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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rainfall yield"
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Ologeh, I., i F. Adesina. "Evaluation of climate change as a major determinant of crop yield improvement in Nigeria". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1077, nr 1 (1.09.2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1077/1/012002.
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Abstract Climate change has adversely affected agricultural productivity leading to decline in food production. The influence of climate change on crops and livestock persists despite irrigation, improved plant and animal hybrids. The continued dependence of agricultural production on climatic factors and the relative dependence of human existence on agricultural products create the need for a comprehensive consideration of the relationship between climate and crop production. This study measured the relationship between annual maize/yam yield as dependent variable and seasonal rainfall as independent variables in four states in Nigeria. It has been proven in the past that yearly rainfall value has no influence on annual crop yield, but seasonal or monthly rainfall does. There is a positive and significant relationship between summed up rainfalls of June/July/August and annual maize yields for the thirty-five years under study. The bi-monthly rainfall values did not influence a major part of total annual maize yield, as it records weak relationship with annual maize yield. On the other hand, bi-monthly rainfall values (May/June and July/August) have positive and significant relationship with annual yam yield. The first quarter- March/April/May rainfall values for each of the states have a positive and significant relationship with annual yam yield. This implies that the rainfall value for this quarter is very essential for annual yam yield for each of the states.
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Stephens, D. J., i T. J. Lyons. "Rainfall-yield relationships across the Australian wheatbelt". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, nr 2 (1998): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96139.
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A network of rainfall stations was selected across the Australian wheatbelt and monthly rainfall regressed with wheat yields from the surrounding shires for the period 1976-87. Yields were found to be strongly related to fluctuations in total rainfall amount and the seasonal distribution of rainfall through the year. These temporal relationships vary spatially and appear to be regulated by the water-holding capacity of regional soils. Sixteen agrometeorological zones were defined with similar rainfall-yield relationships. In all these, autumn rains that permit an early sowing, and finishing rains after July, are most important for higher yields. As the rainfall distribution becomes more winter-dominant, both crop yield variability and the usefulness of high winter rainfall decreases. Heavy rainfall in the month after sowing can have a negative effect in southern Australia, as plants are more prone to suffer potential yield losses from a wet soil profile. Waterlogging has a large negative effect in the south-west of Western Australia, such that the rainfall distribution can be more important than the rainfall amount. Rainfall-yield correlations are generally more positive in drier regions, and are enhanced by persistent rainfall anomalies between April and November during El Niño Southern Oscillation years.
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CHOWDHURY, A., i H. P. DAS. "Effect of rainfall on growth and yield of rice in Konkan coast". MAUSAM 44, nr 2 (1.01.2022): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i2.3811.
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In this Study, relationship between rainfall and rice yield has been investigated in Ratnagiri and Thane districts of Maharashtra using 37 year's (1951.1987) data. Weekly water balance has been worked out in developing a yield index and its association with yield examined. Planting rates have been calculated assuming two categories of empirical rainfall accumulations of 450 and 500 mm. The yields were correlated with rainfall during selected growth phases, total rainfall, the yield index and the technological trend. Effects of late or early onset on yield has also been examined.
It appears that 450 mm rainfall accumulation from Ist June gives a ~reasonably accurate indication of transplanting paddy in Konkan. Technology seems.. to have much influence on the paddy yield. Results also reveal that rainfall during early growth phases is significantly related to the yield the date of planting was not found to/have a determining influence on the yield.
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Van Oosterom, E. J., S. Ceccarelli i J. M. Peacock. "Yield response of barley to rainfall and temperature in Mediterranean environments". Journal of Agricultural Science 121, nr 3 (grudzień 1993): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085488.
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SUMMARYGrain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in northern Syria is limited by water stress and extremes of temperature. The present study compared the grain yield of two barley cultivars, Harmal (spring type, cold-sensitive, early heading) and Arabi Aswad (winter type, cold-tolerant, medium early heading), under varying rainfall and temperature. Grain yield was obtained from three sites in northern Syria for seven seasons (1984/85 to 1990/91), resulting in 18 site × season combinations, here called environments. Multiple regression models, containing one rainfall and one temperature variable, were used to quantify yield responses to environmental fluctuations.Total seasonal rainfall was the variable most strongly correlated with the grain yield of Harmal, accounting for 62·8% of the variance. For Arabi Aswad, rainfall from November to January gave the best fit, accounting for 61·8% of the variance. December and January rainfall had the highest contribution to the yield of both cultivars; the contribution of March rainfall tended to be negative. The overall yield response to seasonal rainfall was 11·89 kg/ha/mm for Harmal and 8·57 kg/ha/mm for Arabi Aswad; the expected grain yield at the driest site was c. 1270 kg/ha for both cultivars. The addition of a temperature variable gave a better fit, accounting for c. 80% of the variance in grain yield for both cultivars if winter rainfall was combined with number of night frosts in spring. It reduced the expected yields at the driest site to c. 986 kg/ha. Arabi Aswad had a lesser response to both rainfall and frost than Harmal.In environments where low yields are due to both water and temperature stress, farmers are advised to grow Arabi Aswad because its lesser sensitivity to environmental fluctuations will ensure a better yield stability.
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MacColl, D. "Studies on Maize (Zea mays) at Bunda, Malawi. I. Yield in Relation to Rainfall". Experimental Agriculture 25, nr 3 (lipiec 1989): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014873.
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SUMMARYYields of maize were determined in six years, on two soils, at up to four nitrogen levels following early and late planting. Without fertilizer nitrogen, high rainfall at the beginning of the growing season reduced yield on one soil but not on the other, while high rainfall at late silking and high total rainfall in the growing season reduced yields on both soils. As the level of fertilizer nitrogen increased, the negative effects of rainfall on yield tended to disappear. A three week delay in planting sometimes increased and sometimes decreased yield. The probable reasons for the observed effects of rainfall on yield are discussed.
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Hannah, MC, i GJ O'Leary. "Wheat yield response to rainfall in a long-term multi-rotation experiment in the Victorian Wimmera". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, nr 7 (1995): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950951.
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Seventy-six years of wheat yield data from a long-term rotation experiment at Dooen in the Victorian Wimmera were analysed to describe the response of wheat yield to seasonal rainfall, crop sequence, and time. Wheat yields from 7 different 1- to 4-course rotations involving wheat, barley, oat, field pea, grass pasture and fallow were compared as a function of growing-season (May-November) rainfall. The field layout had no within-year replication, but each phase of each rotation was represented once in each year. An approximate quadratic response of wheat yield to both current year and previous year May-November rainfall was observed for each rotation. Previous year May-November rainfall boosted wheat yields grown on fallow, but decreased the yield of wheat grown on field pea or wheat stubble. Highest wheat yields followed fallow preceded by pasture, high yields followed fallow preceded by a cereal, moderate yields followed field pea, and low yields occurred for continuous wheat. Long-term trends in wheat yields adjusted for rainfall depended on crop sequence and fluctuated more in the non-fallow, 3-course rotations. Over the 76 years, average yield declined in all rotations except the continuous wheat, which was always low, but there was evidence that yield of all continuous cropped rotations had increased during the last 2 decades.
