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Coelho, Mariana Medeiros, Nélio Moura de Figueiredo, Maria Teresinha de Medeiros Coelho, and Lúcio Carlos Pinheiro Campos Filho. "Rainfall intensity model with spatialization of intensity-duration-frequency curve parameters - A case study for the state of Maranhão, Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 45 (September 27, 2023): e63369. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v45i1.63369.
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The characterization of intense rainfall in engineering projects is fundamental, mainly regarding the estimate of design flows necessary for designing hydraulic works. Intense rainfall events are commonly measured by Equations and curves that relate their intensity, duration, and frequency. Such relations, known as IDF, enable the hydrological characterization of a given region. This article presents a methodological design and results from both determination and spatialization of IDF curve parameters for the state of Maranhão. Historical series of maximum daily rainfalls obtained from National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA) were used in 126 rainfall gauge stations and the Gumbel probability distribution estimated the maximum daily rainfall for 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, and 100 return periods. The Isozonal Method obtained the IDF correlations of intense rainfall events for 0,1. 1, and 24 h durations, and their performance were conducted by Nash-Sutcliffe R2 coefficient and Root Mean Square Relative Error (RMSE). “K, a, b, and c” parameters of intense rainfall equations were determined by optimization and convergence processes and their spatialization was carried out by interpolation by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), which enabled to determine the values of each parameter in regions without physical measurements of rainfall. Similarly, rainfall intensity was spatialized for the entire state. According to the results, the rainfall distribution in the state of Maranhão shows a variation in the indexes of precipitation, with the highest values found in areas located in central-southern, southwestern, and southeastern regions.
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Mazurkiewicz, Karolina, and Marcin Skotnicki. "A determination of the synthetic hyetograph parameters for flow capacity assessment concerning stormwater systems." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500053.
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The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of synthetic rainfall duration and location of rainfall intensity peak on the rate of the flood volume in surcharged storm sewers. The analyzed rainfalls had durations from 15 minutes to 180 minutes. It was assumed, that the rainfall peak location would change between the beginning and the end of the rainfall with increments of 10% of the rainfall duration. Outflow simulations were performed with the use of SWMM5.1.012 for three models of real urban catchments with surfaces from 1.6 km2 to 6.7 km2. An assessment of the influence of rainfall parameters was made on the basis of the flood volume rates. Short rainfalls with peaks located at the beginning of rainfall duration do not generate flooding. For other rainfalls it was found that for a specified rainfall duration the flood volume increases with the increase of time of the rainfall peak location. The maximum flood volume varied from 5% to 12% of the total runoff volume, depending on the catchment area, and is generated by the rainfall, whose intensity peak occurs right after the time corresponding to the flow time through the catchment.
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Sanchez-Moreno, Juan Francisco, Chris M. Mannaerts, Victor Jetten, and Martin Löffler-Mang. "Rainfall kinetic energy–intensity and rainfall momentum–intensity relationships for Cape Verde." Journal of Hydrology 454-455 (August 2012): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.007.
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Rakhmawati, Gita. "ANALISIS INTENSITAS CURAH HUJAN DAN KURVA IDF (INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY) METODE MONONOBE DI KOTA SALATIGA." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik 3, no. 3 (October 8, 2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56127/juit.v3i3.1641.
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Extreme rainfall in Indonesia has led to natural disasters in many areas including Salatiga City. Many human activities depend on the amount of rainfall that falls on the earth's surface. In the field of civil engineering, research on rainfall is very common because many activities related to civil engineering use rainfall data such as for water resource management, drainage development, dam construction and other building construction. This study aims to determine the amount of rainfall intensity and IDF curves in Salatiga City for return periods of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years, 50 years and 100 years. The data used in this study is the maximum daily rainfall data collected from Salatiga Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The type of distribution selected in this study is the Log Pearson Type III probability distribution. The results of the analysis show that the highest rainfall intensity occurs at a short duration (5 minutes) in the 100-year return period of 106.66 mm/hour and the results of the IDF curve show that the shorter the rainfall time, the higher the rainfall intensity while the longer the rainfall time, the smaller the rainfall intensity at each return period T.
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Su, Yan, Jun Bing Qiu, and Yue Ting Du. "Rainfall Threshold of Rainfall-Induced Landslides Based on Laboratory Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1011.
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A landslide model test under the artificial rainfall was built according to the rainfll-induced landslide in Fujian mountainous area. The rainfall intensity, the slope types (mainly on vegetation coverage) and the grade of side slope were the main factors in the test. The rainfall threshold of rainfall-induced landslide on shallow bedrock was obtained from the test. The relationship between the cumulative precipitation and slope angle and slope surface types was analyzed from the orthogonal experiment by multiple regression analysis. Results show that most slope failures are caused by the infiltration of rainwater. Conclusion show that when the slope angle and vegetation cover are given, critical hazard threshold can be predicted, and the corresponding landslide sliding time can be gained by combining with the rainfall intensity.
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Palamarchuk, L., K. Sokur, and T. Zabolotska. "DYNAMICS OF RAINFALL INTENSITY AND MESOSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR FIELDS IN THE WARM PERIOD OF THE YEAR IN THE PLAIN PART OF UKRAINE." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 4 (55) (2019): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2019.4.8.
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The research deals with the structure of temporal changes in rainfall intensity and the spatial distribution of magnitude within separate processes of fallout of dangerous and heavy rainfalls in the warm season. The analysis based on the data from the Ukrainian hydrometeorological observation network (2005-2017) and the data obtained during a special scientific experiment (Kyiv, Bagrynova Mt., warm period 1969). It has been determined 97 cases of such rainfalls, the characteristics of their spatial distribution, seasonal and daily variations. For individual processes, on the basis of pluviometric measurements there were determined the maximum rainfall intensities, the time of their occurrence, the presence and the number of waves (periods) of rainfall amplification and their temporal and spatial parameters. The mass of rainwater per unit area and the volumetric intensity were calculated for moments of maximum intensity or amplification waves. The analysis of spatial and temporal fluctuations of intensity values within a separate process allowed to distinguish three types of rainfall during the warm period of the year: heavy precipitations (maximum intensities greater than 1 mm/min., such intensities more often observed at the beginning of the process; it notes the presence of one/two waves of amplification of rainfall with different amplitudes), slight precipitations (maximum intensities are approximately equal to 0.1 mm/min, several (3-5) waves of amplification of rainfall with small but equal amplitudes), and a “mix” of heavy and slight precipitations during the development of frontal stratus with so-called “flooded” convection (maximum intensities less than 1 mm / min; there are several waves of amplification of different amplitude). Conditions for the formation of heavy precipitations of the last type are the combination of mechanisms of thermal and dynamic convection, which is manifested in the enhancement of vertical lifting of air masses due to the blocking processes. It was made a comparison of the intensity and nature of precipitation in the current climatic period and in previous periods. It was found that the values of the maximum intensity for the same type of precipitation during the different observation periods practically coincide. Obviously, there is a zone of “upper limit” of the intensity of the processes of precipitation and moisture storage of clouds, which ensures the constant intensity of rainfall over time. There is some increase in number and length of waves of rainfall amplification, as well as an increase in the frequency of rainfalls with “flooded” convection. The research shows the recurrence of rainfall intensity for certain types within certain gradations of their values. On this basis an integral providing curve is created, which makes it possible to estimate the probability or recurrence of given precipitation intensity values at different levels of providing.
