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Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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1

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Operation of a radar altimeter over the Greenland ice sheet: A thesis. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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2

K, Sood Pradeep, i Lewis Research Center, red. Study of the generator/motor operation of induction machines in a high frequency link space power system. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin, [Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1987.

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3

Marchenko, Aleksey, i Mihail Nemcov. Electronics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1587595.

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The material of module 2 "Electronics" is systematically presented in accordance with the modern university program of the discipline " Electrical Engineering and Electronics" for non-electrotechnical areas of training of bachelors and certified specialists. The element base of semiconductor electronics devices is considered: classification, voltage and frequency characteristics, features of the use of electronic devices in various operating modes are given. The principles of construction and functioning of typical analog, pulse and digital devices are described in detail. A separate chapter is devoted to the principles of converting light energy into electrical energy and vice versa, the design and operation of optoelectronic devices and fiber- optic lines of information transmission. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in non-electro- technical areas of bachelor's and graduate training.

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4

D, Keeffe, red. PULSE, an Ada-based distributed operating system. London: Academic Press, 1985.

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5

Solomon Islands. Office of the Auditor General., red. Acquisition and operation of two 57 metre purse seine fishing vessels. Solomon Islands: Auditor General, 1995.

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6

Aalfs, David D. Real-time processing of radar return on a parallel computer. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1992.

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7

Aalfs, David D. Real-time processing of radar return on a parallel computer. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1992.

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8

Aalfs, David D. Real-time processing of radar return on a parallel computer. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, 1992.

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9

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., red. Real-time processing of radar return on a parallel computer. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1992.

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10

Pulse and repulse: Troop carrier and airborne teams in Europe during World War II. Austin, Tex: Eakin Press, 1995.

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11

Schmidt, Theodore R. U. S. fast burst reactors: Design and operational history. La Grange Park, IL, USA: American Nuclear Society, 2017.

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12

P, Tanimomo, i Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa., red. Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1991.

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13

Service, United States National Marine Fisheries. Proposed amendments to regulations governing the taking of marine mammals associated with tuna purse seining operations: Final environmental impact statement. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1986.

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14

Draft environmental impact statement: Proposed amendments to regulations governing the taking of marine mammals associated with tuna purse seining operations. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Atministration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1985.

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15

Office, General Accounting. Terrorism and drug trafficking: Testing status and views on operational viability of pulsed fast neutron analysis technology : report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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16

Initiator Diffraction Limits for Pulse Detonation Engine Operation. Storming Media, 2002.

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17

Miller, Ian J. The operation of a colliding pulse modelocked dye laser. 1990.

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18

Ciliberto, Antony. How Does Marine Radar Work : Radar Operation, Radar Tutorial: Pulse Radar. Independently Published, 2021.

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19

Bailey, Emera Sherburne. Operation of Alloy Junction Transistors As Large Signal Pulse Amplifiers in the Active Region. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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20

Wright, A. G. Linear performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0009.

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This chapter is concerned with a single consideration: the degree of proportionality between a light signal and its resulting electrical output. This is formally referred to as linearity, which depends on the suitability of the chosen PMT and the mode of operation (pulsed or analogue). Applications fall into two groups: analogue operation (DC) and transient applications. Linearity in a pulsed mode of operation concerns both pulse height (charge) and the rate of events. Generally, in the DC mode, only the mean anode current is relevant. Methods for determining both forms of non-linearity are presented, based on actual measurements. Test methods using multiple light sources, bootstrapping, single step (piggyback), and shot noise are investigated. A method for uncovering non-linearity in high-Z scintillators by using coincident gamma emissions (60Co) is demonstrated. An analytical means for correcting results at the 1 % level is provided.

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21

Solymar, L., D. Walsh i R. R. A. Syms. The electron as a wave. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0002.

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Discusses the Davisson–Germer experiment in which electrons pass through a screen having one or two slits, and shows the necessity for a wave theory. The operation of an electron microscope is explained and some properties of the waves including the uncertainty between the simultaneous determination of position and momentum of the particle. Analogies with classical phenomena are discussed, namely the Fourier transform relationship between pulse length and spectral width, and the size of an aperture aerial and its relationship to the beamwidth.

