Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Quantum Nuclear Motion

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  1. Artykuły w czasopismach
  2. Rozprawy doktorskie
  3. Książki
  4. Części książek
  5. Streszczenia konferencji

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Quantum Nuclear Motion”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Quantum Nuclear Motion"

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Frank, Irmgard. "Classical Nuclear Motion: Comparison to Approaches with Quantum Mechanical Nuclear Motion". Hydrogen 4, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4010002.

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Ab initio molecular dynamics combines a classical description of nuclear motion with a density-functional description of the electronic cloud. This approach nicely describes chemical reactions. A possible conclusion is that a quantum mechanical description of nuclear motion is not needed. Using Occam’s razor, this means that, being the simpler approach, classical nuclear motion is preferable. In this paper, it is claimed that nuclear motion is classical, and this hypothesis will be tested in comparison to methods with quantum mechanical nuclear motion. In particular, we apply ab initio molecular dynamics to two photoreactions involving hydrogen. Hydrogen, as the lightest element, is often assumed to show quantum mechanical tunneling. We will see that the classical picture is fully sufficient. The quantum mechanical view leads to phenomena that are difficult to understand, such as the entanglement of nuclear motion. In contrast, it is easy to understand the simple classical picture which assumes that nuclear motion is steady and uniform unless a force is acting. Of course, such a hypothesis must be verified for many systems and phenomena, and this paper is one more step in this direction.
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Wu, Xizhen, Zhuxia Li, J. A. Maruhn, W. Greiner i Y. Zhuo. "Quantum Brownian motion and nuclear fission". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear Physics 14, nr 8 (sierpień 1988): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4616/14/8/008.

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McKenzie, Ross H., Christiaan Bekker, Bijyalaxmi Athokpam i Sai G. Ramesh. "Effect of quantum nuclear motion on hydrogen bonding". Journal of Chemical Physics 140, nr 17 (7.05.2014): 174508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873352.

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Petek, H., H. Nagano, M. J. Weida i S. Ogawa. "Quantum Control of Nuclear Motion at a Metal Surface†". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104, nr 45 (listopad 2000): 10234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp001218a.

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Oi, Makito. "Semi-classical and anharmonic quantum models of nuclear wobbling motion". Physics Letters B 634, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.12.061.

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ROTTER, I. "THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN REGULAR AND CHAOTIC MOTION IN NUCLEI". Modern Physics Letters A 02, nr 04 (kwiecień 1987): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773238700032x.

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The regular motion of nucleons in the low-lying nuclear states and the chaotic motion in the compound nuclei are shown to arise from the interplay of conservative and dissipative forces in the open quantum mechanical nuclear system. The regularity at low level density is caused by selforganization in a conservative field of force. At high level density, chaoticity appears since information on the environment is transferred into the system by means of dissipative forces.
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Håkansson, Pär. "Prediction of low-field nuclear singlet lifetimes with molecular dynamics and quantum-chemical property surface". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, nr 16 (2017): 10237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08394c.

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Bonatsos, D., P. E. Georgoudis, D. Lenis, N. Minkov i C. Quesne. "SUSYQM in nuclear structure: Bohr Hamiltonian with mass depending on the deformation". HNPS Proceedings 18 (23.11.2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2540.

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A well known problem of the Bohr Hamiltonian for the description of nuclear collective motion is that the nuclear moment of inertia increases with deformation too fast. We show that this can be avoided by allowing the nuclear mass to depend on the deformation. The resulting Hamiltonian is solved exactly, using techniques of Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics
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BLOCKI, J. P., A. G. MAGNER i I. S. YATSYSHYN. "GROSS-SHELL EFFECTS IN THE DISSIPATIVE NUCLEAR DYNAMICS". International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, nr 05 (maj 2012): 1250034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500346.

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The order-to-chaos transition in the dynamics of the quantum gas of independent particles was studied within the nuclear model based on the time-dependent mean-field approach. The excitation of the quantum gas in the Woods–Saxon potential with a small diffuseness of its surface rippled according to the Legendre polynomials P2 and P3 are obtained for a slow and small amplitude collective motion. We found strong correlations between time-derivatives of the excitation energies (one-body friction coefficients) and shell-correction energies as functions of the particle number. Semiclassical estimates of the friction coefficients were obtained within the periodic orbit theory by using the uniform approximation.
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Abedi, Ali, Federica Agostini i E. K. U. Gross. "Mixed quantum-classical dynamics from the exact decomposition of electron-nuclear motion". EPL (Europhysics Letters) 106, nr 3 (1.05.2014): 33001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/106/33001.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Quantum Nuclear Motion"

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Gutiérrez-Medina, Braulio. "Quantum transport and control of atomic motion with light". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1198.

