over the world; (ii) a comparative summary of experimental research conducted on walls and buildings to assess their seismic performance; (iii) an overview of standards and testing methods used in experiments; and (iv) recommendations for further research.

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Tang, Xiaojia, Shui Shen i Xin Su. "From rammed earth to stone wall: Chronological insight into the settlement change of the Lower Xiajiadian culture". PLOS ONE 17, nr 8 (22.08.2022): e0273161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273161.

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In this article, we investigate the chronological change of settlements of the Lower Xiajiadian (LXJD) culture in northeast China. On the basis of excavation data, two types of settlements can be identified based on the methods of site construction: earthen (rammed earth/mudbrick) settlements and stone-constructed settlements. After integrating and reanalyzing all published 14C radiocarbon data of different LXJD sites, we argue that there is a clear chronological difference between these two types of settlements. It is revealed by the OxCal model that settlements built with earthen structures are generally earlier than those constructed with stones, and the changes in settlement spatial distribution and constructive material largely happened after 1500 BC. By means of correlation analysis with other related archaeological evidence, we suggest that the underlying social dynamics that contributed to LXJD settlement changes can be explored through multiple prospects.

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Ferretti, Elena, Massimo Moretti, Alberto Chiusoli, Lapo Naldoni, Francesco De Fabritiis i Massimo Visonà. "Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture". Materials 15, nr 2 (7.01.2022): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020438.

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This study provides a contribution to the research field of 3D-printed earthen buildings, focusing, for the first time, on the load-bearing capacity of these structures. The study involves the entire production and testing process of the earthen elements, from the design, to the preparation of the mixture and the 3D printing, up to the uniaxial compression test on a wall segment. The results indicate that 3D-printed earthen elements have a compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, comparable to that of rammed earth structures. The experimental data also made it possible to draw conclusions on the action of the infill, which seems to have the function of stopping the propagation of cracks. This has a positive effect on the overall behavior of 3D-printed earthen elements, since it avoids the onset of dilative behavior in the final stages of the load test and maintains ultimate load values higher than 50% of the maximum load.

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Lan, Guanqi, Sisi Chao, Yihong Wang i Ying Cui. "Methods to Test the Compressive Strength of Earth Blocks". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (26.08.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1767238.

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The efficient design of new earth structures and the restoration of old structures both require a reliable assessment of the compressive strength of earth materials. However, there is still much debate on the best method to accurately measure the compressive strength of earth blocks. To solve the problem of measuring the compressive strength of the earth block, the cube specimen, the half-block stacked specimen, and the full-size block specimen are used to measure the compressive strength of the molded adobe and rammed adobe, respectively, considering the influence of the specimen preparation process, loading direction, capping, and other factors. By comparing and analyzing the stress state, failure mode, and compressive strength of the specimen under various test methods, a compressive strength test method of earth blocks is determined, which is simple to operate, easy to standardize, and as close as possible to the actual strength of the blocks. The results show that the full-size block compression test method along the block thickness direction should be preferred to test the compressive strength of the earth block. The standard specimen obtained by cutting the full-size block is not suitable for the test of the compressive strength of the earth block; it can effectively solve the problem that the compressive strength of the small-thickness earth block cannot be directly measured by cutting the full-size block in half and stacking it, but it is not recommended to use the binder to bond the two half-blocks. When comparing the compressive strength of the earth blocks, the conversion coefficient related to the height-to-thickness ratio of the specimen cannot be used to convert the compressive strength. Still, the anisotropy of the material strength should be considered.

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Mileto, C., F. Vegas, V. Cristini, N. Macchioni, L. Sozzi i S. Lazzeri. "Studies for the restoration of the Islamic Bofilla Tower as an example of wood use in rammed earth structures". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7 (czerwiec 2016): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.007.

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Gomes, Maria Idália, Teresa Diaz Gonçalves i Paulina Faria. "Hydric Behavior of Earth Materials and the Effects of Their Stabilization with Cement or Lime: Study on Repair Mortars for Historical Rammed Earth Structures". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 28, nr 7 (lipiec 2016): 04016041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001536.

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Kuzhakhmetova, Elvira R. "Research of stress-deformed state of the rammed monolithic reinforced concrete cone-shaped piles with side and bottom forms from crushed stones". Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, nr 4 (15.12.2021): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-4-335-356.

