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Ruiz, Michelle Vasquez, Nisha Toomey, Irit Katz, Sean Fraga, Genevieve Carpio, Laura Barraclough i Natchee Barnd. "Mobilities and Ethnic Studies". Ethnic Studies Review 46, nr 3 (2023): 128–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2023.46.3.128.
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Following the publication of a 2022 special issue in the journal Mobilities, several of the contributing authors and editors gathered virtually on July 26, 2022. Drawing upon the work included w the collection called “Mobilizing Indigeneity and Race Within and Against Settler Colonialism,” the participants discuss how they came to the subject of mobilities, how this concept impacts their work, and the ways it intersects with the fields of Ethnic Studies and Indigenous Studies. The special issue editors Carpio, Barraclough, and Barnd interview and facilitate the discussion between authors Vasquez Ruiz, Toomey, Katz, and Fraga. This article includes a reading list of scholarship used for the special issue on race, Indigeneity, and mobilities.
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Sueyoshi, Amy, i Sutee Sujitparapitaya. "Why Ethnic Studies". Ethnic Studies Review 43, nr 3 (2020): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2020.43.3.86.
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While the United States wrestles with a college completion crisis, the Division of Institutional Research at San Francisco State University found a high correlation between Ethnic Studies curriculum and increased student retention and graduation rates. Majors and minors in the College of Ethnic Studies graduated within six years at rates up to 92%. Those who were neither majors nor minors in Ethnic Studies also boosted their graduation rates by up to 72% by taking just a few courses in Africana Studies, American Indian Studies, Asian American Studies, Latina/Latino Studies, or Race and Resistance Studies. Faculty in the College of Ethnic Studies demonstrated significant levels of high impact instruction in the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) and senior exit surveys as compared with their colleagues across the university.
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Campbell, Malik, Kelly De Leon, Martha D. Escobar, Dezzerie González, Guadalupe Granados, Carla Martínez, Diego Paniagua, Rocio Rivera-Murillo i Tracy M. Sadek. "Ethnic Studies as Praxis". Ethnic Studies Review 42, nr 2 (2019): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.42.2.131.
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The authors provide a collective counter-narrative of the movement at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) to resist educational policies that have negative implications for students, particularly students of color, and threaten Ethnic Studies, Gender and Women’s Studies, and Queer Studies. The authors contextualize the movement that erupted in the fall of 2017 at CSUN within the struggles of the 1960s to transform higher education by establishing Ethnic Studies. Drawing from Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy and Critical Race Theory in education, the authors maintain that, in its best iterations, Ethnic Studies is praxis that empowers communities to create transformative social change.
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Lopez, Acacia, Rachel Scott, Marin Olson i Danielle Nadorff. "RACIAL TRAUMA IN EMERGING ADULTS RAISED BY GRANDPARENTS: PROTECTING AGAINST DISCRIMINATION". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1034.
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Abstract Experiences of racial trauma are linked with psychopathology, but a strong ethnic identity may serve as a protective factor. Grandparents primarily influence the development of ethnic identity, and BIPOC children are increasingly being raised by grandparents. Secure attachments influence stronger ethnic identities, yet custodial grandchildren are at higher risk of disrupted attachments. The current study investigated whether ethnic identity would mediate the relation between attachment and racial trauma symptoms in emerging adults previously raised by their grandparents and their peers (N = 370; 33% raised by grandparents; 25.6% non-white), with race as a moderator. Across all races, there were group differences in symptoms of racial trauma, with those not raised by grandparents experiencing a direct effect of race on ethnic identity. Attachment was a significant predictor of trauma symptoms of discrimination, moderated by race. Implications may provide support for clinical interventions addressing attachment and ethnic identity to decrease trauma symptoms.
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Connolly, Anne. "Race and prescribing". Psychiatrist 34, nr 5 (maj 2010): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.109.026435.
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SummaryTreatment of mental illness in Black and minority ethnic groups differs from that in the White majority. Large differences in admission, detention and seclusion rates have been recorded. These disparities extend into the physical healthcare setting, particularly in the USA but also within the UK National Health Service. There are many influences on prescribing of psychotropic medication, not least the metabolising capacity of the individual. Ethnic differences do occur, particularly for East Asian peoples. However, these differences are broadly similar across ethnic groups, particularly for the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolising psychotropic medicines. Psychotropic medication prescribing also differs by ethnicity. Specifically, antipsychotic dose, type and route of administration may differ. However, most data originate in the USA and UK studies have not replicated these findings, even after controlling for multiple confounding factors. Similarly, antidepressant prescribing and access to treatment may differ by ethnicity. These differences may have complex causes that are not well understood. Overall, prescribing of antipsychotics appears to be broadly equitable in Black and minority ethnic groups.
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Petty, Miriam J., i Joshua Chambers-Letson. "Syllabus for Race, Performance, and Media Studies". Syllabus is the Thing: Materialities of the Performance Studies Classroom 8, nr 2 (25.05.2023): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1099877ar.
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A reflection on the serious work and pressing exigencies of interdisciplinary teaching at the intersection of media studies, performance studies, and race and ethnic studies, this syllabus is both a portrait of pandemic pedagogy and a reflection of the work of friendship and mutual struggle.
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Thornton, E. Nicole. "RACE, NATIVITY, AND MULTICULTURAL EXCLUSION". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, nr 2 (2019): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000237.
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AbstractThis article examines the exclusion of Afro-Mauritians (or Creoles) in Mauritian multiculturalism. Although Creoles represent nearly thirty percent of the population, they are the only major group not officially recognized in the Mauritian Constitution (unlike Hindus, Muslims, and the Chinese) and they experience uniquely high levels of socioeconomic and political marginalization despite the country’s decades-long policy of official multiculturalism. While scholarship on multiculturalism and nation-building in plural societies might explain the exclusion of Creoles as a breakdown in the forging of political community in postcolonial Mauritius, I build on these theories by focusing on the tension between diaspora and nativity evident in Mauritian public discourse. Using the politics of language policy as a case study, I examine why the Kreol language in Mauritius—the ancestral language of Creoles and mother tongue of the majority of Mauritians—was consistently rejected for inclusion in language policy until recently (unlike Hindi, Urdu, and other ethnic languages). In my analysis of public policy discourse, I map how Creole ethnic activists negotiated Kreol’s inclusion in multiculturalism and highlight their constraints. This analysis shows that through multiculturalism, non-Creole political actors have created ethnic categories of inclusion while reciprocally denoting racially-excluded others defined by their lack of diasporic cultural value. I argue that groups claiming diasporic cultural connections are privileged as “ethnics” deemed worthy of multicultural inclusion, while those with ancestral connections more natively-bound to the local territory (such as Creoles, as a post-slavery population) are deemed problematic, culturally dis-recognized, and racialized as “the Other” because their nativity gives them a platform from which to lay territorial counter-claims to the nation.
