Artykuły w czasopismach: „PWG-1”

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Han, Seok Hee, Elaine Ballinger, Se-Young Choung i Jung Yeon Kwon. "Anti-Photoaging Effect of Hydrolysates from Pacific Whiting Skin via MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, and Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in UVB-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts". Marine Drugs 20, nr 5 (30.04.2022): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050308.

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Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light promotes the breakdown of collagen in the skin and disrupts the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, leading to skin wrinkling. Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) is a fish abundant on the Pacific coast. In the current study, we investigated the anti-wrinkle effect of hydrolysate from Pacific whiting skin gelatin (PWG) in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts and the molecular mechanisms involved. PWG effectively restored type 1 procollagen synthesis reduced by UVB-irradiation. Also, we found that PWG inhibited collagen degradation by inhibiting MMP1 expression. Furthermore, PWG decreased cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β associated with inflammatory responses and increased antioxidant enzymes, HO-1, SOD, GPx, CAT, and GSH content, a defense system against oxidative stress. In terms of molecular mechanisms, PWG increased collagen synthesis through activating the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway and decreased collagen degradation through inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway. It also suppressed the inflammatory response through suppressing the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and increased antioxidant enzyme activity through activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf-2/HO-1) pathway. These multi-target mechanisms suggest that PWG may serve as an effective anti-photoaging material.

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Zhang, Xiangsheng, Min Jin, Jiaxiang Luo, Shichao Xie, Chen Guo, Tingting Zhu, Xiaoying Hu, Ye Yuan i Qicun Zhou. "Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Levels on the Growth and Glucose Metabolism of Juvenile Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus". Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (1.02.2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7110052.

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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different carbohydrate levels on the growth performance, glycogen accumulation in tissue, enzyme activities, and expression levels of genes related to hepatopancreatic glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathway in swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus for 8 weeks. The results indicated that crabs fed with the 60.0 g kg-1 carbohydrate diet exhibited the highest final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain (PWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) among all treatments. FBW, PWG, and SGR significantly decreased when dietary carbohydrate levels exceeded 240.0 g kg-1. Light microscopy results showed that dietary excessive carbohydrate levels will lead to vacuole, hepatopancreatic tubule lysis, and lipid droplets in hepatopancreas. Expression levels of genes involved into glucose transport, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin-like metabolism in the hepatopancreas were significantly influenced by dietary carbohydrate levels. In general, the results of present study demonstrated that dietary optimal carbohydrate levels could not only improve PWG and SGR but also influence the expression of genes involved in glucose, lipid, and insulin-like metabolism. The optimal actual carbohydrate level was estimated to be 87.8-98.4 g kg-1 based on broken-line and second-order polynomial regression analysis between PWG against dietary carbohydrate levels for juvenile Portunus trituberculatus.

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Contreras, Sandra, Lorena Porras-Javier, Bonnie T. Zima, Neelkamal Soares, Christine Park, Alpa Patel, Paul J. Chung i Tumaini R. Coker. "Development of a Telehealth-Coordinated Intervention to Improve Access to Community-Based Mental Health". Ethnicity & Disease 28, Supp (6.09.2018): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.s2.457.

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Objective: To develop an intervention to improve the mental health referral and care process for children referred by primary care providers (PCPs) to community mental health clinics (MHCs) using a community partnered approach.Design: A Project Working Group (PWG) with representatives from each partner organization met monthly for 6 months.Setting: Multi-site federally qualified health center (FQHC) and two community MHCs in Los Angeles county.Participants: 26 stakeholders (14 FQHC clinic providers/staff, 8 MHC providers/staff, 4 parents) comprised the PWG.Data Sources: Qualitative interviews, PWG meeting notes, intervention processes and workflow reports.Intervention: The PWG reviewed qualitative data from stakeholders (interviews of 7 parents and 13 providers/staff). The PWG met monthly to identify key transition points where access to and coordination of care were likely compromised and to develop solutions.Results: Three critical transition points and system solutions were identified: 1) Parents refuse initial referral to the MHC due to stigma regarding mental health services. Solution: During initial referral, parents watch a video introducing them to the MHC. 2) Parents don’t complete the MHC’s screening after referral. Solution: A live videoconference session connecting parents at the FQHC with MHC staff ensures completion of the screening and eligibility process. 3) PCPs reject transfer of patients back to primary care for ongoing psychotropic medication management. Solution: Regularly scheduled live videoconferences connect PCPs and MHC providers.Conclusions: A community partnered approach to care design utilizing telehealth for care coordination between clinics can potentially be used to address key challenges in MHC access for children.Ethn Dis. 2018;28(Suppl 2):457-466; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S2.457.

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Selaive -Villarroel, Arturo Bernardo, Marcus Brocardo Maciel i Nelson Manzoni de Oliveira. "Effects of weaning age and weight on lamb growth rate of Morada Nova breed raised in a tropical extensive production system". Ciência Rural 38, nr 3 (czerwiec 2008): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000300030.

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The aim of this research were to study the effect of weaning age and weight on post-growing rate (PWG) and to estimate the optimal weaning age (WA) and weight (WW) of Morada Nova-white variety breed lambs raised under extensive system conditions. A total of 31 male and female lambs were evaluated, being 19 lambs born in April/May 2001 and 12 lambs born in February/March 2002. Lambs were distributed in the following treatments at weaning: 1) weaning age = T1: weaned at 60 days; T2: weaned at 75 days; T3: weaned at 90 days, and 2) weaning weight = T1: weaned with 9 to 10.4kg weigth; T2: weaned with 10.5 to 12.4kg weight and T3: weaned with above 12.5kg weight. The PWG was recorded through successive weightings done every fourteen days from weaning to 180 days of age. Data were analysed through a statistical model that included age and weight at weaning, sex and year of birth as fixed effects. Lambs weaned with 60, 75 and 90 days of age showed non-significant differences (P>0.05) on PWG. However, WW had a significant influence (P<0.05) on lamb weight. The group weaned with 9-10.4kg had smaller live weight than those weaned with 10.5-12.4kg or above 12.5kg. No differences were found between these last two groups. Also, sex had significant effect (P<0.05) on lamb growing with males being heavier than females (20.7kg and 17.6kg, respectively). Year of birth did not affect PWG. It was concluded that weight at weaning is more important than age at weaning on post-weaning growing of lambs. The most efficient live weaning weight on white Morada Nova lambs raised in extensive system production is over 10.5kg.

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Quist, Erin M., Gary A. Boorman, John M. Cullen, Robert R. Maronpot, Amera K. Remick, James A. Swenberg, Les Freshwater i Jerry F. Hardisty. "Reevaluation of Hepatocellular Neoplasms in CD-1 Mice from a 2-year Oral Carcinogenicity Study with Permethrin". Toxicologic Pathology 47, nr 1 (1.11.2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318809304.

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A 24-month oral carcinogenicity study of permethrin was conducted by feeding male and female CD-1 mice diets containing concentrations of 0, 20, 500, and 2,000 ppm of permethrin (males) or 0, 20, 2,500, and 5,000 ppm of permethrin (females). After approximately two years on study, surviving mice were sacrificed for the evaluation of chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity. An expert panel of pathologists was convened as a Pathology Working Group (PWG) to review coded liver histology sections from male and female mice and to classify all liver neoplasms according to current nomenclature and diagnostic criteria guidelines. The PWG results indicate that permethrin induced a significant dose-dependent increase in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in treated female mice ( p < .01) as well as a nonstatistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular tumors in treated male mice. Given the continuum of the diagnoses of adenoma and carcinoma, and the difficulty in distinguishing some of the lesions, it is appropriate to consider only the combined incidences of hepatocellular tumors (adenoma and/or carcinoma) for biological significance and risk assessment.

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Lee, Chung Lyul, Jong Mok Park, Ji Yong Lee, Seung Woo Yang, Hyun Seok Na, Jaegeun Lee, Sunkyung Jung i Ju Hyun Shin. "A Novel Incisionless Disposable Vaginal Device for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Efficacy and Quality of Life". International Neurourology Journal 27, Suppl 1 (31.05.2023): S40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2346092.046.

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Purpose: This clinical study sought to evaluate the possible clinical effectiveness and practicality of URINO, an innovative, incisionless, and disposable intravaginal device, designed for patients suffering from stress urinary incontinence.Methods: A prospective, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial was carried out, involving women diagnosed with stress urinary incontinence who used a self-inserted, disposable intravaginal pessary device. Comparisons were made between the results of the 20-minute pad-weight gain (PWG) test at baseline and visit 3, where the device was applied. After 1 week of device usage, compliance, satisfaction, the sensation of a foreign body, and adverse events were assessed.Results: Out of 45 participants, 39 completed the trial and expressed satisfaction within the modified intention-to-treat group. The average 20-minute PWG of participants was 17.2±33.6 g at baseline and significantly dropped to 5.3±16.2 g at visit 3 with device application. A total of 87.2% of participants exhibited a reduction ratio of PWG by 50% or more, surpassing the clinical trial success benchmark of 76%. The mean compliance was recorded as 76.6%±26.6%, the average visual analogue scale score for patient satisfaction was 6.4±2.6, and the sensation of a foreign body, measured on a 5-point Likert scale, was 3.1±1.2 after 1 week of device use. No serious adverse events were reported; there was 1 instance of microscopic hematuria and 2 cases of pyuria, all of which recovered.Conclusions: The investigated device demonstrated significant clinical effectiveness and safety for patients with stress urinary incontinence. It was easy to use, showing favorable patient compliance. We propose that these disposable intravaginal pessaries could potentially be an alternative treatment for patients with stress urinary incontinence who are seeking nonsurgical options or are unable to undergo surgery.Trial Registration: The study was registered as a clinical trial (KCT0008369).

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Ajibola, S. I., S. O. Obasa, A. K. Akintokun i I. Abdulraheem. "Body weight changes, nutrient utilization and intestinal microflora of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed Aloe barbadensis leaves". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, nr 1 (27.01.2021): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2784.

