Artykuły w czasopismach: „Rain forest ecology”

1

Kerfoot, O. "Tropical Rain Forest Ecology". South African Journal of Botany 51, nr 1 (luty 1985): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31705-7.

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Hall, John B. "Tropical rain forest ecology". Forest Ecology and Management 58, nr 1-2 (kwiecień 1993): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90142-a.

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Styring, Alison R., i Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests". Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, nr 5 (9.08.2004): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001579.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of 13 species of woodpecker in logged and unlogged lowland rain forest at two forest reserves in West Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve). The parameters perch diameter and microhabitat/substrate type explained more variation in the data than other parameters, and effectively divided the guild into two groups: (1) ‘conventional’ – species that excavated frequently, used relatively large perches, and foraged on snags and patches of dead wood, and (2) ‘novel’ – species that used smaller perches and microhabitats that are available in tropical forests on a year-round basis (e.g. external, arboreal ant/termite nests and bamboo). These novel resources may explain, in part, the maintenance of high woodpecker diversity in tropical rain forests.

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4

Major, Jack, S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore i A. C. Chadwick. "Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112, nr 4 (październik 1985): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996051.

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5

Williams, N. "ECOLOGY: Rain Forest Fragments Fare Poorly". Science 278, nr 5340 (7.11.1997): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5340.1016.

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6

Martin, K. C., i W. J. Freeland. "Herpetofauna of a northern Australian monsoon rain forest: seasonal changes and relationships to adjacent habitats". Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, nr 3 (sierpień 1988): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002790.

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ABSTRACTThe herpetofauna of a floodplain monsoon rain forest in northern Australia is composed primarily of species from non rain forest habitats. The majority of frog species use rain forest as a seasonal refuge, and there is a marked increase in numbers during the dry season. Faunal richness lies within limits expected on the basis of the length of the dry season and species richnesses of non-Australian faunas. There are few lizard species and an abundance of frog species (none of which is a rain forest specialist) in comparison to rain forest herpetofaunas in other tropical regions. The impoverished lizard fauna, and the paucity of rain forest specialists may be because (a) seasonal invasion of rain forest by frogs prevents evolution of, or colonization by, specialists or (b) rain forest specialists may not have been able to cross semiarid habitats separating the Northern Territory from eastern Australian rain forests. The herpetofaunas of monsoon forests in Cape York Peninsula may provide a means of distinguishing between these hypotheses.

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7

Ashton, Peter S. "SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF RAIN FOREST TREES". TAXON 37, nr 3 (sierpień 1988): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221104.

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8

Lowman, Margaret D., i Mark Moffett. "The ecology of tropical rain forest canopies". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, nr 3 (marzec 1993): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90061-s.

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9

Banfai, Daniel S., i David M. J. S. Bowman. "Drivers of rain-forest boundary dynamics in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia: a field assessment". Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003701.

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Understanding the causes of savanna–forest dynamics is vital as small but widespread changes in the extent of tropical forests can have major impacts on global climate, biodiversity and human well-being. Comparison of aerial photographs for 50 rain-forest patches in Kakadu National Park had previously revealed a landscape-wide monotonic expansion of rain-forest boundaries between 1964 and 2004. Here floristic, structural, environmental and disturbance attributes of the changes were investigated by sampling 588 plots across 30 rain-forest patches. Areas that had changed from savanna to rain forest were associated with a significantly higher abundance of rain-forest trees and less grasses, relative to stable savanna areas. Ordination analyses showed that overall floristic composition was not significantly different between newly established rain forest and longer established rain forest. Generalized linear models also indicated that contemporary levels of disturbance (fire and feral animal impact) and environmental variables (slope and soil texture) were poor predictors of historical vegetation change. We concluded that (1) the rain-forest boundaries are highly dynamic at the decadal scale; (2) rain-forest expansion is consistent with having been driven by global environmental change phenomena such as increases in rainfall and atmospheric CO2; and (3) expansion will continue if current climatic trends and management conditions persist.

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10

Proctor, J., H. Lieth i M. J. A. Werger. "Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems." Journal of Ecology 78, nr 1 (marzec 1990): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261052.

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11

Hendrick, Ronald L. "The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest". Forest Science 48, nr 1 (1.02.2002): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.1.159.