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Fontanazza, C. M., G. Freni, G. La Loggia, and V. Notaro. "Uncertainty evaluation of design rainfall for urban flood risk analysis." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.169.
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A reliable and long dataset describing urban flood locations, volumes and depths would be an ideal prerequisite for assessing flood frequency distributions. However, data are often piecemeal and long-term hydraulic modelling is often adopted to estimate floods from historical rainfall series. Long-term modelling approaches are time- and resource-consuming, and synthetically designed rainfalls are often used to estimate flood frequencies. The present paper aims to assess the uncertainty of such an approach and for suggesting improvements in the definition of synthetic rainfall data for flooding frequency analysis. According to this aim, a multivariate statistical analysis based on a copula method was applied to rainfall features (total depth, duration and maximum intensity) to generate synthetic rainfalls that are more consistent with historical events. The procedure was applied to a real case study, and the results were compared with those obtained by simulating other typical synthetic rainfall events linked to intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves. The copula-based multi-variate analysis is more robust and adapts well to experimental flood locations even if it is more complex and time-consuming. This study demonstrates that statistical correlations amongst rainfall frequency, duration, volume and peak intensity can partially explain the weak reliability of flood-frequency analyses based on synthetic rainfall events.
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Guan, Hongjie, and Rongjiang Cao. "Effects of biocrusts and rainfall characteristics on runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China." Hydrology Research 50, no. 5 (August 30, 2019): 1410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.046.
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Abstract How the presence of biocrusts regulates runoff generation in the Mu Us Desert is not well known. Runoff experiments under natural and artificial rainfalls and numerical simulations were conducted in semiarid environments to evaluate the effects of biocrust type and rainfall characteristics on runoff. The experimental results showed that the water drop penetration time (WDPT) of the moss-dominated biocrusts was 68.7% higher than that of lichen-dominated biocrusts. Nevertheless, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) for moss-dominated biocrusts was 72.7% lower than that for the lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield for moss-dominated biocrusts was significantly higher than that for lichen-dominated biocrusts. Runoff yield was mainly explained by rainfall amount (or maximum 5-min rainfall intensity, I5max) (P < 0.001) and WDPT (P = 0.001). The influences of biocrust type, rainfall intensity, and their interaction on runoff coefficient were significant at the probability level of 0.01. The results of numerical simulations concluded that surface runoff was generated for lichen- and moss-dominated biocrusts when rainfall intensity reached 73.5 and 49 mm h–1, respectively. Runoff coefficient in the moss-covered soil increased obviously when rainfall intensity changed from 49 to 73.5 mm h–1. The results suggest that runoff could be changed substantially under increasing trends in rainfall intensity in the Mu Us Desert.
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Sabino, Marlus, Adilson Pacheco de Souza, Eduardo Morgan Uliana, Luana Lisboa, Frederico Terra de Almeida, and Cornélio Alberto Zolin. "Intensity-duration-frequency of maximum rainfall in Mato Grosso State." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2373.
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Intensive rainfall is an important meteorological variable that is of technical interest in hydraulic projects. This study therefore generated Intensity-Duration-Frequency equations (IDF) for 14 weather stations in Mato Grosso State, based on pluviograph analysis. Annual maximum rainfall data regarding 10-to-1440-minute long rainfall events were collected from digitized daily pluviographs. Data adherence to the generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) was checked through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at a 20% significance level. Next, the maximum probable rainfall for return periods such as 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 years was calculated and the IDF equations were adjusted. The performance of the IDF equations was evaluated based on mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), bias, Willmott's concordance index and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (ENS). Adjusting the IDF equations was only possible for rainfall durations ranging from 10 to 360 min at each station due to the low frequency of longer rainfalls. High variation was present in parameters of the IDF equation and in maximum rainfall intensity between stations. The satisfactory performance of the models, as attested to by statistical indices, allows using IDF equations adjusted for rainfall durations from 10 to 360 min, and return periods from 2 to 100 years, in the regions of the Mato Grosso weather stations.
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Wiuff, Rasmus. "The World’s Largest Point Rainfall Found Using the Precipitation Intensity Duration Index." Journal of Hydrometeorology 24, no. 11 (November 2023): 1955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-23-0012.1.
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Abstract World extremes in meteorology are important as they can be used as indicators for climate change. This was one of the main reasons for the creation of the World Meteorological Organization’s World Weather and Climate Extremes Archive in 2006. In contrast to temperature, for instance, which can be described by a single parameter, point rainfall must be described by two parameters, for example, precipitation depth and duration. This makes it difficult to directly compare different rainfall records. In this article, however, it is shown that the world’s greatest rainfall events, with durations ranging from 1 min to 2 years, all have nearly the same precipitation intensity duration index, a new dimensionless number. As a theoretical consequence, the intensity of all these record rainfalls is inversely proportional to the square root of their duration. This physically based result is consistent with earlier statistically based findings. The last measured record rainfall on the World Meteorological Organization’s record list is the point rainfall with the largest precipitation intensity duration index since 1860. This 4-day rainfall that began on 24 February 2007 on Cratère Commerson, Réunion Island, can be considered the largest point rainfall within documented records. Significance Statement Floods resulting from extreme rainstorms can be very costly and deadly; thus, understanding such extreme events is very important. Knowledge of extreme rainstorms is also important in determining how much and how fast our climate is changing. In this article, a new dimensionless number, the precipitation intensity duration index (PID) is presented. The world’s greatest point rainfall events, with durations ranging from 1 min to 2 years, all have nearly the same PID. One rainfall event, however, has a considerably larger PID than all others, namely, a 4-day rainfall that began on 24 February 2007 on Cratère Commerson, Réunion Island. Therefore, this rainfall can be considered the largest point rainfall within documented records.
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Brychta, Jiří, and Miloslav Janeček. "Determination of erosion rainfall criteria based on natural rainfall measurement and its impact on spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Czech Republic." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 3 (May 27, 2019): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/91/2018-swr.
