Artykuły w czasopismach: „Radar absorbing structures”

1

Chambers, B. "Symmetrical radar absorbing structures." Electronics Letters 31, no. 5 (1995): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19950280.

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Aytaç, Ayhan, Hüseyin İpek, Kadir Aztekin, and Burak Çanakçı. "A review of the radar absorber material and structures." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 198, no. 4 (2020): 931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6064.

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The development of technologies that can rival the devices used by other countries in the defense industry, and more importantly, can disable their devices is becoming more critical. Radar absorber materials (RAM) make the detection of the material on the radar difficult because of absorbing a part of the electromagnetic wave sent by the radar. Considering that radar is one of the most important technologies used in the defense industry, the production of non-radar materials is vital for all countries in the world. Covering a gun platform with radar absorber material reduces the radar-cross-sectional area (RCA) value representing the visibility of that platform on the radar. This review aims to present the electromagnetic principles and developed Radar Absorbent Materials (RAM) during decades from the 1960s. The frequency range 8-12 GHz in the electromagnetic spectrum is named the microwave region and used in airport radar applications. Revised basis of electromagnetic theory and defined by a variety of absorbent materials and some design classification types and techniques are described in this article.

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Kim, Jin-Bong. "Broadband radar absorbing structures of carbon nanocomposites." Advanced Composite Materials 21, no. 4 (2012): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2012.736350.

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Zhang, Zheng Quan, Li Ge Wang, and En Ze Wang. "Microwave Absorbing Properties of Radar Absorbing Structure Composites Filling with Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1109.

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Radar absorbing structures (RAS) can’t only load bearing but also absorb electromagnetic wave energy by inducing dielectric loss and minimizing reflected electromagnetic waves. Therefore, the development of the RAS haves become important to reduce RCS of the object. These composites possess excellent specific stiffness and strength. The electromagnetic wave properties of RAS can be effectively tailored by controlling the content of the lossy materials. Radar absorbing structures composed of glass fibers, carbon fibers and epoxy resin filling with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), was designed and prepared. Permittivity of the composite was measured by using a network analyzer, HP8510B. The contents of composites were observed to be different from each composite. Reflection of electromagnetic waves energy of RAS was calculated by using the genetic algorithm, it was discovered that the composites can be applied to design an optional RAS composites filling with CNTs.

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Eun, Se-Won, Won-Ho Choi, Hong-Kyu Jang, Jae-Hwan Shin, Jin-Bong Kim, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Effect of delamination on the electromagnetic wave absorbing performance of radar absorbing structures." Composites Science and Technology 116 (September 2015): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.04.001.

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Rahmanzadeh, Mahdi, Hamid Rajabalipanah, and Ali Abdolali. "Analytical Investigation of Ultrabroadband Plasma–Graphene Radar Absorbing Structures." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 45, no. 6 (2017): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2017.2700724.

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Wang, F. W., S. X. Gong, S. Zhang, X. Mu, and T. Hong. "RCS Reduction of Array Antennas with Radar Absorbing Structures." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 25, no. 17-18 (2011): 2487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939311798806239.

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Shen, Lihao, Yongqiang Pang, Leilei Yan, Yang Shen, Zhuo Xu, and Shaobo Qu. "Broadband radar absorbing sandwich structures with enhanced mechanical properties." Results in Physics 11 (December 2018): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.09.012.

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Choi, Ilbeom, Dongyoung Lee, and Dai Gil Lee. "Radar absorbing composite structures dispersed with nano-conductive particles." Composite Structures 122 (April 2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.11.040.

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Nam, Young-Woo, Jae-Hwan Shin, Jae-Hun Choi, et al. "Micro-mechanical failure prediction of radar-absorbing structure dispersed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes considering multi-scale modeling." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 12 (2017): 1649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317729003.