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Abstract The primary literature describing the ecology of tropical rain forest trees is vast, yet there are relatively few summaries of their ecological traits, especially from a comparative ecology perspective. Consequently, Turner's effort to do a comparative analysis of the ecology of species from throughout the tropical rain forest is a most welcome one. His primary goal to summarize the ecology of different tropical rainforest trees has resulted in a very well written summarization of their comparative ecology (and structure). He is less complimentary of the results of his effort to find “a new synthesis of the comparative ecology of tropical trees” (p. 247) after summarizing the relevant literature, but perhaps he has done more than he suspects.

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12

Sugden, A. M. "ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION: Intricate Webs in the Rain Forest". Science 297, nr 5590 (27.09.2002): 2171d—2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.297.5590.2171d.

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13

Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Marines De La Peña-Domene i Henry F. Howe. "Seed rain in a tropical agricultural landscape". Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, nr 5 (wrzesień 2009): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990113.

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Abstract:Seed dispersal into fragmented tropical landscapes limits the rate and character of ecological succession between forest remnants. In a novel experiment in recovery of dispersal between forest remnants, 120 1-m2 seed traps were placed in fenced plots in active pasture 90–250 m from forest, and in nearby primary and secondary forests. Total seed rain from December 2006 to January 2008 included 69 135 seeds of 57 woody species. High richness of seed rain of early-successional trees occurred in all habitats, but seed rain of late-successional woody plants was much lower into pastures and secondary forest than into old-growth forest. Non-metric ordination analysis further demonstrated high movement of late-successional species within and between forest and secondary forest, but little movement of species of either forest type to pastures. Most species were dispersed by animals, but most seeds were dispersed by wind. A pattern of seed rain biased strongly towards wind-dispersed species creates a template for regeneration quite unlike that in nearby forest.

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14

Denslow, Julie Slogan. "Tropical Rain Forest Dynamics". Ecology 67, nr 4 (sierpień 1986): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939845.

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15

Whitmore, T. C. "‘Rain forest’ or ‘rainforest’?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, nr 1 (luty 1987): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001085.

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16

Sanford, Robert L. "Some Amazonian Rain Forest". Ecology 70, nr 2 (kwiecień 1989): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1937566.

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17

Laurance, William F., Judy M. Rankin-de Merona, Ana Andrade, Susan G. Laurance, Sammya D'Angelo, Thomas E. Lovejoy i Heraldo L. Vasconcelos. "Rain-forest fragmentation and the phenology of Amazonian tree communities". Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, nr 3 (28.04.2003): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003389.

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Habitat fragmentation affects the ecology of tropical rain forests in many ways, such as reducing species diversity of many taxa (Laurance et al. 2002, Lovejoy et al. 1986) and increasing rates of tree mortality and canopy-gap formation near forest edges (Laurance et al. 1997, 1998, 2001). Such obvious alterations have been documented in many fragmented forests, but more subtle changes, such as those affecting plant phenology (the timing and frequency of flower, fruit and leaf production), have received far less attention. Adler & Kiepinski (2000) showed that different populations of the successional tree Spondias mombin on small man-made islands in Panama had highly synchronous flowering and fruiting. In montane forests in Colombia, Restrepo et al. (1999) demonstrated that under-storey fruit abundance was consistently increased over time near forest edges relative to forest interiors. Beyond these and a few other studies (Ackerly et al. 1990, Nason & Hamrick 1997), however, the effects of fragmentation on plant phenology have been inadequately assessed, especially in the tropics.

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18

Baker, Timothy R. "African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective". Forest Science 48, nr 1 (1.02.2002): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.1.160.

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Abstract Current conservation strategies focus on achieving sustainable development by viewing the protection of species and habitats within a broader economic and social context. This approach places complex demands on conservation projects, particularly within the African rain forest, with its great biological, political, and historical diversity. Originally dating from a conference organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society in 1993, this book brings together contributions that allow the examination of whether successful, integrated strategies are evident within African rain forest conservation.

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19

Wulandari, Astri Dwi, Tutik Indrawati, Fitrahyanti Fiqqi Maghfirah, Eka Kartika Arum Puspita Sari, Shifa Fauziyah i Rosmanida Rosmanida. "Diversity of Soil Macro Insect in Alas Purwo National Park, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia". Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 3, nr 2 (25.09.2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.33773.

