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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Puritan and Reformed Studies Conference"
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Ross, H. Chris, i Joel R. Beeke. "Puritan Reformed Spirituality". Sixteenth Century Journal 37, nr 4 (1.12.2006): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20478204.
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Lapsley, James N. "Charles Ives and the Reformed Tradition". Theology Today 64, nr 3 (październik 2007): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057360706400303.
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The American composer Charles Ives (1874–1954) was rooted in New England Congregationalism, the Puritan wing of the Reformed tradition. Although he is often seen as an innovative composer identified with New England transcendentalism, he never abandoned his Reformed evangelical faith but rather expressed it in some of his greatest music, particularly the Third and Fourth Symphonies.
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LeTourneau, Mark. "Richard Hooker and the Sufficiency of Scripture". Journal of Anglican Studies 14, nr 2 (4.03.2016): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174035531500025x.
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AbstractThis article compares the doctrine of scripture in Richard Hooker’s Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie with that of John Calvin’s Christianae religionis institutio (Institutes of the Christian Religion) to assess Hooker’s Reformed credentials in this domain. Hooker departs from Reformed orthodoxy in two ways: first, as is generally recognized, in denying the autopisticity of Scripture; second, though less widely recognized, in decoupling autopistis from the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit. These departures must be weighed against countervailing considerations: the unanimity between Hooker and Calvin on the substance of autopistis and the need for Church testimony in attesting to Scripture; their disparate audiences and exigencies, including, in Hooker’s case, possible Puritan association of autopistis with scriptural omnicompetence; Hooker’s reliance on Article 6 of the Articles of Religion in its entirety in defending scriptural sufficiency; and the silence of Hooker’s contemporary critics regarding his denial of autopistis.
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Minkema, Kenneth P. "A “Dordtian Philosophe”: Jonathan Edwards, Calvin, and Reformed Orthodoxy". Church History and Religious Culture 91, nr 1-2 (2011): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124111x557890.
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The relationship of the thought of Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) to that of John Calvin and Reformed tradition has been frequently assumed and asserted but seldom detailed. Edwards, the “last American Puritan,” influential theologian of revival, and “Dordtian Philosophe,” worked within a generally Calvinist framework of divine sovereignty but also, within the context of the Enlightenment, experimented with that framework, pushing categories such as love, beauty, and personal affections to the epicenter of Christian life. His innovative conservatism is seen first in his espousal of idealism, as enunciated in aesthetics, the relationality of being, and occasionalism; secondly, in experientialism, involving a “new sense of the heart,” delineation of the signs of grace, typology, and prophecy; and thirdly, through historicism, including millennialism, anti-Catholicism, and an emphasis on revivals, integral to his view of the Work of Redemption through guiding concepts of the “happy fall,” cessationism, and covenantalism.
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MORRISSEY, MARY. "Scripture, Style and Persuasion in Seventeenth-Century English Theories of Preaching". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 53, nr 4 (październik 2002): 686–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690100149x.
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The distinction between a Puritan ‘plain’ and a Laudian ‘metaphysical’ preaching style rests on secular rhetorical theories of persuasion that are relatively unimportant to early Stuart homiletics but are central to later Latitudinarian polemics on preaching. Instead, the ‘English Reformed’ theory and method of sermon composition rests on the didactic function of preaching and the need for the Holy Spirit and hearers to co-operate with the preacher. Although Andrewes and some avant-garde conformists questioned this theory, they developed no alternative method of composition. Arguments made in the 1650s for direct inspiration by the Spirit contributed to the decline of both theory and method.
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HALL, DAVID D. "Transatlantic Puritanism and American Singularities". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, nr 1 (styczeń 2017): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916000610.