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Conventional radar-absorbing structure is typically manufactured with high weight percentage (wt.%) of carbonaceous nano-conductive particles in the polymer matrix to tailor its microwave absorbing performance. However, these manufacturing methods have some physical limitations with regard to fabrication, due to the high viscosity in the polymer matrix and, inhomogeneous in mechanical and electrical properties. No study has been conducted with micro-mechanical failure prediction of radar-absorbing structure dispersed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In order to address these limitations, radar-absorbing structures dispersed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes were designed in the Ku-band (12.4–18 GHz). Additionally, to establish and verify the micro-mechanical failure analysis based on multiscale modeling, finite element analysis was carried out using the Mori–Tanaks mean-field homogenization model within the representative volume element model in the microstructure. In order to verify the Hashin criteria of radar-absorbing structure dispersed with multi-walled carbon nanotube (0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.%), mechanical tests (tensile, compressive and shear test) were conducted according to ASTM standards. In this paper, radar-absorbing structure with irregularly arranged filler and matrix with representative volume element was modeled from the micro-mechanical point of view and the results from Hashin failure criterion were verified both by simulations and experimental results of prediction strengths within the expected error range (lower than 6%). The reliability of application in micro-mechanical prediction of radar-absorbing structure was confirmed considering the multi-scale modeling.

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Jang, Jae-Kyeong, Jong-Min Hyun, Dae-Sung Son, and Jung-Ryul Lee. "Nondestructive and electromagnetic evaluations of stealth structures damaged by lightning strike." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 17 (2019): 2567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19862366.

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Stealth technology is very important for the survival of military aircraft. A stealth aircraft structure has both electromagnetic and mechanical functions. Lightning can cause failure on both the points. In this study, we claim that the stealth structure should be evaluated nondestructively and electromagnetically, and we propose a method for full-field evaluations of both the functions. First, a radar absorbing structure was designed and fabricated with stealth capability in the X-band. The radar absorbing structure consisted of a carbon nanotube layer (glass/epoxy dispersed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes), a spacer layer (glass/epoxy) and a perfect electrical conductor layer. A lightning test was performed using an impulse current generator according to standard regulations. Then, nondestructive damage and electromagnetic performance evaluations were performed using a pulse-echo laser ultrasonic propagation imager and a scanning free-space measurement system, respectively. The results showed that neither structural damage nor changes in the electromagnetic properties were observed during the two evaluations. In general, the composites were severely damaged by lightning. However, it turned out that the radar absorbing structure with the carbon nanotube layer could prevent serious damage to stealth function as well as material damage owing to the high conductivity of the carbon nanotubes dispersed in its surface layer.

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Chen, Xin Yi, Jian Bo Wang, Jun Lu, Guan Cheng Sun, and Gui Bo Chen. "A Comparative Study on the Effects of FSS with Different Elements on the Characteristics of Radar Absorbing Materials." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.42.

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The three common frequency selective surface (FSS) structure, i.e. ring, crosses and Y-aperture which have the same center frequencies are designed, then the three FSS structures are placed at absorbing materials to form complex absorbing structures which are simulated by means of spectral domain approach. Therefore, the effects of different FSS on the characteristics of absorbing materials are studied and the influence laws are given. This research offers reference to element selection for the application of common FSS to absorbing materials.

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Jang, Byung-Wook, Sun-Hwa Park, Won-Jun Lee, Young-Sik Joo, and Jung-Sun Park. "Optimization of Radar Absorbing Structures for Aircraft Wing Leading Edge." Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 41, no. 4 (2013): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2013.41.4.268.

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Kim, Sang-Young, and Sung-Soo Kim. "Design of Radar Absorbing Structures Utilizing Carbon-Based Polymer Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 1 (2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600113.

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Radar absorbing structure (RAS) is a composite laminate with a low reflection coefficient for the electromagnetic illumination in microwave frequency range, and thereby can be used in the stealth technology and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). In this study, microwave absorbing properties of a two-layer composite laminate (carbon black impregnated rubber sheet attached to the carbon fiber–epoxy composite panel) has been investigated. Complex permittivity and permeability of the composite materials were measured in C- and X-band frequencies (4–12 GHz) by reflection/transmission technique using a coaxial waveguide and network analyzer. Complex permittivity can be controlled with the amount of carbon black in the rubber composite. High values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss are observed in the carbon fiber composite. Optimization of microwave absorption is conducted for the two-layer RAS on the basis of transmission line theory. It is found that microwave absorption is strongly sensitive to carbon black content in the rubber composite and its layer thickness. For the rubber sheet containing 10% carbon black (with dielectric constant ≍5), the maximum microwave absorption (30 dB) is predicted at 10 GHz.