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Vittal, K. P. R., K. Vijayalakshmi i U. M. B. Rao. "The Effect of Cumulative Erosion and Rainfall on Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Castor Bean Yields Under Dry Farming Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India". Experimental Agriculture 26, nr 4 (październik 1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001356.
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SUMMARYTopsoil depth and yields of sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean were found to be positively correlated when monitored over thirteen seasons under widely varying rainfall conditions on an Alfisol in Andhra Pradesh, India. Yields responded up to 2.5 times more to topsoil depth when rainfall in the critical period exceeded evapotranspiration than under drier conditions. Yield variations were explained by topsoil depth in cereals, and by the interaction between rainfall during the critical period and topsoil depth in cereals and castor bean (R2<0.72). The expected yield losses as a result of erosion, based on 56 years of rainfall data, were 138, 84 and 51 kg ha−1cm−1for sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean, respectively. Quadratic models explained the yield losses due to cumulative erosion under conditions of both poor and good rainfall during the critical period. Sorghum and pearl millet tended to produce no yield when erosion exceeded 34 cm and castor bean when it exceeded 40 cm. There was less reduction in yield when rainfall was poor, up to about 10 cm of erosion, than when rainfall was good. The results indicate that pearl millet and castor bean are more suitable than sorghum for low rainfall and eroded conditions.
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Vittal, K. P. R., K. Vijayalakshmi i U. M. B. Rao. "The Effect of Cumulative Erosion and Rainfall on Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Castor Bean Yields Under Dry Farming Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India". Experimental Agriculture 26, nr 4 (październik 1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970000363x.
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SUMMARYTopsoil depth and yields of sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean were found to be positively correlated when monitored over thirteen seasons under widely varying rainfall conditions on an Alfisol in Andhra Pradesh, India. Yields responded up to 2.5 times more to topsoil depth when rainfall in the critical period exceeded evapotranspiration than under drier conditions. Yield variations were explained by topsoil depth in cereals, and by the interaction between rainfall during the critical period and topsoil depth in cereals and castor bean (R2<0.72). The expected yield losses as a result of erosion, based on 56 years of rainfall data, were 138, 84 and 51 kg ha−1cm−1for sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean, respectively. Quadratic models explained the yield losses due to cumulative erosion under conditions of both poor and good rainfall during the critical period. Sorghum and pearl millet tended to produce no yield when erosion exceeded 34 cm and castor bean when it exceeded 40 cm. There was less reduction in yield when rainfall was poor, up to about 10 cm of erosion, than when rainfall was good. The results indicate that pearl millet and castor bean are more suitable than sorghum for low rainfall and eroded conditions.
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A, SIVA SANKAR, RANGA REDDY M, NAGARAJA RAO M, MADHAVA SWAMY G i BRAMHANANDA REDDY P. "INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL AND ITS DISTRIBUTION ON CROP YIELDS OF RAINFED COTTON AND SORGHUM". Madras Agricultural Journal 75, May June (1988): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02106.
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A Study was carried out to determine the influence of rainfall during the crop: season on the yields of rainfed cotton and sorghum, Rainfall during the crop growth had a significant negative association with Kapas yield (r-0.56%, in an early ameri can cotton var. NA 247 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) while it had little influence on late variety Laxmi. Among different months, rainfall and number of rainy days in September month alone had a strong negative effect on kapas yields in American cotton var. NA 247. There was no clear response to rainfall for kapas yield in rainfed desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) varieties viz, Pandaripur Mungari and Srisailam. In Sorghum no distinct relationship exists between rainfall and grain yield of CSH-1, CSH-5, and N-13. However, stover yields were significantly correlated with rainfall during crop growth in hybrids CSH-1 and CSH-5.
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Westcott, Nancy E., Steven E. Hollinger i Kenneth E. Kunkel. "Use of Real-Time Multisensor Data to Assess the Relationship of Normalized Corn Yield with Monthly Rainfall and Heat Stress across the Central United States". Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, nr 11 (1.11.2005): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2303.1.
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Abstract This study evaluated the suitability of rain estimates based on the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network to estimate yield response to rainfall on a county scale and to provide real-time information related to crop stress resulting from deficient or excessive precipitation throughout the summer. The relationship between normalized corn yield and rainfall was examined for nine states in the central United States for 1997–99 and 2001–02. Monthly rainfall estimates were computed employing multisensor precipitation estimate (MPE) data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and quality-controlled (QC_Coop) and real-time (RT_Coop) NWS cooperative gauge data. In-season MPE rain estimates were found to be of comparable quality to the postseason QC_Coop estimates for predicting county corn yields. Both MPE and QC_Coop estimates were better related to corn yield than were RT_Coop estimates, presumably because of the lower density of RT_Coop gauges. Large corn yields typically resulted when May rain was less than 125 mm and July rain was greater than 50 mm. Low yields often occurred when July rainfall was less than 100 mm. For moderate July rains (50–100 mm), positive and negative normalized yields resulted. Parameterization of heat stress (number of July days > 32.2°C) improved the correlation between rainfall and normalized corn yield, particularly for years with the poorest yield-vs-rain relationship (1998 and 1999). For the combined analysis years, the multiple regression correlation coefficient was 0.56, incorporating May and July rainfall and July heat stress and explaining 31% of the variance of normalized corn yield. Results show that MPE rainfall estimates provide timely yield projections within the growing season.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Rainfall yield"
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Greatrex, Helen. "The application of seasonal rainfall forecasts and satellite rainfall estimates to seasonal crop yield forcasting for Africa". Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578012.
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Rain-fed agriculture is extremely important in sub-Saharan Africa, thus the ability to forecast and monitor regional crop yields throughout the growing season would be of enormous benefit to decision makers. Of equal importance to be able to assign a measure of uncertainty to the forecast, especially considering that many predictions are made in the context of a complex climate and sparse meteorological and agricultural observations. This work investigates these issues in the context of an operational updating regional crop yield forecast, concentrating in particular on a case study forecasting Ethiopian maize. Part 1 of the work presented a detailed discussion of Ethiopia' s climate and agricultural systems. As real-time ground based weather observations are sparse in Africa, Part 2 contains an investigation into remotely sensed satellite rainfall estimates. A daily TAMSAT calibration and the geostatistical process of sequential simulation were used to create a spatially correlated ensemble of Meteosat-derived rainfall estimates. The ensemble mean was evaluated as a daily deterministic rainfall product and was found to be as good as or better than other products applied in the same region. A validation of the full ensemble showed that they realistically estimated Ethiopian rainfall fields that agreed both with observed spatial correlations and input pixel level statistics. Part 3 of the work includes a discussion on regional crop simulation modelling and presents a new parameterisation of the GLAM crop simulation model for tropical maize. GLAMMAIZE was then driven using individual members of the satellite ensemble; this was shown to exhibit the correct sensitivities to climate inputs and performed reasonably against yield observations. Finally, Part 4 presented a new method of creating stochastic spatially and temporally correlated rainfall fields. This 'regional weather generator' was tested using a case study on Ethiopian April rainfall and a detailed discussion was included about future development plans.