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Rainfall erosivity is the main factor of the USLE or RUSLE equations. Its accuracy depends on recording precision and its temporal resolution, number of stations and their spatial distribution, length of recorded period, recorded period, erosion rainfall criteria, time step of rainfall intensity and interpolation method. This research focuses on erosion rainfall criteria. A network of 32 ombrographic stations, 1-min temporal resolution rainfall data, 35.6-year period and experimental runoff plots were used. We analysed 8951 rainfalls from ombrographic stations, 100 rainfalls and caused soil losses and runoffs from experimental runoff plots. Main parameter which influenced the number of erosion rainfalls was the precondition AND/OR which determines if conditions of rainfall total (H) have to be fulfilled simultaneously with rainfall intensity (I<sub>15</sub> or I<sub>30</sub>) or not. We proved that if parameters I<sub>15 </sub>&gt; 6.25 mm/15 min AND H &gt; 12.5 mm were fulfilled, then 84.2% of rainfalls caused soil loss &gt; 0.5 t/ha and 73.7% ≥ 1 t/ha. In the case of precondition OR only 44.6% of rainfalls caused soil loss &gt; 0.5 t/ha and 33.9% ≥ 1 t/ha. If the precondition AND was fulfilled, there were on average 75.5 rainfalls, average R factor for each rainfall was 21 MJ/ha·cm/h (without units below in the text, according international unit: 210 MJ/ha·mm/h) and average annual R factor was 45.4. In the case of precondition OR there were on average 279 rainfalls but average R factor for each rainfall was only 9.1 and average annual R factor was 67.4. Therefore if the precondition OR is used, R factor values are overestimated due to a high number of rainfalls with no or very low erosive potential. The resulting overestimated soil losses calculated using USLE/RUSLE subsequently cause an overestimation of financial expenses for erosion-control measures.
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Yang, Xu, Xue-Yi You, Min Ji, and Ciren Nima. "Influence factors and prediction of stormwater runoff of urban green space in Tianjin, China: laboratory experiment and quantitative theory model." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 4 (February 1, 2013): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.600.
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The effects of limiting factors such as rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, grass type and vegetation coverage on the stormwater runoff of urban green space was investigated in Tianjin. The prediction equation of stormwater runoff was established by the quantitative theory with the lab experimental data of soil columns. It was validated by three field experiments and the relative errors between predicted and measured stormwater runoff are 1.41, 1.52 and 7.35%, respectively. The results implied that the prediction equation could be used to forecast the stormwater runoff of urban green space. The results of range and variance analysis indicated the sequence order of limiting factors is rainfall intensity &gt; grass type &gt; rainfall duration &gt; vegetation coverage. The least runoff of green land in the present study is the combination of rainfall intensity 60.0 mm/h, duration 60.0 min, grass Festuca arundinacea and vegetation coverage 90.0%. When the intensity and duration of rainfall are 60.0 mm/h and 90.0 min, the predicted volumetric runoff coefficient is 0.23 with Festuca arundinacea of 90.0% vegetation coverage. The present approach indicated that green space is an effective method to reduce stormwater runoff and the conclusions are mainly applicable to Tianjin and the semi-arid areas with main summer precipitation and long-time interval rainfalls.
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KOTHYARI, U. C., S. K. VERMA, and R. J. GARDE. "Rainfall intensity duration frequency analysis." MAUSAM 41, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v41i3.2750.
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In the present study the analysis of rainfall data compiled for eighty stations spread over several parts of India has been carried out for developing a general relationship for the estimation of short duration rainfall intensity.
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Balcerak, Ernie. "Understanding temporal rainfall intensity scaling." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 43 (October 23, 2012): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo430013.
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Froehlich, David C. "Long-Duration–Rainfall Intensity Equations." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 121, no. 3 (May 1995): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1995)121:3(248).
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Froehlich, David C. "Intermediate-Duration-Rainfall Intensity Equations." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 121, no. 10 (October 1995): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1995)121:10(751).
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Zhao, Yan, Yajun Li, Jiaoyu Zheng, Yirui Wang, Xingmin Meng, Dongxia Yue, Fuyun Guo, Guan Chen, Tianjun Qi, and Yongjun Zhang. "A new rainfall Intensity−Duration threshold curve for debris flows using comprehensive rainfall intensity." Engineering Geology 347 (March 2025): 107949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107949.
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Yilmaz, A. G., I. Hossain, and B. J. C. Perera. "Effect of climate change and variability on extreme rainfall intensity–frequency–duration relationships: a case study of Melbourne." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 15, 2014): 4065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4065-2014.
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Abstract. The increased frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events due to anthropogenic climate change, and decadal and multi-decadal climate variability question the stationary climate assumption. The possible violation of stationarity in climate can cause erroneous estimation of design rainfalls derived from extreme rainfall frequency analysis. This may result in significant consequences for infrastructure and flood protection projects since design rainfalls are essential input for design of these projects. Therefore, there is a need to conduct frequency analysis of extreme rainfall events in the context of non-stationarity, when non-stationarity is present in extreme rainfall events. A methodology consisting of threshold selection, extreme rainfall data (peaks over threshold data) construction, trend and non-stationarity analysis, and stationary and non-stationary generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) models was developed in this paper to investigate trends and non-stationarity in extreme rainfall events, and potential impacts of climate change and variability on intensity–frequency–duration (IFD) relationships. The methodology developed was successfully implemented using rainfall data from an observation station in Melbourne (Australia) for storm durations ranging from 6 min to 72 h. Although statistically significant trends were detected in extreme rainfall data for storm durations of 30 min, 3 h and 48 h, statistical non-stationarity tests and non-stationary GPD models did not indicate non-stationarity for these storm durations and other storm durations. It was also found that the stationary GPD models were capable of fitting extreme rainfall data for all storm durations. Furthermore, the IFD analysis showed that urban flash flood producing hourly rainfall intensities have increased over time.
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Yilmaz, A. G., I. Hossain, and B. J. C. Perera. "Effect of climate change and variability on extreme rainfall intensity–frequency–duration relationships: a case study of Melbourne." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2014): 6311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-6311-2014.
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Abstract. The increased frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events due to anthropogenic climate change, and decadal and multi-decadal climate variability question the stationary climate assumption. The possible violation of stationarity in climate can cause erroneous estimation of design rainfalls derived from extreme rainfall frequency analysis. This may result in significant consequences for infrastructure and flood protection projects since design rainfalls are essential input for design of these projects. Therefore, there is a need to conduct frequency analysis of extreme rainfall events in the context of non-stationarity, when non-stationarity is present in extreme rainfall events. A methodology consisting of, threshold selection, extreme rainfall data (peaks over threshold data) construction, trend and non-stationarity analysis, and stationary and non-stationary Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) models was developed in this paper to investigate trends and non-stationarity in extreme rainfall events, and potential impacts of climate change and variability on Intensity–Frequency–Duration (IFD) relationships. The developed methodology was successfully implemented using rainfall data from an observation station in Melbourne (Australia) for storm durations ranging from 6 min to 72 h. Although statistically significant trends were detected in extreme rainfall data for storm durations of 30 min, and 3 and 48 h, statistical non-stationarity tests and non-stationary GPD models did not indicate non-stationarity for these storm durations and other storm durations. It was also found that the stationary GPD models were capable of fitting extreme rainfall data for all storm durations. Furthermore, the IFD analysis showed that urban flash flood producing hourly rainfall intensities have increased over time.