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The taunting question posed in the 1820s by the English critic Sidney Smith, ‘Who reads an American book?’, has long since tumbled into the dustbin of literary history. Yet it continues to reverberate in how Americanists describe the workings of Puritanism in their own country, its presence felt in two respects. One of these is resentment at the indifference to their own work of historians of the Puritan movement in Britain. Another is the assumption among Americanists that the Puritanism of the colonists who arrived in the early seventeenth century was singular in certain respects, be it their sense of ‘errand’, their modifications of Reformed orthodoxy, or perhaps their daring experiment with a congregation-centred polity, the ‘New England Way’. Whenever historians turn to the larger project of Church and State in colonial and modern America, assertions of singularity dominate the telling of our religious history. Do these endeavours warrant returning to Sidney Smith's question and rephrasing it to ask whether Americanists are making the most of European studies of Reformed theology, Puritanism in Britain, and conformity or dissent?
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Jinkins, Michael. "John Cotton and the Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Profile of Experiential Individualism in American Puritanism". Scottish Journal of Theology 43, nr 3 (sierpień 1990): 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600032725.
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There is much going on in the modern religious scene, particularly in America under the name of ‘Evangelical Christianity’, that seems strange to those of us whose Church experience is shaped more emphatically by an Old-World Presbyterian, Anglican or Lutheran theological orientation. The emphasis upon the individual and the individual's personal ‘saving’ experience sounds strange to ears more attuned to social responsibility and the development of the Christian character in the nurture of the Church community. Where does this emphasis on the individual and his or her personal experience come from? And how did it come to be so much a part of American Church life? Both of these questions could introduce ponderous volumes of social, historical and theological research. But, generally speaking, this tendency to reduce the religious life to an experience of salvation can be traced to the era in the history of dogma which gave rise to Reformed Scholasticism. On the American continent, this approach to Christian faith was promoted by the early Puritan settlers in the context of their own theological concern to maintain a particular manifestation of the nature-grace dichotomy which stressed the legal duly of the individual Christian, and to gain a sense of assurance of election, however elusive that sense might be. While it is well beyond the limitations of this brief essay to trace the development of the Puritan theological orientation, this study will examine one incident in the life of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to profile the development of this Puritan inclination toward experiential individualism which, in various forms, still endures.
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Muller, Richard A. "The “Reception of Calvin” in Later Reformed Theology: Concluding Thoughts". Church History and Religious Culture 91, nr 1-2 (2011): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124111x557908.
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The following essay surveys and reflects on the conference as a whole. It identifies a series of significant developments in the study of later Reformed thought, notably a series of ways in which scholarship has moved beyond the dead-ends of older approaches such as the notorious “Calvin against the Calvinists” school of thought. Among other points, the issue of continuity and discontinuity in the history of Protestant thought has received considerable nuance, the diversity and variety of Reformed thought is identified both in the Reformation roots of issues and in the later developments, and the questions of the relationship of Calvin to the Reformed tradition and of the reception of his thought by later generations are reviewed. The conference, therefore, confirms the recent work of reassessing the development of “Calvinism” and points toward significant areas for future research.
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Winship, Michael P. "Weak Christians, Backsliders, and Carnal Gospelers: Assurance of Salvation and the Pastoral Origins of Puritan Practical Divinity in the 1580s". Church History 70, nr 3 (wrzesień 2001): 462–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654498.
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The great pearl of Reformed piety, assurance of salvation, eluded Richard Rogers, Essex presbyterian activist, in theearly 1580s. Rogers “languished long” in “unsettledness in my life” “untill wofull experience” drove him to search out a more reliable method of obtaining a steady assurance. He decided that only a steady, highly reflective, and rigorous course of life could keep assurance constant. To that end, Rogers devised “a more certain manner of direction for me through the daie and the weeke.” His new method combined continual selfreminders of God's blessings with strict activities of piety and selfscrutiny, and through it, he found the settled peace he had been seeking.
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Fazakas, Sándor. "Kirche und Zivilgesellschaft – Reformatorische Impulse und Gestaltungsaufgabe der Kirchen in Europa". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 66, nr 2 (20.12.2021): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.66.2.01.
