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Wolfson, Tomer, Mor Geva, Ankit Gupta, Matt Gardner, Yoav Goldberg, Daniel Deutch i Jonathan Berant. "Break It Down: A Question Understanding Benchmark". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (lipiec 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00309.
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Understanding natural language questions entails the ability to break down a question into the requisite steps for computing its answer. In this work, we introduce a Question Decomposition Meaning Representation (QDMR) for questions. QDMR constitutes the ordered list of steps, expressed through natural language, that are necessary for answering a question. We develop a crowdsourcing pipeline, showing that quality QDMRs can be annotated at scale, and release the Break dataset, containing over 83K pairs of questions and their QDMRs. We demonstrate the utility of QDMR by showing that (a) it can be used to improve open-domain question answering on the HotpotQA dataset, (b) it can be deterministically converted to a pseudo-SQL formal language, which can alleviate annotation in semantic parsing applications. Last, we use Break to train a sequence-to-sequence model with copying that parses questions into QDMR structures, and show that it substantially outperforms several natural baselines.
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Cotterell, Ryan, i Hinrich Schütze. "Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (grudzień 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00003.
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Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+ able+ ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word’s meaning. Since morphology obeys the principle of compositionality, the semantics of the word can be systematically derived from the meaning of its parts. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model of word formation that captures both the analysis of a word w into its constituent segments and the synthesis of the meaning of w from the meanings of those segments. Our model jointly learns to segment words into morphemes and compose distributional semantic vectors of those morphemes. We experiment with the model on English CELEX data and German DErivBase (Zeller et al., 2013) data. We show that jointly modeling semantics increases both segmentation accuracy and morpheme F1 by between 3% and 5%. Additionally, we investigate different models of vector composition, showing that recurrent neural networks yield an improvement over simple additive models. Finally, we study the degree to which the representations correspond to a linguist’s notion of morphological productivity.
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Акімова, Наталія. "ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ РОЗУМІННЯ ТЕКСТУ". Psychology of Personality 9, nr 1 (20.02.2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/ps.9.1.76-82.
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Стаття присвячено обґрунтуванню психологічного механізму розуміння тексту на основі узагальнення ґрунтовних сучасних розробок з указаної тематики. Зазначено, що питання про механізм розуміння тексту ще не отримало вичерпної відповіді. Найчастіше для пояснення психологічного механізму розуміння тексту використовують теорію гіпотез, теорію спільності значення, гіпотезу біологічної і функціональної схожості приписування значень, модель контекстуального семантичного обмеження слів, гіпотезу релевантності контексту, теорію дзеркальних нейронів та концепцію свідомого смислотворення. Проте використання методів узагальнення, аналізу та синтезу наукової літератури, елементів описового, корелятивного та концептуального аналізів дозволило висунути припущення, що психологічним механізмом розуміння тексту є взаємодія сенсу та значення.
Науковий аналіз зазначених понять привів до виокремлення їх диференційних ознак та дав підстави узгодити репрезентовані міркування у наступну гіпотезу: в результаті розуміння у свідомості суб’єкта виникають певні організовані уявлення щодо тексту – смисли, які згодом об’єктивуються у вторинний текст. Відтак психологічним механізмом розуміння є процес розкладання значень тексту на їх семантичні компоненти та утворення на цій основі власних вторинних смислів. Критерієм відбору прийнятних смислів може виступати контекст, що підтримує одні смисли та відкидає інші на основі спільності попереднього смислового змісту (Р. Краус, Н. В. Ігнатенко, В. В. Жовтянська, Г. В. Лосик), або ширше – спільний досвід, що формує такий спільний контекст (О. О. Залевська, М. Якобоні). Смисл виникає при зіткненні пропонованого текстом значення з наявними у свідомості реципієнта смислами за потреби їх узгодження; значення – загальне, об’єктивне, закріплене за словом, смисл – індивідуальний, суб’єктивний, не закріплений, а лише асоційований, тому він, як правило, ширший за значення.
The article is devoted to the substantiation of the psychological mechanism of text understanding on the basis of a generalization of the scrupulous modern scientific works. It is noted that the question of the text understanding mechanism has not yet received an exhaustive answer. Often, hypothesis theory, the theory of community significance, the hypothesis of biological and functional similarity of attribution of meanings, the model of contextual semantic restriction of words, the hypothesis of the relevance of the context, the theory of mirror neurons, and the concept of conscious thought-making are used to explain the psychological mechanism of text understanding. Meanwhile, results of analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, elements of descriptive, correlative and conceptual analysis let propose that the psychological mechanism of text understanding is the interaction of meaning and sense. The scientific analysis of these concepts led to the distinction of their differential features and gave reason to reconcile the representational arguments in the following hypothesis: sense is certain organized ideas about the text, it appears in the mind as a result of text understanding and represents into the secondary text. The psychological mechanism of understanding, respectively, is the process of decomposition of the text meanings into their semantic components and the formation of secondary sense on this basis. A criterion for selecting acceptable sense can be the context that supports some sense and rejects others based on the generality of the prior semantic content (R. Kraus, N. V. Ihnatenko, V. V. Zhovtyans’ka, H. V. Losyk), or more widely – a common experience, which forms such a common context (O. O.Zalevs’ka, M. Yakaboni). The contact the text proposed meaning with sense that existing in the recipient minds for their agreement led to appear the new secondary sense of the of the meanings; meaning is general, objective, fixed by word, sense is individual, subjective, not fixed, but only associate, therefore, it is usually wider than meaning.
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Oh, Dongsuk, Jungwoo Lim, Kinam Park i Heuiseok Lim. "Semantic Representation Using Sub-Symbolic Knowledge in Commonsense Reasoning". Applied Sciences 12, nr 18 (14.09.2022): 9202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189202.
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The commonsense question and answering (CSQA) system predicts the right answer based on a comprehensive understanding of the question. Previous research has developed models that use QA pairs, the corresponding evidence, or the knowledge graph as an input. Each method executes QA tasks with representations of pre-trained language models. However, the ability of the pre-trained language model to comprehend completely remains debatable. In this study, adversarial attack experiments were conducted on question-understanding. We examined the restrictions on the question-reasoning process of the pre-trained language model, and then demonstrated the need for models to use the logical structure of abstract meaning representations (AMRs). Additionally, the experimental results demonstrated that the method performed best when the AMR graph was extended with ConceptNet. With this extension, our proposed method outperformed the baseline in diverse commonsense-reasoning QA tasks.
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La Barre, Kathryn. "Returning the (faceted) gaze: Reflections on representation, meaning and form". NASKO 3, nr 1 (2.11.2011): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v3i1.12797.