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15

Narayan, Shiv, J. Sreeja, V. V. Surya, B. Sangeetha, and Raveendranath U. Nair. "Radar Absorbing Structures Using Frequency Selective Surfaces: Trends and Perspectives." Journal of Electronic Materials 49, no. 3 (2020): 1728–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07911-2.

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Hunjra, MAM, MA Fakhar, K. Naveed, and T. Subhani. "Polyurethane foam-based radar absorbing sandwich structures to evade detection." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 19, no. 6 (2016): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216635856.

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de Castro Folgueras, Luiza, Mauro Angelo Alves, and Mirabel C. Rezende. "Electromagnetic Evaluation of Multifunctional Composites for Use in Radar Absorbing Structures." Advanced Materials Research 1135 (January 2016): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1135.104.

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The knowledge of how to process composite materials and combine them with radiation absorbing centers, using different components, additives and polymer matrices with suitable electromagnetic properties (dielectric constant and tangent loss), allows the production of multifunctional composites that can function as conductors or microwave absorbing materials. Thus, the purpose of this study was to process and evaluate the electromagnetic properties of multilayered multifunctional composites made with layers of glass fiber cloths or nonwoven glass fiber veils pre-impregnated with formulations based on carbon black. Electromagnetic properties of the multifunctional composites were evaluated by measuring the reflection of microwave radiation using the waveguide technique in the X-band (8.2 to 12.4 GHz). The results show that the multifunctional composites absorbed 90% to 99% of the energy of the incident microwave radiation. The high attenuation of the incident microwave radiation combined with their small thickness indicate that these multifunctional composites could be used in a number of military and civilian applications.

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Jang, Byungwook, Myungjun Kim, Jungsun Park, and Sooyong Lee. "Design Optimization of Composite Radar Absorbing Structures to Improve Stealth Performance." International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences 17, no. 1 (2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/ijass.2016.17.1.20.

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Wang, Hongyu, and Dongmei Zhu. "Double layered radar absorbing structures of Silicon Carbide fibers/polyimide composites." Synthetic Metals 246 (December 2018): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.020.

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Go, Jeong-In, Won-Jun Lee, Sang-Yong Kim, Sang-Min Baek, and Won-Ho Choi. "Electromagnetic damage tolerance for radar absorbing composite structures with impact damage." Composites Science and Technology 199 (October 2020): 108366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108366.

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Zhao, Ziyu, Pibo Ma, Haitao Lin, and Fenglin Xia. "Radar-absorbing Performances of Camouflage Fabrics with 3D Warp-knitted Structures." Fibers and Polymers 21, no. 3 (2020): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-020-9775-1.

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Lee, Won-Jun, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Composites with a Square Patterned Conducting Polymer Layer for Wideband Characteristics." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/318380.

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The applications of electromagnetic- (EM-) wave-absorbers are being expanded for commercial and military purposes. For military applications in particular, EM-wave-absorbers (EMWAs) could minimize Radar Cross Section (RCS) of structures, which could reduce the possibility of detection by radar. In this study, EMWA composite structure containing a square periodic patterned layer is presented. It was found that control of the pattern geometry and surface resistance induced EMWA characteristics which can create multiresonance for wideband absorption in composite structures.

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Choi, Won-Ho, Woon-Hyung Song, and Won-Jun Lee. "Broadband Radar Absorbing Structures with a Practical Approach from Design to Fabrication." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 20, no. 4 (2020): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2020.20.4.254.

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In this study, a novel broadband radar absorbing volume structure (RAVS) is proposed and demonstrated with a practical point of view from design to fabrication. The proposed RAVS uses a design concept of repeatedly stacked carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and foam cores of the same thickness to improve the applicability to real structures while maintaining absorption performance. The repeatedly stacked CNT composites, which act as electrically lossy materials, result in the multiple scattering of incident electromagnetic waves trapped inside the structure. The trapped incident waves then lose their energy by multiple scattering. Based on this design concept, the RAVS designed through field analysis and parametric study achieved a −10 dB absorption performance from 4 GHz to 16 GHz. With reference to the design values, RAVS was fabricated for verification, and the absorption performance was measured using a free space measurement system. The measurement result showed excellent absorption performance that satisfied −10 dB from 5.8 GHz or less to 14 GHz.