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Abstract. Church and Civil Society – Impulses of Reformed Theology and the Role of the Churches in Shaping Europe. This contribution seeks to answer the role religions and churches, especially the Reformed churches, could play in developing and consolidating civil society and democracy. This study will examine the role of the Church in the Central and Eastern European social and political contexts. Therefore, we will first make an overview of the specifics of this phenomenon in the context of the region's recent history. Then we will look for the normative and substantive meanings of the term for the present going beyond its contextual definition. Finally, we will take note of the impulses of Reformed theology that can contribute to the strengthening of civil society and democratic culture. Will we do this in the context of the particular approach of Reformed theology, in the theological context of the threefold offices (triplex munus) of Christ. The Church, which shares in the royal, priestly and prophetic offices of Christ, shall assume special responsibilities in the life of the society following the threefold ministry of his Lord. In social and diaconal service, the Church must offer new, innovative solutions that promote quality of life (royal office) by working for a culture of reconciliation and compassion. The Church can move from the interior life of piety into the social sphere (priestly office), and through self-criticism and sober social critique, it can advocate for those most disadvantaged by political, economic and social processes (prophetic office). This paper is an edited version of a presentation given at the 2018 German-Hungarian Reformed Theological Conference in Soest, Westphalia. The author attended this conference with an esteemed colleague Béla S. Visky, and now dedicates this paper to him with much appreciation and love on his 60th birthday. Keywords: civil society, contextuality of churches, reconciliation, advocacy, threefold offices of Christ
Książki na temat "Puritan and Reformed Studies Conference"
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Beeke, Joel R. Puritan Reformed Theology: Historical, Experiential, and Practical Studies for the Whole of Life. Reformation Heritage Books, 2020.
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Hampton, Stephen. Grace and Conformity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084332.001.0001.
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The Reformed Conformity that flourished within the Early Stuart English Church was a rich and distinctive theological tradition that has never before been studied in its own right. While scholars have observed how Reformed Conformists clashed with Laudians and Puritans alike, no sustained study of their teaching on grace and their attitude to the Church has yet been undertaken, despite the acknowledged centrality of these topics to Early Stuart theological controversy. This ground-breaking monograph recovers this essential strand of Early Stuart Christian identity. It examines and analyses the teaching and writings of ten prominent theologians, all of whom made significant contributions to the debates that arose within the Church of England during the reigns of James I and Charles I and all of whom combined their loyalty to orthodox Reformed teaching on grace and salvation, with a commitment to the established polity of the English Church. The study makes the case for the coherence of their theological vision by underlining the connections that these Reformed Conformists made between their teaching on grace and their approach to Church order and liturgy. By engaging with a robust and influential theological tradition that was neither Puritan nor Laudian, this monograph significantly enriches our account of the Early Stuart Church, as well as contributing to the ongoing scholarly reappraisal of the wider Reformed tradition. It builds on the resurgence of academic interest in British soteriological discussion, and uses that discussion, as previous studies have not, to gain valuable new insights into Early Stuart ecclesiology.
Części książek na temat "Puritan and Reformed Studies Conference"
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Manzon, Tommaso. "On the Patristic Roots of Reformed Theology:". W Studia Patristica. Vol. CXXX - Papers presented at the Eighteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2019, 511–30. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27vt634.40.
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Das, Susanta K., i K. Joel Berry. "Performance Evaluation of a Catalytic Flat Plate Fuel Reformer for Hydrogen-Rich Reformate". W ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18020.
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A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used for reforming methane with the help of catalytic combustion and reformation in a catalytic flat plate reformer. The two-dimensional approach makes the computational model more realistic by eliminating the uncertainties introduced by heat and mass transfer coefficients used in one-dimensional models. It also increased its capability to capture the effect of design parameters such as catalyst thickness, reaction rates, inlet temperature and velocity, and channel height has on producing high purity reformate gas. In order to carry out parametric studies related to various design parameters, in our present work, we simulate the entire flat plate reformer domain by considering full electro-kinetics that provide guidance for the practical implementation of such design. We chose different designs and operating conditions in such a way which makes possible to build a catalytic flat plate fuel reformer prototype. Based on the CFD results obtained in this study, we built a first generation catalytic flat plate fuel reformer prototype using the optimized design parameters. The performance of the fuel reformer prototype is tested with a 5-cell high temperature PEM fuel cell stack.