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Chen, Rui, Ben Zhuo Zhang, Wei Dong Lei, and Wen Bin Luo. "Response of Soil Suction to Heavy Rainfalls in a Tailings Dam." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1681.
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Rainfall is a significant factor leading to failure of tailings dams. The impact of rainfall on the instability of dams is mainly reflected in the variation of negative pore-water pressure (i.e. matric suction) during rainfall infiltration. However, there is a lack of study on the effects of rainfall on suction in tailings dams. In this study, the response of suction to artificial heavy rainfalls in a tailings dam was investigated. The effects of rainfall intensity and surface vegetation conditions on the response of suction were studied. It is found that suctions at a certain depth in the tailing dam were kept constant until the wetting front reached this depth. Once suctions were altered, the values dropped rapidly. The magnitude of suction change generally decreased with depth. Rainfall infiltration mainly occurred above the depth of 40 to 80 cm when subjected to rainstorm and heavy rainstorms. Larger rainfall intensity leads to shorter response time and to larger depth affected by rainfall, implying that the tailings dam is more susceptible to shallow landslide failure under larger rainfall intensity. The existing vegetation increases infiltrability significantly and then produces an adverse effect on the stability of the tailings dam. On the other hand, it is observed that the presence of vegetation greatly prevented surface erodibility and then decreases the possibility of debris flow.
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Panthou, Gérémy, Alain Mailhot, Edward Laurence, and Guillaume Talbot. "Relationship between Surface Temperature and Extreme Rainfalls: A Multi-Time-Scale and Event-Based Analysis*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 1999–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0020.1.
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Abstract Recent studies have examined the relationship between the intensity of extreme rainfall and temperature. Two main reasons justify this interest. First, the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere is governed by the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) equation. Second, the temperature dependence of extreme-intensity rainfalls should follow a similar relationship assuming relative humidity remains constant and extreme rainfalls are driven by the actual water content of the atmosphere. The relationship between extreme rainfall intensity and air temperature (Pextr–Ta) was assessed by analyzing maximum daily rainfall intensities for durations ranging from 5 min to 12 h for more than 100 meteorological stations across Canada. Different factors that could influence this relationship have been analyzed. It appears that the duration and the climatic region have a strong influence on this relationship. For short durations, the Pextr–Ta relationship is close to the CC scaling for coastal regions while a super-CC scaling followed by an upper limit is observed for inland regions. As the duration increases, the slope of the relationship Pextr–Ta decreases for all regions. The shape of the Pextr–Ta curve is not sensitive to the percentile or season. Complementary analyses have been carried out to understand the departures from the expected Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. The relationship between dewpoint temperature and extreme rainfall intensity shows that the relative humidity is a limiting factor for inland regions, but not for coastal regions. Using hourly rainfall series, an event-based analysis is proposed in order to understand other deviations (super-CC, sub-CC, and monotonic decrease). The analyses suggest that the observed scaling is primarily due to the rainfall event dynamic.
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Moron, Vincent, Renaud Barbero, Hayley J. Fowler, and Vimal Mishra. "Storm types in India: linking rainfall duration, spatial extent and intensity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2195 (March 2021): 20200137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0137.
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We examine wet events (WEs) defined from an hourly rainfall dataset based on 64 gauged observations across India (1969–2016). More than 90% of the WEs (accounting for nearly 60% of total rainfall) are found to last less than or equal to 5 h. WEs are then clustered into six canonical local-scale storm profiles (CanWE). The most frequent canonical type (CanWE#1 and #2) are associated with very short and nominal rainfall. The remaining canonical WEs can be grouped into two broad families: (i) CanWE#3 and #5 with short (usually less than or equal to 3–4 h), but very intense rainfall strongly phase-locked onto the diurnal cycle (initiation peaks in mid-afternoon) and probably related to isolated thunderstorms or small mesoscale convective clusters (MCS), and (ii) CanWE#4 and #6 with longer and lighter rainfall in mean (but not necessarily for their maximum) and more independent of the diurnal cycle, thus probably related to larger MCSs or tropical lows. The spatial extent of the total rainfall received during each CanWE, as shown by IMERG gridded rainfall, is indeed smaller for CanWE#3 and #5 than for CanWE#4 and especially #6. Most of the annual maximum 1 hour rainfalls occur during CanWE#5. Long-term trend analysis of the June–September canonical WEs across boreal monsoonal India reveals an increase in the relative frequency of the convective storm types CanWE#3 and #5 in recent years, as expected from global warming and thermodynamic considerations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes and implications for flash flood risks’.
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Back, Álvaro J., Augusto C. Pola, Nilzo I. Ladwig, and Hugo Schwalm. "Erosive rainfall in the Rio do Peixe Valley in Santa Catarina, Brazil: Part II - Characteristics and temporal distribution pattern." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 11 (November 2017): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n11p780-784.
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ABSTRACT Exploring the characteristics of erosive rain is an important aspect of studying erosive processes, and it allows researchers to create more natural and realistic hydrological simulations. The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics of erosive rain and to determine the temporal distribution pattern of erosive rainfall in the Valley of Rio do Peixe in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Daily pluviograms from the meteorological stations located in the cities Campos Novos, Videira, and Caçador in Santa Catarina from 1984 to 2014 were utilized for this study. By studying rainfall that is classified as erosive, the values of kinetic energy, maximum intensity in thirty minutes, and the value of EI30 erosivity index were determined. The rainfall was also classified according to the temporal distribution of rainfall in advanced, intermediate, and delayed patterns. Erosive rainfalls occur at a frequency of 53.3% advanced, 31.1% intermediate, and 15.6% delayed patterns. Erosive rainfall has an average precipitation amount of 25.5 mm, duration of 11.1 h, kinetic energy of 5.6 MJ ha-1, maximum intensity of 30 min of 17.7 mm h-1, and erosivity of 206.4 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. The highest frequency of erosive rainfall occurred in rainfalls lasting from 6 to 12 h (36.1%), followed by rainfalls lasting from 4 to 6 h (22.4%).
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Souza, Fábio Suano de, and Ciro Antonio Rosolem. "Rainfall intensity and Mepiquat Chloride persistence in cotton." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 2 (2007): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000200004.
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In some regions where cotton is grown in Brazil rainfall amounts to about 2,000 mm per year, which imposes a great risk for Mepiquat Chloride (MP) to be washed from cotton leaves before being absorbed. The objective of this research was to evaluate the MC persistence when applied on cotton plants submitted to different rain intensities after spraying. The treatments were three MC rates: 0, 15.0 and 30.0 g a.i. ha-1 and four simulated rainfalls, applied 90 minutes after MC spraying: 5, 10, 20 and 40 mm, plus a treatment without rain. Cotton plants of the cv. Delta Opal were grown in 12 L pots filled with an Haplortox. The experimental design was consisted of complete randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme, with four replicates. The evaluated parameters were: plant height, number of reproductive branches, dry matter weight, reproductive structures, retention and leaf area. The higher the rainfall the lower the effectiveness of the plant growth regulator in controlling plant height. A simulated rainfall as low as 5 mm occurring 90 minutes after MC application was enough to wash some of the plant growth regulator from cotton leaves.