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Harris, Bryn, Russell D. Ravert i Amanda L. Sullivan. "Adolescent Racial Identity: Self-Identification of Multiple and “Other” Race/Ethnicities". Urban Education 52, nr 6 (18.03.2015): 775–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915574527.
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This mixed methods study focused on adolescents who rejected conventional singular racial/ethnic categorization by selecting multiple race/ethnicities or writing descriptions of “Other” racial/ethnic identities in response to a survey item asking them to identify their race/ethnicity. Written responses reflected eight distinct categories ranging from elaborative descriptions of conventional race categories to responses refusing the construct of race/ethnicity. Students’ endorsement of multiple or “Other” ethnicities, and the resultant categories, differed by gender, grade, school type, and school compositions. Findings support scholars’ concern that common conceptualizations of race may not capture the complexity of self-identified racial categories among youth.
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Crothers, Charles. "Race and Ethnic Studies in New Zealand: Review Essay". Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006652.
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Aldhous, Peter. "Geneticist fears 'race-neutral' studies will fail ethnic groups". Nature 418, nr 6896 (lipiec 2002): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/418355a.
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Brooks, Joanna. "Working Definitions: Race, Ethnic Studies, and Early American Literature". Early American Literature 41, nr 2 (2006): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eal.2006.0011.
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Baker, Donald G. "Review article: Race/ethnic studies: The New Zealand case". Ethnic and Racial Studies 15, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993737.
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Sherwin, Susan. "Women in Clinical Studies: A Feminist View". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, nr 4 (1994): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005417.
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There is significant evidence that the health needs of women and minorities have been neglected by a medical research community whose agendas and protocols tend to focus on more advantaged segments of society. In response, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States have recently issued new policies aimed at increasing the utilization of women in clinical studies. As well, the U.S. Congress passed the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, which specifically mandates increased inclusion of women and racial and ethnic groups in clinical studies. On the face of it, such gender and race-specific policies would appear to be morally problematic because traditionally ethics opposes the use of sex or race as legitimate criteria for distributions of benefits or burdens in social policies. Hence, these policies pose some significant moral questions. Feminist ethics provides us with a framework for evaluating such policies because of its readiness to recognize that socially and politically significant factors such as sex and race are morally relevant in setting public policy. Of course, feminist ethics does not simply endorse all appeals to sex and race but only the policies in which attention to such factors will contribute to social justice. In this essay, I Identify some of the Important ethical questions that a feminist ethics perspective raises about research policies devised to promote the Inclusion of women in clinical studies.
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Gusler, Stephanie, i Lisa Kiang. "Childhood peer victimization experiences and adult psychological adjustment: Examining race/ethnicity and race-related attributions". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, nr 1 (13.09.2017): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517729765.
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Few studies have examined young adults’ perceptions of childhood peer victimization (CPV) experiences and whether people of different racial/ethnic backgrounds perceive CPV differently. The current study examined the prevalence of CPV reported by members of the dominant racial majority (e.g., White), and individuals with racial minority backgrounds, and assessed the link between CPV and young adults’ psychological adjustment. Additionally, by examining attributions of skin color/ethnicity for CPV, both generally speaking and in light of possible moderating effects, the current study provides information on possible racial/ethnic differences in the causal interpretations of CPV. Data from 258 undergraduates (188 = majority; 70 = ethnic minority) revealed that racial/ethnic minority participants reported greater frequencies of CPV than majority White participants, and CPV was significantly associated with poorer psychological adjustment in young adulthood for all participants. Although attributions of skin color/ethnicity did not exacerbate the relationship between CPV and poor adjustment, the results do show that racial/ethnic minority participants are more likely than White participants to attribute all types of CPV to their skin color/ethnicity.
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Romero, Ronald Gavidia, Sussan Kokinda, Steve Chung, Enrique Tobias Pader, Roma Balbin Uy, Anusha Devarajan, Joshua Kramer i Jennifer Gallup. "0671 Racial and Ethnic Characteristics in Adults Living with Narcolepsy". SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (20.04.2024): A287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0671.
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Abstract Introduction Demographics and polysomnographic characteristics (PC) stratified by race and ethnicity in narcolepsy type 1 and 2 (NC1-2) have been occasionally examined. Despite differences in definitions, most studies in NC1-2 have used race and ethnicity terms interchangeably. This study in adults living with narcolepsy (ALWNC) examined demographics and PC by race and ethnicity separately. Methods This cross-sectional study at a large academic center identified ALWNC through detailed chart review. Adults aged ≥18 years with NC1-2 diagnosis were included. We stratified participants based on self-reported race (Asian, Black, White, Others) and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and Others). Descriptive statistics were obtained per racial and ethnic groups. Linear regression models adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis, gender, NC1-2, and race or ethnicity (accordingly) were utilized to examine associations between race, ethnicity, and mean sleep latency (MSL) and number of sleep onset REM periods (SOREMPs). Results We identified 250 participants; 58% had NC2, 70.8 % were females, mean age and BMI at diagnosis were 29.1±12.9 years and 26.0±6.3 Kg/m2, respectively. Asian, Black, White, and Other races were 8, 28, 194, and 20 participants, respectively. Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and Other ethnicities were 14, 225, and 11 participants, respectively. Blacks had significantly shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs than Asians, Whites, and Other races (2.7±2.1 vs. 3.8±1.1, 4.8±2.4, 4.7±2.4 minutes, and 3.3±1.3 vs. 2.4±0.9, 2.5±1.3, 2.0±1.3 SOREMPs, respectively). Other ethnicities had shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs than Hispanics and non-Hispanics (3.3±2.9 vs. 4.6±2.4, 4.5±2.4 minutes, and 3.1±1.2 vs. 2.2±1.5, 2.5±1.3 SOREMPs, respectively); albeit, statistically insignificant. Adjusted analyses showed associations between Black race and MSL (β=-1.7, 95% CI [-2.9, -0.6] minutes), and between Black, Other races, and number of SOREMPs (β=0.7, 95% CI [0.1,1.3]; β=-0.9, 95% CI [-1.8, -0.1] SOREMPs, respectively). No associations were observed between ethnicity and MSL or number of SOREMPs. Conclusion This study highlighted racial differences in PC among ALWNC. Blacks had shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs, while Other races had lesser number of SOREMPs. In addition, this report suggested a trend toward ethnic differences in NC PC. Support (if any)
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van Lienden, Arne, Carmen Longas Luque i Jacco van Sterkenburg. "Sport media and the cultural circulation of race/ethnicity: Moving from content analyses to production studies". Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook 19, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nl_00020_1.