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22

Conversion from engineering units to telemetry counts on Dryden Flight simulators. Edwards, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Center, 1998.

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23

Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation and Applications. Springer, 2006.

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24

Pulse Point. Harlequin Enterprises, Limited, 2014.

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25

Pendleton, Don. Pulse Point. Harlequin Enterprises, Limited, 2014.

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26

Cundiff, Steven T., i Jun Ye. Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation and Applications. Springer, 2010.

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27

Wright, A. G. Electronics for PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0014.

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Photomultipliers (PMTs) are current generators characterized by high gain, wide bandwidth, and high-output impedance. The role of preamplifiers and amplifiers is generally one of conditioning the PMT output. Either the time signature is preserved using a fast voltage preamplifier, or a voltage proportional to the charge in each event is generated with a charge-sensitive preamplifier. Both preamplifier types are generally of low-output impedance, suitable for driving matched coaxial cable. Preamplifiers and amplifiers are available as modular units (e.g. nuclear instrument module), stand alone, or are incorporated in a module including the PMT. Shaping amplifiers are used to further condition preamplifier signals, using integrating and differentiating circuits—particularly relevant to scintillation spectrometers. Discrete-component amplifiers and current-feedback operational amplifiers serve fast applications. Digital signal processing has overtaken many of the classical electronic techniques involving resolution and in pulse shape discrimination. Electronic circuitry for generating fast LED pulses is discussed.

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28

(Editor), Jun Ye, i Steven T. Cundiff (Editor), red. Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation and Applications. Springer, 2004.

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29

A laser spectrometer and wavemeter for pulsed lasers. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1989.

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30

Fedeles, Benjamin T., Samuel M. Galvagno i Bhavani Kodali. Patient Monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0003.

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The outside of the operating room (OOOR) environment is fraught with challenges and often requires a great deal of flexibility without compromising patient care. The expertise and skill of the modern anesthesiologist is increasingly required when anesthesia is administered for procedures performed OOOR. This chapter focuses on the physics, physiology, limitations, and recommendations for standard physiological monitors that should be utilized in the OOOR environment. A special emphasis is placed on pulse oximetry and capnography. By implementing standards for monitoring that are similar to standards used in the operating room, the safe delivery of an anesthetic for procedures in the OOOR environment can be consistently achieved.

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31

Mythen, Monty, i Michael P. W. Grocott. Peri-operative optimization of the high risk surgical patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0361.

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Flow-based cardiovascular variables, such as cardiac output and oxygen delivery predict peri-operative outcome better than alternative, predominantly pressure-based measures. Targeting flow-based goals, using fluid boluses with or without additional blood or vasoactive agents in patients undergoing major surgery has been shown to improve outcome in some studies. However, the literature is limited due to a large number of small single-centre studies, and heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes evaluated. Early studies used pulmonary artery catheters to monitor blood flow, but newer studies have used less invasive techniques, such as oesophageal Doppler monitoring or pulse contour analysis. Meta-analysis of the current evidence base suggests that this approach is unlikely to cause harm and may not reduce mortality, but reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. Goal-directed therapy is considered an important element of enhanced recovery packages that have been shown to improve outcome after several types of major elective surgery.

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32

Wright, A. G. Voltage dividers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0013.

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Voltage dividers provide accelerating voltages to generate multiplier gain. Dynode voltages must remain constant and independent of the light input to maintain stable gain. The standard resistive divider never quite satisfies this requirement, although acceptable performance can be achieved by careful design. The inclusion of zener diodes improves performance but field-effect transistor (FET) circuits can provide gain stability at high mean anode currents, regardless of whether the application is pulsed or analogue. Design procedures for active and semi-active voltage dividers are presented. Dividers based on the Cockcroft–Walton (CW) principle are particularly suited to portable instrumentation because of their low standing current. Consideration is given to pulsed operation, decoupling, switch-on transients, ripple, dynode signals, single cable dividers, and equivalent circuits at high frequencies. Gating is used to protect a photomultiplier, in the presence of high light levels, by reducing the gain electronically. Various methods for gating a voltage divider are presented.

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33

Metzner, Julia, i Karen B. Domino. Outcomes, Regulation, and Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0010.