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Gutiérrez-Medina, Braulio Raizen Mark George. "Quantum transport and control of atomic motion with light". 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3142733.

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CHERUBINI, MARCO. "Phase diagram, structure and spectroscopy of ordinary and high pressure ice: impact of quantum anharmonic nuclear motion". Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1644748.

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Water ice is a unique material, presenting the most complex phase diagram known in the literature, ranging from low to high temperature and from low to high pressures. The low-pressure phases, like ordinary ice Ih and its proton-ordered counterpart ice XI, show intriguing physical properties, such as negative thermal expansion and anomalous volume isotope effect (VIE). In the opposite regime, at high pressure, the features of the phase transition of dense ices VII/VIII to the symmetric ice X are still open questions. The signatures of the phase transition are indirect (hydrogen atoms are invisible to X-ray diffraction and the limited data quality and uncertainties in the procedure of data correction in neutron scattering hampers an unambiguous interpretation) and come from vibrational spectroscopies that give contrasting results because of the strong anharmonic regime close to the phase transition. Experimental data need the support of theoretical simulations to understand the high-pressure phase diagram. In this thesis, I explore the paramount importance of nuclear quantum fluctuations in the thermodynamic and vibrational properties of low- and high-pressure ice by employing the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation. For what concerns the VIE in low-pressure ices, I prove that quantum effects on hydrogen are so strong to be in a nonlinear regime: when progressively increasing the mass of hydrogen from protium to infinity (classical limit), the volume first expands and then contracts, with a maximum slightly above the mass of tritium. I manage to accurately reproduce, for the first time, the low-energy phonon dispersion, possible thanks to the correct treatment of nuclear quantum fluctuations, paving to way for the study of thermal transport in ice from first-principles. I establish the second-order character of the high-pressure phase transition combining the results from classical and quantum simulations, where a continuous transformation of one phase into the other, the presence of soft modes, and the absence of an hysteresis cycle is proven. I show the importance of including quantum fluctuations that reduce the critical pressure of about 55 GPa at T=0 K, solving the problem of the strong underestimation of the critical pressure by the classical approximations. I simulate the Infrared absorption spectra sampling a fine pressure grid close to the transition, revealing the sudden collapse of the stretching mode toward the low-energy regime in less than 10 GPa. Simultaneously, in the same range, I show that the low-energy translational mode (situated in a region where there are no published data to date) increases its intensity by an order of magnitude. These two features can be regarded as unique signatures of the phase transition.
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Athokpam, Bijyalaxmi. "Theoretical Investigation of H-Bonded O-H Vibrations, H-Atom Transfer and C-H Vibrations via Empirical Valence Bond and Local Mode Based Models". Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4211.

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In this thesis, I have presented my work on properties of hydrogen(H) bonded systems, H-atom transfer reaction in solution and molecular vibrational spectra through theoretical inves-tigations. The studies are based on two simple models namely, the Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) model and the local-mode based description of vibrations. Chapter 1 is an introduc-tion to these theoretical models. I also briefly introduce the systems investigated along with the model used. Using a EVB based approach, H-bonded O-H vibrations and H atom abstrac-tion reaction by CN radical from ethanol in solution are studied, while a local mode based approach is used for analysing the gas-phase C-H stretch infra-red spectrum of napthalene. A brief description of the contents of the following chapters is presented below. In Chapter 2, I present our work on the quantum effect of H-motion on H-bonding properties. An EVB based model based on a symmetric O-H···O type of H-bonded system is used for the study. Here I discuss the details of the two-diabatic state model used and the subsequent quantization along one dimensional H-atom motion which is parametric in the donor-acceptor distance. The vibrational states so obtained from the quantization are used to analyse various H-bonding properties such as bond-length, frequency shift and isotope effect. An analysis of the secondary geometric isotope effect (SGIE) using an extension of the two-state model is also presented. The role of bending motion on the H-bond properties are also discussed. Chapter 3 of the thesis presents our work where we have analysed the correlation of H-bond strength with isotopic fractionation based on the same two-state model. The relative contribution of O-H stretch and bend vibrations, tunneling splitting and SGIE are considered in the analysis. In Chapter 4 I present our work on the intensity variation associated with O-H stretch vibration involved in a O-H···O type of H-bonded system. Extending the model from Chapter 2 with a Mecke function-based dipole moment the transition intensity is computed. An anal-ysis of variation in fundamental and overtone intensities with H-bond strength and isotope effect (including SGIE) on fundamental intensity are discussed. A study of the trend of these transition intensities due to variation of Mecke parameters of the dipole moment function is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 5 discusses our work on H-atom abstraction reaction of the CN radical with ethanol in solution based on an EVB model approach coupled with molecular dynamics simulations. A two-state EVB model is used to define the reaction system and the details of the reaction-system models are described. The reaction system in solvated H2O and CHCl3 and the dynamics of the H-abstraction are analysed in terms of the energy profile and post-transition state energetics. An analysis of solvent involvement in the processes for the two solvents are also presented. Our study on the C-H stretch infrared region of Napthalene employing a local-mode normal-model based approach is presented in Chapter 6. Using a curvilinear coordinate framework to set up the vibrational Hamiltonian, the calculated spectra is presented. The details of this Hamiltonian and the use of its eigenstates to describe the coupled states that make up the spectral bands are presented in this chapter. Chapter 7 briefly summarize the works undertaken and highlight the important results obtained from our studies.
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Książki na temat "Quantum Nuclear Motion"