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The racial/ethnic diversity that can be seen in televised football, together with its wide audience, makes it an interesting place to study meanings given to race/ethnicity. Previous research on the content of these discourses has found that televised football in different countries reproduces a variety of racial/ethnic stereotypes. These discourses arguably help to perpetuate and ‘naturalize’ racial/ethnic inequities. In order to better illuminate how sport media serves as a site where discourses surrounding race/ethnicity are (re)constructed, a fruitful yet understated direction of future research would be to look at the production process of such discourses. Although the theoretical value of production studies has been noted in previous work, there is at this time a shortage of empirical production studies in sport media. The present article describes some of the main findings of previous research on the representation of race/ethnicity in televised football (a dominant subject of research in this area) and audience reception research. Furthermore, the article focuses on main findings from production studies in sport media, supplementing a focus on race/ethnicity with describing production studies on gender ‐ as most production studies have mainly focused on gender and provide relevant insights for the study of race/ethnicity. We conclude with some future research avenues highlighting the importance of exploring production processes in relation to meanings given to race/ethnicity in sport media.
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Quach, Lien. "Race, Ethnicity, and Social Engagement Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Health and Retirement Study". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.098.
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Abstract Social engagement is crucial for older adults. This study examines the relationship between race, ethnicity, and social engagement among community-dwelling older adults using data came from the Health and Retirement Study (2014) (n=6221). Race and ethnic status were categorized as: non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), non-Hispanic “Asians and other race” (NHA) and Hispanic (any race). Social engagement was based on self-report and included keeping in touch with friends, family and participating in social activities. Covariates included age, sex, education, number of comorbidities, physical function, and alcohol consumptions. The mean age was 74.6, 60% were female. Race and ethnicity distribution were 78.6% NHW, 11.9% NHB, 7.89% Hispanics, and 1.7% NHA. The social engagement (SE) score averaged 3.3. Hispanics, Asians and other races had a lower SE score compared with NHW (b=-0.29, p<.0001; b=-0.27, p=0.04). Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in SE can help target appropriate social intervention.
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Sacco, Ralph L. "Stroke Disparities: From Observations to Actions". Stroke 51, nr 11 (listopad 2020): 3392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.030428.
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Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated stroke disparities across race and ethnic groups. The goal of the NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) was to evaluate race and ethnic differences in stroke within a community with 3 different race-ethnic groups. Starting as a population-based incidence and case-control study, the study evolved into a cohort study. Results from NOMAS have demonstrated differences in stroke incidence, subtypes, risk factors, and outcomes. Disparities in ideal cardiovascular health can help explain many differences in stroke incidence and call for tailored risk factor modification through innovative portals to shift more diverse subjects to ideal cardiovascular health. The results of NOMAS and multiple other studies have provided foundational data to support interventions. Conceptual models to address health disparities have called for moving from detecting disparities in disease incidence, to determining the underlying causes of disparities and developing interventions, and then to testing interventions in human populations. Further actions to address race and ethnic stroke disparities are needed including innovative risk factor interventions, stroke awareness campaigns, quality improvement programs, workforce diversification, and accelerating policy changes.
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Bulmer, Martin, i John Solomos. "From the Editors: Covid-19 and race and Ethnic Studies". Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, nr 9 (22.05.2020): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1765300.
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Barot, Rohit. "Reflections on Michael Banton's contribution to race and ethnic studies". Ethnic and Racial Studies 29, nr 5 (wrzesień 2006): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870600813827.
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Carpio, Genevieve. "Toward a Digital Ethnic Studies: Race, Technology, and the Classroom". American Quarterly 70, nr 3 (2018): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0042.
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Kurashige. "Race, Revisionism, Ethnic Boundaries, and Japanese American Internment". Journal of American Ethnic History 40, nr 3 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.40.3.0005.
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Vasquez, Jessica M. "RACE COGNIZANCE AND COLORBLINDNESS". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11, nr 2 (2014): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x14000174.
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AbstractLatino racial/ethnic intermarriage has grown over time, increases with each generation in the United States, and occurs most frequently with non-Hispanic Whites. This article answers the question: How does intermarriage change racial/ethnic consciousness for both partners? Drawing on in-depth interviews with thirty intermarried Latinos and non-Hispanic Whites, I critique assimilation, Whiteness, and colorblindness theories, finding two predominant racial consciousness outcomes of intermarriage: race cognizance and racial colorblindness. First, intermarriage can enhance Whites’ understanding of race/ethnicity and racism, a phenomenon I call race cognizance. Second, intermarriage can produce colorblind discourse that focuses on similarity, yet in ways inconsistent with colorblind racism. Racial consciousness varies by ethnicity: most intermarried Whites reported race cognizance, an outcome unforeseen by traditional theories of integration, whereas Latinos more often espoused colorblindness. These understandings are used in different contexts: race cognizance is stimulated by the public domain, whereas colorblindness is evoked in private space. These findings demonstrate that racial consciousness is fluid, and influenced by intermarriage and ethnicity.
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Bania, Angelina, Antonis Adamou i Emmanouil Saloustros. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in European Breast Cancer Clinical Trials". Cancers 16, nr 9 (29.04.2024): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091726.
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Breast cancer is the most prevalent female cancer worldwide with known correlations between the race and tumor characteristics of the patients and prognosis. International and US-based studies, however, have reported a disproportionate representation of Black and Hispanic patients in clinical trials. This is the first study assessing race and ethnicity reporting trends and inclusion in European breast cancer trials. The PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for trials on breast cancer treatment conducted exclusively in Europe between 2010 and 2022. Of the 97 identified trials, race was reported in 10.31%. Multinational participation, but not the study size or trial phase, was significantly associated with higher race reporting trends. These 10 trials featured a White-predominant population, with 1.08% Asian and 0.88% Black patients included. The acquisition of the race and ethnicity data of patients in European trials is lower compared to the U.S. or worldwide studies and does not permit extensive analysis of minority participation. In a limited analysis, the low rates of minority participation are concerning, based on population-based data on minorities in select European countries. These observations should encourage race reporting practices in European breast cancer trials and adequate minority participation to support the generalizability of the results of the studies and promote healthcare equity.
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Pulido, Laura. "Geographies of race and ethnicity III". Progress in Human Geography 42, nr 2 (5.01.2017): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132516686011.
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In this third progress report I consider the politics of settler colonialism in relation to nonnative people of color. Settler colonialism has become an increasingly important concept over the past decade, and while geographers typically think about it from a white/native perspective, I explore how ethnic studies, specifically, Chicana/o studies, has responded to it. For different reasons both disciplines have hesitated to fully interrogate the significance of the concept. In the case of geography, the whiteness of the discipline has caused it to overlook vibrant debates within ethnic studies. Chicana/o studies has not directly engaged with settler colonialism because, I argue, it has the potential to disrupt core elements of Chicana/o political subjectivity. Specifically, it unsettles Chicanas/os’ conception of themselves as colonized people by highlighting their role as colonizers. Acknowledging such a role is difficult not only because it challenges key dimensions of Chicana/o identity, as seen in Aztlán, Chicanas/os’ mythical homeland, but also because of the precarious nature of Chicana/o indigeneity. Examining Chicana/o studies’ muted response to settler colonialism illustrates the impoverished nature of geography’s study of race.