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Immuno-nutrition studies have shown that some nutrients are linked to the immunological status of fish. Growth performance, nutrient utilization and intestinal microflora were examined in Clarias gariepinus. The 120 C. gariepimus fingerlings (weight, 2.33±0.07g)were fed Aloe barbadensis leaves-paste supplemented diets in 40L freshwater-filled plastic tanks ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The experimental diets containing 40% crude protein were supplemented with three concentration of A. barbadensis leaves-paste: ABL1-1%; ABL2-2%; ABL3-3% and control-0%. Mean weight gain (MWG) and percentage weight gain (PWG) increased (p<0.05) as the concentration of A. barbadensis increased. MWG (17.95±0.78) and PWG (772.2±54.94) were highest in fish fed ABL3 and lowest MWG (11.92±1.16) and PWG (17.95±0.78) in fish fed control diet. Nutrients were better utilized among the diets supplemented group at different significant levels (p < 0.05). The highest value of ANPU was observed in ABL1 when compared to all other treatments including the control. Survival rate decreased as concentration of paste increased. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the total bacterial counts (TBC) in A. barbadensis leaves-paste supplemented diets and the control having the highest TBC (23.67 ±0.88 x 105 CFU/ml). Growth of total fungal counts (TFC) was not observed in ABLI. There was a reduction in TFC as the concentration increased in the other supplemented diets, and the control having the highest TFC (7.67 ± 0.44 x 105CFU/ml). The study concluded that inclusion of 1% A. barbadensis leaves-paste as supplement in the diet could effectively improve the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of cultured C. gariepinus. A. barbadensis leaves-paste could also reduce the microbial load of the fish.

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Ajibola, S. I., S. O. Obasa, A. K. Akintokun i I. Abdulraheem. "Body weight changes, nutrient utilization and intestinal microflora of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed Aloe barbadensis leaves". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, nr 2 (9.01.2021): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i2.725.

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Immuno-nutrition studies have shown that some nutrients are linked to the immunological status of fish. Growth performance, nutrient utilization and intestinal microflora were examined in Clarias gariepinus. The 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings (weight, 2.33±0.07g) were fed with Aloe barbadensis leaves-paste supplemented diets in 40L freshwater-filled plastic tanks ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The experimental diets containing 40% crude protein were supplemented with three concentration of A. barbadensis leaves-paste: ABL1–1%; ABL2–2%; ABL3–3% and control–0%. Mean weight gain (MWG) and percentage weight gain (PWG) increased (p<0.05) as the concentration of A. barbadensis increased. MWG (17.95±0.78) and PWG (772.2±54.94) were highest in fish fed ABL3 and lowest MWG (11.92±1.16) and PWG (17.95±0.78) in fish fed control diet. Nutrients were better utilized among the diets supplemented group at different significant levels (p < 0.05). The highest value of ANPU was observed in ABL1 when compared to all other treatments including the control. Survival rate decreased as concentration of paste increased. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the total bacterial counts (TBC) in A. barbadensis leaves-paste supplemented diets and the control having the highest TBC (23.67 ± 0.88 x 105CFU/ml). Growth of total fungal counts (TFC) was not observed in ABL1. There was a reduction in TFC as the concentration increased in the other supplemented diets, and the control having the highest TFC (7.67 ± 0.44 x 105 CFU/ml). The study concluded that inclusion of 1% A. barbadensis leaves-paste as supplement in the diet could effectively improve the growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of cultured C. gariepinus. A. barbadensis leaves-paste could also reduce the microbial load of the fish.

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Takada, Yosuke, i Kanin Keeratipongpaiboon. "Health Needs Assessment in Disasters by Emergency Medical Teams in the ASEAN Region". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (maj 2019): s134—s135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002942.

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Introduction:Japan International Cooperation Agency has started the project for strengthening the ASEAN regional capacity on disaster health management (ARCH Project) since 2016. This project conducted the start-up regional collaboration drill in ASEAN. All participants from ASEAN countries realized the need for a standardized assessment tool. Several UN agencies and international organizations launched assessment tools, but there is no standard assessment tool.Aim:To develop an integrated rapid health needs assessment (HNA) tool in the ASEAN region. This paper reports the development process of the HNA tool.Methods:The project established the project working group (PWG) to developing some tools. PWG consisted of the expert team, project team, Japanese Advisory group and twenty delegates from ten ASEAN member states. PWG established the cycle of the developing process of the HNA tool.Results:We created a health needs assessment form and a summary form. The assessment form consists of (1) Informant information, (2) Site information, (3) Overall situation of the site, (4) Public health, (5) Health facility damage. The summary form consists of (1) Informant information, (2) Site information, (3) Critical areas for support, (4) Situation of the site.Discussion:Frequently, the public health emergency operation center in an affected country is not able to obtain the critical information of an affected area in the acute phase of disasters. This HNA tool would be used in the acute phase by the Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) because the EMT has mobility and workforce for assisting the affected country. We have agreed on the usage of the assessment form as a kind of an “interview guide”. The purpose of this assessment form is to assess a disaster situation. The next step will be to provide more opportunities for the ASEAN member states to use and learn more about this HNA form.

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Zhao, Ye, Jin-Yang Li, Qin Jiang, Xiao-Qiu Zhou, Lin Feng, Yang Liu, Wei-Dan Jiang i in. "Leucine Improved Growth Performance, Muscle Growth, and Muscle Protein Deposition Through AKT/TOR and AKT/FOXO3a Signaling Pathways in Hybrid Catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli × Leiocassis longirostris". Cells 9, nr 2 (30.01.2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9020327.

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(1) Background: l-leucine (Leu) plays a positive role in regulating protein turnover in skeletal muscle in mammal. However, the molecular mechanism for the effects of Leu on muscle growth and protein deposition is not clearly demonstrated in fish. This study investigated the effects of dietary Leu on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis, and degradation-related signaling pathways of hybrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). (2) Methods: A total of 630 hybrid catfish (23.19 ± 0.20 g) were fed 6 different experimental diets containing graded levels of Leu at 10.0 (control), 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 g Leu kg-1 for 8 weeks. (3) Results: Results showed that dietary Leu increased percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), FI (feed intake), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), muscle fibers diameter, and muscle fibers density; up-regulated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG, and Mrf4), and MyHC mRNA levels; increased muscle protein synthesis via regulating the AKT/TOR signaling pathway; and attenuated protein degradation via regulating the AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathway. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that Leu has potential role to improve muscle growth and protein deposition in fish, which might be due to the regulation of IGF mRNA expression, muscle growth related gene, and protein synthesis and degradation-related signaling pathways. Based on the broken-line model, the Leu requirement of hybrid catfish (23.19-54.55 g) for PWG was estimated to be 28.10 g kg-1 of the diet (73.04 g kg-1 of dietary protein). These results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for muscle growth and protein deposition effects of Leu in fish.

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Elezuo, K. O., E. G. Okeke, V. O. Olarewaju i B. E. Quadri. "Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles fed Diets Supplemented with Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder". Journal of Aquatic Sciences 35, nr 2 (16.04.2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v35i2.18.

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The study investigated effects of graded levels of garlic (Allium sativum) powder supplemented diets on the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Five treatments comprising of twelve C. gariepinus juveniles of mean weight 7.52±0.00g per treatment were used in the study. Fish in each treatment was fed twice daily with experimental diets formulated with different inclusion levels of garlic powder at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%; designated as control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Fish were fed at 5% of their body weight and feeding trial lasted for 56 days. Analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of culture water was also carried out. Collected data were analysed and results showed that water temperature ranged from 27.0 to 28.5oC, pH ranged between 7.58 and 7.79, dissolved oxygen levels varied from 6.20 to 6.50mg/l, while ammonia content was observed to be between 2.33 and 2.73mg/l. Fish fed 3% garlic inclusion diet had the highest mean weight gain (MWG) of 40.63±30.04g, percentage weight gain (PWG) of 541.73% and specific growth rate (SGR) of 2.79±0.00%/day when compared with those on other treatments. The least PWG (345.25%) and SGR (1.95±0.00) were observed in the control and fish fed 1% garlic inclusion diets. However, MWG values were similar (p > 0.05) in T1 and T4. Fish fed diets with 2% garlic inclusion had the highest FCR (3.22±0.04) while the least value (2.29±0.03) was observed in T3. Results of the crude protein contents of treated fish carcass increased in all dietary treatments. Inference from this study indicated that incorporation of garlic meal in fish diets at 3% inclusion level improved growth performance and proximate composition of C. gariepinus juveniles. Keywords: Catfish, functional foods, garlic, nutrient utilization, weight gain

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Svigelj, Rossella, Ivan Zuliani, Cristian Grazioli, Nicolò Dossi i Rosanna Toniolo. "An Effective Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Gluten Detection". Nanomaterials 12, nr 6 (17.03.2022): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060987.

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Nanomaterials can be used to modify electrodes and improve the conductivity and the performance of electrochemical sensors. Among various nanomaterials, gold-based nanostructures have been used as an anchoring platform for the functionalization of biosensor surfaces. One of the main advantages of using gold for the modification of electrodes is its great affinity for thiol-containing molecules, such as proteins, forming a strong Au-S bond. In this work, we present an impedimetric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles and a truncated aptamer for the quantification of gluten in hydrolyzed matrices such as beer and soy sauce. A good relationship between the Rct values and PWG-Gliadin concentration was found in the range between 0.1–1 mg L−1 of gliadin (corresponding to 0.2–2 mg L−1 of gluten) with a limit of detection of 0.05 mg L−1 of gliadin (corresponding to 0.1 mg L−1 of gluten). The label-free assay was also successfully applied for the determination of real food samples.

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Pivo, Gary, i Paul McNamara. "International Real Estate Review". International Real Estate Review 8, nr 1 (30.06.2005): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100064.