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Deterministic explanation of quantum mechanics: Based on a new trajectory-wave ordering interaction. St. Cloud, Minn: North Star Press of St. Cloud, 1994.

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Cina, Jeffrey A. Getting Started on Time-Resolved Molecular Spectroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590315.001.0001.

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This textbook details the basic theory of ultrafast molecular spectroscopy starting from time-dependent quantum mechanical perturbation theory in Hilbert space. The emphasis is on the dynamics of nuclear and electronic motion initiated and monitored by femtosecond laser pulses that underlies nonlinear optical signal formation and interpretation. Topics include short-pulse optical absorption, the molecular adiabatic approximation, transient-absorption spectroscopy, vibrational adiabaticity during conformational change, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, multi-dimensional electronic spectroscopy and wave-packet interferometry, and two-dimensional wave-packet interferometry of electronic excitation-transfer systems. Numerous exercises embedded in the text explore and expand upon the physical concepts encountered in this important research field.
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Classical and Quantic Periodic Motions of Multiply Polarized Spin-Particles (Research Notes in Mathematics Series). Chapman & Hall/CRC, 1997.

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Wave Propagation and Time Reversal in Randomly Layered Media (Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability). Springer, 2007.

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Fouque, Jean-Pierre, Josselin Garnier, George Papanicolaou i Knut Solna. Wave Propagation and Time Reversal in Randomly Layered Media. Springer, 2010.

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Fouque, Jean-Pierre, Josselin Garnier, Knut Solna i G. Papanicolaou. Wave Propagation and Time Reversal in Randomly Layered Media. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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Wolf, E. L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0001.

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An introduction to long-term climate-neutral energy makes clear that most arises from the Sun or the motions of the Sun-Earth system. Quantum physics is an essential part of understanding the Sun’s energy source, nuclear fusion. The expected depletion times of oil and other fossil fuels are discussed. The most recent 500,000 years of Earth temperature and sea level are surveyed and shown to correlate closely with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Sea level and temperature are correlated and move together on time scales of five thousand years. The definition of sustainable energy, the topic of this textbook, is very straightforward. This is the energy that will be available on (after) a timescale set by the earliest benchmarks of our civilization, let us say the timescale of the earliest pyramids or the Chinese Wall, visible from space.
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Części książek na temat "Quantum Nuclear Motion"

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Bandrauk, André D., Szczepan Chelkowski i Huizhong Lu. "Correlated Electron-Nuclear Motion Visualized Using a Wavelet Time-Frequency Analysis". W Quantum Dynamic Imaging, 23–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9491-2_3.

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Thallmair, Sebastian, Robert Siemering, Patrick Kölle, Matthias Kling, Matthias Wollenhaupt, Thomas Baumert i Regina de Vivie-Riedle. "The Interplay of Nuclear and Electron Wavepacket Motion in the Control of Molecular Processes: A Theoretical Perspective". W Molecular Quantum Dynamics, 213–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45290-1_8.

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Sutcliffe, Brian T. "The Decoupling of Nuclear from Electronic Motions in Molecules". W Conceptual Trends in Quantum Chemistry, 53–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0852-2_2.