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Ubong, Etim U., Diana Phillips i Matt Gieseke. "Regeneration of Pt Electrode Activity in H3PO4/PBI Doped PEMFC Membrane Following CO Poisoning". W ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33333.
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An investigation has been made on a high temperature polybenzimidazole (PBI) proton exchange membrane doped with phosphoric acid. Two and five percent concentrations of CO in the hydrogen were evaluated to determine the effect of high CO concentrations on the performance of the PBI membrane under conditions that are representative of reformed fuels. A 3 × 3 matrix of fuel composition, temperature and air stoichiometry was studied at two pressures: one atmosphere and one bar gage. A controlled experiment using hydrogen of 99.997% purity was used as a baseline fuel before and after the exposure to higher CO concentrations. A comparison between the pure hydrogen runs and those where CO was also present in the fuel showed a significant reduction in cell performance. Subsequent runs with pure hydrogen restored the cell performance. The mechanism that led to the cell recovery with pure hydrogen will be discussed.
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Sok, Ratnak, i Jin Kusaka. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Influence of Direct Fuel Injection Into O2-Depleted Environment of a GDI-HCCI Engine". W ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2909.
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Abstract Injected gasoline into the O2-depleted environment in the recompression stroke can be converted into light hydrocarbons due to thermal cracking, partial oxidation, and water-gas shift reaction. These reformate species influence the combustion phenomena of gasoline direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition (GDI-HCCI) engines. In this work, a production-based single-cylinder research engine was boosted to reach IMEPn = 0.55 MPa in which its indicated efficiency peaks at 40–41%. Experimentally, the main combustion phases are advanced under single-pulse direct fuel injection into the negative valve overlap (NVO) compared with that of the intake stroke. NVO peak in-cylinder pressures are lower than that of motoring, which emphasizes that endothermic reaction occurs during the interval. Low O2 concentration could play a role in this evaporative charge cooling effect. This phenomenon limits the oxidation reaction, and the thermal effect is not pronounced. For understanding the recompression reaction phenomena, 0D simulation with three different chemical reaction mechanisms is studied to clarify that influences of direct injection timing in NVO on combustion advancements are kinetically limited by reforming. The 0D results show the same increasing tendencies of classical reformed species of rich-mixture such as C3H6, C2H4, CH4, CO, and H2 as functions of injection timings. By combining these reformed species into the main fuel-air mixture, predicted ignition delays are shortened. The effects of the reformed species on the main combustion are confirmed by 3D-CFD calculation, and the results show that OH radical generation is advanced under NVO fuel injection compared with that of intake stroke conditions thus earlier heat release and cylinder pressure are noticeable. Also, parametric studies on injection pressure and double-pulse injections on engine combustion are performed experimentally.
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Siefert, Nicholas, Dushyant Shekhawat, Randall Gemmen, Edward Robey, Richard Bergen, Daniel Haynes, Kevin Moore, Mark Williams i Mark Smith. "Operation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell on Biodiesel With a Partial Oxidation Reformer". W ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33326.