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Martinson, Melissa L., Sara McLanahan i Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Race/Ethnic and Nativity Disparities in Child Overweight in the United States and England". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 643, nr 1 (12.07.2012): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212445750.
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Child overweight is a growing problem in wealthy countries. There is also evidence that child overweight varies by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. In this article, the authors use data from two recent birth cohort studies in the United States and England to address four questions: (1) Are race/ethnic and immigrant status associated with child overweight? (2) Is the association between socioeconomic status and child overweight similar across race/ethnic and nativity subgroups? (3) Does the age of immigrant mothers at migration moderate the association between immigrant status and child overweight? and (4) Does maternal obesity mediate the association between race/ethnicity and nativity and child overweight? Findings indicate that (1) race/ethnicity and immigrant status are risk factors for child overweight in both countries, (2) the influence of socioeconomic status differs by subgroup, (3) mother’s age at migration does not moderate the association, and (4) mother’s obesity mediates some of the race/ethnic disparities in child overweight.
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Viano, Samantha, i Dominique J. Baker. "How Administrative Data Collection and Analysis Can Better Reflect Racial and Ethnic Identities". Review of Research in Education 44, nr 1 (marzec 2020): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0091732x20903321.
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Measuring race and ethnicity for administrative data sets and then analyzing these data to understand racial/ethnic disparities present many logistical and theoretical challenges. In this chapter, we conduct a synthetic review of studies on how to effectively measure race/ethnicity for administrative data purposes and then utilize these measures in analyses. Recommendations based on this synthesis include combining the measure of Hispanic ethnicity with the broader racial/ethnic measure and allowing individuals to select more than one race/ethnicity. Data collection should rely on self-reports but could be supplemented using birth certificates or equivalent sources. Collecting data over time, especially for young people, will help identify multiracial and American Indian populations. For those with more complex racial/ethnic identities, including measures of country of origin, language, and recency of immigration can be helpful in addition to asking individuals which racial/ethnic identity they most identify with. Administrative data collection could also begin to incorporate phenotype measures to facilitate the calculation of disparities within race/ethnicity by skin tone. Those analyzing racial/ethnic disparities should understand how these measures are created and attempt to develop fieldwide terminology to describe racial/ethnic identities.
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Bancks, Michael P., Alain G. Bertoni, Mercedes Carnethon, Haiying Chen, Mary Frances Cotch, Unjali P. Gujral, David Herrington i in. "Association of Diabetes Subgroups With Race/Ethnicity, Risk Factor Burden and Complications: The MASALA and MESA Studies". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, nr 5 (27.01.2021): e2106-e2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa962.
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Abstract Introduction There are known disparities in diabetes complications by race and ethnicity. Although diabetes subgroups may contribute to differential risk, little is known about how subgroups vary by race/ethnicity. Methods Data were pooled from 1293 (46% female) participants of the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) who had diabetes (determined by diabetes medication use, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), including 217 South Asian, 240 non-Hispanic white, 125 Chinese, 387 African American, and 324 Hispanic patients. We applied k-means clustering using data for age at diabetes diagnosis, body mass index, HbA1c, and homeostatic model assessment measures of insulin resistance and beta cell function. We assessed whether diabetes subgroups were associated with race/ethnicity, concurrent cardiovascular disease risk factors, and incident diabetes complications. Results Five diabetes subgroups were characterized by older age at diabetes onset (43%), severe hyperglycemia (26%), severe obesity (20%), younger age at onset (1%), and requiring insulin medication use (9%). The most common subgroup assignment was older onset for all race/ethnicities with the exception of South Asians where the severe hyperglycemia subgroup was most likely. Risk for renal complications and subclinical coronary disease differed by diabetes subgroup and, separately, race/ethnicity. Conclusions Racial/ethnic differences were present across diabetes subgroups, and diabetes subgroups differed in risk for complications. Strategies to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in complications may need to consider approaches targeted to diabetes subgroup.
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Quach, Lien, Uyen-Sa Nguyen, Van Pham i Jeffrey Burr. "Race and Ethnic Group Differences in Social Engagement Among Older Adults". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1056.
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Abstract Social engagement is considered crucial for older adults’ well-being, generating social capital, connecting them to information about healthy lifestyles, and providing coping strategies for addressing daily challenges. Little is known about race and ethnic disparities regarding social engagement. This study examines the relationship between race, Hispanic ethnicity, and social engagement among community-dwelling adults age 65 or older. Data are taken from the Health and Retirement Study (2014) (n=6,221). Race and ethnic status are measured as: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic “Asians and other race,” and Hispanic (any race). Social engagement includes frequency of contact with friends and family and participation in social activities (e.g. volunteering and attending religious services). Covariates included age, sex, education, number of co-morbidities, and alcohol consumption. Linear regression analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. The mean age was 74.6, and sixty percent of the sample was female. Race and ethnic distribution were 78.6% non-Hispanic white, 11.9% non-Hispanic black, 7.89% Hispanics, and 1.7% non-Hispanic “Asians and other race.” The mean score for our social engagement index was 3.3 (range 0-6). Hispanic persons, Asian persons, and persons from other race groups had lower social engagement compared with non-Hispanic white persons [β:-0.29, p<.0001; β:-0.27, p=0.04 respectively), after adjusting for covariates. These race and ethnic group differences in social engagement likely contribute to well-document health disparities in later life. Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in social engagement and the factors that create these differences can help identify appropriate social intervention programs regarding improving the well-being of all older adults.
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Stewart, Andrea, Barbara Sternfeld, Brittney S. Lange-Maia, Kelly R. Ylitalo, Alicia Colvin, Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez, Sheila A. Dugan, Robin R. Green i Kelley Pettee Gabriel. "Reported and Device-Based Physical Activity By Race/Ethnic Groups in Young-Old Women". Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour 3, nr 2 (1.06.2020): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2019-0062.
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Purpose: To examine racial/ethnic differences in participant-reported and device-based estimates of sedentary and physical activity behaviors and correlations between measurement methods in midlife and young-old women. Methods: Data are from 1,257 Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation participants, aged 60–72 who agreed to participate in an accelerometer protocol and had valid wear time (46% White, 26% Black, 12% Chinese, 10% Japanese, 6% Hispanic). Measures from the Kaiser Physical Activity Scale (KPAS) and ActiGraph wGT3X-BT were summarized overall and by race/ethnic groups. Partial Spearman rank order correlation coefficients between the KPAS and accelerometer were computed overall and by race/ethnic groups. Fisher’s z transformation-derived confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate differences in observed correlations in the various race/ethnic groups, compared to White women. Results: Participants spent an average of 7.5 ± 2.1 h·d−1 in sedentary behaviors, 4.5 ± 1.1 h·d−1 and 2.3 ± 0.8 h·d−1 in low or high light intensity physical activity, respectively, and 56 ± 35 min·d−1 in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. Time spent in each category differed by race/ethnic group. Overall, correlation coefficients comparing the KPAS domain-specific and total physical activity scores with accelerometry were low to moderate (range: 0.062–0.462), and few statistically significant differences in correlations were noted for race/ethnic groups, compared to White women. Conclusions: Study findings complement prior studies describing sedentary and physical activity behaviors using multi-methods in a diverse population of older women, and provide additional evidence on the convergent validity of the KPAS by race/ethnic groups.