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Kim, Sang-Yong, Won-Jun Lee, Sang-Min Baek, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Control of dielectric properties of micropattern printed fabric for radar absorbing structures." Composite Structures 274 (October 2021): 114361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114361.

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Wang, Zhijin, Chen Zhou, Valentin Khaliulin, and Alexey Shabalov. "An experimental study on the radar absorbing characteristics of folded core structures." Composite Structures 194 (June 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.106.

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Siva Nagasree, P., K. Ramji, Ch Subramanyam, K. Krushnamurthy, and T. Haritha. "Synthesis of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4-reinforced E-glass/epoxy nanocomposites for radar-absorbing structures." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 49, no. 10 (2020): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2020.1793080.

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Lee, Dongyoung, Ilbeom Choi, and Dai Gil Lee. "Development of a damage tolerant structure for nano-composite radar absorbing structures." Composite Structures 119 (January 2015): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.08.001.

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Wang, Yi, Hai Feng Cheng, Jun Wang, and Yong Jiang Zhou. "Infrared Emissivity of Capacitive Frequency-Selective Surfaces and its Application in Radar and IR Compatible Stealth Sandwich Structures." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.65.

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Infrared emissivity of capacitive frequency-selective surfaces is affected by many factors, such as metal area, emissivity of medium part, surface roughness, metal oxidation, and surface cleanness, etc. In this paper, the influence of metal area and emissivity of medium part on the emissivity of CFSSs were depicted in detail. Furthermore, a kind of radar and IR compatible stealth sandwich structures, radar absorbing properties of which were calculated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, were designed and prepared. We conclude that emissivity of CFSSs will be below 0.3 while metal area is above 80% and radar reflectivity of fabricated sandwich structure will be below -10dB in 8-18GHz.

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Park, Ki-Yeon, Jae-Hung Han, Jin-Bong Kim, and Sang-Kwan Lee. "Two-layered electromagnetic wave-absorbing E-glass/epoxy plain weave composites containing carbon nanofibers and NiFe particles." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 26 (2011): 2773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311410467.

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Two-layered radar-absorbing structures (RASs) were investigated for the broadband absorbing characteristics for the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) and Ku-band (12.0–18.0 GHz). E-glass/epoxy plain weave composites containing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and submicron NiFe particles were fabricated and their complex permittivities and permeabilities measured in the range 2–18 GHz. The surface and absorbing layers of two-layered RASs consisted of the low and high lossy materials, respectively. Six kinds of two-layered RASs were designed through the parametric studies. The three kinds of specimens with wide absorption characteristics were selected for the experimental performance evaluations, and their results showed very broad 10 dB absorbing bandwidths of 8.9–9.7 GHz with thicknesses 3.15–3.43 mm.

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Sun, Wei-Feng, and Peng-Bo Sun. "Electrical Insulation and Radar-Wave Absorption Performances of Nanoferrite/Liquid-Silicone-Rubber Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (2022): 10424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810424.

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Novel radar-wave absorption nanocomposites are developed by filling the nanoscaled ferrites of strontium ferroxide (SrFe12O19) and carbonyl iron (CIP) individually into the highly flexible liquid silicone rubber (LSR) considered as dielectric matrix. Nanofiller dispersivities in SrFe12O19/LSR and CIP/LSR nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, and the mechanical properties, electric conductivity, and DC dielectric-breakdown strength are tested to evaluate electrical insulation performances. Radar-wave absorption performances of SrFe12O19/LSR and CIP/LSR nanocomposites are investigated by measuring electromagnetic response characteristics and radar-wave reflectivity, indicating the high radar-wave absorption is dominantly derived from magnetic losses. Compared with pure LSR, the SrFe12O19/LSR and CIP/LSR nanocomposites represent acceptable reductions in mechanical tensile and dielectric-breakdown strengths, while rendering a substantial nonlinearity of electric conductivity under high electric fields. SrFe12O19/LSR nanocomposites provide high radar-wave absorption in the frequency band of 11~18 GHz, achieving a minimum reflection loss of −33 dB at 11 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth of 10 GHz. In comparison, CIP/LSR nanocomposites realize a minimum reflection loss of −22 dB at 7 GHz and a remarkably larger effective absorption bandwidth of 3.9 GHz in the lower frequency range of 2~8 GHz. Radar-wave transmissions through SrFe12O19/LSR and CIP/LSR nanocomposites in single- and double-layered structures are analyzed with CST electromagnetic-field simulation software to calculate radar reflectivity for various absorbing-layer thicknesses. Dual-layer absorbing structures are modeled by specifying SrFe12O19/LSR and CIP/LSR nanocomposites, respectively, as match and loss layers, which are predicted to acquire a significant improvement in radar-wave absorption when the thicknesses of match and loss layers approach 1.75 mm and 0.25 mm, respectively.