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This brief position paper is the central narrative in a theoretic-historical triptych. The first two documents: A (Faceted) Semantic Web? (La Barre, 2011) and Traditions of Facet Theory or a Garden of Forking Paths? (La Barre, forthcoming) amplify a question Brian Vickery posed to the author in 2005. The current proposal, deeply entwined in the same narrative, seeks to continue the agenda of articulation for a primarily North American audience. Instead of description and comparison, a starkly different analytical framework – Walter Benjamin’s notion of ‘aura’ – is deployed to interrogate facet theory along the core dimensions of tradition, uniqueness, and authenticity. The final aspect of this proposal will be an investigation of the aesthetic of redemption that may well serve as the bedrock for operational definitions and functional requirements for facet theory.
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Krugly, A. L. "THE RELATIONAL APPROACH TO THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MEANING OF INFORMATION". Metaphysics, nr 3 (15.12.2021): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2021-3-70-91.
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A mathematical model of the meaning of the signal is proposed. The meaning is not the signal itself, but its effect on the recipient. Under the action of the signal, the state of the receiver changes, which is the meaning of the signal. The most general mathematical model is the description of the recipient’s state with the help of some mathematical object, and the meaning is modeled by the action of some operator on this object. Various concrete formalisms are considered: abstract automata, matrix representation, algorithms, Markov chains, parameter spaces. The article deals with finite, countable and continuous meanings, reversible and irreversible meanings, ambiguous meanings, decomposition into elementary meanings.
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Ristic, Stefan. "Why is substitutional theory of representation inconsistent when combined with traditional aesthetics? Review of A.C. Danto’s philosophy of art". Filozofija i drustvo, nr 29 (2006): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0629163r.
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This article intends to critically envisage limits and values of philosophy of art of Arthur Danto and to point out the main problems of the theory of supstitutional representation, when placed within wider theoretical frame of traditional aesthetics, such as the notion of meaning in the philosophy of art of Arthur Danto. The article focuses on the notions of exteral and interal representation and denotation of non-existent and existent entities substituted by representation. This article intends to question the validity of Danto?s position.
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Yang, Lei, Haonan Guo, Yu Dai i Wanheng Chen. "A Method for Complex Question-Answering over Knowledge Graph". Applied Sciences 13, nr 8 (18.04.2023): 5055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13085055.
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Knowledge Graph Question-Answering (KGQA) has gained popularity as an effective approach for information retrieval systems. However, answering complex questions involving multiple topic entities and multi-hop relations presents a significant challenge for model training. Moreover, existing KGQA models face difficulties in extracting constraint information from complex questions, leading to reduced accuracy. To overcome these challenges, we propose a three-part pipelined framework comprising question decomposition, constraint extraction, and question reasoning. Our approach employs a novel question decomposition model that uses dual encoders and attention mechanisms to enhance question representation. We define temporal, spatial, and numerical constraint types and propose a constraint extraction model to mitigate the impact of constraint interference on downstream question reasoning. The question reasoning model uses beam search to reduce computational effort and enhance exploration, facilitating the identification of the optimal path. Experimental results on the ComplexWebQuestions dataset demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed model, achieving an F1 score of 72.0% and highlighting the effectiveness of our approach in decomposing complex questions into simple subsets and improving the accuracy of question reasoning.
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Sauerland, Uli, i Kazuko Yatsushiro. "Remind-Me Presuppositions and Speech-Act Decomposition: Evidence from Particles in Questions". Linguistic Inquiry 48, nr 4 (październik 2017): 651–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00257.
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In this article, we investigate questions like What is your name again?, which presuppose that the answer was already made common-ground knowledge in the past ( Sauerland 2006 ). We call this a remind-me presupposition. While repetitive particles can trigger a remind-me presupposition in German and English, Japanese uses a specialized particle kke to bring about such a presupposition. We argue for an account of remind-me presuppositions based on syntactic decomposition of the question speech-act into an imperative part and a make-it-known part. On this account, the repetitive particles take scope between the two parts of the decomposed question speech-act. The proposal correctly predicts how both particles interact syntactically with the periphery of the clause in slightly different ways. The interaction with polar questions corroborates our proposal that the decomposed question speech-act parts are syntactically projected parts of the question structure. Our data therefore corroborate a syntactic representation of aspects of speech-acts.
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Korochentseva, Anna, Elena Suroedova, Nelli Khachaturyan i Oksana Nikolenko. "Pupil’s representation about the socio-psychological qualities of teachers in the process of effective meaning transmission". SHS Web of Conferences 70 (2019): 08020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197008020.
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In the article, the authors raise the question of the relationship between the pupils’ perception of the teacher and effective meaning transmission. The study identified socio-psychological qualities and non-verbal patterns of teacher behavior that influence the effectiveness of meaning from the point of view of students. Students prefer to come into contact, with a teacher who has characteristics such as sincerity, leadership, compassion, restraint, responsibility, kindness, cordiality and others. It is established that among the nonverbal patterns of behavior that contribute to the effectiveness of meaning, pupils are considered “gestures appropriate to the situation communication”, “communication distance, which is regulated in accordance with the situation” and “the manifestation of the ability to listen and speak”.
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Lasnik, Howard. "Levels of Representation and Semantic Interpretation". Cadernos de Linguística 2, nr 1 (24.02.2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id308.
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The nature of the relationship between sentence form and meaning has been an important concern in generative grammar from the inception of the program. Chomsky (1955) raised the question of whether transformations preserve meaning. The suggested answer was negative at that time, and the locus of interpretation was the T-marker, the entire derivational history. In the standard theory of Chomsky (1965), it was proposed, based on work of Katz, Fodor, and Postal, that Deep Structure, a level newly proposed in that work, is the locus of semantic interpretation, though it was acknowledged that quantifiers raise certain difficulties. Those difficulties, along with similar ones involving anaphoric relations, led to the Extended Standard Theory, where Deep and Surface Structure jointly input interpretation, and soon, with the advent of traces, Surface Structure alone. In subsequent models within the GB framework, the derived syntactic level of LF becomes the sole locus of interpretation. Finally, in more recent Minimalist Chomskyan work, there is argued to be no one level of LF; rather, semantic interpretation is interspersed among cyclic steps of the syntactic derivation, reminiscent of the LSLT proposal, though more restricted, and very similar to proposals of Jackendoff and Lasnik in the 1970's. I will try to sort through the motivations for these changes, focusing especially on the problem of quantifier interpretation.
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Gildea, Daniel, Giorgio Satta i Xiaochang Peng. "Ordered Tree Decomposition for HRG Rule Extraction". Computational Linguistics 45, nr 2 (czerwiec 2019): 339–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00350.
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We present algorithms for extracting Hyperedge Replacement Grammar (HRG) rules from a graph along with a vertex order. Our algorithms are based on finding a tree decomposition of smallest width, relative to the vertex order, and then extracting one rule for each node in this structure. The assumption of a fixed order for the vertices of the input graph makes it possible to solve the problem in polynomial time, in contrast to the fact that the problem of finding optimal tree decompositions for a graph is NP-hard. We also present polynomial-time algorithms for parsing based on our HRGs, where the input is a vertex sequence and the output is a graph structure. The intended application of our algorithms is grammar extraction and parsing for semantic representation of natural language. We apply our algorithms to data annotated with Abstract Meaning Representations and report on the characteristics of the resulting grammars.
