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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pycnidiospore"

1

Guo, X. W., and W. G. D. Fernando. "Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Spore Dispersal by Leptosphaeria maculans from Canola Stubble in Relation to Environmental Conditions." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (2005): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0097.

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Seasonal and diurnal patterns of spore dispersal by Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes blackleg disease of canola, were studied in two consecutive field seasons using a 7-day Burkard spore sampler and rotorod impaction spore samplers. Ascospores of L. maculans were trapped from mid-June to the end of July, whereas pycnidiospores were trapped from mid-July until the end of July or early August. Ascospores and pycnidiospores were trapped between 9:00 P.M. and 4:00 A.M., when air temperatures were 13 to 18°C and relative humidity was >80%. Peak ascospore and pycnidiospore dispersal was associated with rain events. Peak ascospore dispersal was found to occur several hours after rainfall ≥2 mm, and ascospore dispersal continued for approximately 3 days after such events. Peak pycnidiospore dispersal occurred during the same hours as rain events. More ascospores and pycnidiospores were carried in the direction of prevailing winds than in other directions. To the south of the inoculated area, the gradients of disease incidence and stem disease severity were -19.2 and -0.8 m-1, respectively. Disease incidence and stem severity declined by 50% 12.5 and 5.5 m from the inoculated area, respectively. To the north of the inoculated area, the gradients of disease incidence and stem severity were -21.5 and -0.7 m-1, respectively. Disease incidence and stem severity declined by 50% 14.0 and 5.2 m from the inoculated area, respectively. In 2001, ascospores and pycnidiospores were trapped within 25 m of the inoculated area, whereas pycnidiospores were trapped up to 45 m from the inoculated area.
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2

Chen, Wei-Qun, David P. Morgan, Dan Felts, and Themis J. Michailides. "Antagonism of Paenibacillus lentimorbus to Botryosphaeria dothidea and Biological Control of Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (2003): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.359.

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A potential microbial fungicide, Paenibacillus lentimorbus isolate CBCA-2, against Botryosphaeria dothidea, the pistachio panicle and shoot blight fungus, was obtained from healthy pistachio leaves by both in vitro and in vivo screening techniques. CBCA-2 caused 100% inhibition of pycnidiospore germination after 24 h incubation at 25°C. Malformation of pycnidiospores and hyphae, and lysis and swollen pycnidiospores of B. dothidea occurred in the presence of cell suspensions of CBCA-2. Among the five media tested, nutrient yeast dextrose broth significantly increased the production of antifungal compounds. Application of culture filtrates of CBCA-2 suppressed disease on detached pistachio leaves, but washed bacterial cells did not inhibit lesion development. Development of lesions on excised dormant stems was inhibited only when the culture filtrate was applied before fungal inoculation. Survival of the CBCA-2 after treatment with azoxystrobin (Abound), benomyl (Benlate), tebuconazole (Elite), propiconazole (Break), or trifloxystrobin (Flint) at the highest recommended concentration was not affected, but survival was affected by iprodione (Rovral). Spraying a suspension of CBCA-2 on pruning wounds before inoculation with pycnidiospores of B. dothidea significantly reduced infection compared with the unsprayed, inoculated controls.
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Zhang, Jin Xiu, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, and Allen G. Xue. "Daily and seasonal spore dispersal by Mycosphaerella pinodes and development of mycosphaerella blight of field pea." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 3 (2005): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-003.

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Daily and seasonal spore dispersal of Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk & Bloxam) Vestergren and the relationship of spore dispersal to distance and disease severity were investigated in a pea field in western Canada during two consecutive years. Most ascospores were released in response to rain events, during the first 23–27 d after the inoculum source area was infested with naturally diseased pea residue, whereas most pycnidiospores were trapped during the first 20 d. For both ascospores and pycnidiospores, the highest peaks of spore release occurred during the first 14–20 d after infestation. Few spores were trapped after day 27 after infestation. Daily peaks of ascospore and pycnidiospore release occurred between 1700 and 0400 hours. Most ascospores were released 1–2 d after a rain event and the largest peak appeared the first day after rain. In contrast, most pycnidiospores were released on the same day as rain occurred or the following day. The release of both spore types was associated with rainfall events ≥2 mm during the first 27 d after infestation but not with rainfall events after 27 d. Ascospore density was negatively correlated with distance from the inoculum source (r ≤ –0.92) and positively related to the disease severity (r ≥ 0.92). Disease severity decreased with increasing distance from the inoculum source. The patterns of spore dispersal associated with rain events have practical applications in the disease forecasting and spraying of chemicals to control the disease.Key words: field pea, mycosphaerella blight, rainfall, spore release.
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4

Dorrance, A. E., O. K. Miller, and H. L. Warren. "Comparison of Stenocarpella maydis Isolates for Isozyme and Cultural Characteristics." Plant Disease 83, no. 7 (1999): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.675.