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Jang, Byung-Wook, and Jung-Sun Park. "Design of Single Layer Radar Absorbing Structures(RAS) for Minimizing Radar Cross Section(RCS) Using Impedance Matching." Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 43, no. 2 (2015): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2015.43.2.118.

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Joy, Vineetha, Vishal Padwal, Raveendranath U. Nair, and Hema Singh. "Optimal Design of Multilayered Radar Absorbing Structures (RAS) using Swarm Intelligence based Algorithm." Defence Science Journal 72, no. 2 (2022): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.72.17417.

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   The steady progress in the fields of material science and processing technologies has made multi-layered radar absorbing structures (RAS) an attractive option w.r.t. stealth technologies. They possess the ability to reduce radar cross-section with minimum thickness and is therefore most preferred in airborne applications. As far as their electromagnetic performance is concerned, the sequence of material layers and thickness profile plays a pivotal role. Optimization of these two factors becomes complex in case of availability of large number of potential materials. Commonly used EM simulation software can be employed for the optimization of thickness profile. However, selection of suitable material layer sequence is out of their scope. In this context, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm is presented for sequencing of material layers and optimization of thickness profile of multi-layered RAS configurations. The fitness function has been appropriately formulated to achieve maximum power absorption over broad band of frequencies and wide range of incident angles. Further, the efficacy of the algorithm has been demonstrated using a suitable case study.  

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Indrusiak, Tamara, Iaci M. Pereira, Ketly Pontes, et al. "Hybrid carbonaceous materials for radar absorbing poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites with multilayered structures." SPE Polymers 2, no. 1 (2021): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10030.

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Liu, Hsien-Kuang, Ruey-Bin Yang, and Ke-Dun Yen. "Radar-Absorbing Structures with Reduced Graphene Oxide Papers Fabricated Under Various Processing Parameters." Journal of Electronic Materials 51, no. 3 (2022): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-09347-z.

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Xu, Haibing, Shaowei Bie, Yongshun Xu, Wei Yuan, Qian Chen, and Jianjun Jiang. "Broad bandwidth of thin composite radar absorbing structures embedded with frequency selective surfaces." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 80 (January 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.019.

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Kapelewski, J. "On Current and Prospective Use of Binary Thin Multilayers in Radar Absorbing Structures." Acta Physica Polonica A 124, no. 3 (2013): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.124.451.

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Delfini, Andrea, Marta Albano, Antonio Vricella, et al. "Advanced Radar Absorbing Ceramic-Based Materials for Multifunctional Applications in Space Environment." Materials 11, no. 9 (2018): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091730.

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In this review, some results of the experimental activity carried out by the authors on advanced composite materials for space applications are reported. Composites are widely employed in the aerospace industry thanks to their lightweight and advanced thermo-mechanical and electrical properties. A critical issue to tackle using engineered materials for space activities is providing two or more specific functionalities by means of single items/components. In this scenario, carbon-based composites are believed to be ideal candidates for the forthcoming development of aerospace research and space missions, since a widespread variety of multi-functional structures are allowed by employing these materials. The research results described here suggest that hybrid ceramic/polymeric structures could be employed as spacecraft-specific subsystems in order to ensure extreme temperature withstanding and electromagnetic shielding behavior simultaneously. The morphological and thermo-mechanical analysis of carbon/carbon (C/C) three-dimensional (3D) shell prototypes is reported; then, the microwave characterization of multilayered carbon-filled micro-/nano-composite panels is described. Finally, the possibility of combining the C/C bulk with a carbon-reinforced skin in a synergic arrangement is discussed, with the aid of numerical and experimental analyses.