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Qian, Jing-Lin, Yun-Xin Wu, and Qi-Ting Zhang. "The Response of Small Watershed Storm Floods to Climate Change." Water 17, no. 1 (December 26, 2024): 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010033.
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This study utilizes historical monitoring data from the Xu Fan small watershed spanning 1962 to 2021 and employs the K-means clustering algorithm to classify extreme rainfall events into three distinct categories: short-duration high-intensity rainfall, sustained moderate-intensity rainfall, and long-duration heavy rainfall. Through the application of the Random Forest model, key factors influencing flood characteristics are identified, including total rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity, the timing of maximum intensity, and rainfall duration. The comparative analysis of data before and after 1990 highlights that climate change has led to increased maximum rainfall intensity, reduced rainfall duration, and shifts in the temporal distribution of rainfall, thereby exerting a significant influence on the flood generation process.
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Madsen, H., I. B. Gregersen, D. Rosbjerg, and K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen. "Regional frequency analysis of short duration rainfall extremes using gridded daily rainfall data as co-variate." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 8 (February 16, 2017): 1971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.089.
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A regional partial duration series (PDS) model is applied for estimation of intensity duration frequency relationships of extreme rainfalls in Denmark. The model uses generalised least squares regression to relate the PDS parameters to gridded rainfall statistics from a dense network of rain gauges with daily measurements. The Poisson rate is positively correlated to the mean annual precipitation for all durations considered (1 min to 48 hours). The mean intensity can be assumed constant over Denmark for durations up to 1 hour. For durations larger than 1 hour, the mean intensity is significantly correlated to the mean extreme daily precipitation. A Generalised Pareto distribution with a regional constant shape parameter is adopted. Compared to previous regional studies in Denmark, a general increase in extreme rainfall intensity for durations up to 1 hour is found, whereas for larger durations both increases and decreases are seen. A subsample analysis is conducted to evaluate the impacts of non-stationarities in the rainfall data. The regional model includes the non-stationarities as an additional source of uncertainty, together with sampling uncertainty and uncertainty caused by spatial variability.
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Huang, Ching-Yuang, Cher-Wei Chou, Shu-Hua Chen, and Jia-Hong Xie. "Topographic Rainfall of Tropical Cyclones past a Mountain Range as Categorized by Idealized Simulations." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0120.1.
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Abstract Topographic rainfall induced by westbound tropical cyclones past an island mountain is investigated using an idealized Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Idealized simulations with varying vortex core size R (100–250 km), vortex intensity Vmax (20–35 m s−1), and steering wind speed U (4–10 m s−1) are conducted. The results show that the geometric distributions of major rainfall over the island are not greatly sensitive to cloud microphysics schemes using either single momentum or double momentum. Major rainfall is produced over northeastern and southwestern slopes of the mountain for smaller U. As U is doubled, the rainfall, however, is considerably weakened or is present only over southwestern slopes. For smaller U, a bifurcation of island rainfall with a sudden change in intensity or geometric shifting exists within a tiny range of R or Vmax. When the bifurcation occurs with small track deviations, geometric distributions of major rainfall are also more sensitive to cloud microphysics schemes. Such formation of bifurcation or double-peak rainfall, however, is significantly reduced when the terrain size is doubled. Systematic experiments are conducted to relate the topographical rainfalls over the northern half, southern half, and the whole of the mountain slopes to varying R, Vmax, and U. Larger U tends to produce much larger southern rainfall than northern rainfall. The average and maximum rainfalls generally increase with increased Vmax, except for large R. The decrease of average rainfall and maximum rainfall with increased U is more evident for smaller R, while not necessarily true for larger R.
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Susilowati, Sofia W. Alisjahbana, and Dyah Indriana Kusumastuti. "Estimation of Intensity Duration Frequency for Ungauged Basin in Lampung Province, Indonesia." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170217.
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Frequency duration intensity (IDF) analysis was conducted to estimate the peak flow rate based on the minimum rainfall data collection station. Rainfall data used is data with high intensity that occurs in a short time from automatic rainfall recording stations. Currently, the availability and distribution of automatic rain recording stations in Lampung Province, Indonesia, are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to use the IDF approach in the ungauged basin area for areas with rainfall data that do not meet the hydrological analysis criteria by interpolating rainfall data from 126 manual rainfall measuring stations in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The research method includes analysis of rainfall intensity using the Mononobe equation at various durations and returns periods. Next, create a rainfall intensity map (isohyet) using ArcGis. Finally, compare the IDF analysis of daily rainfall data at 4 automatic rainfall gauge stations with the estimation results based on the intensity map (isohyet). Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that from the available 126 rainfall climatology stations, there are 113 rainfall climatology stations with complete data for 10 years and 13 rainfall climatology stations with incomplete data for 10 years. In addition, the study results show that 45.24% of the daily rainfall in Lampung province is in the low category, 53.97% is in the medium category, and 0.79% is in the high category. This study indicates that rainfall intensity data from climatological rainfall stations that do not meet the hydrological criteria can be found by interpolating rainfall intensity maps from the nearest rain climatology station that meet the hydrological analysis criteria. The relationship test of the actual rainfall intensity variable at 4 automatic rainfall gauge stations with the rainfall intensity from the map (isohyet) using MAPE showed satisfactory results.
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Xie, Zongxu, Hanbo Yang, Huafang Lv, and Qingfang Hu. "Seasonal Characteristics of Disdrometer-Observed Raindrop Size Distributions and Their Applications on Radar Calibration and Erosion Mechanism in a Semi-Arid Area of China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020262.
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Raindrop size distributions (DSDs) are the microphysical characteristics of raindrop spectra. Rainfall characterization is important to: (1) provide information on extreme rate, thus, it has an impact on rainfall related hazard; (2) provide data for indirect observation, model and forecast; (3) calibrate and validate the parameters in radar reflectivity-rainfall intensity (Z-R) relationships (quantitative estimate precipitation, QPE) and the mechanism of precipitation erosivity. In this study, the one-year datasets of raindrop spectra were measured by an OTT Parsivel-2 Disdrometer placed in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, China. At the same time, four TE525MM Gauges were also used in the same location to check the disdrometer-measured rainfall data. The theoretical formula of raindrop kinetic energy-rainfall intensity (KE-R) relationships was derived based on the DSDs to characterize the impact of precipitation characteristics and environmental conditions on KE-R relationships in semi-arid areas. In addition, seasonal rainfall intensity curves observed by the disdrometer of the area with application to erosion were characterized and estimated. The results showed that after quality control (QC), the frequencies of raindrop spectra data in different seasons varied, and rainfalls with R within 0.5–5 mm/h accounted for the largest proportion of rainfalls in each season. The parameters in Z-R relationships (Z = aRb) were different for rainfall events of different seasons (a varies from 78.3–119.0, and b from 1.8–2.1), and the calculated KE-R relationships satisfied the form of power function KE = ARm, in which A and m are parameters derived from rainfall shape factor μ. The sensitivity analysis of parameter A with μ demonstrated the applicability of the KE-R formula to different precipitation processes in the Yulin area.