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This paper was written for the principles for responsible investment project of the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI). The UNEP FI is a global partnership between UNEP and the financial sector to understand the impacts of environmental and social considerations on financial performance. As recommended in this paper, the UNEP FI is organizing a Property Working Group (PWG) to further examine the issues discussed here. Information about the PWG can be obtained from the authors. Responsible property investing (RPI) means maximizing the positive and minimizing the negative social and environmental effects of property investing, consistent with fiduciary responsibilities. Our understanding of these issues has progressed a good deal over the decades due to work by the United Nations and others. Property markets are inextricably linked to urban problems and better management of both new and existing properties is needed to resolve them. The perception that RPI necessarily dilutes investment returns should be challenged. There is mounting evidence that RPI can be financially sound and socially beneficial. Leaders have emerged that are demonstrating its feasibility. Their activity should be considered as a basis for best practice guidelines. There is a need to develop metrics for comparing progress on RPI. We recommend: 1) establishing an RPI working group, 2) summarizing prior reports on urban issues, 3) identifying investment strategies that are profitable and responsive to the issues, 4) clarifying the financial effects of different responses and improving our means of measuring them, 5) identifying best practices, 6) adopting a rating system, 7) supporting RPI investment funds, and 8) recognizing leaders in the field.

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Fang, Fang, Ye Yuan, Min Jin, Yingying Zhang, Tingting Zhu, Jiaxiang Luo, Zheng Yang i in. "Alteration of Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles, and Lipid Metabolism of Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) Juvenile in Response to Different Dietary Arachidonic Acid Levels". Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (23.11.2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6038613.

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An eight-week feeding trail was carried out to investigate the impacts of different dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) supplementations on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, tissue fatty acid profiles, and lipid metabolism of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) juvenile. Six isonitrogenous (480 g kg-1 crude protein) and isolipidic (80 g kg-1 crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 0.40, 2.50, 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g ARA kg-1 (dry matter), respectively. Each experimental treatment included 24 mud crab juveniles (initial weight 11.29 ± 0.09 g) and was assigned to triplicate groups ( n = 3 ). Crabs fed diets with 2.50, 4.60, and 8.90 g kg-1 ARA presented significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the other diets. Based on two-slope broken-line and quadratic curve regression analysis of PWG against dietary ARA levels, optimal dietary ARA levels were determined to be 5.20 g kg-1 and 6.20 g kg-1, respectively. Crabs fed with 4.60 g kg-1 ARA diet showed the lowest activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in hemolymph among all treatments. In hemolymph and hepatopancreas, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) rose first and then dropped with the increase of dietary ARA levels, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Tissue fatty acid profiles reflected diets fatty acid compositions. The ARA contents in hepatopancreas and muscle significantly increased with the increase of dietary ARA levels. Furthermore, the areas of blasenzellen (B) cells and restzellen (R) cells were significantly downregulated with the increase of dietary ARA levels. Crabs fed with 0.40 g kg-1 ARA diet showed significantly higher gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase (fas) as well as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) among all treatments. Relative gene expression levels of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd) as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) have been significantly upregulated in 0.40 and 2.50 g kg-1 ARA groups. Relative gene expression level of fatty acid binding protein 1 (fabp1) significantly increased in 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g kg-1 ARA groups. However, the gene expression levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (fabp4) as well as scavenger receptor class 2 (srb2) have not been influenced by dietary ARA levels. What is more, crabs fed diets with 4.60, 8.90, 12.50, and 15.70 g kg-1 ARA had a significantly higher expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) than those fed diets with 0.40 and 2.50 g kg-1 ARA. In summary, optimum dietary ARA can promote growth, enhance antioxidant capacity, and improve health of mud crab juveniles. It also demonstrated that lipogenesis has been restrained with the increasing dietary ARA levels. These findings could provide theoretical guidance and reference for the lipid nutrition research as well as the development of the commercial diet in mud crab.

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Lee, S. L., G. H. Maeng, W. J. Lee, R. H. Chon i G. J. Rho. "47 PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MALE AND FEMALE MINIATURE PIGS CLONED WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, nr 1 (2011): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab47.

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The information on the physiological health status and the endocrinological parameters of cloned pigs is limited. To address this issue, the present study evaluated the hematological, biochemical, and endocrinological status of adult cloned male and female miniature pigs. Male and female cloned miniature pigs were produced by NT using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived bone marrow of miniature pig (T-type, PWG Micro-pig®, PWG Genetics Korea, South Korea). Cloned and age-matched control male and female miniature pigs were maintained under the same conditions in a farm facility, and collected blood samples via jugular venipuncture at the age of 1 year, 3, 6, and 9 months. Complete blood counts of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thromocytes were performed using automated hematology cell counter (MS9-5V; Melet Schloesing Lab., France). Biochemical analyses were performed using a bench-top dry chemistry analyzer (Vettest 8008 Chemistry Analyzer; IDEXX Lab., UK) by examining creatinine, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ–GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, and amylase. Plasma growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid, tyroxine, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen concentration were determined by a 7020 automatic analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Most parameters related to the hematological and biochemical status of cloned female and male miniature pigs were similar to control animals. However, γ–GGT (67.0 ± 20.8) and ALT (78.7 ± 24.0) levels of cloned male were higher compared to normal range (16 to 30 and 9 to 43 U L–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) higher than cloned female (GGT: 38.7 ± 2.9, ALT: 55.0 ± 16.1) and control female and male pigs (GGT: 27.5 ± 4.8 and 23.0 ± 4.4, ALT: 38.5 ± 7.9 and 32.3 ± 8.5). TP (8.2 ± 0.2) and cholesterol (87.33 ± 6.66) levels of cloned female were higher compared to normal range (6.0 to 8.0 g dL–1 and 18 to 79 mg dL–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than cloned male (TP: 7.7 ± 0.4, cholesterol: 85.0 ± 8.2) and control female and male (TP: 7.9 ± 0.4 and 7.1 ± 0.6, cholesterol: 62.8 ± 3.6 and 57.0 ± 14.4). Endocrinological variation of insulin and IGF-1 of cloned female (1.43 ± 0.7 and 226.10 ± 65.0, respectively) were higher than cloned male and control female and male (0.9 ± 0.1 and 174.2 ± 42.2, 0.5 ± 0.3 and 199.9 ± 8.9, 0.5 ± 0.4 and 168.9 ± 21.2, respectively). In summary, despite similarities in hematological and biochemical parameters between cloned male and female miniature pigs and controls, a greater degree of physiological and endocrinological variations were found in cloned pigs. Based on the changes of the parameters related to growth metabolism, cloned male and female miniature pigs may have dysfunction of the liver. Therefore, the variabilities found must be taken into account before considering the cloned pigs for applications in biomedicine and xenotransplantation. This study was supported by Grant No. 2007031034040 from Bio-organ, Republic of Korea.

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Almeida, R. P. P., E. F. Pereira, A. H. Purcell i J. R. S. Lopes. "Multiplication and Movement of a Citrus Strain of Xylella fastidiosa Within Sweet Orange". Plant Disease 85, nr 4 (kwiecień 2001): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.382.

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Populations of cultivable cells of a citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) disease strain of Xylella fastidiosa in stems and leaf veins of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings were estimated by dilution plating at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks after needle inoculation. Cell populations ranged from log 4 to log 5 CFU/g of tissue after 1 week and increased to log 5 to log 7 CFU/g (median log 6) after 8 to 16 weeks. Recovery of greater than log 5 CFU/g from stem nodes distal to the inoculation site indicated systemic movement of the bacteria. Foliar symptoms in inoculated seedlings first appeared after 8 weeks. Population estimates from leaf veins of CVC-affected trees in citrus groves were in the same range but slightly lower (average log 5.8 CFU/g). X. fastidiosa was isolated from citrus more efficiently in periwinkle wilt-GelRite (PWG) and periwinkle wilt (PW) media than in charcoal-yeast extract with ACES buffer (BCYE) medium The relatively lower populations of cultivable cells of X. fastidiosa in citrus with CVC symptoms, compared with those reported in grapevines with Pierce's disease, suggest that most cells of X. fastidiosa within symptomatic citrus may be dead, explaining in part the low rates of vector transmission from citrus to citrus.

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Navajas, D., J. Roca, R. Farre i M. Rotger. "Gas compression artefacts when testing peak expiratory flow meters with mechanically-driven syringes". European Respiratory Journal 10, nr 4 (1.04.1997): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10040901.

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Mechanically-driven syringes used to test peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters must produce the American Thoracic Society (ATS) standard waveforms with PEF accuracy of 2%. However, gas compression within the syringe could result in significant PEF inaccuracy when testing high resistance meters. The gas compression artefact was investigated in a mechanical syringe (PWG; MH Custom Design & Mfg L.C., Midvale, Ut, USA) of 13.6 L connected to a standard range mini-Wright PEF meter (Clement Clarke International, Harlow, UK). Scaled versions of the ATS standard waveform No. 24, with peak flows of 750 and 450 L x min(-1), were discharged through the PEF meter from different starting piston positions to vary syringe volume (Vsyr). The PEF recorded by the meter decreased linearly with increasing Vsyr. PEF decreased by 0.31 and 0.27% per litre for the ATS standard waveforms with PEF of 750 and 450 L x min(-1), respectively. The target PEF computed from piston displacement overread the actual PEF delivered into the PEF meter by approximately 4% when Vsyr = 13.6 L. Overreading fell to approximately 1% when Vsyr was reduced to 3.62 L. Therefore, gas compression error in commercially available large mechanical syringes can exceed the 2% inaccuracy limit when testing high resistance portable PEF meters. Measurements can be corrected for gas compression by linearly extrapolating PEF recordings to zero volume.

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Qiao, Zhaolong, Zhengpeng Wang i Jungang Miao. "A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing". Electronics 8, nr 10 (11.10.2019): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101148.