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Vatchev, Vesselin, i Robert Sharpley. "Decomposition of functions into pairs of intrinsic mode functions". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, nr 2097 (15.04.2008): 2265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0333.
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The intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) arise as basic modes from the application of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to functions or signals. In this procedure, instantaneous frequencies are subsequently extracted from the IMFs by the simple application of the Hilbert transform, thereby providing a multiscale analysis of the signal's nonlinear phases. The beauty of this redundant representation method is in its simplicity and extraordinary effectiveness in many important and diverse settings. A fundamental issue in the field is to better understand these demonstrated qualities of the EMD procedures and the elementary modes they produce. For example, it is easily observed that when an EMD procedure is applied to the sum of two arbitrary IMFs, the original modes are rarely reproduced in the generated collection of IMFs. An interesting question from a representation point of view may be stated as follows: for any given sufficiently smooth function and fixed n ≥2, when is it possible to represent the function as a sum of (at most) n intrinsic modes? A more interesting question is whether such a decomposition is possible when the extracted modes are constructed from a common formulation of the intrinsic properties of the function being analysed. We provide an answer to these questions for a relaxed version of IMFs, called weak IMFs , which has been shown to be characterized in terms of eigenfunctions of Sturm–Liouville operators. The objective of this study is to further extend that analogy to the relationship between sums of weak IMFs and coupled Sturm–Liouville systems . The construction of this decomposition also provides a guide to an alternate characterization of the instantaneous frequency and bandwidth.
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Lannin, John K., Brian E. Townsend, Nathan Armer, Savanna Green i Jessica Schneider. "Developing Meaning for Algebraic Symbols: Possibilities and Pitfalls". Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 13, nr 8 (kwiecień 2008): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.13.8.0478.
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An important goal of school mathematics involves helping students use the powerful forms of representation that have been developed over the centuries through the work of mathematicians throughout the world. However, challenges exist in encouraging students to develop meaning for the mathematical symbols used in formal algebra. Research has demonstrated that students often fail to develop a deep understanding of the meaning of symbolic representations of variables (e.g., Booth 1984; Clement 1982), so much so that Thompson (1994) found that a limited understanding of the meaning of variables negatively impacts students who later take college calculus. The question arises as to how we can develop meaning for formal algebraic symbols in the middle grades so that instruction can build on this meaning throughout students' high school and college experiences.
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Alp, Kafiye Ozlem. "Unrepresented and ethical value in contemporary esthetical paradigms". Global Journal of Arts Education 6, nr 3 (31.05.2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v6i3.1701.
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It is not a new question whether art is an ontological field or an ethic value field. But when this question is asked, it is understood that it is closely related with several parameters such as what art and artist do and do not represent, ethics and readability of representation. Especially, whole art history made art works, artists and style of eras dependable on how to read what they represent and/or represented. All this representation character in some instance requires the implemented relation of art with reality and meaning to be dealt with both formal and ethic value. In this study, modern esthetics which is purely ontological and autonomous field with elitist behavior is criticized; an essay containing contemporary discussions is done on new paradigms and their representation formats which developed a new esthetics on what they do not represent through ethical value within the frame of historic dynamics.
Keywords: Contemporary Esthetics, Ethical Value, Unrepresented
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Puhl, Klaus. "… Perspicuous Representation and the Logic of". Grazer Philosophische Studien 71, nr 1 (24.04.2006): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-071001004.
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In what follows, I will concentrate on the type of temporality which structures Wittgenstein's method of a or of a (). I will argue that the temporal order which applies to (giving) a perspicuous representation is best to be described as retroactivity, deferred action or afterwardness (), a concept which calls into question the ordinary conception of time as a linear and irreversible process as well as of a clear break between present and past. First, I will turn to Sigmund Freud and the way he developed the concept of or retroactivity in some of his case-studies. The basic idea here is that the meaning or content of a past experience is constituted by repeating it in a or way. I will then argue that the relation between a and what is made perspicuous is best interpreted as a relation of . This interpretation also accounts for the involvement of the subject in the object made perspicuous—as it is stressed by Wittgenstein and illustrated by his discursive method.
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Young, Eric D. "Neural representation of spectral and temporal information in speech". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, nr 1493 (7.09.2007): 923–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2151.
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Speech is the most interesting and one of the most complex sounds dealt with by the auditory system. The neural representation of speech needs to capture those features of the signal on which the brain depends in language communication. Here we describe the representation of speech in the auditory nerve and in a few sites in the central nervous system from the perspective of the neural coding of important aspects of the signal. The representation is tonotopic, meaning that the speech signal is decomposed by frequency and different frequency components are represented in different populations of neurons. Essential to the representation are the properties of frequency tuning and nonlinear suppression. Tuning creates the decomposition of the signal by frequency, and nonlinear suppression is essential for maintaining the representation across sound levels. The representation changes in central auditory neurons by becoming more robust against changes in stimulus intensity and more transient. However, it is probable that the form of the representation at the auditory cortex is fundamentally different from that at lower levels, in that stimulus features other than the distribution of energy across frequency are analysed.
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Zdrazilova, Lenka, David M. Sidhu i Penny M. Pexman. "Communicating abstract meaning: concepts revealed in words and gestures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, nr 1752 (18.06.2018): 20170138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0138.
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Abstract words refer to concepts that cannot be directly experienced through our senses (e.g. truth , morality ). How we ground the meanings of abstract words is one of the deepest problems in cognitive science today. We investigated this question in an experiment in which 62 participants were asked to communicate the meanings of words (20 abstract nouns, e.g. impulse ; 10 concrete nouns, e.g. insect ) to a partner without using the words themselves (the taboo task). We analysed the speech and associated gestures that participants used to communicate the meaning of each word in the taboo task. Analysis of verbal and gestural data yielded a number of insights. When communicating about the meanings of abstract words, participants' speech referenced more people and introspections. In contrast, the meanings of concrete words were communicated by referencing more objects and entities. Gesture results showed that when participants spoke about abstract word meanings their speech was accompanied by more metaphorical and beat gestures, and speech about concrete word meanings was accompanied by more iconic gestures. Taken together, the results suggest that abstract meanings are best captured by a model that allows dynamic access to multiple representation systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.
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Rhaif, Bashaer, i Azhar Obaid. "Self- representation in Biden's Speech on Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Discourse Analysis". Kufa Journal of Arts 1, nr 56 (1.06.2023): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2023/v1.i56.11642.