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Kanno, Manabu, Hirohiko Kono, Sheng H. Lin i Yuichi Fujimura. "Laser-Induced Electronic and Nuclear Coherent Motions in Chiral Aromatic Molecules". W Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics, 121–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5297-9_6.

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Šponer, Jiří, Judit E. Šponer i Neocles B. Leontis. "Quantum Chemical Studies of Recurrent Interactions in RNA 3D Motifs". W Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, 239–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25740-7_12.

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Jahnke, T., V. Mergel, O. Jagutzki, A. Czasch, K. Ullmann, R. Ali, V. Frohne i in. "High-Resolution Momentum Imaging—From Stern’s Molecular Beam Method to the COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope". W Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 375–441. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_18.

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AbstractMulti-particle momentum imaging experiments are now capable of providing detailed information on the properties and the dynamics of quantum systems in Atomic, Molecular and Photon (AMO) physics. Historically, Otto Stern can be considered the pioneer of high-resolution momentum measurements of particles moving in a vacuum and he was the first to obtain sub-atomic unit (a.u.) momentum resolution (Schmidt-Böcking et al. in The precision limits in a single-event quantum measurement of electron momentum and position, these proceedings [1]). A major contribution to modern experimental atomic and molecular physics was his so-called molecular beam method [2], which Stern developed and employed in his experiments. With this method he discovered several fundamental properties of atoms, molecules and nuclei [2, 3]. As corresponding particle detection techniques were lacking during his time, he was only able to observe the averaged footprints of large particle ensembles. Today it is routinely possible to measure the momenta of single particles, because of the tremendous progress in single particle detection and data acquisition electronics. A “state-of-the-art” COLTRIMS reaction microscope [4–11] can measure, for example, the momenta of several particles ejected in the same quantum process in coincidence with sub-a.u. momentum resolution. Such setups can be used to visualize the dynamics of quantum reactions and image the entangled motion of electrons inside atoms and molecules. This review will briefly summarize Stern’s work and then present in longer detail the historic steps of the development of the COLTRIMS reaction microscope. Furthermore, some benchmark results are shown which initially paved the way for a broad acceptance of the COLTRIMS approach. Finally, a small selection of milestone work is presented which has been performed during the last two decades.
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Sutcliffe, B. T. "The Nuclear Motion Problem in Molecular Physics". W Advances in Quantum Chemistry, 65–80. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3276(08)60207-5.

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Autschbach, Jochen. "Quantized Vibrational Motion". W Quantum Theory for Chemical Applications, 281–305. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920807.003.0014.

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The harmonic oscillator of chapter 2 is visited again, now in its quantum theoretical version. The solution of the Schrodinger equation (SE) is shown step-by step, as it features steps that are very similar to those used in solving the equations for the angular momentum and hydrogen-like orbitals in later chapters. The Morse oscillator has a potential function that is much more representative of the vibrations of atoms in molecules as the harmonic potential. The solutions of the harmonic and Morse oscillator are compared. It is then shown how nuclear vibrations in poly-atomic molecules are treated at the harmonic level. This requires the separation of internal degrees of freedom from the overall translation and rotation of a molecule, leading to the normal modes. The chapter also discusses basic aspects of vibrational spectroscopy and the selection rules of infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy.
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Heyde, Kris, i John L. Wood. "Motion of an electron in a uniform magnetic field". W Quantum Mechanics for Nuclear Structure, Volume 1. IOP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2179-2ch13.

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Labastie, P., M. C. Bordas, B. Tribollet i M. Broyer. "Stroboscopic Effect between Electronic and Nuclear Motion in Highly Excited Molecular Rydberg States". W Molecular Applications of Quantum Defect Theory, 569–72. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203746608-39.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Quantum Nuclear Motion"

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Castiglia, G., P. P. Corso, E. Fiordilino i F. Persico. "High Order Harmonics from a Molecule: Evidence of the Nuclear Motion". W Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cqo.2007.cmi12.

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TYUTEREV, VLADIMIR G. "EFFECTIVE HAMILTONIANS AND PERTURBATION THEORY FOR QUANTUM BOUND STATES OF NUCLEAR MOTION IN MOLECULES". W Proceedings of the International Conference on SPT 2002. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795403_0027.

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Remacle, Francoise. "Steering Nuclear Motion by Ultrafast Multistate Non Equilibrium Electronic Quantum Dynamics in Atto Excited Molecules". W 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec52157.2021.9542616.