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The National Energy Technology Laboratory’s Office of Research & Development (NETL/ORD) has successfully demonstrated the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using reformed biodiesel. The biodiesel for the project was produced and characterized by West Virginia State University (WVSU). This project had two main aspects: 1) demonstrate a catalyst formulation on monolith for biodiesel fuel reforming; and 2) establish SOFC stack test stand capabilities. Both aspects have been completed successfully. For the first aspect, in–house patented catalyst specifications were developed, fabricated and tested. Parametric reforming studies of biofuels provided data on fuel composition, catalyst degradation, syngas composition, and operating parameters required for successful reforming and integration with the SOFC test stand. For the second aspect, a stack test fixture (STF) for standardized testing, developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) for the Solid Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) Program, was engineered and constructed at NETL. To facilitate the demonstration of the STF, NETL employed H.C. Starck Ceramics GmbH & Co. (Germany) anode supported solid oxide cells. In addition, anode supported cells, SS441 end plates, and cell frames were transferred from PNNL to NETL. The stack assembly and conditioning procedures, including stack welding and sealing, contact paste application, binder burn-out, seal-setting, hot standby, and other stack assembly and conditioning methods were transferred to NETL. In the future, fuel cell stacks provided by SECA or other developers could be tested at the STF to validate SOFC performance on various fuels. The STF operated on hydrogen for over 1000 hrs before switching over to reformed biodiesel for 100 hrs of operation. Combining these first two aspects led to demonstrating the biodiesel syngas in the STF. A reformer was built and used to convert 0.5 ml/min of biodiesel into mostly hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas.) The syngas was fed to the STF and fuel cell stack. The results presented in this experimental report document one of the first times a SOFC has been operated on syngas from reformed biodiesel.
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Campanari, Stefano, i Matteo Gazzani. "High Efficiency SOFC Power Cycles With Indirect Natural Gas Reforming and CO2 Capture". W ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26851.
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Driven by the search for the highest theoretical efficiency, several studies have investigated in the last years the adoption of fuel cells in the field of power production from natural gas with CO2 capture. Most of the proposed power cycles rely on high temperature fuel cells, namely Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), based on the concept of hybrid fuel cell plus gas turbine cycles. Accordingly, high temperature fuel cells are integrated with a simple or modified Brayton cycle. As far as SOFC are concerned, two main plant solutions can be identified depending on the integration with the natural gas reforming/shift section: (i) systems where natural gas is — partially or totally — internally reformed in the fuel cell and (ii) systems where natural gas is reformed before the fuel cell and the cell is fed with a high hydrogen syngas. In both cases, CO2 can be separated downstream the fuel cell via a range of available technologies, e.g. chemical or physical separation processes, oxy-combustion and cryogenic methods. Following a literature review on very promising plant configurations, this work investigates the advantages and limits of adopting an external natural gas conversion section with respect to the plant efficiency. As a reference plant we considered a power cycle proposed by Adams and Barton [8], whose performance is the highest found in literature for SOFC-based power cycles, with 82% LHV electrical efficiency. It is based on a pre-reforming concept where fuel is reformed ahead the SOFC which thus works with a high hydrogen content fuel. This plant was firstly reproduced considering all the ideal assumptions proposed by the original authors. As second step, the simulations were focused on revising the power cycle, implementing a complete set of assumptions about component losses and more conservative operating conditions about fuel cell voltage, heat exchangers minimum temperature differences, maximum steam temperature, turbomachinery efficiency, component pressure losses and other adjustments. Considering the consequent modifications with respect to the original layout, the net electric efficiency changes to around 66% LHV with nearly complete (95%+) CO2 capture, a still remarkable but less attractive value, while requiring a very complex and demanding heat exchangers network. Detailed results are presented in terms of energy and material balances of the proposed cycles. All the simulations have been carried out with the proprietary code GS, developed by the GECOS group at Politecnico di Milano.
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McVay, Derek, Li Zhao, Jack Brouwer, Fred Jahnke i Matt Lambrech. "A Spatially Resolved Physical Model for Dynamic Modeling of a Novel Hybrid Reformer-Electrolyzer-Purifier (REP) for Production of Hydrogen". W ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3192.