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The current study is A critical Discourse Analysis to the Self-representation in Joe Biden's speech ''On fighting the COVID-19 pandemic''. The problem of study lies in the scarcity of the studies that tackle the self-representation in Biden's speeches about the Covid-19 rescue plan. The study attempts to answer the following question: what are the self-representation strategies used by Biden ''on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic'' . It has hypothesized that certain self-representation strategies are adopted on three levels of analysis: the meaning level, the argumentative level and the rhetorical level ,moreover each level involves more frequently used strategy than the other strategies. It also aims at figuring out the positive self-representation strategies used by Biden as well as identifying the most frequent strategy and the least one in each level. The study has adopted an eclectic model which is amalgamation of two of Van Dijk's models (2000 and 2006). The study conducts qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, the study concludes that, to represent himself positively during the ‘'COVID-19 pandemic'', the president of USA uses the following strategies of self-representation which are: :"actor description", "lexicalization", "national self-glorification'', "victimization", "generalization" ,"evidentiality'' , "populism", "burden", "reasonableness", "comparison", "metaphor", "repetition", ''hyperbole'' and ''number game . Moreover ,the quantitative analysis demonstrates that , among meaning , argumentation and rhetoric levels ,the most frequently used strategy is ''actor description'' whereas the least one is '' national self-glorification''
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Prusinowski, Piotr. "Reprezentacja pracodawcy w ujęciu podmiotowym". Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 113 (12.09.2018): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.113.7.
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SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EMPLOYERThe way that employers are represented in the literature and court decisions in labour law is the subject of lively discussion. Its foundation is the unclear content and structure of article 3 of the Labour Code. While in the case of organizational units it seems that the regulation is complete, for individuals with employer status it is problematic. Regardless of this problem, a question arises concerning the contradictory meaning of the employer’s representation described in the provisions of the Civil Code. This issue becomes even more signifi cant if we take into account that article 3 § 1 of the Labour Code uses ambiguous terms such as “person or governing body” and “other designated person”. This leads to subjective interpretation of the representation of the employer.
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Berent, Iris, Joseph Tzelgov i Uri Bibi. "The autonomous computation of morpho-phonological structure in reading". Mental Lexicon 1, nr 2 (30.08.2006): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.1.2.03ber.
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Is morphological decomposition automatic? To address this question, we examine whether Hebrew readers decompose morphologically complex words when reading is not required, in the Stroop task. Morphological decomposition is assessed using two markers. One marker examines whether color-naming is modulated by morphologically complex words generated from color roots. For example, we compare words generated from the Hebrew root of “blue” displayed in either blue or an incongruent color. The second marker examines whether color-naming is sensitive to root phonotactics. Here we compare color-naming with words whose (color-unrelated) roots are either phonologically illicit (e.g., ssm) or well-formed (e.g., smm). Results suggest that morphological decomposition proceeds even when reading is discouraged, but unlike previous research with intentional reading tasks, Stroop-like conditions do not allow for a detailed representation of the root’s internal structure.
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Dölling, Johannes. "Reinterpretations in adverbal modification : a general approach". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 17 (1.01.2000): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.17.2000.39.
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This paper is concerned with the fact that a number of adverbal modifications involve a systematic reinterpretation of at least one of the expressions connected by the operation in question. It offers an approach in which such transfers of meaning turn out to be a result of contextually controlled enrichments of an underspecified as well as a strictly compositionally structured semantic representation. The approach proposed is general for three reasons: First, it takes into account not only reinterpretations in temporal but also such in non-temporal modification. Second, it allows considering so-called secondary predications as a particular kind of adverbal modification. Third, it explains the respective reinterpretations within a uniform formal framework of meaning variation.
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Słodczyk, Rozalia. "Nieprzezroczystość ekfrazy: reprezentowanie, zapośredniczanie i przekład w opisach artefaktów". Przestrzenie Teorii, nr 29 (31.01.2019): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2018.29.5.
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The article concentrates on the non-transparency of ekphrasis, including the relevance - in the case of a full, in-depth analysis of particular ekphrasis - not only of the description but also of the artefact itself. The text reflects upon subjects rarely dealt with in ekphrasis research, such as on the meaning and relations of the concepts ‘presentation’ and ‘representation’. There is a focus on the question of multi-layered mediation, which is related to this discourse figure: through language, through the viewer’s perspective who writes about the work, through the reader themself, and also, or perhaps first and foremost, through the work itself. This all results in ekphrasis being treated as a representation of representation. This also gives rise to thoughts on the problem of translating the visual system to verbal and the issues related to this.
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Gamba, Ezio. "The Artistic Representation of Jesus in Hermann Cohen's Aesthetics". RUDN Journal of Philosophy 25, nr 3 (29.09.2021): 404–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2021-25-3-404-419.
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Cohen deals with the question of the possibility for art to represent God or the divine in some of his works, throughout all his philosophical production, but obviously above all in his main aesthetic work, sthetik des reinen Gefhls (1912). We can state that in Cohen's works this problem is posed with reference to three different religious fields: Greek polytheism, Jewish monotheism and Christianity. The topic of this essay will be Cohen's thought about the artistic representation of the divine in Christianity or in Christian art through the representation of Jesus. This topic will be examined with reference both to Kants Begrndung der sthetik (1889) and to sthetik des reinen Gefhls ; whereas in Kants Begrndung der sthetik Cohen devotes to the representation of Jesus just a short consideration in the historical introduction of the book, in sthetik des reinen Gefhls the representation of Jesus is object of far more attention. Here, Cohen's answer to the question of the possibility to represent the divine through the representation of Jesus is that Jesus' divinity, in the artistic representation of his figure, can only have a metaphorical value, the real meaning of which is that Jesus' story is the ideal story of the human being; in Kants Begrndung der sthetik and in other writings of the 80s, on the contrary, the idea of incarnation and of the divinity of Jesus is object of a different appreciation by Cohen. The comparison between these different stances can be a contribution to the comprehension of the changes in Cohen's view of Christianity through the years.
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Busacchi, Vinicio. "HISTORICAL FACTUALITY AND REPRESENTATION". SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART 1, nr 1 (23.07.2019): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/ssa2019/issue1.02.
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Historical facts are not objects; rather, they are representational processes within other processes that also produced objects and left traces. These latter ones are themselves not historical facts either but are the same as historical facts in a given time and acquire meaning and significance with respect to that particular time. Therefore, the ‘historical-real’ is constitutively representational and constitutively temporal because it is a process. The question of what is a given truth in history then becomes the dilemma of creating a representative reconstruction of the process of (past) events that is close to the ‘real’ events as they are given in that specific time. Those ‘real’ events have been conceived, represented, lived, created, and narrated. The interweaving of the theory of history and the [cognitive] theory of representation is revealed as a central interlacing that could be proposed between the theory of history and the theory of narrative on the one hand and the theory of history and the theory of action on the other. From one perspective, history is about other people, other institutions, other representations and other visions of the world. It is about people who lived in different eras, who have created and inhabited different institutions, who spoke other languages, who embraced other conceptions and beliefs and so on. From another perspective, however, historians are not faced with a radical otherness. History describes people like us, but it is we who are the heirs of those cultures, those institutions, that wealth of knowledge, those skills, those beliefs and so on, and we are not without tools to recover, reproduce or re-present them.