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Schaupp, Thomas, Klaus Renziehausen, Ingo Barth i Volker Engel. "Two ways to calculate momentum expectation values with different quantum probability and flux densities". W International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.2022.w4a.18.

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Using the Ehrenfest theorem, two possibilites are regarded to calculate momentum expectation values. They lead to different quantum probability and flux densities being illustrated with numerical results from a model for coupled electron-nuclear motion.
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Siemering, R., P. von den Hoff, T. Bayer, H. Braun, T. Baumert, M. Wollenhaupt i R. de Vivie-Riedle. "The influence of nuclear motion on the electron dynamics in an efficient sub-cycle control of the molecule K2". W 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/IQEC. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801017.

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Hartmann, Francis X., J. K. Munro i D. W. Noid. "Dynamics of a coupled nuclear-electron model In an Intense laser field". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tus8.

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Energy transfer processes in a simple single particle coupled nuclear-electron model interacting with an intense laser field are studied. In our model, an excited valence proton is bound as an independent particle in a Woods-Saxon potential—its dynamics are characteristic of nuclear motion in the Blatt and Weisskopf single-particle approximation. The electron is bound to the nu clear core in a nonrelativistic treatment by a Coulomb potential—its dynamics are characteristic of single-particle electronic transitions. Initial conditions for the classical trajectories are chosen to be states of the separable Hamiltonian, and the Bohr quantization condition is applied. The spectral analysis method1 is then used to calculate both transition intensities and frequencies for coupled electron-nucleon quantum mechanical transitions. This approach is particularly useful in treating perturbations on the coupled spectra. We have reported2 cases of strong coupling and chaotic motion in a simple model having extreme ionizations. We report here on dynamics of this model system in the presence of an intense laser field.
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Halász, Gábor J., Aurelie Perveaux, Benjamin Lasorne, Mike Robb, Fabien Gatti i Ágnes Vibók. "Simulation of Laser Induced Quantum Dynamics of the Electronic and Nuclear Motion in the Ozone Molecule on the Attosecond Time Scale". W Laser Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ls.2013.lw5h.1.

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Dehmelt, Hans. "Single atomic particle at rest in free space". W International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.wc1.

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Zero-point level confinement1 in a trap is the quantum-mechanical equivalent of the classical single particle at rest in free space. Such confinement has been demonstrated—by the continuous Stern-Gerlach effect—only for the 150-GHz cyclotron motion in geonium, a single electron permanently confined in a cold Penning trap. Localizing the electron to ≈ 60 μm in the node of a standing wave in the trap cavity approximated free space, but decreased spontaneous emission tenfold. Driving the 60-MHz axial motion on a sideband higher by the ≈ 12-kHz magnetron frequency forced the magnetron motion to absorb the excess photon energy, shrinking its radius to ~ 15μm. Analogous laser cooling has reduced the oscillation amplitude of a Ba+ ion in a Paul rf trap to < 120 nm. As in nuclear magnetic resonance, confinement is now much smaller than the wavelength and sidebands disappear. Quantum jumps to and from an electronic metastable level of Ba+ have been demonstrated. Using In+ or a similar ion, this may make a monoion oscillator optical frequency standard with a 1000-day reproducibility of 10-18 possible.
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Rosenwaks, S. "Applications of Nonlinear Optics Methods in Molecular Dynamics Studies". W The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.cwc1.

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The possibility of directing the course of chemical reactions by photoexcitation of specific modes of nuclear motion, so called mode-selective chemistry, continues to intrigue physicists, chemists and biologists. In this presentation we will address the application of stimulated Raman excitation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, overtone infrared excitation, laser induced fluorescence and multiphoton ionization techniques to preparation and detection of particular rovibrational states of the parent and product species in photodissociation and reactions of small molecules. Bond- and mode- selective processes in these species arc particularly appealing for both theoretical and experimental studies. This is because they are small enough to allow ab initio calculations of potential surfaces and photodynamics and yet retain the complexity of different vibrational degrees of freedom. However, quantitative comparison with theory requires experiments that prepare reactant molecules in specific initial states to avoid the averaging over different quantum states. Also, it is necessary to determine accurately the populations in the various final quantum states of the photofragments.
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Weiss, Morton S. "Can Optical Lasers Interact with Atomic Nuclei?" W High-Energy Density Physics with Subpicosecond Laser Pulses. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hpslp.1989.m2.

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