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Indonesia is the second largest mega biodiversity of the world. One of the forest resources are soil insects. Soil insects improved the soil physical properties, added organic material content, and used as bio-indicator of environmental conditions of conservation areas, forests, or mountains. The aim of this research was to get information about the diversity, dominance, and similarity index of soil macro insect in Alas Purwo National Park, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia in 2017. Locations were selected based on purposive random sampling considering 2 habitat types; coastal forest path and tropical rain forest path. The method of this research was used pitfall trap. Insects were identified at Laboratory of Ecology, Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya. The results showed that the diversity index of soil insects in the coastal forest path was 1.611 and in path of tropical rain forest was 0.855. It means that the diversity of soil macro insect in coastal forest path were medium and in path of tropical rain forest was low. The Dominancy index of coastal forest path was 0.334 and in path of tropical rain forest was 0.433. It means that the community was stable, there was no species domination. The similarity index of soil insects in both paths have a 58.8%, was a unity of the same community.

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20

Bentley, Barbara L. "Tropical Forest Ecology The Tropical Rain Forest: A First Encounter M. Jacobs". BioScience 39, nr 3 (marzec 1989): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311030.

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21

Greig, Nancy. "Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest". Ecology 76, nr 4 (czerwiec 1995): 1364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940947.

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22

Nicholas, Brokaw. "The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest". Journal of Vegetation Science 15, nr 2 (2004): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1658/1100-9233(2004)015[0294:br]2.0.co;2.

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23

Lanz, Tobias J., William Weber, Lee J. T. White, Amy Vedder i Lisa Naughton-Treves. "African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective". Environmental History 7, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985460.

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24

Wong, Marina. "Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest". Auk 103, nr 1 (1.01.1986): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.100.

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Abstract Single-sample studies suggested that understory flowers and fruits and their avian consumers are scarce in the Malaysian rain forest as compared with African and Central American rain forests. Results from my longer-term studies at Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia) established that flowers and fruits were consistently rare as food for birds. A comparison of two forest types at Pasoh revealed the effect of lower food availability on avian trophic organization. Food resources (e.g. flowers, fruits, arthropods) were less abundant in the regenerating than in the virgin forest, and bird species richness and individual abundance were also lower in the regenerating forest understory. However, the two forests did not differ significantly in the relative importance of the various foraging guilds, suggesting that similar types of resources were present in similar proportions. None of the birds sampled in the Malaysian rain-forest understory was a specialized consumer of understory flowers or fruit, whereas birds feeding mainly on foliage-dwelling arthropods were abundant and were represented by many species. This trophic organization is contrary to that reported for rain forests in other tropical regions but may simply reflect an allocation of harvestable productivity that is different rather than lower.

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25

Hartshorn, Gary S. "A Tropical Rain Forest Gem". Conservation Biology 20, nr 4 (10.03.2006): 1332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00503_5.x.

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Vleut, Ivar, Samuel Israel Levy-Tacher, Willem Frederik de Boer, Jorge Galindo-González i Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial. "Can a fast-growing early-successional tree (Ochroma pyramidale, Malvaceae) accelerate forest succession?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, nr 2 (marzec 2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000126.

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Abstract:Species-specific traits of trees affect ecosystem dynamics, defining forest structure and understorey development. Ochroma pyramidale is a fast-growing tree species, with life-history traits that include low wood density, short-lived large leaves and a narrow open thin crown. We evaluated forest succession in O. pyramidale-dominated secondary forests, diverse secondary forests, both 10–15 y since abandonment, and rain forests by comparing height, density and basal area of all trees (> 5 cm dbh). Furthermore, we compared species richness of understorey trees and shrubs, and basal area and density of trees of early- and late-successional species (< 5 cm dbh) between forest types. We found that tree basal area (mean ± SD: 32 ± 0.9 m2 ha−1) and height (12.4 ± 1.8 m) of canopy trees were higher, and density (1450 ± 339 ha−1) lower in O. pyramidale forests than in diverse forests, and more similar to rain forest. Understorey shrub diversity and tree seedling density and diversity were lower in O. pyramidale forests than in diverse forests, but these forest types had a similar density of early- and late-successional trees. Canopy openness (> 15%) and leaf litter (> 10 cm) were both highest in O. pyramidale forests, which positively affected density of understorey trees and shrubs and negatively affected density of late-successional trees. In conclusion, O. pyramidale forests presented structural features similar to those of rain forest, but this constrained the establishment of understorey tree species, especially late-successional species, decreasing successional development.