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Ivaturi, Srikanth, P. S. N. S. R. Srikar, K. Anusha, et al. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Low Density Glass-Epoxy Composites for Microwave Absorption Applications." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 6 (2017): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11331.

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<p class="p1">In the present work, fabrication and evaluation of low density glass – epoxy (LDGE) composites suitable for absorbing minimum 80 per cent of incident microwave energy in 8 GHz to 12 GHz (X-band) is reported. LDGE composites having different densities were fabricated using a novel method of partially replacing conventional S-glass fabric with low density glass (LDG) layers as the reinforcement materials. Flexural strength, inter laminar shear strength and impact strength of the prepared LDGE composites were evaluated and compared with conventional High density glass-epoxy (HDGE) composites to understand the changes in these properties due to replacement of S-glass fabrics with LDG layers. To convert LDGE structures to radar absorbing structures controlled quantities of milled carbon fibers were impregnated as these conducting milled carbon fibers can act as dielectric lossy materials which could absorb the incident microwave energy by interfacial polarisation. Electromagnetic properties namely loss tangent and reflection loss of carbon fiber impregnated LDGE composites were evaluated in 8 GHz -12 GHz frequency region and compared with HDGE composites. It was observed that both LDGE and HDGE composites have shown loss tangent values more than 1.1 and minimum 80 per cent absorption of incident microwave energy. Thus the results indicates that, LDGE composites can show EM properties on par with HDGE composites. Furthermore these LDGE composite could successfully withstand the low velocity impacts (4.5 m/s) with 50 J incident energy. Due to their ability to show good mechanical properties and light weight, LDGE composites can be used as a replacement for conventional HDGE composites to realise radar absorbing structures.</p>

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Zhang, Ying, Qing Shen, Yixing Huang, Qin Lu, and Jijun Yu. "Broadband Electromagnetic Absorption Effect of Topological Structure Using Carbon Nanotube Based Hybrid Material." Materials 15, no. 14 (2022): 4983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144983.

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The development of microwave absorbing technology raises the demands for all-band absorption. The topological structures expand the frequency range of electromagnetic wave absorption and eliminate the differences caused by scattering in different incident directions. The multi-wall carbon nanotube and carbonyl iron particles were mixed with polylactic polymer to fabricate filaments for fused deposition. The distribution characteristics of the structures using carbonyl iron/carbon nanotube hybrid material for the key absorption frequency band are obtained. The reflectivity of the honeycomb structure in X and Ku bands is verified experimentally through the preparation method of fused deposition modeling 3D printing. With the decrease of the fractal dimension number, the electromagnetic loss performance basically increases. Preliminary research results showed that the topological structure could significantly expand the absorbing frequency range, and the effective frequency band less than −10 dB is 2–40 GHz, which has a clear application potential for radar absorption.

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Casper, David A., and K. ‐J Samuel Kung. "Simulation of ground‐penetrating radar waves in a 2-D soil model." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 4 (1996): 1034–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444025.

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We have developed a pseudospectral forward modeling algorithm for ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) based on an explicit solution of the 2-D lossy electromagnetic wave equation. Complex soil structures can be accommodated with heterogeneous spatial distributions of both wave velocity and electrical conductivity. This algorithm uses a Gaussian line source with uniform directivity, and there are conductive buffer regions surrounding the soil model to approximate absorbing boundary conditions. Three soil models are used to illustrate different aspects of radar wave propagation. The first model is lossless with homogeneous layers imbedded in a homogeneous background medium, the second model has the same lossless layers in a lossy background medium, and the third model is lossless and uses a nonsaturated water flow simulation to create a complex spatial velocity distribution. Two separate simulations with different source frequencies are presented for each soil model. Results indicate that higher frequency GPR will produce a sharper wavelet and can map soil layering structures with high resolution. In a conductive soil, however, higher frequencies attenuate more rapidly and the radar may not detect deeper layers.

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Din, Salah ud, Jong-Min Hyun, Dae-Sung Son, and Jung-Ryul Lee. "Robotic scanning free-space measurement system for electromagnetic performance evaluation of curved radar absorbing structures." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 19, no. 4 (2022): 172988062211145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298806221114554.