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Manabe, Takeshi, Hisato Kobayashi, Toshio Ihara, and Yoji Furuhama. "Spatial correlation coefficients of rainfall intensity inferred from statistics of rainfall intensity and rain attenuation." Annales des Télécommunications 41, no. 9-10 (September 1986): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02998750.
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Rácz, Tibor. "On the correction of processed historical rainfall data of siphoned rainfall recorders." Időjárás 125, no. 3 (2021): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2021.3.9.
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Historical rainfall data registered by siphoned rainfall recorder (SRW) devices have been widely used for a long time in rainfall intensity investigations. A relatively known counting error of the SRW devices is the siphoning error, when the registration of rainfall is blocked temporarily, during the drainage of measure tank. This issue causes a systematic underestimation in the rainfall and rainfall intensity measurement results. To reduce its consequences, a data correction is crucial when SRW data are used, for example as a reference for climate comparison studies, or for proceeding of intensity-duration-frequency curves, etc. In this paper, a formula is presented to fix the siphonage error of SRW devices for historical rainfall data. The early measures were processed in a significant percentage of cases, and sometimes the original measurement results (registration ribbon) have been lost. An essential advantage of the presented formula is that it can be applied for these processed data, which show only the intensity of a known length time interval. For this correction, the average rainfall intensity and the length of the time window are needed, over the physical parameters of the SRW device. The data correction can provide a fixed value of the rainfall intensity, which is undoubtedly closer to the real average rainfall intensity. The importance of this formula is in the reprocessing and validation of the historical rainfall intensity data, measured by siphoned rainfall recorders.
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Sirangelo, B., E. Ferrari, and D. L. De Luca. "Occurrence analysis of daily rainfalls through non-homogeneous Poissonian processes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2011): 1657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1657-2011.
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Abstract. A stochastic model based on a non-homogeneous Poisson process, characterised by a time-dependent intensity of rainfall occurrence, is employed to explain seasonal effects of daily rainfalls exceeding prefixed threshold values. The data modelling has been performed with a partition of observed daily rainfall data into a calibration period for parameter estimation and a validation period for checking on occurrence process changes. The model has been applied to a set of rain gauges located in different geographical areas of Southern Italy. The results show a good fit for time-varying intensity of rainfall occurrence process by 2-harmonic Fourier law and no statistically significant evidence of changes in the validation period for different threshold values.
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SOUSA, MARCOS MAKEISON MOREIRA DE, HELBA ARAÚJO DE QUEIROZ PALÁCIO, EUNICE MAIA DE ANDRADE, JACQUES CARVALHO RIBEIRO FILHO, and MATHEUS MAGALHÃES SILVA MOURA. "DETERMINANT PLUVIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A CATCHMENT WITH THINNED VEGETATION IN THE TROPICAL SEMIARID." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 3 (September 2020): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n322rc.
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ABSTRACT Knowing determinant factors of erosive process is essential to adopt soil conservationist and loss-mitigation measures. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the correlation between rainfall characteristics and sediment transport in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The study was conducted at the Iguatu Experimental Basin in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in a watershed with area of 1.15 ha. The vegetation was thinned by removal of plants with diameters below 10 cm, and the area remained with an arboreous cover of 60%. The following variables were evaluated from 2012 to 2016: rainfall depth (mm), rainfall duration (hours), maximum rainfall intensity in 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes (mm h-1), mean rainfall intensity (mm h-1), rainfall depth in the previous 5 days (mm), runoff depth (mm), and transported sediment (kg ha-1). The records showed 158 rainfall events, 27 with surface runoff and 24 with sediment transport. The correlations were investigated by multivariate analysis of principal components (PC). The model explained 84% of total variance with four PC-PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 were formed, respectively, for disaggregating power of rainfall on soil particles, represented by the rainfall intensities; soil water content; runoff depth and sediment transport; and rainfall duration and interval between rainfalls. The highest factorial weight was found for the maximum intensity in 20 minutes, indicating the need for further hydrological studies focused on this variable at basin scale in areas of the Semiarid region of Brazil subjected to thinning of the vegetation.
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Krishnamurthy, Chandra Kiran B., Upmanu Lall, and Hyun-Han Kwon. "Changing Frequency and Intensity of Rainfall Extremes over India from 1951 to 2003." Journal of Climate 22, no. 18 (September 15, 2009): 4737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2896.1.
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Abstract Using a 1951–2003 gridded daily rainfall dataset for India, the authors assess trends in the intensity and frequency of exceedance of thresholds derived from the 90th and the 99th percentile of daily rainfall. A nonparametric method is used to test for monotonic trends at each location. A field significance test is also applied at the national level to assess whether the individual trends identified could occur by chance in an analysis of the large number of time series analyzed. Statistically significant increasing trends in extremes of rainfall are identified over many parts of India, consistent with the indications from climate change models and the hypothesis that the hydrological cycle will intensify as the planet warms. Specifically, for the exceedance of the 99th percentile of daily rainfall, all locations where a significant increasing trend in frequency of exceedance is identified also exhibit a significant trend in rainfall intensity. However, extreme precipitation frequency over many parts of India also appears to exhibit a decreasing trend, especially for the exceedance of the 90th percentile of daily rainfall. Predominantly increasing trends in the intensity of extreme rainfall are observed for both exceedance thresholds.
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Ran, Qihua, Feng Wang, and Jihui Gao. "Modelling Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Runoff Generation and Soil Erosion Processes on Slopes." Water 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112221.
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Rainfall patterns and landform characteristics are controlling factors in runoff and soil erosion processes. At a hillslope scale, there is still a lack of understanding of how rainfall temporal patterns affect these processes, especially on slopes with a wide range of gradients and length scales. Using a physically-based distributed hydrological model (InHM), these processes under different rainfall temporal patterns were simulated to illustrate this issue. Five rainfall patterns (constant, increasing, decreasing, rising-falling and falling-rising) were applied to slopes, whose gradients range from 5° to 40° and projective slope lengths range from 25 m to 200 m. The rising-falling rainfall generally had the largest total runoff and soil erosion amount; while the constant rainfall had the lowest ones when the projective slope length was less than 100 m. The critical slope of total runoff was 15°, which was independent of rainfall pattern and slope length. However, the critical slope of soil erosion amount decreased from 35° to 25° with increasing projective slope length. The increasing rainfall had the highest peak discharge and erosion rate just at the end of the peak rainfall intensity. The peak value discharges and erosion rates of decreasing and rising-falling rainfalls were several minutes later than the peak rainfall intensity.
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Kang, Young Bok, Bong Jin Kim, Soo Jin Park, and Han Kuy Choi. "Estimation of Effective Rainfall Guidance Considering Infiltration Capacity-Rainfall Intensity." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2013.13.1.303.