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DORR, BONNIE J., REBECCA J. PASSONNEAU, DAVID FARWELL, REBECCA GREEN, NIZAR HABASH, STEPHEN HELMREICH, EDUARD HOVY i in. "Interlingual annotation of parallel text corpora: a new framework for annotation and evaluation". Natural Language Engineering 16, nr 3 (15.06.2010): 197–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324910000070.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on an important step in the creation of a system of meaning representation and the development of semantically annotated parallel corpora, for use in applications such as machine translation, question answering, text summarization, and information retrieval. The work described below constitutes the first effort of any kind to annotate multiple translations of foreign-language texts with interlingual content. Three levels of representation are introduced: deep syntactic dependencies (IL0), intermediate semantic representations (IL1), and a normalized representation that unifies conversives, nonliteral language, and paraphrase (IL2). The resulting annotated, multilingually induced, parallel corpora will be useful as an empirical basis for a wide range of research, including the development and evaluation of interlingual NLP systems and paraphrase-extraction systems as well as a host of other research and development efforts in theoretical and applied linguistics, foreign language pedagogy, translation studies, and other related disciplines.
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SCHECHTER, J., i A. SUBBARAMAN. "SECOND ORDER “FLAVOR” PERTURBATION THEORY FOR THE BARYONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, nr 28 (10.11.1992): 7135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92003288.
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We argue that second order flavor perturbation theory may still have some interesting things to say about low energy QCD. Application is made to the technical, but important, question of cleanly extracting the quark mass difference ratio R= [ms−(md+mu)/2]/(md−mu) from the experimental baryon masses. We also give a group theoretical decomposition of the second order contributions according to the SU(3) representation of the intermediate states. This is used to provide constraints on quantum mechanics type models of the nucleon.
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Ali, Amjad. "Semantic and Pragmatic Structures in Chomsky’s Binding Theory". University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature 5, nr II (30.12.2021): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33195/jll.v5iii.320.
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The central question that this paper attempts is to describe the conditions under which the anaphor can be determined grammatically or contextually. The issue at hand is whether anaphoric forms can be distinguished from indexical ones within Binding theory. The syntactic representation of bindees are characterized by the use of indices. But what role does the context play in assigning co-referential or non-coreferential properties to anaphors? Furthermore, ellipses are also context-bound. An elliptical structure is indexical, rather than anaphoric. The study analyzes the syntactic structures of Chomsky’s Binding theory within Bolinger’s (1979) semantic model Meaning and Form. It seeks the support of other semanticists in order to fill possible semantic gaps in Binding theory. Keywords: binding theory, elliptical structures, meaning and form model
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Purbasari, Sophia. "VISUAL SOCIAL SEMIOTICS ANALYSIS OF DIESEL DENIM ADVERTISING “BE STUPID”". ArtComm : Jurnal Komunikasi dan Desain 4, nr 2 (23.11.2021): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/artcomm.v4i2.433.
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Visual communication, especially advertising, must be multi-faceted and multidimensional in order to gain positive attention and response from the community. The ads must have a visual narrative composed of visual elements having their own meaning and forming the overall meaning for the visual narrative, both verbal or non-verbal. Visual narrative structure of the ads can be described and exposed through the decomposition of visual social semiotic interpretation seen from the relationship of visual elements in it so that it can be understood how the meaning is formed and the communication process between the messenger is the creator of the ad and the audience can happen. The objectives of the study were to analyze the embedded meanings of visual images in Diesel print ads campaign: “Be Stupid”. The approach of this study was a qualitative descriptive one by using grounded theory method. The visual social semiotic analyzed by using the descriptive framework of visual grammar proposed by Kress and Leeuwen (2006). This study revealed that the visual images embedded three visual meanings, namely representation, interactive and composition meaning, and the analysis of the visual messages.The result of this research are.
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Bowen, Tracey, i M. Max Evans. "What does knowledge look like? Interpreting diagrams as contemporary hieroglyphics". Visual Communication 18, nr 4 (20.05.2018): 475–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470357218775127.
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A significant challenge in interpreting and analyzing graphic representations is to understand the many reference points a graphically depicted object may have across its producer’s personal and cultural experiences. An individual’s exposure to socially constructed representations drives his or her propensity to use specific shared graphic objects, especially when attempting to articulate complex or abstract concepts. This multidisciplinary research study focuses on interpreting graphic representation types and analyzing the graphic objects individuals use to depict the abstract concept of knowledge. A sample of 833 individuals aged 5–65 participated in the study by constructing a drawing to answer the question, ‘What does knowledge look like?’. Engelhardt’s Language of Graphics (2002) graphic representation taxonomy was used to identify grouping and linking diagrams in the drawings. Next, graphic objects were coded and categorized within the drawings to identify the common representations, shared symbols, and non-depictive elements used to group and link. Using drawings fitting Engelhardt’s grouping and linking graphic representation types, and Tversky’s theories for constructing meaning through diagrams, this article examines how study participants combine and arrange common graphic objects to depict the concept of ‘knowledge’. The results illustrate that individuals organize and arrange common graphic objects into groupings to communicate taxonomies or hierarchies based on spatial proximity; or connect and link them together using glyphs (e.g. arrows, dotted or straight lines) to communicate causal relationships. The findings also demonstrate how individuals employ common socially constructed graphic representations (or objects) as a visual communication tool and, through the exercise of drawing, as a tool for meaning or sense making. The graphic objects possess a shared meaning that the participants have seen circulating within their culture. The common ground that emerges from sharing graphic objects suggests a form of contemporary hieroglyphics that communicates meaning both inside and outside the community.
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Ojanguren López, Ana Elvira. "The lexical representation of English verbs of action. Complex predicates and structures". Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 14, nr 1 (19.07.2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2019.11080.
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<p>This article aims at proposing a lexical representation for a set of English verbs of action. The analysis is carried out on the grounds of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) and includes aspects like <em>Aktionsart </em>type, macrorole and syntactic function assignment, linking, as well as nexus and juncture. Against this background, the meaning components of the verbs in question are analysed, in such a way that a logical structure based on a lexical representation is defined for each verbal class. Conclusions fall on both the descriptive and the theoretical side. From the descriptive point of view, <em>Fail </em>and <em>Try </em>verbs constitute a unified verbal class as regards their meaning components and grammatical behaviour and, thus, they are represented by means of a unified logical structure. Conversely, <em>Prevent </em>verbs and <em>Forbid </em>verbs require different logical structures that account for their divergent grammatical behaviour, corresponding to the Causative Activity and Causative Achievement <em>Aktionsart </em>types respectively. On the theoretical side, the logical structures of <em>End </em>verbs, <em>Fail </em>verbs, <em>Try </em>verbs and <em>Prevent </em>verbs stick to the canonical representations of RRG, while those of <em>Hinder </em>verbs and <em>Refrain </em>verbs require complex predicates and complex logical structures which allow to incorporate extra meaning components and to combine different <em>Aktionsart </em>types.</p>
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Li, Ya Tao, Ke Zhao, Zhen Zhen Yi i Pei Tao Cheng. "An Analysis of Verb Phase Based on Concept Model for Nature Language Understanding". Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (maj 2011): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.767.