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Teo, Chee-Kiat. "Application of satellite-based rainfall estimates to crop yield forecasting in Africa". Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434333.
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Rossler, Ryan Louis. "Water stress effects on the growth, development and yield of sugarcane". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40346.
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Limited research has been conducted and uncertainty exists regarding sugarcane response to
water stress during different development phases. This information is necessary to optimize
the allocation of limited irrigation water for sugarcane production. The objective of this study
was to understand and quantify the response of crop water use (CWU), canopy development,
stalk elongation, biomass accumulation and partitioning, and sugarcane yield to mild water
stress, imposed through deficit drip irrigation, during different development phases.
A field experiment consisting of a plant and first ratoon crop of cultivar N49 was conducted
near Komatipoort. For the three water stress treatments, available soil water (ASW) was
maintained between 30 and 60% of capacity during the tillering phase (TP), stalk elongation
phase (SEP) and through both phases. ASW was maintained above 60% of capacity in the
well-watered control and during periods when stress was not intended.
Rainfall prevented water stress from developing in the TP of the plant crop. In the ratoon
crop, 72% less irrigation was applied in the TP, resulting in 50 days of stress (ASW<50%).
This did not affect stalk population but reduced CWU by 13%, shortened stalks by 21% and
affected the canopy by reducing green leaf number (GLN) and green leaf area index (GLAI).
Relieving the stress during SEP allowed the crop to re-establish its canopy, capture adequate
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and restore rates of photo-assimilation (as
suggested by CWU) and stalk elongation to support rapid biomass production. This
restoration of plant processes allowed the ratoon crop to attain a cane and stalk dry biomass
(SDM) yield that was only 9 and 11% lower (statistically insignificant), respectively, than the
well-watered control at lodging (crop age of 286 days).
During the SEP of the plant and ratoon crop, 42 and 85% less irrigation was applied, resulting
in the crops experiencing 74 and 39 days of stress and using 7 and 8% less water,
respectively. This did not affect stalk population or the crop canopy, but reduced stalk height
by about 6 and 14% in the plant and ratoon crops, respectively. In both crops, shorter stalks
and a negatively affected CWU which reduced photo-assimilate production, reduced cane
yield by 14 and 10% (statically insignificant) and SDM yield by 15 and 5% (statistically
insignificant), in the plant and ratoon crops respectively.
© University of Pretoria
iv
Deficit irrigation throughout the TP and SEP of the ratoon crop reduced irrigation amount by
74%, resulting in 110 days of stress and reducing CWU by 16% and stalk height by 14%.
PAR capture was reduced through reduced GLAI. This resulted in a significant reduction of
15% in cane yield. SDM yield was reduced by 17%, although this was not statistically
significant.
Stalk sucrose content was not influenced by deficit irrigation but was rather dependent on the duration of the drying-off period prior to harvest. Sucrose yields were therefore largely
determined by SDM.
Results suggest that the soil water potential (SWP) measured at 0.25 and 0.40 m depths,
halfway between drip emitters within a plant or ratoon crop, can drop to about -40 kPa before
irrigation is applied, without sacrificing cane or sucrose yield. Lastly, a ratoon crop can
rapidly recover from stress during the TP, provided that the SWP during SEP is maintained
above -40 kPa.Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Adcock, Clyde Wesley. "Cotton Yield as Related to Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils of the Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29881.
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Cotton (Gossipium hiristum, L) is a warm season perennial with indeterminant growth habit. In 1995, 42,500 and 300,000 hectares were grown in Virginia and North Carolina, respectively. Soil physical and chemical properties may limit cotton yields. The objective of this study was to; 1) determine influences of soil physical and chemical properties on yield, 2) validate existing preharvest yield estimators, and 3) determine the effect of subsoiling and/or subsurface liming on cotton development and root growth. Two hundred sites were sampled across the Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina to a depth of 92 cm representing 5 major soil series. Soil samples were analyzed for selected physical and chemical properties from each horizon. Boll and plant counts were obtained while harvesting a 3-meter length of row at each site to determine yield for the 1996 and 1997 growing season. Cotton was grown in the greenhouse on 30 cm diameter cores of a soil with low subsoil pH and a hard pan to determine the effects of subsoiling and/or subsurface liming. Ninety days after planting, the cotton plants were harvested and the above ground biomass and rootmass were analyzed. Physical and chemical properties explained 52% of yield variability in 1996 and 27% in 1997. Physical and chemical properties that were significant to yield were surface bulk density, available water holding capacity, depth of the water table and Bt horizon, Mg, K, Ca, and Al content. Soil analysis for nutrient status at depths up to 45 cm were better indicators of cotton yield. Subsoiling with or without subsurface liming increased rooting depth over the untreated check. The subsurface liming reached first flower 11 days prior to the other treatments. The additional period for flowering and boll set in Virginia and North Carolina could increase potential yield.Ph. D.
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Carmello, Vinicius [UNESP]. "Variabilidade pluviométrica e produção de soja: análise comparativa entre regiões produtoras do Brasil, Estados Unidos e Índia". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/158263.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a variabilidade das chuvas e a produtividade da soja em regiões produtoras no Brasil, Estados Unidos e Índia. A partir de um estudo comparativo e amparado pelas análises climatológicas que envolvem técnicas estatísticas e cartográficas, buscou-se compreender os arranjos regionais particulares a cada realidade. Configurada e considerada sob as possibilidades e formas desiguais de acesso à técnica e ao manejo necessário para minimizar os efeitos adversos e negativos/positivos da variabilidade, considera-se que essa heterogeneidade dá o caráter de maior ou menor susceptibilidade as quebras ou déficits agrícolas. Espera-se contextualizar a realidade regional em função da observação dos diferentes arranjos regionais produzidos diferentemente conforme a história e da política internacional em conexões globais, para tanto, foi elaborada a parte de fundamentação teórica tratando temas contemporâneos da geopolítica, da globalização, do conceito de região e da importância de se realizar um estudo comparado. Foram coletados dados de produtividade de soja e de precipitação e temperatura de quatro regiões. A primeira delas localiza-se no sul do Brasil e é constituída pela região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, a segunda localiza-se no centro oeste do Brasil, mais especificamente o norte do Mato Grosso, a terceira é nos Estados Unidos e constitui o noroeste do Estado de Ohio, e a quarta situa-se na região central e mais agrícola da Índia, o oeste do estado de Madhya Pradesh. Cada região apresenta diferentes características e especificidades quanto a história, cultura, padrões, crenças, estruturas econômicas, etc., mas detém uma característica em comum, a presença da soja, fator determinante para realizar uma pesquisa comparativa. Os resultados mostraram maior variação dos totais anuais de produtividade de soja no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Ohio e Madhya Pradesh e menor variação, indicando maior homogeneidade no norte do Mato Grosso. O Mato Grosso, juntamente com Ohio são os dois maiores produtores, com valores anuais alcançando, em alguns casos, 3,800 kg/ha. O Rio Grande do Sul, neste contexto, se torna intermediário, com marcada variação anual tanto entre os totais regionais, quanto entre os municípios. A região indiana mostra valores baixos se comparado às demais regiões, porém com certa homogeneidade dos dados – baixa variação. A variabilidade das chuvas também foi marcada no Rio Grande do Sul, Ohio e com menor intensidade em Madhya Pradesh e norte do Mato Grosso. Apesar das análises nas escalas anuais indicar bons resultados, foi a partir da redução para a escala mensal que foi possível medir com maior precisão os níveis de correlação entre a chuva e a produtividade de soja. Para o sul do Brasil, 90% dos resultados do total de 42 testes realizados mostraram uma correlação estatisticamente significativa (para valores de p entre 0,001 e 0,03), principalmente para os meses de janeiro e fevereiro. Nos Estados Unidos, os resultados apresentaram correlações positivas com valores de p entre 0,028 e 0,042 em julho e agosto e negativos em maio. Estes mesmos testes não foram significativos no norte do Mato Grosso e na região indiana. No sul do Brasil, os resultados estatisticamente positivos correspondem aos principais períodos de desenvolvimento da soja, onde as necessidades de água são maiores: os meses de janeiro e fevereiro correspondem à floração, ao desenvolvimento e ao enchimento das vagens, um período que requer uma boa distribuição de precipitação (o que explica o grande número de correlações positivas). Ao mesmo tempo, nos Estados Unidos, os resultados indicam uma maior dependência entre os rendimentos da soja e as chuvas que ocorrem em julho e agosto, o que corresponde também ao período mais importante para o desenvolvimento fenológico da cultura nesta região. Os resultados integram e contribuem para pesquisas relacionadas à climatologia numa escala global, e aos estudos dos impactos regionais das mudanças climáticas, e temas da geopolítica no contexto atual (estratégicas), relacionado à produção de alimentos. Em síntese, a tese representou uma correlação entre a realidade climática geográfica (chuva e vulnerabilidade agrícola) a partir do contexto regional de cada ponto escolhido.