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27

Denslow, Julie Sloan, i Ana E. Gomez Diaz. "Seed rain to tree-fall gaps in a Neotropical rain forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, nr 5 (1.05.1990): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-086.

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We monitored both the seed rain and fruit production in the vicinity of four recent tree-fall gaps in the old-growth forest at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Seeds were collected in trays of seed-sterilized soil distributed throughout the center of the gaps and left in place for 2 months; seeds were identified from seedlings that subsequently germinated from the soil samples in the shade house. Composition and density of seeds germinating from the trays were spatially and temporally variable, obscuring any phenological pattern in either species diversity or abundances of seedfall. However, rates of seed input (49 seeds/(m2•month)) were higher than previous estimates (0.5–5 seeds/(m•month)), which suggests a high turnover rate of soil seed stocks in forest species with short dormancy capacities. A small proportion of the seeds were from pioneer species (2–33%), which were nevertheless likely dispersed from second-growth vegetation at least 750 m from the gaps. Most of the species were animal dispersed and only 35% of the species and 19–55% of the seeds recovered from the seed trays likely originated from plants fruiting within 50 m of the gap. These data demonstrate the input of a copious and diverse seedfall from widely scattered sources within lowland tropical rain forests.

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van Ingen, Laura T., Ricardo I. Campos i Alan N. Andersen. "Ant community structure along an extended rain forest–savanna gradient in tropical Australia". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005166.

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AbstractIn mixed tropical landscapes, savanna and rain-forest vegetation often support contrasting biotas, and this is the case for ant communities in tropical Australia. Such a contrast is especially pronounced in monsoonal north-western Australia, where boundaries between rain forest and savanna are often extremely abrupt. However, in the humid tropics of north-eastern Queensland there is often an extended gradient between rain forest and savanna through eucalypt-dominated tall open forest. It is not known if ant community structure varies continuously along this gradient, or, if there is a major disjunction, where it occurs. We address this issue by sampling ants at ten sites distributed along a 6-km environmental gradient from rain forest to savanna, encompassing the crest and slopes of Mt. Lewis in North Queensland. Sampling was conducted using ground and baited arboreal pitfall traps, and yielded a total of 95 ant species. Mean trap species richness was identical in rain forest and rain-forest regrowth, somewhat higher in tall open forest, and twice as high again in savanna woodland. The great majority (78%) of the 58 species from savanna woodland were recorded only in this habitat type. MDS ordination of sites based on ant species composition showed a continuum from rain forest through rain-forest regrowth to tall open forest, and then a discontinuity between these habitat types and savanna woodland. These findings indicate that the contrast between rain forest and savanna ant communities in tropical Australia is an extreme manifestation of a broader forest-savanna disjunction.

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Martinez-Ramos, M., i A. Soto-Castro. "Seed rain and advanced regeneration in a tropical rain forest". Vegetatio 107-108, nr 1 (czerwiec 1993): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00052231.

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30

Vallan, Denis. "Effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on amphibian diversity in the rain forests of eastern Madagascar". Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, nr 5 (21.08.2002): 725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200247x.

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Madagascar has one of the world's highest rates of human population increase, which is coupled with an increase of resource exploitation, particularly food and firewood. Forests are cleared and converted to rice fields or plantations (mainly Eucalyptus or pine). How does deforestation affect the amphibian diversity of the original biotope, the rain forest? To answer this question, the amphibian fauna of intact rain forests was compared with that of secondary forests, Eucalyptus plantations and rice fields. The main consequence of rain forest disturbance was loss of amphibian species. Compared with an intact forest, species richness in secondary forests, Eucalyptus plantations and rice fields were 54%, 46% and 12%, respectively. Species number and individual density increased with increasing structural complexity of the habitat and the presence of water bodies. The reproductive strategy of the species could be decisive for the presence or absence of single species in different habitats. With increasing degradation the percentage of species spawning in water increased. Correspondingly, Hyperoliidae and Raninae were characteristic of degraded habitats, whereas Microhylidae and Mantellinae were representative of natural habitats.

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J. Metcalfe, D., i A. J. Ford. "A Re-evaluation of Queensland?s Wet Tropics based on ?Primitive? Plants". Pacific Conservation Biology 15, nr 2 (2009): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090080.