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Munoz, Javier, Alex Mutebi, Tongsheng Wang, Guihua Zhang, Junhua Yu, Jing He, Anindit Chibber i in. "Racial and ethnic representation in large B-cell lymphoma trials and real-world databases." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, nr 16_suppl (1.06.2023): e19530-e19530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e19530.
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e19530 Background: In large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) trials, racial and ethnic representation is difficult to determine due to underreporting in some regions, or because some patients may not provide data. It is difficult to understand the full extent of any underrepresentation of specific races or ethnicities in these trials relative to the prevalence of LBCL in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to characterize racial and ethnic representation in LBCL real-world databases and recently published LBCL studies. Methods: Analyses of the distribution of different racial and ethnic categories were conducted across 6 real-world clinical practice databases from the United States (US): SEER-Medicare, COTA, Medicare, Optum Market Clarity, Optum CDM, and ConcertAI RWD. In addition, a targeted review of recently published studies in patients with LBCL was conducted to identify reported race and ethnicity distributions. Distributions were described using counts and percentages for each race (Asian, Black, White, and other/unknown/not reported) and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and other/unknown/not reported) category. Results: Patients with LBCL from the databases included: COTA (N=5848), SEER-Medicare (N=102,548), Medicare (N=136,466), Optum Market Clarity (N=19,649), Optum CDM (N=22,175), and ConcertAI (N=1828). Race and ethnicity distributions are reported in the table. Across databases, Asian (2–6%) and Black (5–8%) races were substantially lower than White race (69–88%). Across various lines of therapy, distributions were similar: 3–5% Asian, 3–5% Black, and 78–82% White. Hispanic ethnicity (5–22%) was substantially lower than non-Hispanic ethnicity (70–91%). In the targeted review, 14 publications of LBCL therapies were identified; of these, 10 did not report racial/ethnic composition. In 4 publications (Salles et al, 2020; Sehn et al, 2020; Bannerji et al, 2022; and a real-world study by Shenoy et al, 2011), Asian, Black, White, and other/unknown/not reported represented 2–13%, 0–7%, 71–89%, and 1–11%, respectively. Conclusions: Information on racial and ethnic distributions in LBCL studies is underreported, particularly in global trials. If this information was reported and reflective of LBCL in clinical practice in the US, the numbers of Asian and Black patients would be low at ≤8%, and most patients would be expected to be White and non-Hispanic. [Table: see text]
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Peters, Jasmine N., Mariel S. Bello, Leigh J. Spera, Justin Gillenwater i Haig A. Yenikomshian. "594 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Burn Patient Outcomes: A Review of the Literature". Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (1.04.2021): S148—S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.244.
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Abstract Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes for surgical trauma populations has been an expanding field in recent years. Despite this, disparities in prevention, treatment, and recovery outcomes for burn patients of racial and ethnic minority backgrounds have not been well-studied. Our study aims to review the literature regarding risk factors and burn outcomes among racial and ethnic minority populations to develop culturally-tailored burn care for minority burn patients. Methods A systematic review of literature utilizing PubMed was conducted for articles published between 2000–2020. Searches were used to identify articles that crossed the burn term (burn patient OR burn recovery OR burn survivor OR burn care) and a race/ethnicity and insurance status-related term (race/ethnicity OR African-American OR Asian OR Hispanic OR Latino OR Native American OR Mixed race OR 2 or more races OR socioeconomic status OR insurance status). Inclusion criteria were English studies in the U.S. that discussed disparities in burn injury outcomes or burn injury risk factors associated with race/ethnicity. Results 1,031 papers were populated, and 38 articles were reviewed. 26 met inclusion criteria (17 for adult patients, 9 for pediatric patients). All but 4 of the included papers were written in the last 10 years. 17 of the 26 articles describe differences in outcomes or risk factors for Black Americans, 8 discuss Latinx, 5 discuss Native Americans, 3 discuss Asian Americans, and 1 referred to “Non-White” minorities, collectively. Majority of studies showed that racial and ethnic minorities (vs. Whites) exhibited poorer burn injury outcomes such as higher mortality rates, greater scar complications, and longer duration for length of stay. Conclusions Few studies exist on outcomes for minority burn populations. Interestingly, most have been published in the last 10 years, which may indicate a trend in increased awareness. There is also a discrepancy in which minorities are included in each study with the least amount of data collected on Asian, Latinx, and Native American communities. More research with a larger base of minority populations will help further investigate this problem and develop better culturally-appropriate burn treatment.
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Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. "Gender, Race, and Class". Social Science History 22, nr 1 (1998): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021684.
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For social historians and historical sociologists working in the interdisciplinary fields of ethnic studies and women's studies, the challenges posed by poststructuralism are neither purely intellectual matters nor disciplinary quibbles. Rather, a concern with “rescuing political economy” from being washed away by the tide of poststructuralism is impelled by larger political commitments that transcend the academy.Unlike mainstream disciplines, these fields historically have been connected to social movements dedicated to empowering people marginalized by reason of race, class, and/or gender. Poststructuralism has become a thorny issue in these fields: Many social science- and political economy-oriented scholars have come to feel, whether justifiably or not, that these fields are being “taken over” by literary, film, and cultural studies scholars.
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Yi, Eun-Hye, Michin Hong i Cherish Bolton. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF OLDER ADULTS: SUBJECTIVE REASONS AND CONTRIBUTORS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1835.
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Abstract Racism is prevalent in the United States; however, literature exploring racial discrimination experienced by older adults is still limited. The current study examined subjective reasons for discrimination and compared race/ethnic groups. Then, we examined the contributors to racial discrimination in healthcare settings. An older adult sample aged 55 or higher was drawn from California Health and Interview Survey 2017 for analysis (N=12,261). African Americans were the highest (13.06%) among five racial-ethnic groups who reported racial discrimination experienced in a lifetime in getting medical care, while Whites were the lowest (1.57%). Perceived reasons for discrimination were significantly different by racial/ethnic group. Only 3.5% of Whites perceived they were discriminated against due to their race, whereas racial/ethnic minorities perceived the main reason for discrimination was their race/skin color (African American: 55.43%, Others: 24.06%, Asian Americans: 20.26%, Hispanics: 18.22%). The weighted logistic regression analyses revealed that being a racial/ethnic minority, economic status, mental health status, citizenship, the length of living in the United States, and age were significantly associated with the experience of racial discrimination of older people. Analyses by race/ethnic groups found different contributors. For example, poverty was the most prominent factor in racial discrimination for Whites, while education was for African Americans. This study identified an apparent gap in lifetime discrimination toward racial/ethnic minority older people. Also, we found racial discrimination experience combined with systematic barriers. The findings of this study support the need for interventions for race/ethnicity-based trauma of older people and anti-racism framework education for healthcare professionals and researchers.