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Relevance. In the construction of buildings and structures, driven piles with a square cross section are most widely used. To install them in the working position, the percussion method is used. However, in cramped conditions, shock loads can lead to dangerous conditions and destruction of structures of nearby buildings. In such a situation, it is necessary to use rammed piles, since technological solutions for their construction are not associated with shock effects on the soil. One such solution is the new rammed cone-shaped pile design, which is installed without excavation. The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of the geometric parameters of the pile on its bearing capacity under the action of external loads, in particular, the angle of its taper. Methods. The results of a numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of a pile operating in a soil massif were obtained by the finite element method. Results. In the computational study, a comparative analysis of the state of piles of different lengths and geometries under the action of external loads was carried out. The influence of the angle of inclination of the lateral surface of the pile on its bearing capacity is considered. Rationalization of the pile design was carried out taking into account the total costs of building materials. Variants of geometric and design solutions for piles with a length L from 1 to 10 m are proposed. In subsequent articles, it is proposed to consider the effect on the bearing capacity of the pile of the geometric parameters of the crushed stone shell and the lower crushed stone spherical expansion, as well as to carry out a comparative analysis of the numerical results with experimental data obtained in laboratory and field conditions.

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Morel, Jean-Claude, Rabia Charef, Erwan Hamard, Antonin Fabbri, Chris Beckett i Quoc-Bao Bui. "Earth as construction material in the circular economy context: practitioner perspectives on barriers to overcome". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, nr 1834 (4.08.2021): 20200182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0182.

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The need for a vast quantity of new buildings to address the increase in population and living standards is opposed to the need for tackling global warming and the decline in biodiversity. To overcome this twofold challenge, there is a need to move towards a more circular economy by widely using a combination of alternative low-carbon construction materials, alternative technologies and practices. Soils or earth were widely used by builders before World War II, as a primary resource to manufacture materials and structures of vernacular architecture. Centuries of empirical practices have led to a variety of techniques to implement earth, known as rammed earth, cob and adobe masonry among others. Earth refers to local soil with a variable composition but at least containing a small percentage of clay that would simply solidify by drying without any baking. This paper discusses why and how earth naturally embeds high-tech properties for sustainable construction. Then the potential of earth to contribute to addressing the global challenge of modern architecture and the need to re-think building practices is also explored. The current obstacles against the development of earthen architecture are examined through a survey of current earth building practitioners in Western Europe. A literature review revealed that, surprisingly, only technical barriers are being addressed by the scientific community; two-thirds of the actual barriers identified by the interviewees are not within the technical field and are almost entirely neglected in the scientific literature, which may explain why earthen architecture is still a niche market despite embodying all the attributes of the best construction material to tackle the current climate and economic crisis. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

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Zhou, Tiegang, Bo Liu, Xiang Zhao i Jun Mu. "Experimental testing of the in-plane behavior of bearing modern rammed earth walls". Advances in Structural Engineering 21, nr 13 (10.04.2018): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218764978.

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With the introduction of the modern rammed earth technique, a large number of modern rammed earth buildings were constructed in China Mainland. China has a vast territory, which faces the Circum-Pacific seismic belt on the east and the Eurasian seismic belt on the south; earthquake has constantly threatened the safety of people’s lives and property. Consequently, it is necessary to probe in the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings. Two un-stabilized rammed earth specimens, one un-stabilized rammed earth reinforced with geogrid sheets’ specimens, and four stabilized rammed earth specimens were built for obtaining a better insight on the behavior of un-stabilized rammed earth/stabilized rammed earth walls under cyclic in-plane loads. Testing results are discussed in terms of failure mode, shear capacity, hysteretic curve, stiffness degradation, and total energy dissipation to provide comparisons of the seismic performance between un-stabilized rammed earth and stabilized rammed earth specimens. Different failure modes indicated that the cohesion between particles and the bond strength between layers are the two key parameters for the shear capacity of rammed earth buildings. It is also demonstrated that stabilized rammed earth specimens have higher shear and energy dissipation capacity but weaker deformation capacity than un-stabilized rammed earth.

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Narloch, P. L., P. Woyciechowski, E. Dmowska i K. Halemba. "Durability Assessment Of Monolithic Rammed Earth Walls". Archives of Civil Engineering 61, nr 2 (1.06.2015): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0015.