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A high channel consistency subarray of plane-wave generators (PWG) is described for fifth-generation (5G) base station (BS) over-the-air (OTA) testing. Firstly, the variation of the near field radiation characteristics of the subarray based on the feed amplitude and phase errors of the traditional power divider network is analyzed. The recommended amplitude and phase errors between channels are given. After that, a novel subarray which combines four pyramidal horn antennas and a compact 1:4 waveguide power divider is designed. The optimized perfectly symmetrical zigzag waveguide transmission lines are used to realize consistent power allocation among antenna elements. No intermediate pins are employed, which avoids the significant deterioration of channel consistency caused by assembly errors. The size of the subarray is 4.89 λ0 × 4.97 λ0 × 1.23 λ0 (λ0 is the working wavelength corresponding to the subarray center frequency at 3.5 GHz). The VSWR < 1.5 impedance bandwidth covers 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The amplitude difference between the four elements of the subarray is less than 0.5 dB, and the phase difference is less than 3°. The simulated and measured results agree well in this design.

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Novriadi, Romi, Herman, Shadiqa Malahayati i Steven Kuan. "Supplementation Effect of Dietary Carvacrol and Thymol Polyphenols from Oregano Origanum vulgare on Growth Performance and Health Condition of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei". Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 24, nr 1 (2.08.2023): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2023/v24i1626.

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Two growth trials were conducted for 60-days using aquaria tanks (growth trial 1) and 50-days using commercial culture tank (growth trial 2) to assess the potential effect on using phytogenic feed additives (Regavit AquaTM, Ecopharm Hellas, Greece) containing thymol and carvacrol extracted from Oregano plant Origanum Vulgare (OP) by incorporating the OP powder into the diet formulation for trial 1 and top-dressing process of OP liquid for trial 2. The antimicrobial properties of carvacrol and thymol polyphenols were also determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. From the aquaria tank (trial 1), the growth performance, including final average body weight (ABW), percentage weight gain (PWG) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC) of group of shrimp fed with OP were compared to the control treatment. Using top-dressing process (trial 2), the top coating process to the commercial diet enhance the growth performances of shrimp treated with OP compared to the control treatment. From, trial 1, there was clear evidence for elevated hemocyte activity and increased lysozyme in shrimp fed diets supplemented with OP compared to the control treatments. MIC analysis performed in the present study also revealed the ability of OP to inhibit the growth of bacteria at the concentration of 2 × 101 µg mL-1. The results indicate that the inclusion of OP up to 0.6% both in direct inclusion within the diet or using top-dressing process significantly increases the growth and non-specific immune in white shrimps L. vannamei.

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Mohana Kumar, B., W. J. Lee, Y. M. Lee, R. Patil, S. L. Lee, B. G. Jeon i G. J. Rho. "296 IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF PORCINE BONE MARROW-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS INTO HEPATOCYTE-LIKE CELLS". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, nr 1 (2013): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab296.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are isolated from bone marrow or other tissues, and have properties of self renewal and multilineage differentiation ability. The current study investigated the in vitro differentiation potential of porcine bone marrow derived MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells. The MSC were isolated from the bone marrow of adult miniature pigs (7 months old, T-type, PWG Micro-pig®, PWG Genetics, Seoul, Korea) and adherent cells with fibroblast-like morphology were cultured on plastic. Isolated MSCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and vimentin, and negative for CD34, CD45, major histocompatibility complex-class II (MHC-class II), and swine leukocyte antigen-DR (SLA-DR) by flow cytometry analysis. Further, trilineage differentiation of MSC into osteocytes (alkaline phosphatase, von Kossa and Alizarin red), adipocytes (Oil Red O), and chondrocytes (Alcian blue) was confirmed. Differentiation of MSC into hepatocyte-like cells was induced with sequential supplementation of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones for 21 days as described previously (Taléns-Visconti et al. 2006 World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 5834–5845). Morphological analysis, expression of liver-specific markers, and functional assays were performed to evaluate the hepatic differentiation of MSC. Under hepatogenic conditions, MSC acquired cuboidal morphology with cytoplasmic granules. These hepatocyte-like cells expressed α-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), cytokeratin 18 (CK18), cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1) markers by immunofluorescence assay. In addition, the expression of selected markers was demonstrated by Western blotting analysis. In accordance with these features, RT-PCR revealed transcripts of AFP, ALB, CK18, CYP7A1, and HNF-1α. Further, the relative expression levels of these transcripts were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR after normalizing to the expression of the endogenous control, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Data were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA using PASW statistics 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and significance was considered at P < 0.05. The results showed that the relative expressions of selected marker genes in hepatocyte-like cells were significantly increased compared with that in untreated MSC. The generated hepatocyte-like cells showed glycogen storage as analysed by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Moreover, the induced cells produced urea at Day 21 of culture compared with control MSC. In conclusion, our results indicate the potential of porcine MSC to differentiate in vitro into hepatocyte-like cells. Further studies on the functional properties of hepatocyte-like cells are needed to use porcine MSC as an ideal source for liver cell therapy and preclinical drug evaluation. This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0010528) and the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ009021), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

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Lee, S. L., E. J. Kang, B. G. Jeon, J. K. Park, S. H. Hyun, Y. K. Joo, H. W. Sung, E. S. Lee i G. J. Rho. "41 PRODUCTION OF CLONED MINIATURE PIGS USING BONE MARROW MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, nr 1 (2009): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab41.

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The cloning of miniature pigs (Mini-pig) are considered to advance in genetic engineering technology and xenotransplantation. A few researches have recently been reported successfully produce cloned Mini-pigs using somatic cells, however its efficiency is still low. The present study was aimed to successfully produce cloned Mini-pigs derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by NT, and compared the developmental ability of cloned Mini-pigs between fetal fibroblast (FF) and differentiated MSCs. For the production of the cloned Mini-pig derived from MSCs, MSCs were isolated from a 1 month old of female Mini-pigs (T-type, PWG Micro-pig®, PWG Genetics Korea, Ltd.). MSCs were differentiated into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes under controlled conditions and characterized by cell surface antigen profile using specific markers. These differentiated or undifferentiated MSCs, FFs of Mini-pig were transferred into enucleated oocytes of domestic pigs, and 2-cell stage of 100 NT embryos were surgical transferred to the synchronized recipients. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, t-test, Duncan’s and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test by SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The developmental potential of NT embryos derived from MSCs (differentiated and undifferentiated), the rates of blastocyst formation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than NT embryos derived from FFs, however the NT embryos derived from three different types of differentiated MSCs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than undifferentiated MSCs. In addition, total cell numbers in NT blastocysts derived from MSCs were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than NT blastocysts derived from FFs, but it did not significantly (P < 0.05) differ between differentiated or undifferentiated MSCs. NT embryos derived from MSCs were transferred to 5 domestic pig recipients, and 5 cloned Mini-pigs were obtained from 2 recipients (one stillbirth and 4 viable offspring). All of them were confirmed by the microsatellite analysis (8 markers) of the genomes of cloned offspring, donor MSCs and recipients. Physical and histological studies are in the process for the characterization of a cloned Mini-pig derived from MSCs as animal model. The results demonstrated that, in vitro developmental ability of NT embryos derived from undifferentiated MSCs were a higher than those from differentiated MSCs or FFs. Moreover, multipotent MSC might have a potential for the production of viable cloned Mini-pigs. Therefore, MSCs as a nuclear donor might a key to improving the production of cloned Mini-pig as animal model for xenotransplantation. This work was supported by Grant No. 20070301034040 from Bio-organ, Republic of Korea.

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Frueh, F. W., A. Rudman, K. Simon, S. Gutman, C. Reed i A. J. Dorner. "Experience with voluntary and required genomic data submissions to the FDA: summary report from track 1 of the third FDA-DIA-PWG-PhRMA-BIO pharmacogenomics workshop". Pharmacogenomics Journal 6, nr 5 (28.03.2006): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500380.

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Perina, Eliana Francischinelli, Cássia Regina Limonta Carvalho, Alisson Fernando Chiorato, Rodrigo Lorencetti Tunes Lopes, João Guilherme Ribeiro Gonçalves i Sérgio Augusto Morais Carbonell. "Technological quality of common bean grains obtained in different growing seasons". Bragantia 73, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/brag.2014.008.

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The traits that provide technological quality to common bean grains exhibit genetic and environmental variation and variation in the genotype x environment interaction. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different periods of the growing season on the technological quality of common bean grains. The experiment was conducted with 25 bean genotypes (carioca [beige with brown stripes] and black commercial group) that are part of the Value for Cultivation and Use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso - VCU) trials in three growing seasons, namely, the 2009/2010 rainy season, the 2010/2011 dry season and the 2010/2011 winter season, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications in which the following items were assessed: cooking time (CT), water absorption capacity before cooking (Peanc) and after cooking (Peapc), percentage of whole grains (PWG), total soluble solids in the broth (TSSb), volume expansion before cooking (EXPVbc) and after cooking (EXPVac), and dry grain density (DD), grain density after maceration (SD) and grain density after cooking (CD). Assessments showed that the different growing seasons for obtaining grains for the purpose of analysis of technological quality have an effect on the results and on differentiation among genotypes, indicating genotype x environment interaction. They also showed that the genotypes C2-1-6-1, C4-8-1-1, LP04-03, IAC-Imperador, P5-4-4-1 and Pr11-6-4-1-2 had the best results in relation to cooking time in the mean values of the three growing seasons. The use of early selection based on phenotypic correlations that exist among the technological features is not expressive, due to the variation of magnitude among the different growing seasons.

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Setyowidianto, Eko Purnomo, Nur Basuki i Dan Damanhuri. "Daya Gabung dan Heterosis Galur Jagung (Zea mays L.) pada Karakter Hasil dan Komponen Hasil". Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 45, nr 2 (12.10.2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v45i2.11650.