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The diversity of angiosperms in primitive families, which occur in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, is frequently cited as evidence of the ancient nature of the Australian rain forests, but appears to be based on flawed taxonomic assumptions. We point out the error of identifying species as being primitive rather than representing families with ancient origins, list the families from near-basal lineages using a current molecular phylogeny, and compare their diversity with other areas of rain forest in Australia, and with other tropical areas in the Pacific. Twenty-eight dicot families below the eudicot clade may be regarded as near-basal; 16 of these are present in rain forest habitat in the Wet Tropics. The diversity of near-basal families, and of the species and endemics within these families, is similar in New Caledonia, and the family diversity similar to Costa Rica. We suggest that these data are consistent with other evidence that rain forest has persisted on the Australian continent for a long time, and that the role of Australian rain forests in harbouring a significant near-basal component has been underestimated. We also suggest that ongoing management might be focussed at conserving the evolutionary history present in the near-basal lineages, especially in the face of changing climatic patterns.

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Xanthopoulos, Gavriil, Dany Ghosn i George Kazakis. "Evaluation of forest fire retardant removal from forest fuels by rainfall". International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, nr 3 (2006): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06006.

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Long-term forest fire retardants for fire prevention purposes are currently used, or are under consideration, in many parts of the world. Their use requires, among other things, knowledge about weathering of retardants with time, which may lead to the need for re-application. Rainfall is a factor that can lead to retardant depletion from the fuels. In this study, the rate of depletion was evaluated experimentally using Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) needles. The needles were made into small bundles and immersed in retardant, which was FIRE-TROL 936 concentrate, diluted to 20% (v/v) with water. The retardant-treated needles, after drying, were exposed to natural rain in three different rainfall events, and retardant depletion was measured. A regression equation was developed with percentage retardant removal as the dependent variable. The natural logarithm of rainfall quantity, expressed in mm of rain, and the duration of rain, expressed in min, were the two independent variables. A simple equation can be used to support pre-suppression planning and to assess environmental effects.

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LaFrankie, James V. "Portraits of the Rain Forest". Ecology 72, nr 4 (sierpień 1991): 1522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941132.

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Parsons, Scott A., i Robert A. Congdon. "Plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in north Queensland tropical rain-forest communities of differing successional status". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, nr 3 (maj 2008): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408004963.

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Abstract:Soil processes are essential in enabling forest regeneration in disturbed landscapes. Little is known about whether litterfall from dominating pioneer species in secondary rain forest is functionally equivalent to that of mixed rain-forest litter in terms of contribution to soil processes. This study used the litterbag technique to quantify the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaf litter characteristic of three wet tropical forest communities in the Paluma Range National Park, Queensland, Australia over 511 d. These were: undisturbed primary rain forest (mixed rain-forest species), selectively logged secondary rain forest (pioneer Alphitonia petriei) and tall open eucalypt forest (Eucalyptus grandis). Mass loss, total N, total P, K, Ca and Mg dynamics of the decaying leaves were determined, and different mathematical models were used to explain the mass loss data. Rainfall and temperature data were also collected from each site. The leaves of A. petriei and E. grandis both decomposed significantly slower in situ than the mixed rain-forest species (39%, 38% and 29% ash-free dry mass remaining respectively). Nitrogen and phosphorus were immobilized, with 182% N and 134% P remaining in E. grandis, 127% N and 132% P remaining in A. petriei and 168% N and 121% P remaining in the mixed rain-forest species. The initial lignin:P ratio and initial lignin:N ratio exerted significant controls on decomposition rates. The exceptionally slow decomposition of the pioneer species is likely to limit soil processes at disturbed tropical rain-forest sites in Australia.

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BUSH, MARK B., ENRIQUE MORENO, PAULO E. DE OLIVEIRA, EDUARDO ASANZA i PAUL A. COLINVAUX. "The influence of biogeographic and ecological heterogeneity on Amazonian pollen spectra". Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, nr 5 (wrzesień 2001): 729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001547.