This research main goal is to analyze the rainfall variability and soybean yield in producing regions in Brazil, India and United States. The study sought to understand the specific regional arrangements based on a comparative study supported by climatological analyzes involving statistical and cartographic techniques. Configured and considered under different and unequal technique access forms and required management to minimize variability’ positive/negative adverse effects, the research considers this heterogeneity gives greater or lesser susceptibility to agricultural breaks or deficits. Different regional arrangements are produced differently according to history and global connection international politics. Theoretical basis was elaborated dealing with contemporary geopolitics issues such as globalization, concept of region and comparative study. 4-regions soybean yield, precipitation and temperature data were collected. The first region corresponds to Southern Brazil, specifically Rio Grande do Sul northwest, and the second is placed on Brazil’s Middle-West, at northern Mato Grosso state. The third region is located at United States, in northwest Ohio state, and the fourth one represents the most agricultural region of India: western Madhya Pradesh state. Strong annual soybean yield variability was found in Rio Grande do Sul, Ohio and Madhya Pradesh, with less variation and strong homogeneity in Mato Grosso. Also, Mato Grosso and Ohio are the largest producers, with annual values reaching 3,800kg/ha, followed by Rio Grande do Sul, affected by seasonality. The Indian region shows the lowest values although has a strong data homogeneity (less variation). Annual rainfall variability was well marked in Rio Grande do Sul and Ohio, with less intensity in Madhya Pradesh and northern Mato Grosso state. However, monthly data allows to reach better correlations between soybean yield and rainfall. 90% of 42 correlation tests showed statistical significance (p-value between 0.001 and 0.03) for southern Brazil, principally in January and February. For Ohio, positive correlations (p-value between 0,028 and 0.042) were found in July and August, and negative correlations were found in May. The first result corresponds to main soybean development period in Brazil, with more water needs: January and February correspond to flowering and pods’ filling and development period, that requires a satisfactory precipitation distribution (which explains the substantial number of positive correlations). At the same time, in United States the results indicate more dependence between soybean yield and July and August rainfall, most important months to phenological development at this region. The results increase climatological research related to climate at global scale, and the climate change regional impacts. Also contributes to geopolitics issues at current context (strategies), related to food production. The thesis presents correlation between the geographical-climatic reality (rainfall and agricultural vulnerability) from regional context of each selected point.
FAPESP: 2014/01071-1
FAPESP: 2015/18063-4
FAPESP: 2016/24271-1
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Joseph, Stanley Ob. "Examining the impacts of projected precipitation changes on sugar beet yield in Eastern England". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16226.
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Projected increasing temperatures and reduced summer precipitation in the UK raises questions about the sustainability of aspects of the agriculture industry and food security. This study investigates the potential impact of precipitation changes on sugar beet yield in Eastern England. Observations of precipitation was examined for the period 1971-2000 and the expected changes in precipitation were investigated using seven CMIP5 climate models for the historical phase (1971-2000) and RCP45 and RCP85 future scenarios (2021-2050). Three out of the seven models were found to show good agreement with observations but the MOHC ensemble mean was the closest to the observed means and was used for further precipitation analyses. Statistical analysis of the future precipitation changes were performed using the Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) model focused on changes between the historical phase and RCP45 and RCP85. Results showed a consistent and significant reduction in annual May-October precipitation under future scenarios. The study then investigated the impact of reduced future precipitation changes on sugar beet yield by applying controlled watering regimes informed by the CMIP5 projections to sugar beet plants in a greenhouse experiment over two seasons - the use of CMIP5 projections in this way is a first. In the first experiment carried out in 2014, a climatological watering regime (i.e. where the total seasonal rainfall for the different scenarios was applied in equal and regular watering events) was applied to the plants, which meant a 16% reduction in precipitation in the "future" category relative to a "control" category. Analysis of the yields indicated a statistically significant reduction in mean tuber wet mass: mean of 360g for the control and 319g for the future (p-value 0.03). This implies a potential yield reduction of 11% by 2050. In the second experiment carried out in 2015, a "realistic distribution" watering regime (i.e. where the total seasonal rainfall is applied in a series of watering events that reflect the analysed sizes and distribution of rainfall events in the different categories), this meant a reduction in precipitation in the months of June (-15.6%), July (-7.7%) and August (-3.7%). This resulted in statistically significant reduction in mean tuber wet mass between control (153g) and RCP85 (113g) with a p-value of 0.01. This implies a reduction of 26% in future yields under RCP85 by 2050. Results in this thesis further show how changes and variation in precipitation are intertwined with changes in soil moisture and yield of sugar beet plants. The findings will enable UK sugar beet farmers to identify potential areas of challenges in order to adapt their management practices to ensure maximum crop yield in future growing seasons. Moreover, from a global perspective, the findings here are also broadly applicable to a variety of agricultural crops in different parts of the world, where changes in yield may have important consequences to food security and food prices.
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Tiwari, Jagriti. "Effect of Vegetation Cover Dynamics on Runoff and the Implication for Sediment Yield Estimation for the Great Barrier Reef Catchments". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/418278.