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Corn productivity can be improved using hybrid varieties. Evaluation of inbreds and hybrids were required to obtain information of general combining ability and specific combining ability. The objective of this research was to find out inbred combining ability and hybrids heterosis from crosses of 10 inbreds (5 inbreds from PT. Agri Makmur Pertiwi and 5 introduced inbreds) based on yield and yield components character. Diallel mating design using method 2 model 1 of Griffing model and the testing were conducted from January to August 2012. The tests using a randomized block design with three replications. PWM-1 (PT. Agri Makmur Pertiwi group) and PWI-5 (introduced group) have GCA better than other inbreds on grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, number of seed rows, shelling percentage and 1,000 seeds weight. Hybrids PWM-5 x PWM-1, PWI-5 x PWM-1 and PWI-5 x PWM-5 have a positive SCA values and also inbred parent have a positive GCA value. Intercrosses of introduced group had the high heterosis for all characters. PWI-4 x PWI-2 had highest SCA and heterobeltiosis for ear diameter and 1,000 seeds weight, and for number of seed rows was PWI-5 x PWI-2. Keywords: diallel cross, heterobeltiosis

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Chen, Yong, Fuzhong Weng, Yong Han i Quanhua Liu. "Planck-Weighted Transmittance and Correction of Solar Reflection for Broadband Infrared Satellite Channels". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, nr 3 (1.03.2012): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00102.1.

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Abstract The line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) is used to derive the channel transmittances. The channel transmittance from a level to the top of the atmosphere can be approximated by three methods: Planck-weighted transmittance 1 (PW1), Planck-weighted transmittance 2 (PW2), and non-Planck-weighted transmittance (ORD). The PW1 method accounts for a radiance variation across the instrument’s spectral response function (SRF) and the Planck function is calculated with atmospheric layer temperature, whereas the PW2 method accounts for the variation based on the temperatures at the interface between atmospheric layers. For channels with broad SRFs, the brightness temperatures (BTs) derived from the ORD are less accurate than these from either PW1 or PW2. Furthermore, the BTs from PW1 are more accurate than these from PW2, and the BT differences between PW1 and PW2 increase with atmospheric optical thickness. When the band correction is larger than 1, the PW1 method should be used to account for the Planck radiance variation across the instrument’s SRF. When considering the solar contribution in daytime, the correction of the solar reflection has been made for near-infrared broadband channels (~3.7 μm) when using PW1 transmittance. The solar transmittance is predicted by using explanatory variables, such as PW1 transmittance, the secant of zenith angle, and the surface temperature. With this correction, the errors can be significantly reduced.

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Ghaffar Khan, Abdul, Imran -, Hayat Zada, Ansar Hussain i Tariq Mahmood. "Mathematical Modeling and Review of Pine Wilt Disease". Energy and Earth Science 5, nr 3 (7.09.2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v5n3p26.

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Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes significant losses in coniferous forests in eastern Asia, including Japan, China, and South Korea, as well as western Europe, including Portugal. The results of the research papers given at the International Symposium on Pine Wilt Disease (IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03) in Nanjing, China, in July 2009 are summarized in this article. The basic themes discussed included pine wilt disease (PWD), the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD, such as bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens). The majority of the papers are based on PWD-PWN research in East Asia and Russia. The following are some of the specific topics covered: 1) fundamental concepts of PWD development, 2) pathogenicity, 3) host-parasite relationships, including histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4) PWN life cycle and transmission, 5) B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6) associations (with other nematodes), 7) diagnostics, 8) quarantine and control of the PWN and 9) biocontrol of the PWN.

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Al-Noor, Syeda Mushahida, Md Delwer Hossain i Md Amirul Islam. "The study of fillet proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin-E)". Journal of Bio-Science 20 (13.01.2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17658.

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Context: Alpha-tocopherol has significant effect on the growth performance and fillet proximate composition of Striped Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Objectives: To study the effect of DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate on the fillet proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol), survival rate and growth performance (SGR, weight gain, PWG) of P. hypophthalmus. Materials and methods: Striped Catfish were fed with three trial diets (diet-1, diet-2 and diet-3) were prepared by adding different amounts of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ATA, 0, 90 and 300 mgKg-1 diet), over a period of 122 days. In each pond, 10% of the total fish were randomly selected and individually weighed once every fortnight and growth parameters were determined after each weighing. Moisture, dry matter, crude protein, lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol of the experimental diets and fish fillet were determined by Conventional procedure, standard test method, micro-kjeldahl method, Bligh and Dyer method, standard methods and chromatographic method, respectively. Results: Fish that were fed 90 mg kg-1 and 300 mg kg-1 ATA supplemented diets had significantly higher growth performance than fish that were fed only farm processed diet (P<0.05). The fillet protein, lipid content and alpha tocopherol level of the fish flesh were increased due to ATA supplementation in diets. The vitamin-E levels in fish fillet reflected dietary ATA levels. These results showed that fish on Diets 2 (supplemented with 90 mgKg-1 ATA) and Diet 3(supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 ATA) had significantly better production and resulted better flesh quality of fish than those on Diet 1 (without ATA supplementation). Conclusion: Scanty information is available on the fillet proximate composition and growth performance of P. hypophthalmus fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol. The present study provides baseline information for establishing improved and profitable cultured system of the fish in impounds water of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17658 J. bio-sci. 20: 67-74, 2012

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Foran, Mark P., Paul G. Greenough, Andrew Thow, Daniel Gilman, Andreas Schütz, Rahul Chandran i Allegra Baiocchi. "Identification of Current Priorities for Research in Humanitarian Action: Proceedings of the First Annual UN OCHA Policy and Research Conference". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, nr 3 (czerwiec 2012): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000672.

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AbstractOn December 12-13, 2011, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) hosted a humanitarian policy and research conference on the theme of “Risk, Adaptation and Innovation in Humanitarian Action.” The four sessions of the conference covered humanitarian action in a changing world, adaptation and innovation in humanitarian action, humanitarian action in protracted and violent conflict, and effective humanitarian action. This special report contains summaries of presentations in each session and the conclusions resulting from the discussions throughout. Through a process of open discussion, debate, and a closing survey, the conference participants identified four top priorities in humanitarian research for the coming years: evidence-driven humanitarian decision-making; accountability and transparency; risk and agility; and partnership. In addition to plans for a 2nd Annual Research and Policy conference in December of 2012, specific outcomes of the conference include a series of regional workshops in 2012 and 2013, launching with Asia, Africa and the Middle East; creation of Policy Working Groups (PWG) for each research priority identified; and a new flagship OCHA publication, to be launched in late 2012 or early 2013, which will share the progress made on the research priorities identified.Foran MP, Greenough PG, Thow A, Gilman D, Schütz A, Chandran R, Baiocchi A. Identification of current priorities for research in humanitarian action: proceedings of the First Annual UN OCHA Policy and Research Conference. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-7.

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Yu, Zhigang, i Min Liu. "A Contrastive Study on Generic Structure of Introduction to English Chemistry Research Articles: L1 Chinese Student Writers versus L1 English Published Writers". International Journal of English Linguistics 6, nr 5 (23.09.2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n5p112.

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Introduction is a significant part-genre of a research article (RA) since it functions to persuade the readership that their research topic has some significance, that there is space for new knowledge around the topic and that the writer can make a contribution to knowledge. Previous studies mainly focused on experienced English L1 and L2 published writers. Masters majoring in Chemical Engineering in China are highly motivated to publish English RAs in international journals due to the requirements for graduation, but to date no work investigates into the disparity between their English RA introductions (ERAIs) and that of high impact SCI journals in terms of generic structure. To fill this gap, drawing on Swales’ CARS model (1990, 2004), this study analyzed the ERAIs written by L1 Chinese masters majoring in chemical engineering and L1 English published writers of the same discipline with a focus on the generic structure. The findings show that the NES published writers employ much more moves than the Chinese student writers, especially Move 1 “establishing a territory” and Move 2 “establishing a niche”. Due to the lack of Move 2, the completeness of the general organization of ERAIs written by the Chinese student writers is much weaker than the NES published writers. From the perspective of the constituent steps, the findings show that the lack of Move 1-Step 3 causes the overall insufficiency of Move 1 in the student writer group (SWG) compared with the published writer group (PWG) and the inadequate Step 1A “indicating a gap” leads to the overall deficiency of Move 2 in SWG. In Move 3, Step 1 is most frequently used in both groups. Although Step 5 and Step 6 are employed in this move but their frequency is low and quite similar to each other in these two groups. The findings have some pedagogical implication on the teaching of writing ERAIs.

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Liu, Huanlin, Ri Zhang i Guangying Liang. "Effect of Ropivacaine-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles on Ankle Nerve Block in Rats". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (2.12.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8553015.

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Aim. Our study is to determine the influence of ropivacaine-loaded magnetic nanoparticles (MNP/Rop) on ankle nerve block in rats. Materials and Methods. MNP/Rop was prepared and then injected intravenously into rats to evaluate its anesthetic effect on rat limbs. Mechanical pain thresholds paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWL) were employed for the assessment of ankle nerve block in rats. Results. PWT increased from T1 to T4 in each group ( P < 0.05 ). The intergroup comparison determined no distinct difference in the PWT value among the three series at T1 ( P > 0.05 ); however, PWT values at T2-T4 were higher in nerve block control group (NBCG) and MNP/Rop group than in blank group (BG), and they remained slightly higher in MNP/Rop group than in NBCG. The intragroup comparison revealed that from T1 to T4, PWL in each group showed a rising trend. The PWL at T1 showed no evident difference among the three series ( P > 0.05 ); however, PWL values at T2-T4 were higher in NBCG and MNP/Rop group than in BG, and they remained slightly higher in MNP/Rop group than in NBCG. In MNP/Rop group, both PWT and PWL increased with the increase of Fe3O4 load in MNP/Rop ( P < 0.05 ), while PWT and PWL remained unchanged when the load was 2.189%; moreover, PWT and PWL elevated as Rop concentration increased in MNP/Rop ( P < 0.05 ), while they kept unaltered under 40 μL 1% Rop. Conclusion. Intravenous injection of MNP/Rop into rats and inhalation of MNP into the ankle joint can effectively block ankle nerve conduction in rats.