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To improve the safety of patients undergoing procedures in remote locations, practitioners should be familiar with rigorous continuous quality improvement systems, national and regulatory patient safety efforts, as well as complications related to anesthesia/sedation in out of the operating room (OOOR) settings. This chapter discusses severe outcomes and mechanisms of injury in OOOR locations, national patient safety and regulatory efforts that may be adapted to the OOOR setting, and quality improvement efforts essential to track outcomes and improve patient safety. Patient safety can be improved by adherence to respiratory monitoring (e.g., pulse oximetry and capnography), sedation standards/guidelines and national patient safety and regulatory efforts, and development of vigorous quality improvement systems to measure outcomes and make changes.

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34

Wright, A. G. The Photomultiplier Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.001.0001.

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This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.

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35

Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0001.

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An overview of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors and the related control system are presented in this chapter as introductory materials for the rest of the book. The interconnections of the control system to the power electronic inverter and the motor are emphasized. In addition, the major parts of the system are overviewed. Pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter, as the most commonly used power converter in PMS motor drives, is briefly discussed. PMS motors configurations and operating principles are also presented after considering characteristics of permanent magnet materials. Major PMS motor control methods including vector control, direct torque control, predictive control, deadbeat control, and combined vector and direct torque control are briefly reviewed. Finally, several rotor position and speed estimation schemes, and offline and online parameter estimation methods are overviewed.

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36

Practicalities of using TENS for specific conditions and situations. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0007.

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Research studies have failed to evaluate different TENS techniques for specific conditions. Safe and appropriate TENS technique is based on the use of conventional TENS delivered at a strong, non-painful intensity at the site of pain in the first instance with patients selecting pulse pattern, frequency, and duration for reasons of comfort. In practice, it is necessary to adapt this approach for specific painful conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how the general principles of good practice are applied when using TENS to manage various painful conditions. The chapter discusses acute pain, including post-operative pain and labour pain, chronic musculoskeletal pain, including back pain and osteoarthritis, chronic neuropathic pain, including peripheral and central neuropathic pain, cancer pain, and TENS for children and the elderly.

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Grech, Dennis, i Laurence M. Hausman. Anesthetic Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0004.

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Anesthetic techniques for procedures performed outside the traditional operating room are varied. General anesthesia, sedation, and regional anesthesia can all be delivered in this venue. The choice of technique is based on safety considerations and patient comorbidities. Perioperative monitoring such as pulse oximetry, end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring, and electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring protocols must be consistent with American Society of Anesthesiologists guidelines. Common procedures include elective office-based anesthetics, emergency room sedations, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies in the gastroenterology suite, and minimally invasive interventions in the radiology department. Because most of these locations have limited postanesthesia care unit capabilities, the patient’s rapid return to baseline functioning and the ability to be discharged quickly, safely, and comfortably are important goals. Thus, anesthetic technique and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anesthetics, analgesics, antiemetics, and local anesthetics are of utmost importance.

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38

A report on the operational experience, performance appraisal, and design modifications of a commercial pulsed CO₂ laser. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2007.

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39

Wright, A. G. Secondary emission and gain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0005.

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Secondary-electron emission generates gain in conventional vacuum photomultipliers with discrete dynodes. This is a cascade process involving between 6 and 20 elements. Generally, the higher the number of stages, the higher is the gain and similarly for applied voltage. Gain is dependent on the composition of the dynodes, with SbCs and activated BeO being the most common materials. There are ten different dynode types, each of which serves a particular purpose: for example, operation in high magnetic fields and high temperature. The continuous channel dynode is available as a single unit and as a multichannel structure, the microchannel plate. The quality of a dynode system is described by its single-electron response. Discrete dynodes produce a spread in output size whereas the channel devices are generally operated in saturation. Gain may be quoted as DC, G, and pulsed ‹g› and methods for measuring these parameters are given.

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40

Wright, A. G. Collection and counting efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0010.

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Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε‎, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.

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41

Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell i Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: body systems and occupational hazards. Redaktor Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0045.