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The traditional intelligent tutoring system as a web-based education tools used for adaptive learning can’t solve the encountered question in time while the student is learning with the absence of nature language understanding system. In this paper, a web-based intelligent tutoring system is firstly introduced to solve the encountered question in real time. Secondly, a concept model representing the concept connotation, the extension and the relation between them is presented to support the nature language understanding system in order to extract the question’s meaning. Furthermore, a knowledge representation of verb and noun in impersonal mature domain is involved. Thirdly, the semantic processing arithmetic of the verb phase is given. Finally, the result of experiment and application of arithmetic are shown.
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Cavalleri, Matteo. "Block 21 and the Pensabilità of the Representation of Auschwitz". Images 6, nr 1 (2012): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340010.
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Abstract Building on the assumption that the Memorial in Honor of Italians Fallen in Nazi Extermination Camps (situated in Auschwitz I, Block 21) expresses the meta-reflexive inclination that strengthened the twentieth century (the capacity of that century to think of itself as a subject), this article aims to highlight and illustrate the dual philosophical significance of the Memorial. From the perspective of the philosophy of history, this philosophical significance, which has a symbolic value, leads us to investigate an organic and historically embodied conception of deportation. From the perspective of the aesthetics of memory, this philosophical meaning offers a new framework for the question of the representability of Auschwitz, a framework that problematizes the very essence of the concept of representation and identifies the conditions that make possible this concept in its inescapable openness towards an ideal dimension. Central to this article is the category of pensabilità viewed as the symbolic grounds for both the act of testifying and its artistic expression.
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GASOS, JORGE, i ANCA RALESCU. "ADAPTING QUERY REPRESENTATION TO IMPROVE RETRIEVAL IN A FUZZY DATABASE". International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 03, nr 01 (marzec 1995): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488595000074.
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We present an adjustment-to-user facility of a facial images database system in order to improve retrieval performance. The system uses linguistic (qualitative) descriptions, both in the data model and in the query language. These descriptions are internally represented as fuzzy sets. As the same linguistic descriptions can be used by different users to describe different values, the need of adjusting fuzzy sets, such that the user’s meaning is represented arises. We provide a method which, upon repeated queries by the same user, finds the best representation (as fuzzy set) of the linguistic descriptions given by the user in question. The method is based on an extension of the inverse problem of matching of fuzzy sets. Experiments show that when compared with the unadjusted system, significantly better results are obtained during the process of finding the best representation, and much better results after the best representation (given the whole database) is found.
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Bogin, Ben, Sanjay Subramanian, Matt Gardner i Jonathan Berant. "Latent Compositional Representations Improve Systematic Generalization in Grounded Question Answering". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9 (2021): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00361.
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Abstract Answering questions that involve multi-step reasoning requires decomposing them and using the answers of intermediate steps to reach the final answer. However, state-of-the-art models in grounded question answering often do not explicitly perform decomposition, leading to difficulties in generalization to out-of-distribution examples. In this work, we propose a model that computes a representation and denotation for all question spans in a bottom-up, compositional manner using a CKY-style parser. Our model induces latent trees, driven by end-to-end (the answer) supervision only. We show that this inductive bias towards tree structures dramatically improves systematic generalization to out-of- distribution examples, compared to strong baselines on an arithmetic expressions benchmark as well as on C losure, a dataset that focuses on systematic generalization for grounded question answering. On this challenging dataset, our model reaches an accuracy of 96.1%, significantly higher than prior models that almost perfectly solve the task on a random, in-distribution split.
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Davidko, Natalya. "Intentionality and Conventional Meaning (Socio-Historical Approach)". Verbum 2 (6.02.2011): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2011.2.4959.
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Linguistic studies of collective consciousness are practically nonexistent though insightful ideas are found in works of many linguists (Chomsky 1985, Fowler 1996). The central tenet of this paper is that archetypes (mental representations of concepts in collective consciousness) are built around socially significant experiences of people and comprise meanings which incarnate collective sentiments and ideologies. The number and composition of such meanings can change and vary due to an interplay of environmental factors – social, political, economic, cultural, etc. – and can be drawn from discourses which perform an ideational function concerned with the representation of world views in a language. Two propositions are preconditional for the present research: first, the acknowledgement of the force of authorial intent (intentionality) in discourse and, second, the assumption that over a long history, language has learnt to suit the needs of the society it functions in (mainly the needs of dominant social groups) by legitimatizing some meanings (conventional meanings) and rejecting others. The concept chosen for the analysis is monetary DEBT. Debt plays an important role both in the economic life of a country and in private lives of individuals. The attitude to debt has been changing throughout the history, and we hypothesize that economic discourses have had a major impact on collective perception of the concept in question.
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HENNECKE, INGA. "The impact of pragmatic markers and hedging on sentence comprehension: a case study ofcommeandgenre". Journal of French Language Studies 27, nr 3 (28.10.2016): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269516000247.
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ABSTRACTCurrent research on conceptual and semantic representations is mainly based on prototypical word classes, such as nouns and verbs. Hence, most models of language processing and language representation rely on experimental investigations on these word classes. Until today, only a few psycholinguistic studies centre on the processing of pragmatic markers and hedges and their effect on speech comprehension. The present article aims to give experimental evidence for the processing of semantic meaning patterns and pragmatic functions of pragmatic markers. The focus will be on the question, if pragmatic markers and hedges play a role in sentence processing. This main problem will be illustrated and discussed by means of experimental data. In a monolingual sentence verification task with lexical decision, the meaning patterns and functions of the partially equivalent pragmatic French markerscommeandgenreare investigated in Canadian and European French. The results of the sentence word verification task provide evidence for an impact of pragmatic functions and semantic meaning patterns of pragmatic markers on sentence processing.
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Melo, Dora, Irene Pimenta Rodrigues i Vitor Beires Nogueira. "Work Out the Semantic Web Search: The Cooperative Way". Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2012 (2.08.2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/867831.
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We propose a Cooperative Question Answering System that takes as input natural language queries and is able to return a cooperative answer based on semantic web resources, more specifically DBpedia represented in OWL/RDF as knowledge base and WordNet to build similar questions. Our system resorts to ontologies not only for reasoning but also to find answers and is independent of prior knowledge of the semantic resources by the user. The natural language question is translated into its semantic representation and then answered by consulting the semantics sources of information. The system is able to clarify the problems of ambiguity and helps finding the path to the correct answer. If there are multiple answers to the question posed (or to the similar questions for which DBpedia contains answers), they will be grouped according to their semantic meaning, providing a more cooperative and clarified answer to the user.