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Feng, Jiale, Chenglei Qin, Xiaohong Liu, Ronggui Li, Chao Wang, Chunhan Li, Guicai Du i Qunqun Guo. "Nematicidal Coumarins from Cnidium monnieri Fruits and Angelica dahurica Roots and Their Physiological Effect on Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)". Molecules 28, nr 10 (15.05.2023): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104109.

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Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a major pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), which is a devastating disease affecting pine trees. Eco-friendly plant-derived nematicides against PWN have been considered as promising alternatives to control PWD. In this study, the ethyl acetate extracts of Cnidium monnieri fruits and Angelica dahurica roots were confirmed to have significant nematicidal activity against PWN. Through bioassay-guided fractionations, eight nematicidal coumarins against PWN were separately isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of C. monnieri fruits and A. dahurica roots, and they were identified to be osthol (Compound 1), xanthotoxin (Compound 2), cindimine (Compound 3), isopimpinellin (Compound 4), marmesin (Compound 5), isoimperatorin (Compound 6), imperatorin (Compound 7), and bergapten (Compound 8) by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data analysis. Coumarins 1–8 were all determined to have inhibitory effects on the egg hatching, feeding ability, and reproduction of PWN. Moreover, all eight nematicidal coumarins could inhibit the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Ca2+ ATPase of PWN. Cindimine 3 from C. monnieri fruits showed the strongest nematicidal activity against PWN, with an LC50 value of 64 μM at 72 h, and the highest inhibitory effect on PWN vitality. In addition, bioassays on PWN pathogenicity demonstrated that the eight nematicidal coumarins could effectively relieve the wilt symptoms of black pine seedlings infected by PWN. The research identified several potent botanical nematicidal coumarins for use against PWN, which could contribute to the development of greener nematicides for PWD control.

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Lacorn, Markus, Tina Dubois, Thomas Weiss, Lisa Zimmermann, Teresa-Maria Schinabeck, Simone Loos-Theisen i Katharina Scherf. "Determination of Gliadin as a Measure of Gluten in Food by R5 Sandwich ELISA RIDASCREEN® Gliadin Matrix Extension: Collaborative Study 2012.01". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 105, nr 2 (16.11.2021): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab148.

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Abstract Background According to Codex Alimentarius, food products containing less than 20 mg/kg gluten can be labeled as “gluten-free.” Since 2002, the R5 antibody method allowed determination of gluten levels and led to a huge improvement of products available to celiac disease (CD) patients. Method The R5-containing test kit RIDASCREEN® Gliadin in combination with the cocktail solution was endorsed as Codex Type 1 Method in 2006 based on a collaborative study with corn-based bread, rice-based dough, wheat starches, rice, and corn flour. In 2012, the method was approved as First Action Official MethodSM2012.01 with an “in foods” claim. For Final Action in 2016, the matrix claim was reduced to rice- and corn-based matrixes. Objective Therefore, R-Biopharm decided to start a collaborative study to demonstrate the wide applicability of Official Method 2012.01 for the quantitative analysis of gliadin in soy, starches, pseudo cereals, legumes, spices, juice, nut nougat crème, cream cheese, pesto, meat, vegetarian meat alternative, cookies, dessert, cake, fish, bread, candies, and potatoes. Materials for incurring were the MoniQA wheat flour and the PWG gliadin preparation. Results Gliadin levels ranged from 3.4 up to 27.4 mg gliadin per kg. The results of the collaborative study with 14 participating laboratories showed recoveries ranging from 80 to 130%. Relative reproducibility standard deviations for contaminated samples were between 9.8 and 27.7%. Conclusions The collaborative study results confirmed that the method is accurate and suitable to measure gliadin in important gluten-free food matrixes. Highlights The title and applicability statement of Official Method 2012.01 were changed as proposed.

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Von Deimlingi, O. H., J. Forejt i T. F. Wienker. "Allelic profile at 37 biochemical loci of two inbred strains of the house mouse derived from wild Mus musculus musculus". Laboratory Animals 22, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367788780746610.

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Two newly established inbred strains derived from Mus musculus musculus, designated PWD/Ph (F29) and PWK/Ph (F33), were examined for their alleles at 37 biochemical loci located on 12 different chromosomes. The allelic pattern showed characteristic differences from those observed in common inbred strains. The genetic distance D between PWK/Ph and PWD/Ph was 0·027, whereas the corresponding values for the genetic distances between PWK/Ph and C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ and SWR/J were 0·777, 0·721, 0·721 and 0·838 respectively. New allozymes are described as being controlled by the loci Es-23, Pre-2 and Tam-1. The genetic relationship to M.m. molossinus is indicated by identical alleles at six other loci ( Es-2, Es-9, Es-10, Es-11, Es-18 and Es-22).

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Xue, Qi, Xiao-Qin Wu, Wan-Jun Zhang, Li-Na Deng i Miao-Miao Wu. "Cathepsin L-like Cysteine Proteinase Genes Are Associated with the Development and Pathogenicity of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 1 (8.01.2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010215.

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The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), resulting in huge losses in pine forests. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CPL) genes are multifunctional genes related to the parasitic abilities of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their functions in PWN remain unclear. We cloned three cpl genes of PWN (Bx-cpls) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and analyzed their characteristics using bioinformatic methods. The tissue specificity of cpl gene of PWN (Bx-cpl) was studied using in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH). The functions of Bx-cpls in development and pathogenicity were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the full-length cDNAs of Bx-cpl-1, Bx-cpl-2, and Bx-cpl-3 were 1163 bp, 1305 bp, and 1302 bp, respectively. Bx-cpls could accumulate specifically in the egg, intestine, and genital system of PWN. During different developmental stages of PWN, the expression of Bx-cpls in the egg stage was highest. After infection, the expression levels of Bx-cpls increased and reached their highest at the initial stage of PWD, then declined gradually. The silencing of Bx-cpl could reduce the feeding, reproduction, and pathogenicity of PWN. These results revealed that Bx-cpls play multiple roles in the development and pathogenic processes of PWN.

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Yang, Jia-Xuan, Jiang Zhu, Kun Ni, Hai-Kou Yang, Hai-Long Zhang i Zheng-Liang Ma. "Electroacupuncture relieves chronic pain by promoting microglia M2 polarization in lumbar disc herniation rats". NeuroReport 34, nr 12 (3.07.2023): 638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000001935.

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Electroacupuncture has an effective analgesia on chronic pain caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH) clinically, however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether electroacupuncture alleviated pain in LDH model rats by inducing spinal microglia M2 polarization. We established a noncompression LDH rat model by implanting autologous caudal nucleus pulposus into L5/L6 nerve root. Electroacupuncture (30 min/day) treatment on the ipsilateral side was started on the 8th postoperative day, once a day for consecutive 7 days. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were tested for pain behavior. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression in lumbar enlargement (L5/L6). Immunofluorescence was used to detect iNOS+/Iba-1+ and Arg-1+/Iba-1+ and CB2R+/Iba-1+ in lumbar enlargement (L5/L6). We show that PWT and PWL decreased in the LDH group while Iba-1, iNOS, and TNF-α expression increased significantly in lumbar spinal dorsal horn (SDH) after LDH surgery, and revealing that microglia were activated and polarized towards proinflammatory M1 phenotype. Electroacupuncture treatment significantly increased PWT and PWL while reducing Iba-1, iNOS, and TNF-α expression, interestingly, Arg-1 and IL-10 expression were significantly increased. Moreover, electroacupuncture treatment led to CB2 receptors on microglia upregulation, while NF-κB and p-NF-κB expression in lumbar SDH downregulation. Our study indicated that electroacupuncture may reduce nociceptive hyperalgesia by inhibiting microglia activation and microglia M1 polarization and promoting microglia M2 polarization in lumbar SDH of LDH rats, which may be caused by the activation of CB2 receptors on microglia and inhibition of NF-κB pathway in lumbar SDH.

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Кожухов, Сергий. "Origen’s Exegesis and Theology in the Interpretation of Jer. 1, 6: ‘I do not know how to speak because I am too young’". Вопросы богословия, nr 1(5) (15.06.2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/pwg.2021.5.1.006.

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В исследовании рассматривается экзегеза и богословие Оригена на одно из мест книги пророка Иеремии: Я не умею говорить, ибо я слишком молод (Иер. 1, 6). Каждый пророк, по мнению Оригена, является символом Христа. Исходя из этого, Ориген рассматривает вышеуказанный текст, развивая его толкование в христологическом ключе. Иеремия не умел говорить, поскольку был молод, но он символ Христа. В таком случае можно ли и Христу приписать подобное неумение говорить? Ориген отвечает на этот вопрос положительно, проводя различие между Божеством и человечеством Христа. Экзегеза Оригена идёт в привычном для него ключе: Писание - слово Божие, и оно должно быть подобающим образом истолковано с пользой для христиан. The article analyzes Origen’s exegesis and theology in the interpretation of the passage from the book of Jeremiah (1, 6): I do not know how to speak because I am too young. Every prophet, according to Origen, is a symbol of Christ. Basing on this, Origen considers the above text, developing its interpretation in a Christological way. Jeremiah could not speak because he was young, but he is a symbol of Christ. In this case, is it possible to attribute similar properties to Christ? Origen answers this question positively, making a distinction between the Deity and the humanity of Christ. Origen’s exegesis proceeds in the usual way: Scripture is the word of God and should be properly interpreted for the benefit of Christians.

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Damião, Rievani de Sousa, Reginaldo Guedes Coelho Lopes, Emilly Serapião dos Santos, Umberto Gazzi Lippi i Eduardo Borges da Fonseca. "Evaluation of the Risk of Spreading Endometrial Cell by Hysteroscopy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study". Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/397079.

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Objective. The aim was to assess the intraperitoneal spread of endometrial cells during hysteroscopy.Study Design. Seventy-six women were submitted to a hysteroscopy with under a low pressure. Group 1 had not previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and group 2 had previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer (stage I-92.3%). Two peritoneal washing samples were taken before (PW1) and immediately after (PW2) the procedure. The dissemination for the peritoneal cavity was defined by the presence of endometrial cells in the PW2; such cells should be absent in WP1.Results. Four patients were excluded for presenting endometrial cells in PW1. In the 72 patients left, there was no passage of cells for the peritoneal cavity. In group 1, 88% presented secretory endometrial phase with correlation of 80% between hysteroscopy and biopsy.Conclusion. Hysteroscopy performed under a low pressure of does not cause spreading of endometrial cells into the peritoneal cavity.