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Radar absorbing structures are manufactured for stealth missions and total quality inspection applies to evaluate their performances before assembly to stealth weapon systems. This study adopted a six-axis robot arm to move a target specimen in a scanning free-space measurement system for electromagnetic performance evaluation. The six-axis robot arm completely enables the system to maintain the specimen at the focal point of the antenna and solves the issue of curvature effect on the return loss results of the curved specimens, faced in the two- and three-axis scanning free-space measurement systems. The six-axis robotic scanning free-space measurement system uses a RobotStudio to extract the position and orientation of each target point on the specimen to be evaluated and uses a robotic scanning algorithm to transform all the points into a scan path. The system was verified by variable and constant curvature radar absorbing structure specimens with frequency selective surfaces. Return losses ( S 11s) of the nonsymmetrical cambered airfoil specimen and S-shaped double curvature specimen that could not be accurately evaluated with a three-axis stage-based scanning free-space measurement system were measured by the six-axis robotic scanning free-space measurement system. All the specimen results adhere to the theoretical parameters of the specimen. The transition region results of the S-shaped specimen were studied using effective radius of curvature. Finally, the inspected results of the S-shaped specimen were curvature compensated to check the effect of negative and positive curvature on the specimen resonance frequency performance.

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Kim, Chingu, and Minkook Kim. "Intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) coated aramid fiber reinforced composites for broadband radar absorbing structures (RAS)." Composites Science and Technology 211 (July 2021): 108827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108827.

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Jang, Min-Su, Woo-Hyeok Jang, Do-Hyeon Jin, Won-Ho Choi, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Circuit-analog radar absorbing structures using a periodic pattern etched on Ni-coated glass fabric." Composite Structures 281 (February 2022): 115099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115099.

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Jang, Min-Su, Jae-Hun Choi, Woo-Hyeok Jang, Young-Woo Nam, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Influence of lightning strikes on the structural performance of Ni-glass/epoxy radar-absorbing structures." Composite Structures 245 (August 2020): 112301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112301.

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Li, Weiwei, Mingji Chen, Zhihui Zeng, Hao Jin, Yongmao Pei, and Zhong Zhang. "Broadband composite radar absorbing structures with resistive frequency selective surface: Optimal design, manufacturing and characterization." Composites Science and Technology 145 (June 2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.03.009.

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Mazinov A. S, Fitaev I. Sh, and Boldyrev N. A. "Attenuation of the normal component of the reflected electromagnetic wave by combined radio-absorbing coatings." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 10 (2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.10.54792.19324.

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A combined radar-absorbent coating on a solid metal surface was studied. The structure of such coatings was developed, an experimental investigation of their frequency dependences was conducted, and scattering diagrams of both the combined surface and its constituents were obtained. The research findings of attenuating abilities for the proposed multi-layer structures are demonstrated. Keywords: Diagram of scattering, reflection of electromagnetic waves, metamaterials, ultrathin conductive films, combined coatings.

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Kim, Kook-Hyun, Dae-Seung Cho, and Jin-Hyeong Kim. "Broad-band Multi-layered Radar Absorbing Material Design for Radar Cross Section Reduction of Complex Targets Consisting of Multiple Reflection Structures." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 44, no. 4 (2007): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3744/snak.2007.44.4.445.

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Baek, Sang Min, and Won Jun Lee. "Design method for radar absorbing structures using reliability-based design optimization of the composite material properties." Composite Structures 262 (April 2021): 113559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113559.

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Jang, Hong-Kyu, Jae-Hwan Shin, Chun-Gon Kim, Sang-Hun Shin, and Jin-Bong Kim. "Semi-cylindrical Radar Absorbing Structures using Fiber-reinforced Composites and Conducting Polymers in the X-band." Advanced Composite Materials 20, no. 3 (2011): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092430410x539299.

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Oh, Jung-Hoon, Kyung-Sub Oh, Chun-Gon Kim, and Chang-Sun Hong. "Design of radar absorbing structures using glass/epoxy composite containing carbon black in X-band frequency ranges." Composites Part B: Engineering 35, no. 1 (2004): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.011.

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