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Isolates of Stenocarpella maydis from seed companies and plant disease clinics in the United States and the Republic of South Africa were assayed for isozyme polymorphisms and cultural variability. A low level of isozyme polymorphisms was detected in this collection of isolates. Isozyme polymorphisms were detected for α-esterase, hexose kinase, and malate dehydroge-nase of the enzymes assayed. Fungi often have limited variability among isozyme profiles, and this is especially true for fungi that have host specialization such as biotrophs or fungi with formae speciales designations. Optimum growth temperature, colony color, and pycnidiospore production were also measured. All isolates had an optimum temperature of 28 to 31°C for colony growth on acidified potato dextrose agar. Colony color and pycnidiospore production were variable over the course of several experiments, indicating that these phenotypes are poor genetic markers.
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5

Galper, S., A. Sztejnberg, and N. Lisker. "Scanning electron microscopy of the ontogeny of Ampelomyces quisqualis pycnidia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 10 (1985): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-181.

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Observations on Ampelomyces quisqualis disclosed that the pycnidium may originate either from one cell of a single pycnidiospore, or from one hyphal cell. In the first case the pycnidiospore becomes two celled and swollen and a profuse germination of one of the two swollen spore cells can be observed. Later, the short hyphae branches, interweave, and anastomose to form a compact network around the mother spore, the pycnidium primordium. Similarly, we observed profuse branching in a single hyphal cell. The newly formed branches interweave and anastomose to form a compact network which gives rise to the pycnidium primordium. Hyphal rings were also observed throughout this study, but no pycnidia arose from these structures. During the vegetative growth of the fungus, hyphal anastomosis seems to be a frequent pattern. It seems that the pycnidial ontogeny of A. quisqualis does not conform to any known developmental type.
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6

Hu, Jiahuai, Evan G. Johnson, Nan-Yi Wang, Tiago Davoglio, and Megan M. Dewdney. "qPCR Quantification of Pathogenic Guignardia citricarpa and Nonpathogenic G. mangiferae in Citrus." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (2014): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0465-re.

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Citrus black spot, a major citrus disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa, was recently introduced in Florida. The nonpathogenic fungal endophyte G. mangiferae is commonly found in the same citrus tissues as G. citricarpa. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 genes were developed to detect, quantify, and distinguish between these morphologically similar organisms in environmental samples. The primer/probe sets GCITS and GMITS were more than 95% efficient in single-set reactions in complex environmental DNA samples. Detection of 10 fg of G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae DNA was possible. Pycnidiospore disruption resulted in detection of single pycnidiospores with 78 (59 to 102; 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 112 (92 to 136; 95% CI) ITS copies for G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae, respectively. Detection was from partially decomposed leaves where fruiting bodies cannot be morphologically distinguished. Temperature and wetting period have significant effects on Guignardia spp. pseudothecia production in leaf litter. Based on relative biomass or the proportion of nuclei detected, G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae respond more strongly to wetting period than temperature. This qPCR assay will provide additional epidemiological data on black spot in tissues where G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae are not easily distinguished.
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7

Li, Hua, John Kuo, Martin John Barbetti, and Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam. "Differences in the responses of stem tissues of spring-type Brassica napus cultivars with polygenic resistance and single dominant gene-based resistance to inoculation with Leptosphaeria maculans." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (2007): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-159.