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Large scale land clearing for livestock grazing has accelerated the soil loss and sediment delivery from Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments in Australia. Areas with low ground cover are known to generate large runoff volumes at a small scale (<100m2). However, the spatial effect of ground cover variation on runoff generation and soil loss is not well studied in the large catchment (~ ≥1 km2). Thus, it is essential to characterise the spatial distribution of ground cover to evaluate the effect of variation in cover on runoff in the GBR catchments. Despite recognising the potential effect of ground cover variation in runoff generation and soil loss, the current GBR eWater Source Catchment Modelling Framework uses lumped rainfall-runoff models that consider only rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as input variables. In addition, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), which considers only effect of rainfall as rainfall-runoff erosivity has been used to estimate hillslope soil loss. However, the effect of runoff on rainfall-runoff erosivity and on hillslope soil loss is not studied well in Australia, particularly in Queensland.
To evaluate the effects of ground cover variation on runoff and soil loss, this research was conducted in Central Queensland in 32 sub-catchments of Burnett-Mary Basin (35.84 - 231.17 km2), three experimental Brigalow catchments (11.7 – 16.8 ha) and Springvale catchment (9.6 ha) and Nogoa catchment (13,880 km2) in the Fitzroy basin and Weany Creek (Virginia Park) catchment (11.9 ha) in the Burdekin basin. Except the Burnett-Mary sub catchments, the measured runoff and sediment data were available for all the other catchments for the selected period. This study has three objectives: (1) to model the spatial distribution of vegetation cover in a parameter-efficient manner in grazing land, (2) to compare and evaluate the performance of Revised USLE and Modified USLE models for soil loss prediction, and (3) to integrate the ground cover variation with rainfall-runoff models for catchment scale runoff prediction.
To address the first objective, the beta distribution was used to characterise cover variation in space at the sub-catchment scale. Three methods were used to test the appropriateness of the beta distribution: (i) visual goodness-of-fit assessment and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test; (ii) the fractional area with cover ≤53%; and (iii) estimated runoff amount for a given rainfall amount for the fractional area with 3 | P a g e cover ≤53%. It was concluded that the two-parameter beta distribution is a parameter efficient method to characterise the spatial variation of cover and to evaluate the effect of cover variation on runoff in grazing catchments.
In the second objective, the sediment yield changes due to the conversion of brigalow forest to cropping and grazing was assessed and the potential contributing factors to sediment yield were identified. It also evaluated the comparative performance of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) in predicting the sediment yield from the three BCS catchments. The study supports applying the MUSLE model, which considers runoff (Q) and peak runoff rate (Qp) in BCS for improved sediment yield prediction. This work has been extended to three grazed catchments of Fitzroy and Burdekin basins to compare and evaluate the performance of RUSLE and MUSLE models for predicting soil loss/sediment yield for grazing catchments. The MUSLE models performed better as compared to the RUSLE model for all three catchments. Compared to the RUSLE model, the MUSLE1 model with factors Q and Qp, was able to predict sediment yield for Weany creek and Brigalow catchment and the MUSLE2 with factors EI30, Q and Qp performed well for Springvale and Brigalow catchment. The calibrated soil erodibility factor (K) was found to be 14%, 24%, and 60% higher for Springvale, Brigalow, and Weany Creek catchments, respectively, compared to the K-factor from the Australian Soil Resource Information System (ASRIS). This study recommends using the MUSLE model to improve sediment yield prediction from hillslope grazing lands in Australia.
In the third objective, the influence of the spatial and temporal variation of cover on runoff using a conceptual framework to integrate the cover variation with lumped rainfall-runoff models for the Nogoa catchment (13,880 km2) was investigated. Preliminary findings of this study show that modified SimHyd cannot provide improved runoff estimation when the spatial and temporal variation of ground cover is taken into consideration. Use of an alternative approach, i.e., SCS Curve Number (CN) method for individual storm events shows that when the combined effect of rainfall and ground cover on CN is considered, the groundcover affect CN negatively, i.e., the lower the cover, the larger the value of CN, hence the higher the storm runoff amount for the same amount of rainfall. 4 | P a g e The exponent for ground cover is different from zero comparing to rainfall. Therefore, it can be concluded that though the modified SimHyd model wouldn’t provide the improved estimation of runoff, however, the alternative approach i.e., CN method shows that ground cover significantly affects runoff and cannot be ignored for the Nogoa catchment.
Overall, this study highlights the need for an improved understanding of the effect of the spatial distribution of ground cover on runoff and sediment delivery from large grazing catchments, with the main findings as follows: (1) the spatial distribution of ground cover can be efficiently described using beta distribution, (2) runoff and peak runoff rate are the major variables responsible for variations in sediment yield from grazing catchments, (3) the MUSLE model should be used for grazing catchments irrespective of the catchment size for improved prediction of sediment yield with some modifications to soil erodibility values, (4) the effect of change in ground cover on runoff was identified using the SCS-CN method, hence, an improvement in the current lumped hydrological modelling framework would be achieved with inclusion of spatial variability of ground cover in addition to rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as input to hydrological models and should be further tested and developed for dry catchments with low ground cover for improved simulation of runoff from grazing catchments.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Bocher, Temesgen Fitamo [Verfasser], i Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Berger. "Modeling crop yield and farmer adaptation to rainfall variability : the case of Southern Ethiopia / Temesgen Fitamo Bocher. Betreuer: Thomas Berger". Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110005541X/34.
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Qiu, Yue. "The Effect of Rainfall and Post-revolutionary Land-use Changes on Sediment Yield in Weixi Basin, Yunnan, China : New insights from multi-temporal land-use classification and radionuclide analyses". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1398876415.
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Semmahasak, Sukho. "Soil erosion and sediment yield in tropical mountainous watershed of northwest Thailand : the spatial risk assessments under land use and rainfall changes". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5279/.
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A GIS-based method has been applied for assessing the spatial soil erosion risk and sediment yield in Mae Rim watershed, Northwest Thailand. The gross soil erosion in each watershed cell was estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) by thoroughly determining its various parameters. RUSLE results showed mean annual soil loss rate of 31 tonnes ha-1 yr-1, while the mean annual suspended sediment yield was 7.4 tonnes ha-1 yr-1. From the results of the spatial analysis between controlling factors and soil erosion, it indicated that bare land, field crop land and high steep slope were linked to extreme soil erosion (> 150 tonnes ha-1 yr-1). With respect to soil erosion under land use and rainfall change, it was revealed that the conversion from deciduous forest to field crop area has very serious implications for soil erosion in the Mae Rim watershed. Indeed, transition from forest to agriculture may lead to erosion increase despite reduced rainfall. The results obtained from analysing scenario sensitivities identify synergistic effects on soil erosion hazard if bare land, field crop land and rainfall erosivity are increased simultaneously in the future.
Książki na temat "Rainfall yield"
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Institute of Economic Growth (India), red. Effects of rainfall on crop output. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2000.
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Robichaud, Peter R. Three years of hillslope sediment yields following the Valley Complex fires, western Montana. Fort Collins, CO: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2009.
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Devito, Kevin John. Errors in estimating stream discharge in small headwater catchments: Influence on interpretation of catchment yields and input-output budget estimates. [Toronto]: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1993.
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Impact of excess rains on yield, market availability, and prices of onion. Hyderabad: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, 2006.
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Camara, Kelli Marie. Long-term effects of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winter wheat yields. 1999.