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Vina, Ernest R., Philip H. Tsoukas, Shahrzad Abdollahi, Nidhi Mody, Stephanie C. Roth, Albert H. Redford i C. Kent Kwoh. "Racial and ethnic differences in the pharmacologic management of osteoarthritis: rapid systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 14 (styczeń 2022): 1759720X2211050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x221105011.
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Background: Racial and ethnic disparities in osteoarthritis (OA) patients’ disease experience may be related to marked differences in the utilization and prescription of pharmacologic treatments. Objectives: The main objective of this rapid systematic review was to evaluate studies that examined race/ethnic differences in the use of pharmacologic treatments for OA. Data sources and methods: A literature search (PubMed and Embase) was ran on 25 February 2022. Studies that evaluated race/ethnic differences in the use of OA pharmacologic treatments were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and abstracted data from full-text articles. Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results: The search yielded 3880 titles, and 17 studies were included in this review. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to use prescription non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for OA. However, compared to non-Hispanic Whites with OA, African Americans and Hispanics with OA were less likely to receive a prescription for cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs and less likely to report the use of joint health supplements (i.e. glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate). There were minimal/no significant race/ethnic differences in the patient-reported use of the following OA therapies: acetaminophen, opioids, and other complementary/alternative medicines (vitamins, minerals, and herbs). There were also no significant race differences in the receipt of intra-articular therapies (i.e. glucocorticoid or hyaluronic acid). However, there is limited evidence to suggest that African Americans may be less likely than Whites to receive opioids and intra-articular therapies in some OA patient populations. Conclusion: This systematic review provides an overview of the current pharmacologic options for OA, with a focus on race and ethnic differences in the use of such medical therapies.
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Cudd, Ann E. "Multiculturalism as a Cognitive Virtue of Scientific Practice". Hypatia 13, nr 3 (1998): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01369.x.
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I argue that science will be better, by its own criteria, if it pursues multiculturalism, by which I mean an ethnic- and gender-diverse set of scientists. I argue that minority and women scientists will be more likely to recognize false, prejudiced assumptions about race and gender that infect theories. And the kinds of changes that society will undergo in pursuing multiculturalism will help reveal these faulty assumptions to scientists of all races and genders.
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Goldmann, Emily, Eric T. Roberts, Nina S. Parikh, Aaron S. Lord i Bernadette Boden-Albala. "Race/ethnic Differences in Post-Stroke Depression (PSD): Findings from the Stroke Warning Information and Faster Treatment (SWIFT) Study". Ethnicity & Disease 26, nr 1 (21.01.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.1.1.
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<p><strong>Objectives</strong>: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is common and associated with poor stroke outcomes, but few studies have examined race/ethnic disparities in PSD. Given the paucity of work and inconsistent findings in this important area of research, this study aims to examine race/ethnic differences in depression in a multi-ethnic cohort of stroke patients.</p><p><strong>Design</strong>: Longitudinal.</p><p><strong>Setting</strong>: Prospective trial of a post-stroke educational intervention.</p><p><strong>Patients or Participants</strong>: 1,193 mild/moderate ischemic stroke/TIA patients.</p><p><strong>Main Outcome Measures</strong>: We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale to assess subthreshold (CES-D score 8-15) and full (CES-D score ≥ 16) depression at one month (“early”) and 12 months (“late”) following stroke. Multinomial logistic regression analysis examined the association between race/ethnicity and early and late PSD separately.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence of subthreshold and full PSD was 22.5% and 32.6% in the early period and 22.0% and 27.4% in the late period, respectively. Hispanics had 40% the odds of early full PSD compared with non-Hispanic Whites after adjusting for other covariates (OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.76). Race/ethnicity was not significantly associated with late PSD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Hispanic stroke patients had half the odds of PSD in early period compared with whites, but no difference was found in the later period. Further studies comparing trajectories of PSD between race/ethnic groups may further our understanding of race/ethnic disparities in PSD and help identify effective interventions. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2016;26(1):1-8; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.1</p>
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Manley, Theodoric. "Teaching race and ethnic relations:Do the right thing". Ethnic and Racial Studies 17, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1994.9993816.
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White, Clovis L. "RACIAL REALITIES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 7, nr 2 (2010): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x10000408.
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Doing Race: 21 Essays for the 21st Century and Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities are two important additions to the study of race in the United States. First, both provide insight into the continuous significance of race in a time when racial tensions are on the rise despite the ubiquitous suggestion that we are in a post-racial society. Secondly, both works serve as important indicators of the multiplicative nature of race, each covering many of the bases so critical to race study. As many academicians and students of race and ethnicity recognize, race is a phenomenon that must be approached from multiple angles (e.g., anthropologically, sociologically, historically, and so on) if we are to fully understand how race operates. Thirdly, these two works offer an array of possible solutions or models for addressing some of the problems that beset racial and ethnic conflicts. Finally, while each of the books tackles the issue of race, they complement each other as Doing Race provides a more general, comprehensive understanding of racial and ethnic issues across the United States while Black Los Angeles represents a specific case study of race relations in one urban setting. All in all, these works make important contributions to the literature about the significance of race in America.
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Fujimura, Joan H., i Ramya M. Rajagopalan. "Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, and Genomics in Hawai‘i". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, nr 5 (listopad 2020): 596–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.5.596.
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This paper examines how populations in a multiethnic cohort project used to study environmental causes of cancer in Hawai‘i have been reorganized in ways that have contributed to the racialization of the human genome. We examine the development of two central genomic data infrastructures, the multiethnic cohort (MEC) and a collection of reference DNA called the HapMap. The MEC study populations were initially designed to examine differences in nutrition as risk factors for disease, and then were repurposed to search for potential genomic risk factors for disease. The biomaterials collected from these populations became institutionalized in a data repository that later became a major source of “diverse” DNA for other studies of genomic risk factors for disease. We examine what happened when the MEC biorepository and dataset, organized by ethnic labels, came to be used, in conjunction with the data from the HapMap reference populations, to construct human population genetic categories. Developing theory on genomic racialization, we examine (1) how and why Hawai‘i became sited as a “virtual natural laboratory” for collecting and examining biomaterials from different ethnic groups, and the consequences of the transformation of those local Hawaiian ethnic groups into five racial and ethnic OMB categories meant to represent global continental groups for genomic studies. We then discuss (2) how this transformation, via the geneticists’ effort to standardize the study of genomic risk for disease around the globe, led to the construction of humans as statistical genetic resources and entities for genomic biomedicine and the human population genetics discipline. Through this transformation of populations and biorepositories, we argue (3) that the twenty-first century has seen the intertwining of “race,” “population,” and “genome” via large-scale genomic association studies. We show how “race” has become imbricated in human population genetics and genomic biomedicine. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Pacific Biologies: How Humans Become Genetic, edited by Warwick Anderson and M. Susan Lindee.