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AbstractOne of the main threats to constructions made from rammed earth is destruction due to exposure to water. The way to limit this dangerous phenomenon is to supplement the local soil mixtures with stabilizing agents. The main component used is Portland cement. This article analyses the results of research which focused on the resistance of rammed earth to water erosion. Because of the lack of national standards regarding the method of examining the durability of rammed earth, the research was based on the New Zealand standard NZS 4298: 1998. The results confirm the possibility of using rammed earth stabilized by cement in a temperate climate.

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Lu, Peng, Yan Tian, Michael Storozum, Panpan Chen, Hui Wang, Xia Wang, Junjie Xu i in. "Shifting Patterns of House Structures during the Neolithic-Bronze Age in the Yellow River Basin: An Environmental Perspective". Land 10, nr 6 (28.05.2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060574.

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The emergence of houses is a social revolution around the world. Over the past several decades, Chinese archaeologists have excavated many Neolithic to Bronze Age houses, but there is still a great amount of uncertainty about the social and environmental factors driving the differences between these house structures in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we summarize data from excavation reports on the shape and size of Neolithic-Bronze Age houses in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, respectively, to identify some social and environmental factors that may have affected the development of house structures across northern China. Our results show that the shape and size of the houses developed at a different pace, but in general followed a similar developmental sequence: (1) 10–8 ka BP, the bud of settlements emerged in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; (2) 8–7 ka BP, people started to construct small pithouses without walls; (3) 7–6 ka BP, people made medium-sized pithouses with low walls, and surface buildings were made with a wood skeleton and mud walls; (4) 6–5 ka BP, ultra-large houses emerged; (5) 5–4 ka BP, house form became more varied, including pithouses, cave dwellings and surface buildings with a wood skeleton mud wall, rammed earth wall, piled mud-grass mixed walls and adobe walls; and (6) 4–3 ka BP, original palaces emerged. Our analyses indicate that the environment played an essential role in determining the house changes over time and that the early to middle Holocene’s warm and humid climate provided excellent conditions for the emergence of settlements throughout the region. Due to the shortage of trees, people chose to change their house construction methods to accommodate the growing lumber shortage. In conclusion, the rapid shift in house construction methods reflects the changing ecological condition as well as a feedback cycle between the environment and social practices driven by resource limitations.

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Font, F., i P. Hidalgo. "La tapia en España. Técnicas actuales y ejemplos". Informes de la Construcción 63, nr 523 (29.07.2011): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.10.015.

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Zhou, Tiegang, Zaiyu Zhang, Zhifan Su i Peng Tian. "Seismic performance test of rammed earth wall with different structural columns". Advances in Structural Engineering 24, nr 1 (28.07.2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220944506.

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Rammed earth wall load-bearing dwellings are widely distributed in western China. Rammed earth has the advantages of warm in winter and cool in summer, and it is a kind of sustainable construction material. In recent years, in previous earthquakes, the collapse of rammed earth buildings is serious, resulting in huge losses of personnel and property. To improve the seismic performance of rammed earth buildings and retain the characteristics of local buildings, a reinforcement measure with additional structural columns is proposed in this article. Three kinds of structural columns are designed, which are cast-in-place concrete, square steel tube, and concrete-filled square steel tube core column. Through the quasi-static experimental study on the rammed earth wall, the effects of different structural columns on the failure shape, bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of the wall are compared. The test results show that adding structural columns on both sides of the wall can effectively restrain the rammed earth wall, restrain its brittle failure, significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity of the wall, and obviously improve the seismic performance of the wall. This measure is applicable to rammed earth buildings and provides theoretical support for improving the seismic performance of traditional dwellings.