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“Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate” crises and aspiration of gastric contents are important hazards in anaesthesia, and may result in the death of relatively young and healthy patients. Airway difficulties may manifest at the end of anaesthesia as well as at induction and are commoner in emergency departments and intensive care settings than during anaesthesia in operating rooms. Elements of poor management characterize the majority of airway complications. Emergency cricothyroidotomy performed by anaesthetists is associated with a high rate of failure. Other important hazards associated with anaesthesia may involve excessive or inadequate levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood, hypertension or hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia (including malignant hyperpyrexia), hypovolaemia, embolism of gas or thrombus, awareness, infection, and injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, or the eyes. Stroke and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be particularly devastating for patients. These hazards are typically increased in low- and middle-income countries. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists and the World Health Organization have endorsed international standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia, which are structured to reflect different levels of resource. The Lifebox Foundation seeks to improve the safety of surgery and anaesthesia in resource-constrained areas, notably by closing the substantial global gap in pulse oximetry. Several hazards are integral to the occupation of anaesthesia, including certain infections, increased rates of suicide, and medico-legal risks. In the end, the best way to mitigate these risks is through focusing on the safety of our patients.

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42

Record of Public Meeting for Operational Test of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis (PFNA) Cargo Inspection System at Ysleta Port of Entry Commercial Cargo Facility, El Paso, Texas. Storming Media, 2003.

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43

Park, Susan. The Good Hegemon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197626481.001.0001.

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Powerful international development organizations like the World Bank recognized that they contributed to ecosystem destruction and a loss of land and livelihoods for people in developing countries in the 1990s. Pressure from activists and the United States led the World Bank to give affected people recourse through an inspection panel. Within a decade other similar multilateral development banks would follow suit. This book argues that these accountability mechanisms embody a norm of “accountability as justice,” which has now spread globally. It makes three arguments for why the norm was created, how the accountability mechanisms operate, and whether they hold the banks to account. First, the United States promoted this norm during debates over how to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the multilateral development banks in the 1990s. As the banks’ premier shareholder, the United States built on its history of using “accountability as control” to establish the “accountability as justice” norm of for all the banks even when pressure from activists was absent or muted. It was able to do so using its “power of the purse,” its “vote,” and its “voice” in the banks. Second, the banks resisted the norm, leading the United States to invoke the same practices to demand the banks reformulate the mechanisms in egregious cases. Finally, the book shows how the accountability mechanisms have become more accessible, transparent, independent, responsive, and effective. Despite these gains, the banks adhere to the accountability as justice norm as a corrective to their operations rather than to preempt harm.

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The Arccos and Lommel Diffraction Formulations: An Approximate Fourier Transform Pair Leading to A Unified Theory of Spatially Averaged Diffraction Corrections for Ultrasonic Piston Transducers Operating in Pulsed Mode. Storming Media, 1998.

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45

Shore, Bruce W. Our Changing Views of Photons. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862857.001.0001.

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This book describes the changing views of the physics community toward photons, and how photons are viewed today in several contexts. The first portion, a ninechapter Memoir with few equations and many definitions, explains the changing view of physicists toward radiation and its wave-particle photons, written for those with interest but possibly without technical background. It gives operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of cavity Quantum Electrodynamics It defines, qualitatively, the historical photons of Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr, the later photons of Dirac, Feynman, and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration. A second portion, of three tutorial appendices, explains the mathematical background of quantum theory and radiation needed by those whose profession involves photonics and who therefore want more detailed understanding of the Memoir portion: quantum theory and the Schrodinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell equations for electromagnetism with wave modes that become photons through a quantization postulate, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles that are seen as slow and stored light pulses. As with other Memoirs, the present book has idiosyncrasies of the author. Most notably, on the opening page of each chapter, and at the end of the book, is a cartoon drawn by the author, as a grad student, that reflects the changing views of a PhD aspirant toward the grad school experience as he progressed through the graduate school of MIT in the 1950s.

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46

Stitt, Edmund Hugh. Electrostatic coalescence for balanced operation of a vigorously agitated liquid-liquid extractor: Coalescence inducing, pulsed, unidirectional electric fields applied in conjunction with high shear mixing to entrance the coalescence-redispersion cycle in a novel rotary agiated liquid-liquid extraction column. Bradford, 1985.

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