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Phillips, Gail. "Reporting Diversity: The Representation of Ethnic Minorities in Australia's Television Current Affairs Programs". Media International Australia 139, nr 1 (maj 2011): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1113900105.
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A recent study of ethnic diversity in Australia's television news showed that diversity of race, culture and religion is largely absent from the news services, unless people from ethnic minorities are posing a social problem of some kind. A parallel study of Australia's nightly current affairs programs has yielded similar results: like news, they represent Australia as an ‘Anglo’ nation. When ethnic minorities are featured, they tend to occupy peripheral roles, and where they are allowed a central role, it is usually to be shown as threatening and menacing to the Anglo mainstream. The industry codes of practice explicitly state the standards that should apply in reporting on race, culture and religion, yet only the public broadcaster, the ABC, follows the guidelines in the representation of diversity. The reporting practices on the commercial stations deliberately or unwittingly encourage a sense of racial hierarchy in which the Anglo dominates.
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Rosso, Andrea, i Jennifer Manly. "Mechanisms of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Aging". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1.12.2020): 780–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2824.
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Abstract Racial and ethnic disparities in age-related cognitive function and dementia risk in the US are well recognized. However, the psychosocial drivers of these disparities and underlying mechanisms are less well studied. This symposium will highlight novel research regarding our current understanding of racial/ethnic differences in brain and cognitive aging and the underlying mechanisms of the disparities. Frist, two papers will describe results regarding racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function and brain aging markers. Few studies have assessed racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function across age groups. Indira Turney will utilize data from a multigenerational study to explore how age impacts racial/ethnic differences in cognitive function. Underlying brain mechanisms of racial/ethnic differences in cognitive outcomes are also not well defined. Sara Godina will present a systematic review of racial/ethnic differences in structural markers of brain aging and neuropathology. Second, three papers will explore how various risk factors may explain the racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive outcomes. Melissa Lamar will demonstrate the differential associations of various blood pressure indicators with cognitive change among black older adults. B. Gwen Windham will present data from two studies that illustrate differential effects of common risk factors by race and region, highlighting inherent difficulties in race-place disparity research. Finally, Laura Zahodne will present results on how psychosocial factors, beyond socioeconomic status, contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive function. Jen Manly will lead a discussion on the implications of these results for the future of dementia prevention efforts for an increasingly diverse older US population.
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Quinney, Dominick N. "“Why Are All the White Students Sitting in the Back of Class?” A Critical Race Theory Approach to Race Dialogue in Ethnic Studies†". Ethnic Studies Review 42, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.421006.
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Ethnic Studies classrooms in many respects are spaces wherein healing, solidarity, and social change occur, particularly surrounding discussions about race. The discussion around race is a language in itself—complete with levels of engagement. Students from privileged groups may not have many opportunities to explore the language of race and marginalization, thus being an “outsider” to the language of these experiences. This often times leads to miscommunication and missing meaningful engagement toward collective social action and change in classroom spaces. As a result, students have powerful emotional responses to these topics, and if students’ affective and intellectual responses are not acknowledged and respected, teachers can be met with what is perceived as impermeable resistance. Drawing from the framework of Critical Race Theory, this qualitative work presents tenets of race as a language that allows for understanding identity formation and entry point into conversations of race and ethnicity. Furthermore, consistent dialogue as a way of gaining proficiency and a space for marginalized identities to share their lived experiences as a way to build upon their proficiency. This research assists in expanding the work in the pedagogy of Ethnic Studies as a space to radically connect, heal, and implement social change.
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van Sterkenburg, Jacco, Rens Peeters i Noortje van Amsterdam. "Everyday racism and constructions of racial/ethnic difference in and through football talk". European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, nr 2 (12.02.2019): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549418823057.
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Earlier research has shown how football media use specific racial/ethnic stereotypes, thereby reinforcing certain hierarchies along the lines of race and ethnicity. We use a cultural studies perspective to explore the discourses surrounding race and ethnicity in football among Dutch multiethnic football media audiences when they talk about football. We have interviewed 30 participants in five focus groups to collect our data. Our analysis shows that everyday football talk mainly reproduces racial/ethnic stereotypes and everyday racisms, and that race and ethnicity intersect with other markers of difference like nation, culture and religion in the discourses people draw on. Which specific difference is prioritized depends on context and interview questions. Furthermore, our analysis shows that ethnic diversity is celebrated and supported but that this support is conditional and combined with reinforcing biologically and culturally informed racisms. Findings are discussed in a wider academic and societal context.
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Aggarwal, Ishita, Carolina Puyana, Neha Chandan i Roger Haber. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Androgenetic Alopecia Clinical Trials in the United States". Journal of Dermatology and Skin Science 4, nr 4 (19.12.2022): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2767-5092/2022/4.1164.
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Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss worldwide and is estimated to affect about 80 million people in the United States. Recent trends suggest that incidence and severity of the disease are increasing across all genders and races. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving diverse patient populations are necessary to individualize treatment. Objective: Evaluate enrollment and subgroup analysis of people falling in racial/ethnic minority groups in phase II and III RCTs for AGA published in the United States within the past 10 years. Methods: We examined completed published phase II and III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials investigating AGA. Race/ethnicity data was extracted for each RCT using US Census Bureau guidelines. Results: 20 total RCTs with a total of 1855 participants were included in the analysis. 8 (40%) of RCTs included race/ethnicity data. Among these, 3 (15%) studies included only race and 5 (25%) included both. The majority of study patients were white (n= 862/1063, 81.1%) followed by African American (n=127/1063, 11.9%) and Asian (n=33/1063, 3.1%). Six (0.56%) patients identified as American Indian/Alaska Natives, 5 (0.47%) as Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 16 (1.5%) as another race or race was unknown. Ethnicity was reported in 5 (25%) of trials, totaling 317 participants; 60 (18.9%) patients identified as Hispanic. Conclusions: Non-Caucasian patients remain underrepresented in RCTs despite AGA being a highly prevalent condition, reducing the generalizability of trial outcomes to the general population. Future RCTs should update definitions of race/ethnicity and include more diversity among AGA patients.