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Camara, Kelli Marie. Long-term effects of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winter wheat yields. 1999.
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Iowa Weather and Crop Service. Annual Report For. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Rainfall yield"
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Ayanlade, Ayansina, Isaac Ayo Oluwatimilehin, Adeola A. Oladimeji, Godwin Atai i Damilola T. Agbalajobi. "Climate Change Adaptation Options in Farming Communities of Selected Nigerian Ecological Zones". W African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 297–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_156.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the impacts of climate change on three tropical crops and assesses the climate change adaptation options adopted by rural farmers in the region. The study was conducted among farming communities settled in three major ecological zones in Nigeria. Over 37 years of data on rainfall and temperature were analyzed to examine climate change impacts on three major crops: rice, maize, and cassava. Farmers’ adaptive capacity was assessed with a survey. Climatic data, crop yields, and survey data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The relation between rainfall/temperature and crop yields was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results show a high variation in the annual rainfall and temperature during the study period. The major findings from this research is that crops in different ecological zones respond differently to climate variation. The result revealed that there is a very strong relationship between precipitation and the yield of rice and cassava at p <0.05 level of significance. The results further showed low level of adaption among the rural farmers. The study concludes that rainfall and temperature variability has a significant impact on crop yield in the study area, but that the adaptive capacity of most farmers to these impacts is low. There is a need for enhancing the adaptation options available to farmers in the region, which should be the focus of government policies.
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Reynolds, Curt A. "Real-Time Hydrology Operations at USDA for Monitoring Global Soil Moisture and Auditing National Crop Yield Estimates". W Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology, 267–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2915-7_16.
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Rao, Pooja R., Sanju P. Gowda i R. J. Prathibha. "Paddy Yield Predictor Using Temperature, Rainfall, Soil pH, and Nitrogen". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 245–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5802-9_23.
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Suganya, R., C. Agasthiya, C. Ignatius, S. Aswin, P. Murugesen i C. Amuthalingeswaran. "Rainfall Forecasting for Raising the Yield Production Using Machine Learning Algorithms". W Advances in Automation, Signal Processing, Instrumentation, and Control, 1693–708. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8221-9_158.
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Abdalla, Elgailani, Tarig Ahmed, Omar Bakhit, Yasir Gamar, Salih Elshaikh, Yasir Mohammed i Abdellatif Sulaiman And Hatim Mardi. "Groundnut mutants with end-of-season drought tolerance for the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State, Sudan." W Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 243–57. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0025.
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Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), produced in the traditional small-scale rainfed sector of Western Sudan, accounts for 80% of the total annual groundnut acreage, producing 70% of the total production. Low productivity of groundnut is a characteristic feature in North Kordofan State, which is characterized as the most vulnerable state to the impact of climate change. Terminal drought stress resulting from reduction in rainfall amount and distribution at the end of the season is the most deleterious drought period, as it coincides with groundnut pod filling and maturation periods. High and stable yields under subsistence farming conditions in North Kordofan State could be realized only by using adapted high-yielding, drought-tolerant genotypes. Mutation induction by gamma-rays of 200 and 300 Gy was utilized to irradiate 500 dry seeds of the Spanish-type groundnut genotypes, Barberton, Sodari, ICGV 89104, ICGV 86743, ICGV 86744 and ICG 221, aiming at increasing the chances of obtaining genotypes with the desired drought-tolerant traits. Mutants were selected from the M3 plants using visual morphological traits. Groundnut mutants at the M4 and M5 generations, advanced by single seed descent, were evaluated for end-of-season drought tolerance. A terminal drought period of 25 days was imposed after 60 days from planting, using a rainout shelter. Mutants that survived 25 days of terminal drought stress were further evaluated for agronomic performance under rainfed field conditions. The groundnut mutant, Barberton-b-30-3-B, produced 1024 kg/ha, a significantly higher mean pod yield over 12 seasons compared with 926 kg/ha for 'Gubeish', the widely grown released check cultivar, showing overall yield advantage of 11%. Under 5 years of participatory research, Barberton-b-30-3-B was ranked the best with yield increment of 21% over 'Gubeish' under the mother trials. The GGE biplot analysis for 12 and five seasons, respectively, showed that Barberton-b-30-3-B was stable and produced a good yield in both high and low rainfall situations. Hence, Barberton-b-30-3-B was found to be a suitable mutant for sustainable profitable yields in the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State and was officially released as 'Tafra-1' by the National Variety Release Committee during its second meeting of April 2018.
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Strauss, Johann A. "Economic and yield comparisons of different crop and crop-pasture production systems." W Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 206–14. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0011.
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Abstract Over the past 15 years the adoption rate of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in southern South Africa has increased at a fast rate, although the adoption of the three pillars of CA was to varying degrees. The adoption of CA happened in the absence of any policy support framework directed to CA. The market drove the adaptation rate with a handful of local producers being the first to adopt no-till (NT) strategies. Long-term field experiments demonstrate that the effects of crop rotation include increased yields from the main wheat crop so that two-thirds of the present total wheat production may be achieved with only half the cropped area under the main crop, and gross margins are better - and dramatically better - with integration of cropping and livestock. This chapter presents an overview of the benefits to yield and economic sustainability of including alternative cash and pasture crops into CA farming systems in the winter rainfall region of southern South Africa.
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Kuria, Peter, Josiah Gitari, Saidi Mkomwa i Peter Waweru. "Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and maize grain yield in the semi-arid Laikipia county, Kenya." W Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 256–69. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0015.
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Abstract Low and unreliable rainfall, along with poor soil health, is a main constraint to maize production in the semi-arid parts of Kenya that account for over 79% of the country's land area. In the vast county of Laikipia, farmers continue to plant maize despite the predominantly low quantities of precipitation. Participatory farmer experimentation with Conservation Agriculture (CA) was undertaken for six consecutive growing seasons between July 2013 and December 2016 to determine the effectiveness of CA as a method of improving soil properties and enhancing maize yields with the limited rainfall quantities received in these parts of Kenya. The main CA practices tested include chisel tine furrow opening (ripping) and live legume (Lablab purpureus) cover crop, as well as maize stover mulches, all implemented under varying inorganic fertilizer rates. The research was done across 12 administrative locations of Laikipia County where soils are mainly Phaeozems and Vertisols with a clay-loam texture. The research design used was researcher-designed and farmer-managed. In each of the 12 trial sites, participatory farmers' assessments and field days were carried out as a way of outreach to the bigger farming communities around the trial sites. The research findings obtained demonstrated that the use of CA impacts positively on soil properties and is a viable practice for enhancing maize yields in these moisture deficit-prone parts of the country. Soil chemical analysis assessment results showed that CA impacted positively on a number of soil mineral components including organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and pH. Midseason chlorophyll content assessment of the maize crop showed that there was good response to fertilizer application, as well as to mulching with crop residues for soil cover. Maize grain yield data also showed that the use of a CA package comprising chisel tine ripping combined with mulching by plant residues and use of mineral fertilizer resulted in a two- to threefold increase in grain yields above the farmer practice control. Mean maize grain yield in farmer practice plots was 1067 kg ha-1 compared with the CA-treated plot with mineral fertilization that yielded 2192 kg ha-1.
