Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Dwivedi, Dipankar, Carl I. Steefel, Bhavna Arora, Jill Banfield, John Bargar, Maxim I. Boyanov, Scott C. Brooks i in. "From legacy contamination to watershed systems science: a review of scientific insights and technologies developed through DOE-supported research in water and energy security". Environmental Research Letters 17, nr 4 (18.03.2022): 043004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac59a9.

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Abstract Water resources, including groundwater and prominent rivers worldwide, are under duress because of excessive contaminant and nutrient loads. To help mitigate this problem, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has supported research since the late 1980s to improve our fundamental knowledge of processes that could be used to help clean up challenging subsurface problems. Problems of interest have included subsurface radioactive waste, heavy metals, and metalloids (e.g. uranium, mercury, arsenic). Research efforts have provided insights into detailed groundwater biogeochemical process coupling and the resulting geochemical exports of metals and nutrients to surrounding environments. Recently, an increased focus has been placed on constraining the exchanges and fates of carbon and nitrogen within and across bedrock to canopy compartments of a watershed and in river–floodplain settings, because of their important role in driving biogeochemical interactions with contaminants and the potential of increased fluxes under changing precipitation regimes, including extreme events. While reviewing the extensive research that has been conducted at DOE’s representative sites and testbeds (such as the Oyster Site in Virginia, Savannah River Site in South Carolina, Oak Ridge Reservation in Tennessee, Hanford in Washington, Nevada National Security Site in Nevada, Riverton in Wyoming, and Rifle and East River in Colorado), this review paper explores the nature and distribution of contaminants in the surface and shallow subsurface (i.e. the critical zone) and their interactions with carbon and nitrogen dynamics. We also describe state-of-the-art, scale-aware characterization approaches and models developed to predict contaminant fate and transport. The models take advantage of DOE leadership-class high-performance computers and are beginning to incorporate artificial intelligence approaches to tackle the extreme diversity of hydro-biogeochemical processes and measurements. Recognizing that the insights and capability developments are potentially transferable to many other sites, we also explore the scientific implications of these advances and recommend future research directions.
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Krupar, Shiloh R. "Transnatural ethics: revisiting the nuclear cleanup of Rocky Flats, CO, through the queer ecology of Nuclia Waste". cultural geographies 19, nr 3 (24.05.2012): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474011433756.

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This article explores the cleanup and conversion of former plutonium production facility Rocky Flats, located near Denver, Colorado, into a wildlife refuge. The article addresses the ethical demands of the ‘post-nuclear’ nature refuge and offers transnatural ethics and aesthetics in response, a relational ethics that seeks to take waste as inspiration. The article employs the performative persona of Denver-based drag queen comedienne Nuclia Waste to explore how transnatural ethical practice might figuratively reconstruct subjectivity in waste and develop a queer-ecology approach. The paper asks: what might the irreverent performances of a ‘radioactive’ drag queen open up, particularly for those living as the remains of the nuclear facility? Through detailed empirical analysis of the cleanup of Rocky Flats, the paper outlines the ethical framework historically employed at the site, which has relied upon and reproduced a waste/nature divide; the cleanup and management of the site have further naturalized this binarism. I argue that any effective response to such ongoing containment efforts requires a fundamental reorientation of environmental ethics toward waste. Drawing on ideas about ‘naturecultures’ and Donna Haraway’s work, Michel Foucault’s relational ethics, and the work of Éric Darier and Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands on ‘queer ecology,’ the article seeks to delineate an alternative: a relational ethics that recognizes and politicizes the permutation of waste and human, nature and waste. I utilize the digital performances and mutant drag of Nuclia Waste to revisit Rocky Flats and make broad connections between contamination and militarism, sexuality and the environment. The article speculates that experimental politicizations of subjectivity in waste might potentially foster coalitions between queer, labor, and environmental activisms.
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Moskowitz, P. D., R. Pardi, M. P. DePhillips i A. F. Meinhold. "Computer Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision-Making at Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Sites". Risk Analysis 12, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 591–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb00716.x.

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Jones, Geoff. "The predictive distribution in decision theory: a case study". Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 2, nr 2 (1.01.1998): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912698000054.