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Huang, Lindsey. "Racialized Experiences with Host Nationals: The Experiences of U.S. Religious Cross-cultural Workers of Color". Mission Studies 40, nr 3 (7.12.2023): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341930.
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Abstract Religious cross-cultural workers of color (RCCWC s) from the United States serve in international contexts with their own racialized dynamics. In order to explore how race shapes RCCWC s’ experiences with host nationals, sixteen qualitative interviews with RCCWC s were conducted. Three major findings emerged from the data: (1) sharing a similar racial or ethnic identity with host nationals results in perceived advantages and disadvantages, (2) racialized encounters prompted reflection on racial and ethnic identity, and (3) strategies developed to deal with racialized fatigue contributed to resilience. The findings of this study contribute to the academic literature on race in intercultural contexts and have practical implications for U.S. sending organizations and RCCWC s.
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Albański, Łukasz. "Bielszy odcień inteligencji: o różnicach rasowych i etnicznych w kontekście badań nad inteligencją". Studia Edukacyjne, nr 53 (15.06.2019): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2019.53.7.
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This article addresses the issue of racial and ethnic differences in intelligence studies. Some researchers have claimed to use national IQs in studies of evolutionary theories of racial differences in intelligence. However, due to the Flynn Effect and some methodological questions, national IQs cannot be viewed solely in evolutionary and socio-economic development terms and can be considered in light of intercultural differences as well. Moreover, the meaning of race in intelligence studies is vaguely defined. It leads to considerable controversies surrounding the public understanding of race (for instance, stereotyping threat). It also creates suspicions as to the use of group differences in IQ tests to explain racial and ethnic differences in achievements.
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Cho, Seungjong. "Race/Ethnicity Moderation on the Relationship Between Neighborhood Minority Composition and Depressive Symptoms". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2362.
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Abstract Research showed neighborhood of residence is an important determinant of depressive symptoms. However, the complex effects of neighborhood racial/ethnic composition and individuals’ race/ethnicity on depressive symptoms were not fully explored in previous studies. This study tested whether individuals’ own race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between neighborhood racial/ethnic composition and depressive symptoms. Applying social disorganization theory, this study investigates the relationships between neighborhood racial/ethnic composition (proportion of racial and ethnic minorities), individual race/ethnicity, and depressive symptoms. This study used a merged data from Health and Retirement Study 2016 and the American Community Survey 2014-2018 (N=5,241; all age 50 or older). This study applied a mixed-effects negative binomial regression model. It has four statistical models by race/ethnicity: (a) non-Hispanic Blacks only, (b) Hispanics only, (c) non-Hispanic Whites only, and (d) combined model. Covariates were included two individual-level variables (age and gender) and three census tract-level variables (the proportions of (a) population of income below the poverty level; (b) population of unemployed; (c) population of aged 65 and over). The results showed none of the neighborhood racial/ethnic minority composition was associated with depressive symptoms for the final combined model. The moderation effects of individuals’ race/ethnicity were not significant. Not as a moderator but as the main effect, both non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics had higher depressive symptoms, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Living in neighborhoods with higher poverty rates and females were also related to higher depressive symptoms. This study contributes to explore the subtle nature of depressive symptomatology and race both at individual-level and neighborhood-level.
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Cené, Crystal W., Meera Viswanathan, Caroline M. Fichtenberg, Nila A. Sathe, Sara M. Kennedy, Laura M. Gottlieb, Yuri Cartier i Monica E. Peek. "Racial Health Equity and Social Needs Interventions". JAMA Network Open 6, nr 1 (19.01.2023): e2250654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50654.
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ImportanceSocial needs interventions aim to improve health outcomes and mitigate inequities by addressing health-related social needs, such as lack of transportation or food insecurity. However, it is not clear whether these studies are reducing racial or ethnic inequities.ObjectiveTo understand how studies of interventions addressing social needs among multiracial or multiethnic populations conceptualize and analyze differential intervention outcomes by race or ethnicity.Evidence ReviewSources included a scoping review of systematic searches of PubMed and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 1995, through November 29, 2021, expert suggestions, and hand searches of key citations. Eligible studies evaluated interventions addressing social needs; reported behavioral, health, or utilization outcomes or harms; and were conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations. Two reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts, and full text for inclusion. The team developed a framework to assess whether the study was “conceptually thoughtful” for understanding root causes of racial health inequities (ie, noted that race or ethnicity are markers of exposure to racism) and whether analyses were “analytically informative” for advancing racial health equity research (ie, examined differential intervention impacts by race or ethnicity).FindingsOf 152 studies conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations, 44 studies included race or ethnicity in their analyses; of these, only 4 (9%) were conceptually thoughtful. Twenty-one studies (14%) were analytically informative. Seven of 21 analytically informative studies reported differences in outcomes by race or ethnicity, whereas 14 found no differences. Among the 7 that found differential outcomes, 4 found the interventions were associated with improved outcomes for minoritized racial or ethnic populations or reduced inequities between minoritized and White populations. No studies were powered to detect differences.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this review of a scoping review, studies of social needs interventions in multiracial or multiethnic populations were rarely conceptually thoughtful for understanding root causes of racial health inequities and infrequently conducted informative analyses on intervention effectiveness by race or ethnicity. Future work should use a theoretically sound conceptualization of how race (as a proxy for racism) affects social drivers of health and use this understanding to ensure social needs interventions benefit minoritized racial and ethnic groups facing social and structural barriers to health.
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Taani, Murad, Yura Lee, Julie Ellis, Chi Cho i Ammar Hammouri. "SOCIAL ISOLATION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: FOCUSING ON RACE/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES FROM THE NHATS STUDY". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1.12.2023): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2733.
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Abstract Social isolation has negative associations with various health outcomes including cognitive function. However, limited research exists delineating the effect of social isolation on cognition using population-based longitudinal data. Moreover, little is known whether there are any race/ethnic differences in this social isolation-cognition relationship. We examined the effects of social isolation on cognitive function and explored the moderating role of race/ethnicity using longitudinal data of 4381 older adults from two waves of NHATS (2015 and 2018). Social isolation was measured by addressing four domains of network and integration: (a) marriage or partnership, (b) family and friends, (c) church participation, and (d) club participation (score range: 0 - 6). A higher score indicates more social isolation. Cognitive function was measured using the composite score of three domains: memory, orientation, and executive function (range: 0 - 33), with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant relationship between social isolation and cognitive function. Specifically, the greater the social isolation, the lower the cognitive function. We found significant differences in cognitive function scores across race/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic White showed higher cognitive function than non-Hispanic black, Hispanics, and other races. Non-Hispanic black and other races also showed significantly higher scores than Hispanics. The findings also showed that the cognitive function score significantly decreased over a 4- year period. There was no moderating effect of race/ethnicity found between social isolation and cognitive function. Interventions are needed to reduce social isolation by facilitating social participation in community activities, thereby protecting against cognitive decline.