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Owoade, Folasade Mary, Samuel Godfried Kwasi Adiku, Christopher John Atkinson i Dilys Sefakor MacCarthy. "Differential Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Productivity Components in Two Agro-ecological Zones of Southern Ghana". W African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1721–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_144.
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AbstractThe maintenance of soil productivity is important for sustained crop yield in low-input systems in the tropics. This study investigated the impact of four different land use types, namely, maize and cassava cropping, woodlot/plantations, and natural forests on soil productivity components, especially soil carbon accretion, at six sites within two agro-ecological zones of southern Ghana. Soil properties were significantly different between sites and ecological zones. The coastal savanna zones, which is a low rainfall zone had relatively lower soil carbon storage than the high rainfall forest-savanna transition zone. Soil productivity conditions in the later zone were much more favorable for cropping than the former. Land use types significantly affected the soil carbon (SOC) storage within the two ecological zones. In the low rainfall zone, soil carbon accretion by maize cropping, cassava cropping, and plantations were 48%, 54%, and 60%, respectively, of the forest carbon stock (47,617 kg/ha). In the transition zone, the soil carbon accretion was over 90% of the forest value (48,216 kg/ha) for all land use types. In effect use of land use types in maintaining soil productivity must consider the conditions in a given ecological zone.
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Meddi, Mohamed, i Saeid Eslamian. "Uncertainties in Rainfall and Water Resources in Maghreb Countries Under Climate Change". W African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_114-1.
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AbstractThe vulnerability of the climate change in the South of the Mediterranean’s south regions varies depending on the part of their climate which is sensitive to the economy. In Tunisia, agriculture represents 16% of the workforce and 12% of GDP in 2006. In Algeria, agriculture represents 20% of the workforce and 8% of GDP in 2009. In Morocco, agriculture accounts for 40% of the workforce and 17.7% of GDP in 2006. The agriculture is directly related to the availability of water which in turn is directly related to rainfall. The drought has affected all countries of the Maghreb. It is considered the most severe in the history of these countries. The drought has forced the agricultural sector in Morocco to the limitation of annual crops which are not needed, the prohibition of any new tree planting and the ban on vegetable crops in dry years. During the years 1987, 1988, and 1989, Tunisia has experienced the most critical drought. It led to a water deficit of around 30%. For Morocco the rainfall shows a negative trend at national and regional scales, and spring rainfall has declined by over 40% since the 1960s. For Algeria, the western region has recorded a considerable reduction in rainfall. The winter rains have decreased between 40% and 70%. Contributions to dams have decreased between 30% and 50%. These changes had a negative influence on the water resource and crop yield. Many programs have been initiated since then to meet the growing demand.
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Meddi, Mohamed, i Saeid Eslamian. "Uncertainties in Rainfall and Water Resources in Maghreb Countries Under Climate Change". W African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1967–2003. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_114.
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AbstractThe vulnerability of the climate change in the South of the Mediterranean’s south regions varies depending on the part of their climate which is sensitive to the economy. In Tunisia, agriculture represents 16% of the workforce and 12% of GDP in 2006. In Algeria, agriculture represents 20% of the workforce and 8% of GDP in 2009. In Morocco, agriculture accounts for 40% of the workforce and 17.7% of GDP in 2006. The agriculture is directly related to the availability of water which in turn is directly related to rainfall. The drought has affected all countries of the Maghreb. It is considered the most severe in the history of these countries. The drought has forced the agricultural sector in Morocco to the limitation of annual crops which are not needed, the prohibition of any new tree planting and the ban on vegetable crops in dry years. During the years 1987, 1988, and 1989, Tunisia has experienced the most critical drought. It led to a water deficit of around 30%. For Morocco the rainfall shows a negative trend at national and regional scales, and spring rainfall has declined by over 40% since the 1960s. For Algeria, the western region has recorded a considerable reduction in rainfall. The winter rains have decreased between 40% and 70%. Contributions to dams have decreased between 30% and 50%. These changes had a negative influence on the water resource and crop yield. Many programs have been initiated since then to meet the growing demand.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Rainfall yield"
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R, Surya, i Sukanya S. T. "Gradient Boosting and Naive Bayes Crop Yield Prediction and Fertilizer Recommendation". W The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/puyi9607/ngcesi23p11.
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Farmers use Big Data to get information on changing Weather, Rainfall, Fertilizer Usage, Rainfall, and other factors that impact the crop yield. The yield of a crop is mainly determined by the climatic conditions like Temperature, Rainfall, Soil Conditions, and Fertilizers. All of this information assists farmers in making accurate and dependable decisions that maximize their productivity from cultivating the land. Recently, the Machine Learning Algorithms are used by the researchers to predict the yield of a crop before its actual cultivation. Firstly, Pre-process the data in a Python environment and then apply the Map Reduce Framework, which further analyses and processes the large volume of data. Secondly, K-means Clustering is employed on results gained from Map Reduce and provides a mean result on the data in terms of accuracy. Using Gradient Boosting Algorithm to predict the yield of crops based on the parameters like State, District, Area, Seasons, Rainfall, Temperature, and Area. To enhance the yield, this work study also suggests a fertilizer based on the soil conditions like NPK Values, Soil Type, Soil PH, Humidity, and Moisture. Fertilizer Recommendation is primarily done by using the Naive Bayes [NB] Algorithm.
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Kaur, Kuljit, i Kanwalpreet Singh Attwal. "Effect of temperature and rainfall on paddy yield using data mining". W 2017 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering - Confluence (Confluence). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/confluence.2017.7943204.
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Malathy, S., C. N. Vanitha, Kotteswari, Syamraj V, Sudharsan P i Mohankkanth E. "Rainfall Prediction for Enhancing Crop-Yield based on Machine Learning Techniques". W 2022 International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaaic53929.2022.9792793.
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Cuiping (or initial) Yuan, Qinghong (or initial) Yan i Yuequn (or initial) Dong. "Impacts of Gravel Mulch on Sediment Yield Process under Simulated Rainfall Conditions". W 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131590450.
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Ward, Tim J., i Kenny Stevens. "Estimation of Runoff and Sediment Yield in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Using Rainfall Simulation". W Watershed Management and Operations Management Conferences 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40499(2000)73.
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Liu, Hongtao, Qiqi Li, Yan Meng, Yu Han, Jian Chen i Liuchao Qiu. "Effects of Rainfall Intensity on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Black Soil Slope". W 2019 International Conference on Unmanned Systems and Artificial Intelligence (ICUSAI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icusai47366.2019.9124784.
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Hidayat, Agus Sofian Eka, i Gunardi. "Calculation of crop insurance premium based on dependence among yield price, crop yield, and standard rainfall index using vine copula". W PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH SEAMS-UGM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2019: Deepening Mathematical Concepts for Wider Application through Multidisciplinary Research and Industries Collaborations. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139122.
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Louise, Leroux, Baron Christian, Lo Seen Danny, Begue Agnes i B. Traore Seydou. "Testing satellite rainfall estimates for yield simulation of a rainfed cereal in West Africa". W 2015 8th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images (Multi-Temp). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/multi-temp.2015.7245770.