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In the classical decision theory framework, the loss is a function of the decision taken and the state of nature as represented by a parameter θ. Information about θ can be obtained via observation of a random variable X. In some situations however the loss will depend not directly on θ but on the observed value of another random variable Y whose distribution depends on θ. This adds an extra layer to the decision problem, and may lead to a wider choice of actions. In particular there are now two sample sizes to choose, for X and for Y, leading to a range of behaviours in the Bayes risk. We illustrate this with a problem arising from the cleanup of sites contaminated with radioactive waste. We also discuss some computational approaches.
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Moskowitz, P. D., R. Pardi, V. M. Fthenakis, S. Holtzman, L. C. Sun i B. Irla. "An Evaluation of Three Representative Multimedia Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision-Making at Hazardous, Mixed, and Radioactive Waste Sites". Risk Analysis 16, nr 2 (kwiecień 1995): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00785.x.

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Duda, A., i M. Nawar. "Implementing the world bank's water resources management policy: a priority on toxic substances from nonpoint sources". Water Science and Technology 33, nr 4-5 (1.02.1996): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0487.

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Compared to point source discharges, nonpoint or diffuse source contaminants cause more widespread degradation of surface and groundwater quality worldwide. While it is in the economic interest of all nations to establish programs for abatement of nonpoint source pollution, priorities must be established, and particularly dangerous contaminants that are hazardous, toxic or radioactive by nature deserve the highest priority. This paper makes the case for why these dangerous contaminants from nonpoint sources must urgently be addressed. The nature and significance of these contaminants are reviewed and the complex, multimedia sources of the releases are identified, including “donations” and export of hazardous materials to developing countries. Examples are cited from North America, Europe, the former Soviet Union and Asia of the enormous extent of contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water, fish, and wildlife from these persistent toxic chemicals. They are persistent in the environment, build up in fish through food chains, and contaminate human food. These chemicals mimic hormones and disrupt the development of offspring as they cause complex reproductive, metabolic, neurological, and behavioral changes as well as cancer risks. A new Water Resources Management Policy recently adopted by the World Bank places a priority on pollution prevention measures for industry, abatement of nonpoint source discharges, development of effective government regulatory institutions, and remediation/restoration of contaminated sites and ecosystems. Relevant elements of the policy are presented. In addition, the importance of economic instruments (polluters pays funds) for waste site cleanup and remedial action requirements being included during privatization of industrial sites are stressed.
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Williams, Ashley N., Reid A. Peterson, Carolyne A. M. Burns i Amy M. Westesen. "The evaluation of aluminum and iron metal oxide settling behaviors for Hanford insoluble solids waste preprocessing". Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 8.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.14248.

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AbstractThe Hanford site is currently one of the largest and most expensive cleanup sites for hazardous, radioactive waste. Over 20% of the waste found at the Hanford site is in the form of a high activity sludge. The insoluble solids in the sludge will need to be concentrated prior to vitrification in the high‐level waste (HLW) melter. This will minimize the amount of liquid that will be evaporated during the melting process and expedite the melter processing rate. One proposed option for concentrating the insoluble solids is gravity settling in the storage tanks. Metal oxide compounds containing aluminum and iron make up the majority of the insoluble solids in the sludge, therefore understanding the behavior of these compounds in various tank waste matrices can facilitate sludge pretreatment options. A study of non‐radioactive slurry solutions containing Al(OH)3 (gibbsite), AlO(OH) (boehmite), and Fe2O3 (iron (III) oxide) was conducted to determine the time dependent interface behavior and settling rates of these compounds. Variations in solids loading and sodium concentration were evaluated to represent waste processing conditions and the results of these settling studies were compared with prior tank waste settling tests. Information gathered from these studies can be used to inform future decisions on sludge treatment processes of the insoluble solids processed at the Hanford site.
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Moskowitz, P. D., R. Pardi, V. M. Fthenakis, S. Holtzman, L. C. Sun i B. Irla. "An Evaluation of Three Representative Multimedia Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision-Making at Hazardous, Mixed, and Radioactive Waste Sites". Risk Analysis 16, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01457.x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Oxenberg, Tanya Palmateer. "The use of catchboxes to minimize the impact to the environment from testing depleted uranium penetrations". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18219.