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Six spring-type Brassica napus L. cultivars, either susceptible or with polygenic or monogenic resistance, were inoculated with Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (organism causing phoma stem canker in crucifers) to investigate differences in the responses of host stem tissues to the pathogen. At growth stage 1.06, plants were inoculated with pycnidiospores at the junction of the petiole and stem. The pre-penetration and penetration phases were examined along with the histological, ultrastructural, and histochemical responses. The processes of pycnidiospore attachment, germination, and penetration through the stomata of petioles and stems were found to be similar in all cultivars. Specific post-penetration defense reactions identified were lignification, suberisation, and additional cambium formation in the resistant cultivars. In ‘Surpass 400’, which has monogenic resistance, these responses occurred 4–5 d earlier than in polygenically resistant cultivars, and were more intense (preventing hyphal penetration of the additional cambium layer), and resulted in a hypersensitive reaction without pycnidia formation. Our study clearly emphasizes the variatiability in location, timing, and histochemistry of stem responses between compatible and incompatible interactions and will improve our overall understanding of the role and importance of the mechanisms of resistance in spring-type B. napus to L. maculans.
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8

Moyo, Providence, Paul H. Fourie, Siyethemba L. Masikane, et al. "The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121813.

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Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, which is classified as a quarantine organism in certain countries whose concerns are that CBS-infected fruit may be a pathway for introduction of the pathogen. This study evaluated the reproductive capability and viability of P. citricarpa under simulated conditions in which the whole fruit, peel segments, or citrus pulp with CBS lesions were discarded. Naturally infected ‘Midknight’ Valencia orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit, either treated using standard postharvest sanitation, fungicide, and wax coating treatments or untreated, were placed into cold storage for 5 weeks (oranges at 4 °C and lemons at 7 °C). Thereafter, treated and untreated fruit were incubated for a further 2 weeks at conditions conducive for CBS symptom expression and formation of pycnidia. The ability of pycnidia to secrete viable pycnidiospores after whole fruit and peel segments or peel pieces from citrus pulp were exposed to sunlight at warm temperatures (±28 °C) and ±75% relative humidity levels was then investigated. The combination of postharvest treatments and cold storage effectively controlled CBS latent infections (>83.6% control) and pycnidium formation (<1.4% of lesions formed pycnidia), and the wax coating completely inhibited pycnidiospore release in fruit and peel segments. Pycnidiospores were secreted only from lesions on untreated fruit and peel segments and at low levels (4.3–8.6%) from peel pieces from pulped treated fruit. However, spore release rapidly declined when exposed to sunlight conditions (1.4% and 0% after 2 and 3 days, respectively). The generally poor reproductive ability and viability of CBS fruit lesions on harvested fruit, particularly when exposed to sunlight conditions, supports the conclusion that citrus fruit without leaves is not an epidemiologically significant pathway for the entry, establishment, and spread of P. citricarpa.
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9

Shaw, Brian D., and H. C. Hoch. "Ca2+ Regulation of Phyllosticta ampelicida Pycnidiospore Germination and Appressorium Formation." Fungal Genetics and Biology 31, no. 1 (2000): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.2000.1223.

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10

Ma, Zhonghua, and Themis J. Michailides. "Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea Isolates Collected from Pistachio and Other Plant Hosts in California." Phytopathology® 92, no. 5 (2002): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.5.519.

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Eighty-six isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of pistachio, were collected from pistachio and other plant hosts in California. The isolates were characterized by microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR), sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2), morphological and cultural characters, osmotic and fungicide sensitivity, and pathogenicity on pistachio. Three groups of these isolates were identified based upon analysis of MP-PCR data and ITS sequences. Group I contained 43 pycnidiospore-derived isolates collected from pistachio and other hosts. Group II consisted of 20 ascosporic isolates obtained from a single sequoia plant. Group III consisted of 20 ascosporic isolates from three shoots on a single blackberry plant, two pycnidiospore-derived isolates from incense cedar, and one from pistachio. Group I predominated over the other two groups in California pistachio orchards. B. dothidea isolates of group III grew faster on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) than the isolates of groups I and II. Isolates of group III produced pycnidia on both APDA and autoclaved pistachio shoots, but the isolates of the other two groups produced pycnidia on only autoclaved pistachio shoots. Additionally, significant differences in osmotic and fungicide sensitivities were observed among these three groups. Results from lathhouse inoculations demonstrated that the representative isolates for each of the three groups were all capable of infecting pistachio and producing characteristic disease symptoms of Botryosphaeria blight. The virulence of group II isolates on pistachio was, however, significantly lower than that of group I isolates.
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