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J. J. Stone, G. B. Paige, and R. H. Hawkins. "Rainfall Intensity-Dependent Infiltration Rates on Rangeland Rainfall Simulator Plots." Transactions of the ASABE 51, no. 1 (2008): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24226.
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Yu, Pao-Shan, Tao-Chang Yang, and Chin-Sheng Lin. "Regional rainfall intensity formulas based on scaling property of rainfall." Journal of Hydrology 295, no. 1-4 (August 2004): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.003.
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Istok, J. D., and L. Boersma. "Effect of antecedent rainfall on runoff during low-intensity rainfall." Journal of Hydrology 88, no. 3-4 (November 1986): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90098-3.
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Floris, M., A. D'Alpaos, C. Squarzoni, R. Genevois, and M. Marani. "Recent changes in rainfall characteristics and their influence on thresholds for debris flow triggering in the Dolomitic area of Cortina d'Ampezzo, north-eastern Italian Alps." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 26, 2010): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-571-2010.
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Abstract. In this paper, we examine variations in climate characteristics near the area of Cortina d'Ampezzo (Dolomites, Eastern Italian Alps), with particular reference to the possible implications for debris-flow occurrence. The study area is prone to debris-flow release in response to summer high-intensity short-duration rainfalls and, therefore, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the potential increase in debris-flow triggering rainfall events. The critical rainfall threshold is agreed to be a crucial triggering factor for debris-flows. Data from a monitoring system, placed in a catchment near Cortina (Acquabona), show that debris-flows were triggered by rainfalls with peak rainfall intensities ranging from 4.9 to 17.4 mm/10 min. The analyses of meteorological data, collected from 1921 to 1994 at several stations in the study area, show a negative trend of annual rainfall, a considerable variation in the monthly rainfall distribution, and an increase in the temperature range, possibly related to global climate changes. Moreover, high-intensity and short-duration rainfall events, derived from data collected from 1990 and 2008, show an increase in exceptional rainfall events. The results obtained in a peak-over-threshold framework, applied to the rainfall data measured at the Faloria rain gauge station from 1990 to 2008, clearly show that the interarrival time of over-threshold events computed for different threshold values decreased in the last decade. This suggests that local climatic changes might produce an increase in the frequency of rainfall events, potentially triggering debris flows in the study area.
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Rosly, Mohammad Haziq, Habib Musa Mohamad, Nurmin Bolong, and Noor Sheena Herayani Harith. "Relationship of Rainfall Intensity with Slope Stability." Civil Engineering Journal 9 (April 15, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-06.
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The impact of rainfall on landslides is not an uncommon issue worldwide, including in Malaysia. It is a major challenge for geotechnical engineers to ensure the constructed slope is safe and can sustain longer periods of time, including during heavy rainfall. Kota Belud, Sabah, has been selected as the study area to meet the study objectives. Heavy rainfall has been recorded every year within Kota Belud, which has caused a repetition of landslide occurrences within the hilly areas, especially during the monsoon season. Presently, there is no local procedure for determining the rainfall intensity value for slope stability analysis. This study utilized the rainfall intensity value from Hydrology Procedure 26. Seepage analysis conducted shows rainwater infiltration has caused the groundwater level to increase from rainfall starts until 0.5 m below ground level and decrease after rainfall stops, creating fluctuations in the groundwater level during the wet and dry conditions within the wetting front. The factor of safety of the slope shows a decreasing trend, with a reduction of around 27 to 33% after 24 hours of rainfall in conjunction with the changes in groundwater level. However, the factor of safety increased by around 3% from the initial condition after 48 hours. The objective of this study is to identify the factor of safety of a rainfall-induced slope within Kota Belud utilizing the rainfall intensity design limits from Hydrology Procedure 26. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-06 Full Text: PDF
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Sumargo, Bagus, Dian Handayani, Alvi Pauziah Lubis, Irman Firmasyah, and Ika Yuni Wulansari. "Detection of Factors Affecting Rainfall Intensity in Jakarta." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 23, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 133–40. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.23.1.133-140.
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The increased intensity of rainfall is becoming one of the most pressing climate-related issues in many parts of the world. Detecting the factors that affect rainfall intensity requires a combination of modern technologies, such as weather satellites, radar systems, and advanced atmospheric models. Extreme conditions (outliers) often occur. This study aims to model data that is not symmetric or contains outliers. This study examines and models quantile regression on daily rainfall intensity in Jakarta which has extreme rainfall events. The results of the study found that the extreme values in the daily rainfall intensity data in Jakarta are outliers and the assumptions on modeling using linear regression are not satisfied so that the characteristics of the parameter estimator based on OLS do not have BLUE characteristic. In modeling with quantile regression using six quantiles 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.95, 0.99, and 0.9999 with consideration of these quantile values representing all parts of the data distribution including extreme values, it was found that the factors affecting rainfall intensity in Jakarta are different in each rainfall intensity condition. The best model is shown by quantile 0.999 with a coefficient of determination of 58.21%. Based on the best model, it is known that the factors affecting extreme rainfall are maximum temperature, dew point temperature, air humidity, wind speed, air pressure, and length of irradiation. This study indicates that quantile regression can provide a more detailed insight into how these variables affect rainfall intensity in various rainfall conditions ranging from low rainfall to extreme rainfall.
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Boroghani, M., F. Hayavi, and H. Noor. "Affectability of splash erosion by polyacrylamide application and rainfall intensity." Soil and Water Research 7, No. 4 (November 9, 2012): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2011-swr.
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Splash erosion is recognized as the first stage in a soil erosion process and results from the soil surface bombing by rain drops. At the moment when rain drops conflict with the soil surface, soil particles move and destruct the soil structure. Soil particles dispersed by rain drops and moved by runoff are two basic soil erosion processes. In this study, the effect of applying various amounts of polyacrylamide (PAM) (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m<sup>2</sup>) on the quantity of splash erosion at three rainfall intensities of 65, 95 and 120 mm/h by using of FEL3 rainfall simulator was investigated in marly soil in a laboratory. Results indicated differences in the effects of various treatments with PAM at all rainfall intensities, such as 0.6 g/m<sup>2</sup> PAM had the maximum effect on the splash erosion control by reducing soil erosion by about 28.93%. But statistical results showed that the use of various amounts of PAM (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m<sup>2</sup>) for controlling splash erosion at various rain intensities to decrease splash erosion did not reveal a statistically significant difference. Therefore, the application of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m<sup>2</sup> PAM reduced the splash erosion, however, there was no statistical difference among these application rates of PAM. Finally, the results of statistical analysis of different intensities showed that only at 120 mm/h there was a significant difference between PAM treatment and control treatment (0 g/m<sup>2</sup> PAM) in the splash erosion control. At this intensity, the treatment with 0.4 g/m<sup>2</sup> PAM produced a maximum effect on the splash erosion control with 40% in comparison with the control treatment.