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Noonan, Christine F. "Federal City revisited : atomic energy and community identity in Richland, Washington". Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180787.

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This study examines the relationship between atomic energy production and community identity in Richland, Washington. Over the past fifty years, the identity of southeastern Washington has been intimately tied to production and industry at the Hanford Site. Today, however, environmental restoration and waste management programs have replaced plutonium production. The decline of the nuclear industry has influenced reinterpretations of local history and community identity through public display, commodity goods, and the re-scripting of historical texts.
Department of Anthropology
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Książki na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Iversen, Kristen. Full body burden: Growing up in the nuclear shadow of Rocky Flats. New York: Crown Publishers, 2012.

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Iversen, Kristen. Full body burden: Growing up in the shadow of a secret nuclear facility. London: Harvill Secker, 2012.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development, red. Technological approaches to the cleanup of radiologically contaminated Superfund sites. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1988.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Environmental Management., red. From cleanup to stewardship. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, 1999.

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Mealey, Tim. Convening report on the establishment of an advisory board to address Hanford cleanup issues. Keystone, Colo: Keystone Center, 1993.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. A review of Department of Energy's radioactive high-level waste cleanup programs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, July 17, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Agency, International Atomic Energy, red. Retrieval and conditioning of solid radioactive waste from old facilities. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007.

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Agency, International Atomic Energy, red. Radiological conditions in the Dnieper River basin: Assessment by an international expert team and recommendations for an action plan. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006.

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Management, United States Dept of Energy Office of Environmental. Documenting cost and performance for environmental remediation projects. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, 1996.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Environmental Management. Documenting cost and performance for environmental remediation projects. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, 1996.

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Części książek na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Moskowitz, Paul D., Richard R. Pardi, Michael P. DePhillips, Anne F. Meinhold i Beverly Irla. "Computer Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision Making at Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Sites". W Computer Supported Risk Management, 275–319. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0245-2_15.

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Ross, Andrew. "Living Downstream". W Bird on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828265.003.0010.

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In neighborhoods well to the north of the Salt River channel, Phoenix’s artist communities and downtown advocates fought for mixed-use zoning that would allow places of residence to coexist with commercial storefronts. South of the river, where housing was placed in close proximity to dirty industrial facilities, mixed land use had an altogether different meaning. Residents in South Phoenix, long regarded as the city’s human and natural sacrifice zone, were fighting for the right to enjoy clean air and water, unencumbered by the toxic hazards that government permitting had allowed to fester in their neighborhoods. The disparity between these two battles with City Hall spoke volumes about the environmental challenges facing Phoenix, and almost every other city divided by race and class. Hydrologists talk about water “flow” in the West, but very few of the rivers flow naturally anymore, and many, like the mighty Colorado itself, rarely reach their destinations. Except for spasmodic floods, the Salt River has not really flowed through the Phoenix Basin since the early twentieth century, and it exists today primarily as an orderly system of canals. In its natural heyday, it was a wildly erratic river, and so its flood plain was several miles broad. Today’s riverbed is a vast moonscape of sand and cobbles, though it is far from deserted. Cheap land and laissez-faire regulation have drawn in the region’s worst polluters over the years. For decades, it was used as a dumping ground for all manner of waste, some of it exported from neighboring states, like California, with more oversight over disposal of hazardous materials than Arizona. From a commercial standpoint, the riverbed was the mother of all brownfield sites, zealously eyed by developers hoping to cut a deal with government agencies with fast-track access to federal cleanup funds. Dreams of converting the urban portions of the Salt River into a waterside attraction dated back to the 1960s when ASU design students conceived a restoration project under the alluring name of Rio Salado.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Van Dyke, Bill, i Tom Dabrowski. "Integrated Approach to Remediatiion of Multiple Uranium Mill Tailing Sites for the US DOE in the Western United States". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4834.