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Soto, David, Usman Ayub Sheikh, Ning Mei i Roberto Santana. "Decoding and encoding models reveal the role of mental simulation in the brain representation of meaning". Royal Society Open Science 7, nr 5 (maj 2020): 192043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192043.
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How the brain representation of conceptual knowledge varies as a function of processing goals, strategies and task-factors remains a key unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, participants were presented with visual words during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During shallow processing, participants had to read the items. During deep processing, they had to mentally simulate the features associated with the words. Multivariate classification, informational connectivity and encoding models were used to reveal how the depth of processing determines the brain representation of word meaning. Decoding accuracy in putative substrates of the semantic network was enhanced when the depth processing was high, and the brain representations were more generalizable in semantic space relative to shallow processing contexts. This pattern was observed even in association areas in inferior frontal and parietal cortex. Deep information processing during mental simulation also increased the informational connectivity within key substrates of the semantic network. To further examine the properties of the words encoded in brain activity, we compared computer vision models—associated with the image referents of the words—and word embedding. Computer vision models explained more variance of the brain responses across multiple areas of the semantic network. These results indicate that the brain representation of word meaning is highly malleable by the depth of processing imposed by the task, relies on access to visual representations and is highly distributed, including prefrontal areas previously implicated in semantic control.
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Temple, Bogusia. "Representation across languages: biographical sociology meets translation and interpretation studies". Qualitative Sociology Review 2, nr 1 (29.04.2006): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.2.1.02.
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Biographical approaches are increasingly being used with people who speak and write a range of languages. Even when an account is originally spoken, the final version usually ends up written in the language used by the majority of the population. Researchers have shown that adopting a language that is not the one an account was given in may change how someone is perceived. Yet little has been written by sociologists using biographical approaches about the implications of moving accounts across languages. Researchers within translation and interpretation studies are increasingly tackling issues of representation across languages and developing concepts that can usefully be applied in biographical research. They question the assumption that accounts can be unproblematically transferred across languages and argue for strategies and concepts that “foreignise” texts and challenge the baseline of the target, usually for these writers, English language. However, these concepts bring issues of their own. In this article I examine these developments and give an example from my own cross language research that show that these concepts can begin to open up debates about meaning and representation.
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Amaliah*, Nur Utami, i Endang Purwaningsih. "Analisis Pemahaman Konsep, Multirepresentasi, dan Kosistensi Jawaban Siswa SMA pada Konsep Hukum III Newton". Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia 9, nr 4 (15.10.2021): 671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v9i4.21223.
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Newton's third law is a fundamental concept of Physics that is still not reached by students. The tendency of students who do not understand the concept well can be observed by measuring the ability of multi-representation and solutions when solving Physics problems. Therefore, this study aims to determine the concept of Newton's third law understood by students, the multi-representation students have, and the consistency of students' answers in answering physics questions. The participants numbered 28 students from the second semester of high school, selected using the purposive sampling technique, who had just completed discussions about Newton's Law and were willing to participate in this study. Participants were given 6 two-tier question items that managed the R-FCI questions. The results of the answers were analyzed quantitatively to determine the initial percentage description and then analyzed qualitatively to determine understanding, multi-representation ability, and consistency in depth. Most of the participants had low conceptual understanding and answered the questions consistent-wrong. However, based on the analysis of the answer choices and the reasons given, most students understand the meaning of the representation of the answers given
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Андрей Александрович, Яковлев,. "THE WORD IS A BACKGROUND OF THE CONCEPT: ON EVALD ILYENKOV’S IDEAS IN LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE". Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Филология, nr 4(75) (8.12.2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtfilol/2022.4.095.
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Согласно идеям Э.В. Ильенкова, наиболее конкретное в представлении оказывается наиболее абстрактным в мышлении. Но абстрактное или конкретное не нужны человеку как таковые, они обусловлены особенностями осуществляемой деятельности. Поэтому антропоцентрическое изучение языка рассматривает слово в контексте сознания и деятельности и должно основываться на соотношении абстрактного / конкретного в значении слова, с одной стороны, и деятельности, с другой. При антропоцентрическом подходе к языковым явлениям теряет смысл вопрос «Абстрактно или конкретно значение данного знака?». В данном случае целесообразен вопрос: «Соответствует ли соотношение абстрактного и конкретного в знаке целям и условиям деятельности?» Ответ на этот вопрос может быть получен только через анализ результатов речевой деятельности. The paper discusses the problem of the relationship of a word with a concept and representation. According to Evald Ilyenkov, the most concrete in representation turns out to be the most abstract in thought. However the abstract or the concrete are not needed by a person as such, but are conditioned by the peculiarities of the activity being carried out. With an anthropocentric approach to linguistic phenomena, the question «Is the meaning of this sign abstract or concrete?» becomes nonsense. In this case, the following question is appropriate: «Does the ratio of the abstract and the concrete in the sign correspond to the goal and conditions of activity?» The answer to this question can be obtained only through the analysis of the results of speech activity.
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Carlson, Thomas A., Ryan A. Simmons, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte i L. Robert Slevc. "The Emergence of Semantic Meaning in the Ventral Temporal Pathway". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00458.
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In the ventral visual pathway, early visual areas encode light patterns on the retina in terms of image properties, for example, edges and color, whereas higher areas encode visual information in terms of objects and categories. At what point does semantic knowledge, as instantiated in human language, emerge? We examined this question by studying whether semantic similarity in language relates to the brain's organization of object representations in inferior temporal cortex (ITC), an area of the brain at the crux of several proposals describing how the brain might represent conceptual knowledge. Semantic relationships among words can be viewed as a geometrical structure with some pairs of words close in their meaning (e.g., man and boy) and other pairs more distant (e.g., man and tomato). ITC's representation of objects similarly can be viewed as a complex structure with some pairs of stimuli evoking similar patterns of activation (e.g., man and boy) and other pairs evoking very different patterns (e.g., man and tomato). In this study, we examined whether the geometry of visual object representations in ITC bears a correspondence to the geometry of semantic relationships between word labels used to describe the objects. We compared ITC's representation to semantic structure, evaluated by explicit ratings of semantic similarity and by five computational measures of semantic similarity. We show that the representational geometry of ITC—but not of earlier visual areas (V1)—is reflected both in explicit behavioral ratings of semantic similarity and also in measures of semantic similarity derived from word usage patterns in natural language. Our findings show that patterns of brain activity in ITC not only reflect the organization of visual information into objects but also represent objects in a format compatible with conceptual thought and language.
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Flath, Daniel E., i L. C. Biedenharn. "Beyond the Enveloping Algebra of sl3". Canadian Journal of Mathematics 37, nr 4 (1.08.1985): 710–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1985-038-9.