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A molten carbonate electrolysis cell (MCEC) is capable of separating carbon dioxide from methane reformate while simultaneously electrolyzing water. Methane reformate, for this study, primarily consists of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and a high percentage of water. Carbon dioxide is required for the operation of a MCEC since a carbonate ion is formed and travels from the reformate channel to the sweep gas channel. In this study, a spatially resolved physical model was developed to simulate an MCEC in a novel hybrid reformer electrolyzer purifier (REP) configuration for high purity hydrogen production from methane and water. REP effectively acts as an electrochemical CO2 purifier of hydrogen. In order to evaluate the performance of REP, a dynamic MCEC stack model was developed based upon previous high temperature molten carbonate fuel cell modeling studies carried out at the National Fuel Cell Research Center at the University of California, Irvine. The current model is capable of capturing both steady state performance and transient behavior of an MCEC stack using established physical models originating from first principals. The model was first verified with REP experimental data at steady state which included spatial temperature profiles. Preliminary results show good agreement with experimental data in terms of spatial distribution of temperature, current density, voltage, and power. The combined effect of steam methane reformation (SMR) and water electrolysis with electrochemical CO2 removal results in 96% dry-basis hydrogen at the cathode outlet of the MCEC. Experimental measurements reported 98% dry-basis hydrogen at the cathode outlet.
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Deeraksa, Chidapha, Britt Margrethe Emilie Moldestad i Nora Cecilie Ivarsdatter S. Furuvik. "Simulation of blue hydrogen production by natural gas in the North Sea". W 64th International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2023 Västerås, Sweden, September 25-28, 2023. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp200035.
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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier and an important contribution to sustainable energy development. Hydrogen can be produced based on different methods and on different raw materials. Blue hydrogen is hydrogen produced from natural gas via a steam-methane reformer with subsequent carbon capture and storage. The CO2 from the process can be stored in matured oil and gas fields or in an aquifer.This paper studies the potential of producing blue hydrogen from methane from the Troll gas field on the Norwegian continental shelf. The production rate of methane from the Troll field is predicted and based on the calculated methane production the steam-methane reformation process is modelled and simulated. The model includes the required steps to convert natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 and further to catch the CO2. The volume of captured CO2 per m3 of produced hydrogen is calculated. Production of blue hydrogen also includes storage of CO2, and the required storage capacity is calculated.The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether blue hydrogen produced by natural gas from the Troll field is an alternative to reducing CO2 emissions to reach the climate target. The simulation was performed with Aspen HYSYS 12 and the calculation on how much CO2 must be stored and the storage capacity needed were performed manually. The mass of CO2 resulting from the conversion of about 2400 tons natural gas/h to blue hydrogen and CO2 at the Troll field is 5600 tons CO2/hour or 49 megatons CO2/year. The produced hydrogen had a purity of 95%. The predicted storage capacity for CO2 at the Troll field is found to be 136 megatons. A profitability analysis is performed and the results are promissing.
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Bosch, K. J., N. Woudstra i K. V. van der Nat. "Designing Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems Using Exergy Analysis". W ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97084.
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In conventional gas turbine systems combustion results in high exergy losses (∼30%) of fuel exergy input. Replacing the combustor with a high temperature fuel cell, like the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), will significantly reduce these exergy losses. As the SOFC electrochemically converts the natural gas, exergy losses are far lower (∼10%) compared to combustion. Natural gas entering a SOFC system has to be reformed first to hydrogen and carbon monoxide by steam reforming. Here it is chosen to use the heat generated by the fuel cell to drive the endothermic reforming reactions: internal reforming. The SOFC-GT system has the advantage that both fuel cell and gas turbine technology contribute to power production. In earlier work [1] several fuel cell system configurations with PEMFC, MCFC or SOFC, were analyzed studying the exergy flows. Here is focused on the SOFC-GT configuration, to get a detailed understanding of the exergy flows and losses through all individual components. Several configurations, combining the SOFC with the GT are possible. The selected operating conditions should prevent carbon deposition. Systems studies are performed to get more insight in the exergy losses in these combined systems. Exergy analysis facilitates the search for the high efficient SOFC-GT hybrid systems. Using exergy analysis, several useful configurations are found. Exergy losses are minimized by varying pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature. Sensitivity studies, of equivalent cell resistance and fuel cell temperature, show that total system exergy efficiencies of more than 80% are conceivable, without using a bottoming cycle.