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This paper provides a case history of a highly successful approach that was developed and implemented for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the cleanup and remediation of a large and diverse population of uranium mill tailings sites located in the Western United States. The paper addresses the key management challenges and lessons learned from the largest DOE Environmental Management Clean-up Project (in terms of number of individual clean-up sites) undertaken in the United States. From 1986 to 1996, the Department of Energy’s Grand Junction Projects Office (GJPO) completed approximately 4600 individual remedial action site cleanup projects for large- and small-scale properties, and sites contaminated with residual hazardous and radioactive materials from former uranium mining and milling activities. These projects, with a total value of $597 million, involved site characterization, remedial design, waste removal, cleanup verification, transportation, and disposal of nearly 2.7 million cubic yards of low-level and mixed low-level waste. The project scope included remedial action at 4,200 sites in Grand Junction, Colorado, and Edgemont, South Dakota; 412 sites in Monticello, Utah; and, 44 sites in Denver, Colorado. The projects ranged in size and complexity from the multi-year Monticello Millsite Remedial Action Project, which involved investigations, characterization, remedial design, and remedial action at this uranium millsite along with design of a 2.5 million cubic yard disposal cell, to the remediation and reconstruction of thousands of smaller commercial and residential properties throughout the Southwestern United States. Because these projects involved remedial action at a variety of commercial facilities, businesses, churches, schools and personal residences, and the transportation of the waste through towns and communities, an extensive public involvement program was the cornerstone of an effort to promote stakeholder understanding and acceptance. The Project established a DOE model for rapid, economical, and effective remedial action. During the ten years of the contract, the management operations contractor (Duratek) met all project milestones on schedule and under budget, with no cost growth from the original scope. By streamlining remediation schedules and techniques, ensuring effective stakeholder communications, and transferring lessons learned from one project to the next, the contractor achieved maximum efficiency and the lowest remediation costs of any similar DOE environmental programs at the time.
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Tuor, Nany, i Allen Schubert. "Lessons Learned at the Rocky Flats Closure Project and Their Applicability to the Emerging Cleanup of the United Kingdom’s Civil Nuclear Liabilities". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4784.

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The Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site is a former nuclear weapons production facility owned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Located in central Colorado near Denver, the facility produced nuclear and non-nuclear components for weapons from 1953 to 1989. During this period, Rocky Flats grew to more than 800 facilities and structures situated on 2,500 hectares. Production activities and processes contaminated a number of facilities, soil, groundwater and surface water with radioactive and hazardous materials. In 1989, almost all radioactive weapons component production activities at Rocky Flats were suspended due to safety and environmental concerns related to operations, and the site was placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Priorities List (also known as the Superfund list). In 1992, the nuclear weapons production role at Rocky Flats officially ended and the mission changed from weapons production to one of risk reduction. In 1995, Kaiser-Hill, LLC (Kaiser-Hill) was awarded a five-year contract to reduce the urgent health and safety risks at the site, as well as begin the cleanup. At that time, the U.S. government estimated that it would cost more than $36 billion and take more than 70 years to cleanup and close Rocky Flats. Beginning in the summer of 1995, Kaiser-Hill developed a series of strategic planning models which demonstrated that accelerated cleanup of the site could be achieved while dramatically reducing cleanup costs. Within a few years, Kaiser-Hill developed a cleanup plan or lifecycle baseline that described how cleanup could be accomplished by 2010 for about $7.3 billion. Additionally, between 1995 and 2000, Kaiser-Hill made significant progress toward stabilizing special nuclear materials, cleaning up environmental contamination, demolishing buildings and shipping radioactive and hazardous waste for disposal. This initial contract was completed for approximately $2.8 billion. In January 2000, based its record of successes, Kaiser-Hill was awarded DOE’s first “closure contract” to close the site no later than December 2006, at a target cost of $3.96 billion. To date, some of the key enablers of the accelerated closure project concept and successful closure project execution include: • Shared vision of the end state; • Flexible, consultative regulatory agreement; • Credible project plan and robust project management systems; • Closure contract; • Empowered and motivated workforce; • Commitment to safety; • Closure-enhancing technologies. The scope of the closure project encompasses the following key completion metrics: • Disposition of 21 metric tons of weapons-grade nuclear materials; • Treatment of more than 100 metric tons of high-content plutonium wastes called residues; • Processing of 30,000 liters of plutonium and enriched uranium solutions; • Demolition of more than 800 facilities and structures totaling more that 325,000 square meters — many of which are contaminated with radioactive and/or hazardous materials; • Offsite shipment of more than 250,000 cubic meters of radioactive waste; • Disposition of approximately 370 environmental sites.
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Sweeney, Laura, Robert E. Mazur i Martin Edelson. "Rocky Flats Closure Project: Lessons Learned in Worker Stakeholder Engagement". W ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96327.