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The problem which motivated the writing of this paper is that of finding structure behind the decomposition of the sl3 representation spaces V* ⊗ W = Hom(V, W) for finite dimensional irreducible sl3-modules V and W. For sl2 this extends the classical Clebsch-Gordon problem. The question has been considered for sl3 in a computational way in [5]. In this paper we build a conceptual algebraic framework going beyond the enveloping algebra of sl3.For each dominant integral weight α let Vα be an irreducible representation of sl3 of highest weight α. It is well known that, for weights α, μ, λ, the multiplicity of Vλ in Hom(Vα, Vα+μ) is bounded by the multiplicity of μ in Vλ, with equality for generic α. This suggests the possibility of a single construction of highest weight vectors of weight X in Hom(Vα, Vα+μ) which is valid for all a.
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Tenser, Anton. "Semantic Map Borrowing – Case Representation in Northeastern Romani Dialects". Journal of Language Contact 9, nr 2 (29.04.2016): 211–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902001.
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Recent studies in contact linguistics have emphasized the aspect of language-internal grammaticalization that is triggered by accommodation to an external (contact-language) model (e.g. Heine and Kuteva, 2005). This is based on the notion that speakers make use of the available resources in order to match them to those of the target language. A problematic issue is contact-induced change in the domain of case representation. Synthetic case markers are usually thought of as fully grammaticalized morphemes. If contact-induced grammaticalization is, as Heine and Kuteva suggest, much like monolingual grammaticalization, unidirectional, how do we treat instances of rearrangement of the semantic meaning and scope of case markers? I will discuss this problem by examining a sample of Romani dialects, belonging to the so-called Northeastern dialect group (see Matras, 2002). Relying on specific constructions, like Subject of Negative Existence, External Possession, Privative, Partitive etc., I will compare and contrast the Northeastern dialects with their respective contact languages (Russian and Polish). Using semantic maps, I will demonstrate how the Romani dialects in question restructure their case representation system to accommodate to the systems of the model languages, and will discuss what it is exactly that gets equated when two languages come into contact.
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Wykes, Jackie. "‘I saw a knock-out’: Fatness, (In)visibility, and Desire in Shallow Hal". Somatechnics 2, nr 1 (marzec 2012): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2012.0040.
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When the Farrelly brothers' movie Shallow Hal (2001) was released, one reviewer suggested that the film ‘might have been more honest if [it] had simply made Hal have a thing about fat women’ ( Kerr 2002 : 44). In this paper, I argue that Kerr hits the mark but misses the point. While the film's treatment of fat is undoubtedly problematic, I propose a ‘queer’ reading of the film, borrowing the idea of ‘double coding’ to show a text about desire for fat (female) bodies. I am not, however, seeking to position Shallow Hal as a fat-positive text; rather, I use it as a starting point to explore the legibility of the fat female body as a sexual body. In contemporary mainstream Western culture, fat is regarded as the antithesis of desire. This meaning is so deeply ingrained that representations of fat women as sexual are typically framed as a joke because desire for fat bodies is unimaginable; this is the logic by which Shallow Hal operates. The dominant meaning of fatness precludes recognition of the fat body as a sexual body. What is at issue is therefore not simply the lack of certain images, but a question of intelligibility: if the meaning of fat is antithetical to desire, how can the desire for – and of – fat bodies be intelligible as desire? This question goes beyond the realm of representation and into the embodied experience of fat sexuality.
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Larochelle, Pierre M., Andrew P. Murray i Jorge Angeles. "A Distance Metric for Finite Sets of Rigid-Body Displacements via the Polar Decomposition". Journal of Mechanical Design 129, nr 8 (13.07.2006): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2735640.
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An open research question is how to define a useful metric on the special Euclidean group SE(n) with respect to: (1) the choice of coordinate frames and (2) the units used to measure linear and angular distances that is useful for the synthesis and analysis of mechanical systems. We discuss a technique for approximating elements of SE(n) with elements of the special orthogonal group SO(n+1). This technique is based on using the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the polar decompositions (PD) of the homogeneous transform representation of the elements of SE(n). The embedding of the elements of SE(n) into SO(n+1) yields hyperdimensional rotations that approximate the rigid-body displacements. The bi-invariant metric on SO(n+1) is then used to measure the distance between any two displacements. The result is a left invariant PD based metric on SE(n).
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Mostýn, Martin. "Synonyme in Lexikon und Text. Eine metalexikografische und korpuslinguistische Analyse am Beispiel der Derivate Stimulation und Stimulierung". Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Ostraviensis Studia Germanistica, nr 30 (wrzesień 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/studiagermanistica.2022.30.0001.
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This article deals with the derivatives Stimulation and Stimulierung from the perspective of synonymy. On the one hand, the lexicographic representation of their meaning in selected monolingual dictionaries is compared, and on the other hand, the derivatives are analysed and quantified from the point of view of their occurrence and co-occurrence in various language corpora, focusing on their use as competitive forms and their contextual features. This is done using metalexicographic and corpus linguistic methods. The question is examined to what extent both derivatives can substitute for each other in different contexts and whether the information given in the dictionaries examined corresponds to the actual usage.
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Buchheister, Gustavo Ramírez. "The 2018 Judgment by the European Court of Justice on Antarctic MPAS and Its Possible Significance to the Antarctic Treaty System". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 14, nr 1 (23.02.2023): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_014010009.
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The CJEU’s decision in the Antarctic Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) case offered an opportunity to explore the area where EU Law and the Antarctic Treaty System overlap: in the forum of the CAMLR Commission. From the point of view of EU Law, CCAMLR is a so-called ‘mixed agreement’, meaning that its scope includes areas where both the European Union and its Member States are competent. This article explains how the Court resolved the question of the joint representation of a common standpoint in a forum where the Union has no autonomous position, and then goes on to explore the significance that the decision could have for the Antarctic Treaty System.
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Kaniewski, Jerzy. "Niemożliwa ale niezbędna? – wokół informacji historycznoliterackiej w szkole średniej". Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Litterarum Polonarum et Linguae Polonae Pertinentia 12, nr 330 (16.12.2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20820909.12.2.
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This text is about the methods, employed in schools, of putting high school students in touch with cultural tradition. My interest in this issue is connected to the recent appearance of meaning of the “historical and literary order” in the 2018 syllabus, despite the fact that since 1990, the weight attributed to that meaning in syllabi has gradually shrunk, to almost completely disappear in 2002. To answer a question: “why is the history of literature needed to be taught in schools?”, I started my analysis from pointing out the disappearing trust in historical and literary syntheses. This trust has been plummeting for over 40 years, which is connected to the so-called crisis of representation. In my view, the answer to my question may lie in the analysis of the 1949 syllabus document, in which the vision of the past is construed with a very apparent ideological intention, despite efforts to keep up the pretense of objectivity. By exposing the mechanisms that lead the authors of the 1949 document, I try to show to what extent the domination of chronological order opens up the potential of school documents to manipulate the past, which can lead to falsifying the images of cultural tradition.