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W T Dickinson i R P Rudra. "Apparent Changes In Rainfall Extremes and Possible Changes In Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield". W 21st Century Watershed Technology: Improving Water Quality and Environment Conference Proceedings, 29 March - 3 April 2008, Concepcion, Chile. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24310.
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Rizaludin Mahmud, Mohd, i Mazlan Hashim. "Determination of forest water yield in Malaysian tropical watershed using calibrated satellite-based rainfall data". W 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773895.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Rainfall yield"
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Effects of Rainfall Variability on Maize Yields. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_19.
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Bhattarai, Rabin, Yufan Zhang i Owen Yao. Evaluation of Net-free Erosion Control Blankets. Illinois Center for Transportation, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-026.
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Erosion control blankets (ECBs) protect soil from being detached and transported by raindrops and subsequential overland runoff while assisting in vegetation growth. ECBs have several characteristics, for example, thickness, mass per unit area, tensile strength, elongation, water absorption, etc. However, the impact of these characteristics on the performance in mitigating erosion has yet to be well understood. To better understand the interactions of ECB properties with the detachment and transport of sediment, field tests were conducted at the Erosion Control Research and Training Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Various ECBs, including net-free ECBs and bionet ECBs, were tested on a 3H:1V hillslope under a 30-minute simulated rainfall event (2 in./hr). The soil used on the testing plot was silty clay loam. To investigate ECB effectiveness, total runoff volume, runoff start/end time, peak runoff rate, and sediment yield were monitored during each test. The results showed that water absorption played a big role in enhancing the performance of ECBs. The materials absorbed a large amount of water at the beginning and then acted as a wet film to cover the hillslope, reducing soil erosion by the overland flow when the soil was saturated. This wet film continued to reduce soil detachment, although it probably did not help with runoff reduction after saturation. Among the blankets tested, Profile F4 Netless was the most degradable and lightest one. North American Green DS75 had the most cost efficiency with $0.4 /sq. yd. There was no big difference in the installation method.
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Busby, Ryan, Morgan Conrady, Kyoo Jo i Donald Cropek. Characterising earth scent. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luty 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48262.
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Rationale. Earth scent is the odour emitted from soils. This scent, primarily comprising the alcohols geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), has not been fully characterised, but offers high potential for use as an environmental interrogation tool. Methodology. We utilised our field- based, solid-phase microextraction fibre method to test the hypothesis that soil activity and soil property variation can be detected in situ by comparing biogenic volatile emissions. Results. We eliminated sources of error utilising field-based sampling with these fibres, concluding that room temperature storage for up to 7 days is acceptable with minimal loss. Variation in individual fibre affinity for both compounds was higher than expected but no measured concentrations were observed to constitute outliers. Disturbance of minor soil volumes led to significantly higher emission of both compounds over background levels. Soil texture and soil cover had a significant effect on the emission of both compounds. Simulated rainfall, producing the characteristic odour known as petrichor, initiates elevated emission of geosmin. Background (undisturbed soil) concentrations of MIB were occasionally detectable during some sampling events, but geosmin concentrations in the air were always below detection limits without soil disturbance. Virtually all background and disturbed soil samples contained much higher concentrations of MIB compared to geosmin, but geosmin variation between replicates and experimental units was much lower. Discussion. Soil disturbance and soil property variation can be remotely detected using emission of volatile compounds. Correlating emission from the soil with respect to disturbance events and environmental properties could yield a powerful new tool for acquiring soil information.
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Burbano Figueroa, Oscar, Milena Moreno Moran, Lorena Osorio Almanza, Karen Montes Mercado, Enrique Vergara, Maria Del Valle Rodriguez Pinto, Keyra Salazar i Everto Mosquera. Identification of resistance to ramulosis caused by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides in cotton advanced breeding lines and monitoring of ramulosis disease by RGB-image analysis. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.informe.2016.2.
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Identification of resistance to ramulosis caused by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides in cotton advanced breeding lines and monitoring of ramulosis disease by RGB-image analysis Abstract Cotton growing regions in South America are affected by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Cgc). The most severe epidemics provokes considerable yield reductions linked to meristem necrosis, oversprouting, excessive branching and stunting (Figure 1). The Sinu Valley is a major cotton producer in Colombia and is heavily affected by this disease. Rainfall was identified as the main driver of ramulosis development in the Sinu Valley prevailing in crops planted at the beginning of the main rainy season (Figure 2). Fifty five advanced breeding lines (ABLs) were assessed by ramulosis field resistance. Nine ABLs exhibited high levels of partial resistance (< 10% of plants exhibiting oversprouting). With the aim to optimize disease assessing accuracy and breeding efforts for ramulosis resistance, we had evaluated the use of red-green-blue (RGB) based indices for automated assessment of ramulosis disease. Eleven cultivars exhibiting contrasting level of ramulosis resistance were grown and photographed at different phenological stages. RGB indices extracted by Breedpix software from these plot images were compared with visual assessment of plant disease severity. The RGB indices Hue, Saturation, b, and v measured ten weeks after planting (boll opening) were correlated with accumulated disease severity and oversprouting (estimated as the area under the disease progress stairs). Oversprouting exhibited the higher correlation coefficients (r = 0.60,-0.65,-0.65,-0.60 and 0.54, P < 0.001). Additionally, destructive sampling across phenological development showed that green area (GA) has a positive correlation with total fresh biomass, leaf area index, leaf fresh biomass and green cover (GC) (r = 0.65, 0.60, 0.70 and 0.95, P < 0.001). RGB-based indices are appropriate predictors of cotton growth and ramulosis severity and a cost effective tool for cotton phenotyping based on automation of RGB-images assessment and affordable cost of RGB-cameras
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Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky i Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.
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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer i Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, maj 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.
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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Knaepen, Hanne. Climate risks in Tunisia: Challenges to adaptation in the agri-food system. European Centre for Development Policy Management, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc009.
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Tunisia’s agricultural system is central to the stability of the country, but it is also extremely prone to climate risks such as droughts and reduced or more variable rainfall. It is predicted that agricultural yields from key crops like wheat and olives will decline. These climate risks on Tunisia’s agricultural and wider food system can lead to socioeconomic instability and potentially cause security risks. Furthermore, these risks can have knock-on effects that cross national borders, sectors and systems. Tunisia’s capacity to adapt to climate change is undermined by three sets of political, governance and socio-economic factors, or so-called ‘climate-related development risks’, namely (1) governance and policy coherence challenges; (2) food import dependency and an export-oriented agri-food system; and (3) territorial inequalities. These factors contribute, directly or indirectly, to the likelihood of cascading climate risks that start with Tunisia’s agri-food system. Due to the country’s reduced adaptive capacity, climate risks in Tunisia’s agri-food system can have an impact on Europe through trade and supply chains, security relations, financial markets, international aid operations as well as migration patterns. It is key that the European Union recognises these risks in its Green Deal and adaptation efforts, as well as in a much wider group of policies, ranging from trade to migration.
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, Naftaly Goldshleger, Donald Rundquist, Dan Blumberg i Yoram Benyamini. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.
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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.