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The Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (EPA Superfund site near Denver, Colorado) produced plutonium components for nuclear weapons for the U.S. defense program. The facility shut down in 1989 and clean up began in 1992. To ensure safe remediation of inactive nuclear sites, site owners have begun to consult stakeholders more widely in recent years. The closure of Rocky Flats aimed to set the standard for stakeholder involvement in doing the work safely, complying with regulations/standards, in a cost-effective manner. We have studied, using ethnographic methods, the extent to which workers at Rocky Flats were involved in communication and decision making strategies. Our results point out that workers can have perceptions of the site remediation process that differ from management and even other workers and that a significant number of workers questioned the commitment by management to engage the worker as stakeholder. The most effective remediation efforts should involve careful consideration of the insights and observations of all workers, particularly those who face immediate and high-level health and safety risks.
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Kosko, Nancy, Janet Gilman i Debbie White. "Performance-Based Acquisition: A Tool to Reduce Costs and Improve Performance at US Army Environmental Remediation Sites". W The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7050.

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The US Army, like most US federal and state environmental organizations, is faced with limited resources to conduct environmental work, an increasing workload, and challenges in achieving closeout of its environmental cleanup programs. In 2001, in an effort to incorporate proven private sector tools into federal cleanup programs, the Department of Defense (DoD) Business Initiative Council (BIC), initiated the use of Performance-Based Acquisition (PBA) for environmental cleanup. Since fiscal year 2000, the US Army Environmental Command (USAEC) has successfully awarded more than 55 performance-based contracts for environmental remediation. These contracts range in size from $500,000 to $52.4 million, and include closing properties (Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)) and some of the US Army’s most complex active installations. The contracts address a range of activities including investigation through monitoring and site completion, as well as various technical challenges including dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in ground water, karst systems, munitions and explosives of concern, and biological agents. The contracts are most often firm-fixed price, and 50 percent of the contracts required contractors to purchase environmental insurance in the form of remediation stop loss insurance (also known as cleanup cost cap insurance). The USAEC has conducted continuous process improvement since inception of the initiative. This paper presents results of two studies that were conducted in 2005–2006 to determine what lessons learned can be applied to future activities and to measure performance of contractors currently executing work under the performance based contracts.
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McCauley, Dave, Douglas Metcalfe, Marcia Blanchette i Tom Calvert. "The Government of Canada’s Programs for Radioactive Waste Cleanup and Long-Term Management". W ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16133.

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The Government of Canada’s 1996 Policy Framework for Radioactive Waste Management establishes that waste owners are responsible for the management of their radioactive wastes. This includes the planning, funding, and implementation of long-term waste management initiatives. Within this context, the Government has established three separate programs aimed at addressing the long-term management of radioactive waste for which it has accepted responsibility. The largest of these programs is the Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP). The objective of the NLLP is to address radioactive waste and decommissioning liabilities resulting from 60 years of nuclear research and development at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) sites in Canada. In 2005, the Government increased the value of this liability in its Public Accounts based on a new, 70-year long-term strategy and, in 2006, it implemented a $520 million 5-year work plan to initiate the strategy. The cost of implementing the full strategy is estimated at about $7 billion (current-day dollars). Canada’s Historic Waste Program is a second program that is designed to address low-level radioactive wastes across Canada that are not managed in an appropriate manner for the long-term and for which the current owner can not reasonably be held responsible. These wastes mainly emanate from the refining and use of radium in the 1930s and the very early days of the nuclear industry in Canada when radioactive ores were mined and transported long distances for processing. While the Historic Waste Program has been in place since 1982, the Government of Canada launched the Port Hope Area Initiative in 2001 to deal with the bulk of the waste. Finally, the Government of Canada has entered into two agreements with Canadian provincial governments on roles and responsibilities relating to the decommissioning of uranium mine and mill tailings sites. These agreements, one with the Province of Ontario and one with the Province of Saskatchewan, establish the responsibilities of each level of government to address circumstances where further decommissioning work is required and the producer can no longer be held responsible. The paper will provide an overview of these environmental remediation programs for radioactive waste and will describe recent progress and future challenges.
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Johnson, R. L., L. A. Durham i D. S. Miller. "Approaches for Addressing MARSSIM Complications". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4646.