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Guo, Chen, Min Jin, Lefei Jiao, Shichao Xie, Xiangsheng Zhang, Jiaxiang Luo, Tingting Zhu i Qicun Zhou. "Evaluation of Krill Meal in Commercial Diets for Juvenile Swimming Crab (Portunus trituberculatus)". Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (21.11.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3007674.

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An 8-week feeding trial was carried out to assess the effect of dietary krill meal on growth performance and expression of genes related to TOR pathway and antioxidation of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Four experimental diets (45% crude protein and 9% crude lipid) were formulated to obtain different replacements of fish meal (FM) with krill meal (KM); FM was replaced with KM at 0% (KM0), 10% (KM10), 20% (KM20), and 30% (KM30); fluorine concentration in diets were analyzed to be 27.16, 94.06, 153.81, and 265.30 mg kg-1, respectively. Each diet was randomly divided into 3 replicates; ten swimming crabs were stocked in each replicate (initial weight, 5.62 ± 0.19 g ). The results indicated that crabs fed with the KM10 diet had the highest final weight, percent weight gain (PWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) among all treatments ( P < 0.05 ). Crabs fed with the KM0 diet had the lowest activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and had the highest concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hemolymph and the hepatopancreas ( P < 0.05 ). In the hepatopancreas, the highest content of 20:5n-3 (EPA) and the lowest content of 22:6n-3 (DHA) were shown in crabs fed with the KM30 diet among all treatments ( P < 0.05 ). With the substitution level of FM with KM gradually increasing from 0% to 30%, the color of the hepatopancreas changed from pale white to red. Expression of tor, akt, s6k1, and s6 in the hepatopancreas was significantly upregulated, while 4e-bp1, eif4e1a, eif4e2, and eif4e3 were downregulated with dietary replacement of FM with KM increasing from 0% to 30% ( P < 0.05 ). Crabs fed with the KM20 diet had notably higher expression of cat, gpx, cMnsod, and prx than those fed with the KM0 diet ( P < 0.05 ). Results demonstrated that 10% replacement of FM with KM can promote growth performance and antioxidant capacity and notably upregulate the mRNA levels of genes related to TOR pathway and antioxidant of swimming crab.

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Batpenov, Nurlan, i Yerzhan Iskakov. "Regionalization - is a Priority Area in the Implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Trauma and Orthopedic Care in Republic of Kazakhstan". Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics 1, nr 51 (2020): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52889/1684-9280-2020-1-51-11-14.

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Implementation of the Mission defined in the PWG Strategic Plan on PCB «Research Institute of traumatology and orthopedics at 2017-2021 years» by Healthcare of Kazakhstan is – «Improvement and further development of trauma and orthopedic care for the population on the basis of advanced world scientific, clinical and educational practice», taking into account the commitment to ethical principles and values, there is a need to develop and bring trauma and orthopedic care closer to the population in the regions.

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Lin, Yongqiang, Mengjia Li, Gaofeng Rao, Wenfu Zhang i Xuyan Chen. "Inhibition of miR-665 alleviates neuropathic pain by targeting SOCS1". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, nr 8 (18.11.2020): 1591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i8.4.

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Purpose: To investigate the effect of miR-665 in neuropathic pain and the possible molecular mechanism involved.Methods: A neuropathic pain model was established using chronic constriction injury (CCI) methods in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were measured using paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL), respectively. The inflammation response was determined by assessing the production of inflammation factors. The target relationship of miR-665 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was verified by luciferase assay.Results: In the CCI rat model, PWT and PWL decreased following treatment with miR-665 (p < 0.01). MiR-665 was elevated in the spinal cord and microglia of CCI rats at different time points (p < 0.01). Down-regulation of miR-665 increased PWT and PWL and inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in CCI rats (p < 0.01). Luciferase assay results indicate that SOCS1 was the target of miR-665 (p < 0.01). SOCS1 decreased in CCI rats (p < 0.01) after treatment with miR-665. MiR-665 negatively regulated the expression of SOCS1 (p < 0.01). Down-regulation of SOCS1 reversed the alleviating effect of decreased miR-665 on pain sensitivity and inflammationresponse (p < 0.01).Conclusion: Down-regulation of miR-665 alleviates neuropathic pain by targeting SOCS1, and hence making miR-665 a promising therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. Keywords: MiR-665, SOCS1, Neuropathic pain, CCI, Spinal cord

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Cao, Ye-Fan, Lai-Fa Wang, Xi-Zhuo Wang, Xiang Wang i Ming Xu. "Pathogenicity of Three Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle. Isolates in Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Seedlings". Forests 13, nr 8 (28.07.2022): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081197.

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The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle., is one of the most dangerous invasive species in the world, causing devastating pine wilt disease (PWD) in pine trees from many countries. The PWN is now established in 18 provinces in China from the south to north, and it has expanded to some areas of Liaoning Province with temperatures that are beyond the ideal range. It has been reported that Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., one of the representative pine trees of Liaoning Province, has been infected by PWNs. To investigate the pathogenicity of the PWN in P. koraiensis, the reproductive ability of PWNs on fungal culture was compared among three isolates: QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 (QH-1 from Liaoning Province, NM-1 from Nanjing Province, and CM-1 from Chongqing Municipality). Four-year-old P. koraiensis seedlings were inoculated with QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 at a rate of 2000 per seedling. Pathogenicity, external symptoms, and nematode migration were all monitored on a daily basis over the next few days. The results from the experiment showed that all three PWN isolates caused wilt in P. koraiensis seedlings, with QH-1 being more virulent than NM-1 and CM-1. In addition, QH-1 exhibited greater reproductive and migration abilities in the seedlings than NM-1 and CM-1. These results indicate that the virulence of the B. xylophilus isolates QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 can differ in terms of seedling mortality, migration ability, and reproductive ability (in trees).

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Li, Yingda, Xizhe Zhang, Zhimei Fu i Qi Zhou. "MicroRNA-212-3p Attenuates Neuropathic Pain via Targeting Sodium Voltage-gated Channel Alpha Subunit 3 (NaV 1.3)". Current Neurovascular Research 16, nr 5 (3.01.2020): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567202616666191111104145.

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Purpose: To explore the role and potential mechanism of miR-212-3p in neuropathic pain regulation. Methods: Adult male rats were used to establish chronic constriction injury (CCI) model to mimic the neuropathic pain. Then, paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWL) were determined. The concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured with enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit and the expression of miR-212-3p was measured by real time quantitative PCR (RTqPCR). Besides, miR-212-3p agomir was intrathecally injected into CCI rats and the expression of key apoptotic proteins was determined by western blot. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the binding of miR-212-3p and 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTR) of NaV1.3 and the expression levels of NaV1.3 were measured by western blot and RT-qPCR. Results: In the CCI group, the PWT and PWL were significantly decreased and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased. miR-212-3p was decreased in response to CCI. The intrathecal injection of miR-212-3p agomir into CCI rats improved the PWT and PWL, decreased the IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, decreased the expression levels of BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax), cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression levels of BCL2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2). The results of dual--luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-212-3p could directly bind with 3’UTR of NaV1.3. The expression of NaV1.3 was up-regulated in CCI rats who were intrathecally injected with miRctrl, whereas it decreased in CCI rats intrathecally injected with miR-212-3p agomir. Conclusion: The expression of miR-212a-3p attenuates neuropathic pain by targeting NaV1.3.

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Zhao, Hong-Yan, Ling-Yu Liu, Jie Cai, Yan-Jun Cui i Guo-Gang Xing. "Electroacupuncture Treatment Alleviates the Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia by Regulating the Activities of the Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus Neurons in Rats". Neural Plasticity 2018 (11.11.2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6109723.

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Mechanisms underlying remifentanil- (RF-) induced hyperalgesia, a phenomenon that is generally named as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), still remain elusive. The ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus, a key relay station for the transmission of nociceptive information to the cerebral cortex, is activated by RF infusion. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective method for the treatment of pain. This study aimed to explore the role of VPL in the development of OIH and the effect of EA treatment on OIH in rats. RF was administered to rats via the tail vein for OIH induction. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in response to mechanical stimuli and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to thermal stimulation were tested in rats for the assessment of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, respectively. Spontaneous neuronal activity and local field potential (LFP) in VPL were recorded in freely moving rats using the in vivo multichannel recording technique. EA at 2 Hz frequency (pulse width 0.6 ms, 1–3 mA) was applied to the bilateral acupoints “Zusanli” (ST.36) and “Sanyinjiao” (SP.6) in rats. The results showed that both the PWT and PWL were significantly decreased after RF infusion to rats. Meanwhile, both the spontaneous neuronal firing rate and the theta band oscillation in VPL LFP were increased on day 3 post-RF infusion, indicating that the VPL may promote the development of RF-induced hyperalgesia by regulating the pain-related cortical activity. Moreover, 2 Hz-EA reversed the RF-induced decrease both in PWT and PWL of rats and also abrogated the RF-induced augmentation of the spontaneous neuronal activity and the power spectral density (PSD) of the theta band oscillation in VPL LFP. These results suggested that 2 Hz-EA attenuates the remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia via reducing the excitability of VPL neurons and the low-frequency (theta band) oscillation in VPL LFP.

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Zhang, Wanjun, Xiaoqin Wu, Jianren Ye, Changqiang Li, Longjiao Hu, Lin Rui, Yan Zhang, Xiufeng Shi i Lei Wang. "Toxicity of an Emamectin Benzoate Microemulsion against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Its Effect on the Prevention of Pine Wilt Disease". Forests 14, nr 7 (18.07.2023): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071476.