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The influence of gamma- (γ) and beta- (β) diversity on modern pollen rain is assessed using data from three Amazonian forests. Pollen rain of 79 forest locations was collected in modified Oldfield pollen traps between 1991 and 1993. Pollen diversity in the traps was high with > 280 palynomorph types recognized. Gamma diversity was assessed by comparing lowland terra firme forests in Cuyabeno, Ecuador, with two terra firme forests near Manaus, Brazil. The influence of β-diversity on local pollen rain was investigated using samples collected from neighbouring terra firme forests, seasonally flooded forests, and Mauritia-rich forests at Cuyabeno, Ecuador. Multivariate analyses revealed that γ-diversity produces a stronger signal in the pollen rain than β-diversity. However, β-diversity is accurately reflected in the pollen rain when the diversity is an expression of strong environmental gradients.

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Hill, Christopher J., Andrew N. Gillison i Rhondda E. Jones. "The spatial distribution of rain forest butterflies at three sites in North Queensland, Australia". Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, nr 01 (luty 1992): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006064.

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ABSTRACTSurveys of the microhabitat distribution of adult butterfly species were undertaken at three rain forest sites in North Queensland, Australia, encompassing a range of rain forest vegetation types. These surveys found little evidence for a specialist canopy fauna. Most species recorded in the canopy were often seen close to the ground. At all sites, most species were observed at the edge of the rain forest habitat; within the rain forest, more species were observed near the ground than in the canopy.

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37

Schmid, Rudolf. "Fruits of the Rain Forest: A Guide to Fruits in Australian Tropical Rain Forests". Taxon 44, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223525.

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38

Dodson, JR, i CA Myers. "Vegetation and Modern Pollen Rain From the Barrington Tops and Upper Hunter River Regions of New South Wales". Australian Journal of Botany 34, nr 3 (1986): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860293.

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Vegetation was mapped using existing maps, Landsat interpretation, aerial photograph interpretation and some verification by ground surveys. Twenty-five moss cushions were collected to identify pollen rain and pollen indicators of vegetation for use in fossil pollen interpretation. Eucalyptus (10%), Poaceae (4-10%), Casuarina (4-5%), Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae) (0-4%) and Cyperaceae (0-2%) were the general components in the pollen rain of the region. Subtropical rain forest was characterized by Backhousia and low values of a wide range of taxa. Cool temperate rain forest had Nothofagus values above 40% and Eucalyptus values below 20%. Subalpine grasslands had Poaceae values above 45%, Eucalyptus values below 15% and small quantities of Epacridaceae and Goodeniaceae pollen. Subalpine forest and wet eucalypt forest formations had very similar pollen representation and could be confused in pollen spectra. However, Monotoca, Banksia, Leptospermum pollen and fern spores were more common in the wet eucalypt forests. Dry eucalypt formations were characterized by 2-20% values of Bursaria, Callitris and Dodonaea as well as eucalypt values.

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NAIMAN, ROBERT J., ROBERT E. BILBY i PETER A. BISSON. "Riparian Ecology and Management in the Pacific Coastal Rain Forest". BioScience 50, nr 11 (2000): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0996:reamit]2.0.co;2.

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Parmentier, Ingrid. "Ecology and Distribution of Melastomataceae in African Rain Forest Inselbergs1". Biotropica 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00048.x.

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Whitmore, T. C. "Essays on the ecology of the Guinea-Congo rain forest". Biological Conservation 81, nr 3 (wrzesień 1997): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(97)83747-0.

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Harrison, Michael J. S. "The mandrill in Gabon's rain forest—ecology, distribution and status". Oryx 22, nr 4 (październik 1988): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300022365.

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Little is known about the mandrill Mandrillus sphinx in the wild. It is an elusive primate and thus difficult to study in its rain-forest habitat in equatorial Africa. As human pressure on its habitat grows it has become increasingly urgent to discover more about the species so that appropriate conservation measures can be planned. The author made a 15-month study of the mandrill in Gabon and discovered that it was not as widely distributed as had been believed. Although it is threatened by hunting pressure and habitat disruption, populations still remain and five reserves protect some of these.

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Panditharathna, P. A. K. A. K., B. M. P. Singhakumara, H. P. Griscom i M. S. Ashton. "Change in leaf structure in relation to crown position and size class for tree species within a Sri Lankan tropical rain forest". Botany 86, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-039.