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The Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) was developed as a multi-agency framework for supporting radioactive site closure in the United States. MARSSIM provides a coherent, technically defensible process for establishing that exposed surfaces (soil or structure) satisfy site cleanup requirements. Site cleanup requirements are assumed to be dose or risk-derived. Unfortunately, many sites have complications that challenge a direct application of MARSSIM. Example complications include decision documents requirements that are not MARSSIM-friendly, the potential for subsurface contamination, and incomplete characterization information. These types of complications are typically the rule, rather than the exception, for sites undergoing radiologically-driven remediation and closure. This paper discusses approaches used to circumvent MARSSIM-related closure issues, while still providing a technically defensible closure protocol that is consistent with the spirit of MARSSIM and acceptable to the regulatory and broader stakeholder community.
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Anderson, Keith D. "Analysis of Management and Disposal Alternatives for Low Activity Radioactive Waste". W ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16192.

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Government and commercial decommissioning and remediation activities at nuclear sites and facilities often generate in large volumes and mass radioactive waste that is of low activity. In large part, the low activity radioactive waste generated from decommissioning and remediation activities are below regulatory limits for low level radioactive waste, while not meeting site specific dose and risk-based cleanup criteria. Policies and strategies for the remediation, management, and disposal of low activity radioactive waste in these circumstances often explore alternative options to fully licensed disposal. Primary goals in exploring alternative disposal options are protection of the public and the environment, while achieve a cost-effective solution. Vague regulations and arbitrary interpretation by federal and state regulators may enhance alternative disposal options or quash efforts by those conducting the remediation and decommissioning. Fundamental to the issues is the overriding concern of a lack of clarity and increased liability in the regulatory structure of the grey area that is low activity radioactive wastes. This paper explores the current efforts by the United States of America and International regulatory community to better define low activity radioactive waste and to provide effective and protective waste management and disposal policies and strategies.
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Seitz, Roger, Mark Freshley, Mark Williamson, Paul Dixon, Kurt Gerdes, Yvette T. Collazo i Susan Hubbard. "Identification and Implementation of End-User Needs During Development of a State-of-the-Art Modeling Toolset". W ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59069.

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The U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) Office of Environmental Management, Technology Innovation and Development is supporting a multi-National Laboratory effort to develop the Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management (ASCEM). ASCEM is an emerging state-of-the-art scientific approach and software infrastructure for understanding and predicting contaminant fate and transport in natural and engineered systems. These modular and open-source high performance computing tools and user interfaces will facilitate integrated approaches that enable standardized assessments of performance and risk for EM cleanup and closure decisions. The ASCEM team recognized that engaging end-users in the ASCEM development process would lead to enhanced development and implementation of the ASCEM toolsets in the user community. End-user involvement in ASCEM covers a broad spectrum of perspectives, including: performance assessment (PA) and risk assessment practitioners, research scientists, decision-makers, oversight personnel, and regulators engaged in the US DOE cleanup mission. End-users are primarily engaged in ASCEM via the ASCEM User Steering Committee (USC) and the ‘user needs interface’ task. Future plans also include user involvement in demonstrations of the ASCEM tools. This paper will describe the details of how end users have been engaged in the ASCEM program and will demonstrate how this involvement has strengthened both the tool development and community confidence. ASCEM tools requested by end-users specifically target modeling challenges associated with US DOE cleanup activities. The demonstration activities involve application of ASCEM tools and capabilities to representative problems at DOE sites. Selected results from the ASCEM Phase 1 demonstrations are discussed to illustrate how capabilities requested by end-users were implemented in prototype versions of the ASCEM tool.
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Kaback, Dawn S., Grover Chamberlain, John G. Morse i Scott W. Petersen. "Independent Technical Reviews for Groundwater and Soil Remediation Projects at US Department of Energy Sites". W ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59188.