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Andersson, Martin, Jinliang Yuan, Bengt Sunde´n, Ting Shuai Li i Wei Guo Wang. "Modeling Validation and Simulation of an Anode Supported SOFC Including Mass and Heat Transport, Fluid Flow and Chemical Reactions". W ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54006.
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Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly transform chemical energy into electricity, which are promising for future energy systems, since they are energy efficient and, when hydrogen is used as fuel, there are no direct emissions of greenhouse gases. The cell performance depends strongly on the material characteristics, the operating conditions and the chemical reactions that occur inside the cell. The chemical- and electrochemical reaction rates depend on temperature, material structure, catalytic activity, degradation and the partial pressures for the different species components. There is a lack of information, within the open literature, concerning the fundamentals behind these reactions. Experimental as well as modeling studies are needed to reduce this gap. In this study experimental data collected from an intermediate temperature standard SOFC with H2/H2O in the fuel stream are used to validate a previously developed computational fluid dynamics model based on the finite element method. The developed model is based on the governing equations of heat and mass transport and fluid flow, which are solved together with kinetic expressions for internal reforming reactions of hydrocarbon fuels and electrochemistry. This model is further updated to describe the experimental environment concerning cell design. Discussion on available active area for electrochemical reactions and average ionic transport distance from the anodic- to the cathodic three-phase boundary (TPB) are presented. The fuel inlet mole fractions are changed for the validated model to simulate a H2/H2O mixture and 30% pre-reformed natural gas.
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Mastropasqua, Luca, Stefano Campanari i Jack Brouwer. "Electrochemical Carbon Separation in a SOFC-MCFC Poly-Generation Plant With Near-Zero Emissions". W ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63483.
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High temperature fuel cells have been studied as a suitable solution for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) purposes at a large scale (>100 MW). However, their modularity and high efficiency at small-scale make them an interesting solution for Carbon Capture and Utilisation at the distributed generation scale when coupled to appropriate use of CO2 (i.e., for industrial uses, local production of chemicals etc.). These systems could be used within low carbon micro-grids to power small communities in which multiple power generating units of diverse nature supply multiple products such as electricity, cooling, heating and chemicals (i.e., hydrogen and CO2). The present work explores fully electrochemical power systems capable of producing a highly pure CO2 stream and hydrogen. In particular, the proposed system is based upon integrating a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC). The use of these high temperature fuel cells has already been separately applied in the past for CCS applications. However, their combined use is yet unexplored. Moreover, both industry and US national laboratories have expressed their interest in this solution. The reference configuration proposed envisions the direct supply of the SOFC anode outlet to a burner which, using the cathode depleted air outlet, completes the oxidation of the unconverted species. The outlet of the burner is then fed to the MCFC cathode inlet which separates the CO2 from the stream. Both the SOFC and MCFC anode inlets are supplied with pre-reformed and desulfurized natural gas. The MCFC anode outlet, which is characterised by a high concentration of CO2, is fed to a CO2 separation line in which a two-stage Water Gas Shift (WGS) reactor and a PSA/membrane system respectively convert the remaining CO into H2 and remove the H2 from the exhaust stream. This has the significant advantage of achieving the required CO2 purity for liquefaction and long-range transportation without requiring the need of cryogenic or distillation plants. Moreover, the highly pure H2 stream can either be sold as transportation fuel or a valuable chemical. Furthermore, different configurations are considered with the final aim of increasing the Carbon Capture Ratio (CCR) and maximising the electrical efficiency. Moreover, the optimal power ratio between SOFC and MCFC stacks is also explored. Complete simulation results are presented, discussing the proposed plant mass and energy balances and showing the most attractive configurations from the point of view of total efficiency and CCR.