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The purpose of our study was to examine change in leaf structure (anatomy and morphology) through different phases of tree size and crown position within a Sri Lankan rain forest. We selected four late-successional canopy species that represented dominant genera ( Shorea , Mesua ) within an Asian tropical rain forest. All are considered shade-tolerant and capable of growing to maturity beneath closed-canopy late-successional forests. Species within each genus were either restricted to seepages and bottom slopes (valley species) or to upper slopes and ridges (ridge species). The size classes represented (i) seedlings, (ii) saplings, (iii) poles growing beneath closed-canopy conditions, and (iv) trees of the rain forest canopy. Between size classes, leaves were thicker and with higher stomatal densities for canopy trees than for seedling, sapling, and pole size classes. Plasticities for measures of leaf structure were greater for ridge species than valley species; except for cuticle thickness, which showed the opposite trend (valley > ridge). Area, length, and width of leaves attained maxima for the sapling size class for all species. Drip-tip lengths were greatest for seedlings of all species, and least for canopy trees. Trends in leaf structure and morphology dimensions across size classes for late-successional canopy tree species are the same as those trends reported between rain forest species of different habitat strata (e.g., understory shrubs versus upper canopy trees). Our results suggest leaf dimensions could provide robust measures of environment, irrespective of species, or size class of tree.

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Zhang, Yaoqi, Jussi Uusivuori i Jari Kuuluvainen. "Econometric analysis of the causes of forest land use changes in Hainan, China". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, nr 12 (1.12.2000): 1913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-123.

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This paper addresses the effects of economic, demographic, and institutional factors on land allocation between forestry and other uses. A panel data set from Hainan Island in China and a generalized least squares estimation method, allowing individual effects for counties, are applied. The results indicate that higher timber prices have led to an acceleration in rain forest exploitation, but encouraged investment in plantation forests. Population growth is the driving force behind the loss of natural forests, but it is positively related to plantation forests. Decollectivization seems to have promoted plantation forests, but has not saved the rain forest. A higher share of forestry land owned by state-owned enterprises also fosters afforestation on wasteland, but seems to lead to faster exploitation of natural forest, at least initially. The uncertainty that existed in the early period of economic reform quickened the pace of resource extraction and deterred investment.

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Parker, Paul K. "Australian Rain-forest Subdivisions and Conservation Strategies". Environmental Conservation 14, nr 1 (1987): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900011085.

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The subdivision of Australian tropical rain-forest into one- and two-hectares' residential blocks changes the local ecology in a dramatic manner. It opens the canopy, changes the humidity regime, decimates ancient climax vegetation, and introduces weed species. As a result, the practice is incompatible with the objectives alike of the World Conservation Strategy and the National Conservation Strategy for Australia. Government intervention will be required if the Strategy is to be implemented. The first step towards implementation is the evaluation of current and proposed practices. A brief analysis of the incidence of costs and benefits demonstrates the skewed distribution which results from rain-forest subdivision. A few sellers and promoters receive millions of dollars in capital gains, while millions of other people lose the public and recreational benefits offered by the existing rain-forest, and the world as a whole loses much of scientific value. The information gained by this brief analysis provides the Government with a better basis on which to act than heretofore.

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Vieira, Simone, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, Diogo Selhorst, Roseana da Silva, Lucy Hutyra, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, I. Foster Brown i in. "Forest structure and carbon dynamics in Amazonian tropical rain forests". Oecologia 140, nr 3 (17.06.2004): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1598-z.

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Willson, Mary F., i F. H. J. Crome. "Patterns of seed rain at the edge of a tropical Queensland rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, nr 3 (sierpień 1989): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003680.

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ABSTRACTBoth vertebrate- and wind-dispersed seeds moved farther from rain forest into old field than from old field into forest. Vertebrate-dispersed seeds from the rain forest moved farther into the field than wind-dispersed seeds, but seeds of both types moved similar distances from field into forest.Habitat structure affected seed deposition patterns in the field, where shrubs provided perches for flying vertebrates. Vertebrate-dispersed seed deposition was significantly greater, and deposition of plumed, wind-dispersed seeds was significantly less, under shrubs than in the open. Deposition of vertebrate-dispersed seeds under fruiting shrubs was significantly less than under non-fruiting shrubs.

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Poore, Duncan. "Rain forest regeneration and management". Biological Conservation 59, nr 1 (1992): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)90719-4.

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Whitmore, T. C. "Riches of the rain forest". Biological Conservation 61, nr 2 (1992): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91106-3.

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Proctor, John, i D. J. Mabberley. "A Useful Inexpensive Rain Forest Text Book". Journal of Biogeography 19, nr 3 (maj 1992): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845456.

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