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The US Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management has supported independent technical reviews of soil and groundwater projects at multiple DOE sites over the last 10 years. These reviews have resulted in significant design improvements to remedial plans that have accelerated cleanup and site closure. Many have also resulted in improved understanding of complex subsurface conditions, promoting better approaches to design and implementation of new technologies. Independent technical reviews add value, because they provide another perspective to problem solving and act as a check for especially challenging problems. By bringing in a team of independent experts with a broad experience base, alternative solutions are recommended for consideration and evaluation. In addition, the independence of the panel is significant, because it is able to address politically sensitive issues. The expert panel members typically bring lessons learned from other sites to help solve the DOE problems. In addition, their recommendations at a particular site can often be applied at other sites, making the review even more valuable. The review process can vary, but some common lessons ensure a successful review: • Use a multi-disciplinary broadly experienced team; • Engage the panel early and throughout the project; • Involve regulators and stakeholders in the workshop, if appropriate; • Provide sufficient background information; • Close the workshop with a debriefing followed by a written report. Many groundwater remediation challenges remain at DOE sites. Independent technical reviews have and will ensure that the best capabilities and experience are applied to reduce risks and uncertainties.
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Nazzaro, Robin, William Swick, Nancy Kintner-Meyer, Thomas Perry, Carole Blackwell, Christopher Hatscher i Avani Locke. "U.S. Department of Energy’s High-Level Waste Program: Opportunities and Challenges in Achieving Risk and Cost Reductions". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4627.

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) oversees one of the largest cleanup programs in history—the treatment and disposal of 356,260 cubic meters of highly radioactive nuclear waste created as a result of the nation’s nuclear weapons program. This waste is currently stored at DOE sites in the states of Washington, Idaho, and South Carolina. In 2002, DOE began an accelerated cleanup initiative to reduce the estimated $105-billion cost and 70-year time frame required for the program. The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), an agency of the U.S. Congress, evaluated DOE’s high-level waste program to determine the status of the accelerated cleanup initiative, the legal and technical challenges DOE faces in implementing it, and any further opportunities to improve program management. GAO found that DOE’s initiative for reducing the cost and time required for cleaning up high-level waste is evolving. DOE’s main strategy continues to include concentrating much of the radioactivity into a smaller volume for disposal in a geologic repository. Under the accelerated initiative, DOE sites are evaluating other approaches, such as disposing of more of the waste on site or at other designated locations. DOE’s current savings estimate for these approaches is $29 billion, but the estimate is not based on a complete assessment of costs and benefits and has other computational limitations. For example, the savings estimate does not adequately reflect the timing of when savings will be realized, which distorts the actual amount of savings DOE may realize. DOE faces significant legal and technical challenges to realize these savings. A key legal challenge involves DOE’s authority to decide that some waste with relatively low concentrations of radioactivity can be disposed of on site. A recent court ruling against DOE is a major threat to DOE’s ability to meet its accelerated schedules. A key technical challenge is DOE’s approach for separating waste into high-level and low-activity portions. At the Hanford Site in Washington State, DOE is planning to implement such a method that will not be fully tested until the separations facility is constructed. This approach increases the risk and cost of schedule delays compared to fully testing an integrated pilot-scale facility. However, DOE believes the risks are manageable and that a pilot facility would unnecessarily delay waste treatment and disposal. DOE has opportunities to improve management of the high-level waste program. When it began the initiative to reduce costs and accelerate the high-level waste cleanup schedule, DOE acknowledged it had systematic problems with the way the program was managed. Although DOE has taken steps to improve program management, GAO has continuing concerns about management weaknesses in several areas. These include making key decisions without a sufficiently rigorous supporting analysis, incorporating technology before it is sufficiently tested, and pursuing a “fast-track” approach of simultaneous design and construction of complex nuclear facilities. DOE’s management actions have not fully addressed these weaknesses.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Radioactive waste sites – cleanup – colorado"

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Moskowitz, P., R. Pardi, M. DePhillips i A. Meinhold. Computer models used to support cleanup decision-making at hazardous and radioactive waste sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7256851.

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Moskowitz, P., R. Pardi, M. DePhillips i A. Meinhold. Computer models used to support cleanup decision-making at hazardous and radioactive waste sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10177673.

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