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(1) Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a devastating disease of pine forests caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Control of the disease is a worldwide problem due to the impossibility of using chemical nematicides on a large scale and for long periods. (2) Based on preliminary tests of microemulsion quality and stability, the optimum formulation was selected from 14 formulated microemulsions. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the selected formulation at 48 h after treatment of B. xylophilus was 31.45 μg/mL of emamectin benzoate. The active ingredient reached the apical branches of Pinus thunbergii within 90 days of injection. (3) P. thunbergii was inoculated with B. xylophilus at 100 days post-injection, and the trees treated with the formulation remained uninfected for 450 days. Trunk injection exerted substantial control over PWD. (4) These results indicate that this formulation has the advantages of good transportability and long persistence in pine trees after injection and that it effectively prevents PWD. Therefore, this emamectin benzoate formulation can effectively reduce PWD occurrence in pine forests.

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Mao, Xiaojie, Zhiyang Jiang, Chaohong Shi, Junjun Lu i Gaofeng Rao. "Eriodictyol attenuates spinal cord injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting NF-κB pathway". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, nr 8 (18.11.2020): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i8.7.

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Purpose: To investigate the effect of eriodictyol on spinal cord injury (SCI) and its underlying mechanism of action.Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham, SCI, and eriodictyol-treated groups (SCI + Eri; 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg). Moderate spinal cord contusion injury was induced to model SCI. Locomotor recovery was assessed based on Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score. Pain wasevaluated by paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and latency (PWL), and spinal cord water content was measured. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Immunoassay was used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels while Western blotting was employed to evaluate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB) levels.Results: Eriodictyol elevated BBB score, PWT, and PWL in SCI rats but reduced spinal cord water content (p < 0.05). Eriodictyol treatment down-regulated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MDA, whereas SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX levels were elevated (p < 0.05). Eriodictyol administration increased Nrf2 and HO-1 levels but reduced p-NF-κB/NF-κB.Conclusion: This study provides a potential therapy to promote long-term functional recovery following SCI. Keywords: Spinal cord injury, Eriodictyol, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, Polymerase chain reaction, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score

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Dong, Guosong, Qunqun Guo, Wenjun Deng, Yu Zhang, Hongzheng Tai, Chao Wang, Guicai Du i Ronggui Li. "Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Regulates Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Reproduction and Development". Forests 14, nr 7 (5.07.2023): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071379.

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Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a globally distributed destructive disease of pine forest. To study the PWD pathogenic mechanism, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene (BxCAD-1) from B. xylophilus was selected. The BxCAD-1 gene was amplified by PCR from the cDNA library of B. xylophilus and cloned into the expression vector pET-15b to construct the recombinant vector pET-15b-BxCAD-1. The recombinant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) harboring pET-15b-BxCAD-1 induced by IPTG. The effects of pH, temperature, metal ions and substrates on the activity of BxCAD-1 were determined, showing the highest catalytic activity at pH 8.0 and 40 °C with cinnamyl alcohol as substrate and Zn2+ as an activator. To elucidate the functions of BxCAD-1 in B. xylophilus, the expression of the gene was down-regulated by RNA interference. Results showed that the movement, feeding, reproduction, spawning rate, hatching rate, lifespan, infectivity and sensitivity to ethanol decreased compared with negative controls. RNA interference also affected the development of B. xylophilus from the larval stage to the adult stage. In situ hybridization showed that the gene was expressed in the digestive tract of male and female adults. This study revealed a promising target for PWD control.

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Widmer, H., H. Amerdeil, P. Fontanaud i M. G. Desarménien. "Postnatal Maturation of Rat Hypothalamoneurohypophysial Neurons: Evidence for a Developmental Decrease in Calcium Entry During Action Potentials". Journal of Neurophysiology 77, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.260.

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Widmer, H., H. Amerdeil, P. Fontanaud, and M. G. Desarménien. Postnatal maturation of rat hypothalamoneurohypophysial neurons: evidence for a developmental decrease in calcium entry during action potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 260–271, 1997. Action potentials and voltage-gated currents were studied in acutely dissociated neurosecretory cells from the rat supraoptic nucleus during the first three postnatal weeks (PW1–PW3), a period corresponding to the final establishment of neuroendocrine relationships. Action potential duration (at half maximum) decreased from 2.7 to 1.8 ms; this was attributable to a decrease in decay time. Application of cadmium (250 μM) reduced the decay time by 43% at PW1 and 21% at PW3, indicating that the contribution of calcium currents to action potentials decreased during postnatal development. The density of high-voltage-activated calcium currents increased from 4.4 to 10.1 pA/pF at postnatal days 1–5 and 11–14, respectively. The conductance density of sustained potassium current, measured at +20 mV, increased from 0.35 (PW1) to 0.53 (PW3) nS/pF. The time to half-maximal amplitude did not change. Conductance density and time- and voltage-dependent inactivation of the transient potassium current were stable from birth. At PW1, the density and time constant of decay (measured at 0 mV) were 0.29 nS/pF ( n = 12) and 17.9 ms ( n = 10), respectively. Voltage-dependent properties and density (1.1 nS/pF) of the sodium current did not change postnatally. During PW1, fitting the mean activation data with a Boltzmann function gave a half-activation potential of −25 mV. A double Boltzman equation was necessary to adequately fit the inactivation data, suggesting the presence of two populations of sodium channels. One population accounted for ∼14% of the channels, with a half-inactivation potential of −86 mV; the remaining population showed a half-inactivation potential of −51 mV. A mathematical model, based on Hodgkin-Huxley equations, was used to assess the respective contributions of individual currents to the action potential. When the densities of calcium and sustained potassium currents were changed from immature to mature values, the decay time of the action potentials generated with the model decreased from 2.85 to 1.95 ms. A similar reduction was obtained when only the density of the potassium current was increased. Integration of the calcium currents generated during mature and immature action potentials demonstrated a significant decrease in calcium entry during development. We conclude that the developmental reduction of the action potential duration 1) is a consequence of the developmentally regulated increase in a sustained potassium current and 2) leads to a reduction of the participation of calcium currents in the action potential, resulting in a decreased amount of calcium entering the cell during each action potential.

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Guo, Jia-Yi, Zi-Hui Zhu, You-Mei Chen i Li-Hua Zhu. "Screen of Pinus massoniana for Resistance to Pinewood Nematode: In Vitro Propagation and Evaluation of Regenerated Microshoots". Forests 14, nr 5 (21.05.2023): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051056.

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To accelerate breeding of Pinus massoniana Lamb. resistance to pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a protocol was established for the in vitro propagation of P. massoniana and the evaluation of resistance of regenerated microshoots from different clones to PWN. Axillary bud induction was achieved by culturing cotyledonary node explants from 3-week-old seedlings in Gupta and Durzan (DCR) medium that was supplemented with 4 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.2 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Explants with induced buds were transferred to DCR medium without a plant growth regulator to facilitate elongation. Stem segments from elongated shoots were used as propagules for further shoot multiplication. Six-month-old regenerated shoots that met the requirements for a nematode resistance test were inoculated with aseptic PWN (500 PWNs/shoot). The wilting rate varied between clones from 20% to 100%, 18 days after inoculation. Except for Clone 227, which showed the highest resistance with a wilting rate of 0%, other clones showed wilting to various degrees 30 d after inoculation. The number of nematodes that were recovered from Clone 227 was significantly lower than from other clones. This study promotes the resistance breeding of P. massoniana to pine wilt disease and provides an effective method to study the host/pathogen interaction between PWN and P. massoniana.

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KUNITAKE, Yuji. "PWB Base Materials 1). Matrix Resin for PWB." Circuit Technology 8, nr 1 (1993): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5104/jiep1986.8.60.

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Li, Xiujuan, Yongxin Liu, Pingping Huang, Tong Tong, Linyuan Li, Yuejuan Chen, Ting Hou i in. "Integrating Multi-Scale Remote-Sensing Data to Monitor Severe Forest Infestation in Response to Pine Wilt Disease". Remote Sensing 14, nr 20 (15.10.2022): 5164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205164.

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Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most destructive forest diseases that has led to rapid wilting and mortality in susceptible host pine trees. Spatially explicit detection of pine wood nematode (PWN)-induced infestation is important for forest management, policy making, and practices. Previous studies have mapped forest disturbances in response to various forest diseases and/or insects over large areas using remote-sensing techniques, but these efforts were often constrained by the limited availability of ground truth information needed for the calibration and validation of moderate-resolution satellite algorithms in the process of linking plot-scale measurements to satellite data. In this study, we proposed a two-level up-sampling strategy by integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys and high-resolution Radarsat-2 satellite imagery for expanding the number of training samples at the 30-m resampled Sentinel-1 resolution. Random forest algorithms were separately used in the prediction of the Radarsat-2 and Sentinel-1 infestation map induced by PWN. After data acquisition in Muping District during August and September 2021, we first verified the ability of a deep-learning-based object detection algorithm (i.e., YOLOv5 model) in the detection of infested trees from coregistered UAV-based RGB images (Average Precision (AP) of larger than 70% and R2 of 0.94). A random forest algorithm trained using the up-sampling UAV infestation map reference and corresponding Radarsat-2 pixel values was then used to produce the Radarsat-2 infestation map, resulting in an overall accuracy of 72.57%. Another random forest algorithm trained using the Radarsat-2 infestation pixels with moderate and high severity (i.e., an infestation severity of larger than 0.25, where the value was empirically set based on a trade-off between classification accuracy and infection detectability) and corresponding Sentinel-1 pixel values was subsequently used to predict the Sentinel-1 infestation map, resulting in an overall accuracy of 87.63%, where the validation data are Radarsat-2 references rather than UAV references. The Sentinel-1 map was also validated by independent UAV surveys, with an overall accuracy of 76.30% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.45. We found that the expanded training samples by the integration of UAV and Radarsat-2 strengthened the medium-resolution Sentinel-1-based prediction model of PWD. This study demonstrates that the proposed method enables effective PWN infestation mapping over multiple scales.

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