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Raj, Shubham, Sher Mohammad, Rima Das i Shreya Saha. "Coconut fibre-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks". World Journal of Engineering 14, nr 3 (12.06.2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2016-0101.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the optimum proportion of coconut fibre and cement suitable for rammed earth wall construction. Coconut fibres and cement can be easily incorporated into the soil mixture which adds strength and durability to the wall. This paper highlights the salient observations from a systematic investigation on the effect of coconut fibre on the performance of stabilized rammed earth blocks. Design/methodology/approach Stabilization of soil was done by adding Ordinary Portland Cement (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent by weight of soil), whereas coconut fibre in length about 15 mm was added (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 per cent by weight of soil) as reinforcement. Thirty types of mixes were created by adding different proportions of cement and fibre to locally available soil and compacting the mix at constant compaction energy in three layers with Proctor rammer. Findings Samples were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength, and failure patterns were analysed. The use of cement and fibre increases ultimate strengths significantly up to an optimum limit of 0.8 per cent fibre content, provides a secondary benefit of keeping material bound together after failure and increases residual strength. Benefits of fibre reinforcement includes both improved ductility in comparison with raw blocks and inhibition of crack propagation after its initial formation. Originality/value After analysing the results, it is recommended to use 0.8 per cent fibre and 5-10 per cent cement by weight of soil to achieve considerable strength. This research may add a value in the areas of green and sustainable housing, waste utilization, etc.

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Bardetskyi, A. B. "SLAVIC «COOK ROOMS» FROM THE SETTLEMENT ROVANTSI — HNIDAVSKA HIRKA IN VOLYN". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, nr 2 (30.06.2020): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.16.

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In 2009 during the excavations at the multi-layered settlement of Rovantsi — Hnidavska Hirka near Lutsk in the excavation area 10 the dwellings and household buildings of the Slavic period have been discovered. To the horizon of the tenth century three houses and the building with three earth ovens were attributed. The stratigraphy of the filling of this building (object 3) indicates that the earth ovens were not operating at the same time. Three successive horizons are observed in this structure. The first site was a grain pit which was discovered at the bottom of the building. This pit was covered by two rammed floors, sagged into it. The analysis of ceramics made it possible to connect one house (object 18) with the first horizon of object 3 and the other house (object 16) with the third horizon of object 3. In the ovens of these houses there were fragments of pots, glued to the fragments of pots from the corresponding horizons of object 3. This building is interpreted as the room for cooking. The horizon of the 12th — the first half of the 13th century includes the structure with two clay ovens, pit-cellar, small rectangular building and the ditch that surrounded these objects. This ditch was obviously the part of fence, and the gap in it was the pass. The complex of this ditch also includes two ground fires, located in the pass in one line with the ditch. It has been suggested that the building with large clay oven which was discovered in 2010 in a nearby excavation 12 (object 12 / Ex. 12), is the same cook room. Obviously, it reflects certain stage in development of such buildings, namely the stop of the use of fast-destroying earth ovens and the transition to the construction of large clay ovens. This is evidenced by the following facts: this building is different in shape from all other houses of the 10th century; it is located at the site of the previous building with earth oven; the oven in it had too large sizes relative to other ovens from the houses of the 10th century. The results of the excavations at Hnidavka Hirka help to reject the version that such structures were the manufactories and to consider them not «mini-factories-bakeries» but only the kitchens with one oven in each individual farm.

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Bonora, Gian Luca. "A General Revision of the Chronology of the Tagisken North Burial Ground". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 24, nr 1-2 (5.11.2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341334.

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AbstractThe burial ground of Tagisken North, characterised by seven monumental mausolea and other adjoining structures made of mud brick and rammed earth, was excavated and studied by members of the “Khorezm Expedition” (KhAEE) in the 60’s and dated to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC (9th-8th centuries BC). This cemetery boasts a significant amount of artefacts pertaining to the Late Andronovo period.In light of new archaeological findings and recent chronological refinements, and thanks to improved scientific cooperation within the academic world, greater accuracy in determining the chronology of steppe cultures through abundant radiocarbon dating and better research standards, the time has now come for a general revision of the chronology of this burial ground.The radiocarbon sequence for the Andronovo culture is notably a subject of heated debate, due to the wide range of absolute dating. The differences between the chronological frames of Central Asia proposed by Russian-Central Asian and foreign archaeologists are considerable. Calibrated dates have, of course, extended the traditional periodization leading to alternative “high” chronologies, i.e. 300-500 years earlier than the traditional chronologies based on cross-cultural analogies and formal comparisons. Steppe and Pre-Aral materials may now be unquestionably linked to artefacts from Middle Asia. In the best of circumstances, the latter may in turn be linked to historical chronologies established for the Ancient Near and Middle East.In light of this evidence, this paper proposes that the northern part of the Tagisken plateau was used as a burial ground as far back as the mid-2nd millennium BC, if not earlier, and continued to be used as such until the 13th century BC.

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