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Hamaamin, Yaseen Ahmed Hamaamin. "Developing of Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Model for Sulaimani City." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 19, no. 3&4 (May 16, 2016): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10634.
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Silva, Luciele Vaz da, Derblai Casaroli, Adão Wagner Pêgo Evangelista, José Alves Júnior, and Rafael Battisti. "Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships for Risk Analysis in the Region of Matopiba, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 34, no. 2 (June 2019): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-77863340239.
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Abstract The region of study was MATOPIBA, located in the north of Brazilian Savanna biome (Cerrado), encompassing part of north/northeast of Brazil. The region has been gaining prominence in the last years due to the expansion of agricultural over this area. The aims of this study were: to adjust parameters for rainfall intensity-duration-frequency; and to identify the most vulnerable agricultural areas to erosion based on erosivity and erodibility. The rainfall intensity-duration-frequency function were adjusted using series of maximum annual rainfall event from 105 rainfall gauges. Gumbel model was the most efficient to simulate the maximum rainfall intensity, where these data were used to adjusted the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency model based on K, a, b and c parameters. The most rainfall gauges showed intensity between 51 and 80 mm h-1 and 81 and 120 mm h-1, respectively, for return period of 2 and 100 years with rainfall duration of 30 minutes. The higher rainfall intensity was observed mainly in the central-north of the region associated with rainfall systems. The rainfall intensity showed a huge capacity to cause soil erosion based on the erosivity energy, while the moderate erodibility was observed for areas with Ferralsols and Leptosols and low erodibility for areas with Arenosols.
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Chen, Yi-Ru, Bofu Yu, and Graham Jenkins. "Secular variation in rainfall and intensity–frequency–duration curves in Eastern Australia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 3 (April 18, 2013): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.138.
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Rainfall intensity–frequency–duration curves are used extensively for storm runoff estimation. It is generally assumed that rainfall intensity would increase with global warming irrespective of the underlying changes to rainfall. This study analyzed rainfall and temperature from six sites in Eastern Australia. Two non-overlapping 30-year periods with the greatest difference in the mean annual rainfall were selected at each of the six sites to test for significant changes in the mean annual temperature and rainfall. Changes in the mean rainfall intensity for different frequencies of occurrence and storm durations for each site were also analyzed. Temperature has increased at all sites, and significantly at five out of the six sites. The mean annual rainfall has significantly changed between the two non-overlapping periods at the sites with the exception of Cairns (latitude – 16.87° south). The changes in rainfall intensity for longer durations (≥1 h) positively correlate with changes in the mean annual rainfall. There is evidence to suggest that the 6 min rainfall intensity would increase irrespective of the changes in the mean annual rainfall.
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Wang, Hanqiang, Xiangpeng Ji, and Yanping Wang. "Research on Rainfall Intensity Threshold of Occasional Debris Flow Based on Infiltration." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 2120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-09-02.
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The rainfall warning method for debris flows usually uses rainfall intensity and duration to establish an I-D relationship internationally and determine the rainfall warning threshold for debris flows. This method requires extensive rainfall data from debris flow events in the study area to establish the I-D relationship. However, some areas with occasional debris flows lack sufficient debris flow events to establish I-D relationships to determine rainfall warning thresholds. Therefore, this study uses the infiltration effect of water flow on gravel soil and establishes a rainfall intensity threshold judgment formula for debris flow initiation based on the limit equilibrium method. Taking the Taiqing debris flow that occurred in Laoshan, China, on June 13, 2018, as an example, the rainfall intensity and characteristics of the debris flow are analyzed. The maximum rainfall intensity during this rainfall process far exceeds the rainfall intensity threshold determined by the judgment formula. Using the judgment formula, it can be determined that the rainfall process will cause debris flow. The judgment result is consistent with the actual situation (where a debris flow occurred during the rainfall process). To further verify the accuracy of the judgment formula, the rainfall process of Typhoon Lichma on August 11, 2019, in the study area was analyzed. The rainfall process has a long history. Still, the rainfall intensity is much lower than the threshold of rainfall intensity for the initiation of debris flow, so this rainfall will not cause the occurrence of debris flow. The judgment result is consistent with the actual situation (no debris flow occurred during rains). Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-09-02 Full Text: PDF
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Jan, Petrů, and Kalibová Jana. "Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 4 (October 18, 2018): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/218/2016-swr.
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Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KE<sub>time</sub> – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KE<sub>time</sub> – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.
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Li, Jian, and Rucong Yu. "A Method to Linearly Evaluate Rainfall Frequency–Intensity Distribution." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 4 (April 2014): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0272.1.
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AbstractThis study presents a method to linearly evaluate the rainfall frequency–intensity distribution, which is an important component of climatological rainfall characteristics. To grasp and represent the key information of the rainfall frequency distribution by intensity, a two-parameter double exponential function is formulated and fitted to the hourly rainfall observation at each station. The values of the two parameters are estimated by transforming the distribution to a linear pattern. The two parameters determine the location and shape of the fitted distribution curve, and they have different modulating effects in different intensity categories, one governing the low-intensity section and the other dominating the intense rainfall. Through analysis of the estimated parameters, essential features of rainfall distribution can be obtained and assessed. The proposed method is applied to analyze the climatology and long-term variation of the late-summer rainfall in China. It is found that topography and monsoon circulation are two major factors controlling the rainfall frequency–intensity distribution. At stations with high surface altitudes and complex orography, the frequency of light rain is extremely high and the number of intense rainfall events is relatively small. In the plain areas of eastern China, especially those influenced by the main monsoon rain belt, heavy rainfall is more frequent. By tracking the displacement of the parameter pairs, the decadal changes in rainfall frequency–intensity distribution can be clearly visualized and evaluated on a plane constructed by the two parameters. The southern flooding and northern drought pattern can be attributed to the changes in light and moderate rainfall, while the intense rainfall exhibits opposite trends.
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Sansom, John, and James A. Renwick. "Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand Rainfall." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2491.1.
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Abstract In terms of the effects of future climate change upon society, some of the most important parameters to estimate are associated with changing risks of extreme rainfall events, both floods and droughts. However, such aspects of the climate system are hard to estimate well using general circulation models (GCMs)—in particular, for a small mountainous landmass such as New Zealand. This paper describes a downscaling technique using broad-scale changes simulated by GCMs to select past analogs of future climate. The analog samples are assumed to represent an unbiased sample of future rainfall and are used to develop detailed descriptions of rainfall statistics using hidden semi-Markov models of rainfall breakpoint information. Such models are used to simulate long synthetic rainfall time series for comparison with the historical record. Results for three New Zealand sites show overall increases in rainfall with climate change, brought about largely by an increased frequency of rainfall events rather than an increase in rainfall intensity. There was little evidence for significant increases in high-intensity short-duration rainfalls at any site. Such results suggest that, although regional increases of rainfall are consistent with expected future climate changes, it may be that circulation changes, rather than temperature (and vapor pressure) changes, will be the more important determinant of future rainfall distributions, at least for the coming few decades.