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Delling, Daniel, Thomas Pajor i Renato F. Werneck. "Round-Based Public Transit Routing". Transportation Science 49, nr 3 (sierpień 2015): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2014.0534.
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Uchimura, Keiichi, Hiro Takahashi i Takashi Saitoh. "Advanced Public Transit System Routing and Scheduling". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, nr 8 (czerwiec 1997): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43912-7.
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Delling, Daniel, Thomas Pajor i Renato Werneck. "Round-Based Public Transit Routing (Extended Abstract)". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 4, nr 1 (20.08.2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v4i1.18270.
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We study the problem of computing all Pareto-optimal journeys in a dynamic public transit network for two criteria: arrival time and number of transfers. Existing algorithms consider this as a graph problem, and solve it using variants of Dijkstra's algorithm. Unfortunately, this leads to either high query times or suboptimal solutions. We take a different approach. We introduce RAPTOR, our novel round-based public transit router. Unlike previous algorithms, it is not Dijkstra-based, looks at each route (such as a bus line) in the network at most once per round, and can be made even faster with simple pruning rules and parallelization using multiple cores. Because it does not rely on preprocessing, RAPTOR works in fully dynamic scenarios. Moreover, it can be easily extended to handle flexible departure times or arbitrary additional criteria, such as fare zones. When run on London's complex public transportation network, RAPTOR computes all Pareto-optimal journeys between two random locations an order of magnitude faster than previous approaches, which easily enables interactive applications. This is an extended abstract of the paper published at ALENEX 2012.
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Jeon, I., H. Nam i C. Jun. "IMPROVED PUBLIC TRANSIT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE SHORTEST K-PATH". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W9 (30.10.2018): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w9-255-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Most of the existing public transit routing algorithms were developed on the basis of graph theory. Recently, algorithms are being developed that can compute for O-D public transit paths by using timetable information only, not using network structure consisting of nodes and links. The timetable-based public transit routing algorithm produces one shortest path to destination, using departure time and arrival time by stop. But it has limitations in reflecting additional factors, such as transfer penalty and alternative path selection, in the process of path calculation. In addition, since public transit passengers tend to choose one among various alternative paths, it is necessary to calculate multiple paths rather than a single path as in the existing methods. Therefore, this study proposes an improved RAPTOR algorithm that can consider transfer penalty and produce multiple paths, while it is based on RAPTOR, the existing timetable-based public transit routing algorithm. The transfer penalty was applied at the point of transfer, and differently according to transfer types. As a result of analyzing computed paths of the algorithms before and after improvement, it was found that computed paths with the improved RAPTOR algorithm proposed by this study were more similar to Seoul public transit passengers' actual travel paths than computed paths by the existing RAPTOR alone.</p>
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Rouhieh, Behzad, i Ciprian Alecsandru. "Adaptive route choice model for public transit systems: an application of Markov decision processes". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, nr 8 (sierpień 2012): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-080.
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Over the past couple of decades the advancements in the areas of information and computational technology allowed for a variety of intelligent transportation systems developments and deployments. This study investigates an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) and (or) an advanced public transit system (APTS) adaptive and real-time transit routing component. The proposed methodology is applied to bus routes with fixed, predefined bus line alignments. It is shown that routing buses on such systems can be modeled in real-time by employing an associated Markov chain with reward model to minimize the impact of congested traffic conditions on the travelers and the overall operation cost of the transit system. A case study using a traffic and transit data from a real-world bus line was used to apply the proposed bus routing approach. It was found that under certain traffic congestion conditions buses should be re-routed to minimize their travel time and the associated system costs. The hypothetical congestion scenarios investigated show that individual bus travel time delays range between 50 and 740 s when the proposed adaptive routing is employed. The proposed methodology is also suitable for application to transit systems that run on a demand-adaptive basis (the bus line alignment changes with the travelers demand). Additional calibration and future integration of the system into specific ATIS and (or) APTS user services will be investigated.
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Mrad, Mehdi, Olfa Chebbi, Mohamed Labidi i Mohamed Ali Louly. "Synchronous Routing for Personal Rapid Transit Pods". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/623849.
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Personal rapid transit (PRT) is a public and automated transport system in which a fleet of small driverless vehicles operate in order to transport passengers between a set of stations through a network of guided ways. Each customer is carried from one station to another directly with no stop in intermediate stations. This mode of transport can result in a high level of unused capacity due to the empty moves of the vehicles. In this paper, we model the problem of minimizing the energy consumed by the PRT system while assuming predeterministic list of orders; then we solve it using some constructive heuristics. Experiments are run on 1320 randomly generated test problems with various sizes. Our algorithms are shown to give good results over large trip instances.
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Rios, Miguel. "GeOpps-N: Opportunistic Routing for VANET in a Public Transit System". IEEE Latin America Transactions 14, nr 4 (kwiecień 2016): 1630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2016.7483493.
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Choudhury, Shushman, Kiril Solovey, Mykel J. Kochenderfer i Marco Pavone. "Efficient Large-Scale Multi-Drone Delivery using Transit Networks". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 70 (17.02.2021): 757–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12450.
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We consider the problem of routing a large fleet of drones to deliver packages simultaneously across broad urban areas. Besides flying directly, drones can use public transit vehicles such as buses and trams as temporary modes of transportation to conserve energy. Adding this capability to our formulation augments effective drone travel range and the space of possible deliveries but also increases problem input size due to the large transit networks. We present a comprehensive algorithmic framework that strives to minimize the maximum time to complete any delivery and addresses the multifaceted computational challenges of our problem through a two-layer approach. First, the upper layer assigns drones to package delivery sequences with an approximately optimal polynomial time allocation algorithm. Then, the lower layer executes the allocation by periodically routing the fleet over the transit network, using efficient, bounded suboptimal multi-agent pathfinding techniques tailored to our setting. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach on simulations with up to 200 drones, 5000 packages, and transit networks with up to 8000 stops in San Francisco and the Washington DC Metropolitan Area. Our framework computes solutions for most settings within a few seconds on commodity hardware and enables drones to extend their effective range by a factor of nearly four using transit.
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Zhang, Cai Xia, Liang Liang Zhuang, Xiang Dong Wang i Hai Wu Rong. "Research on Optimal Routing Algorithm for Public Transit Transfer Based on the Adjacency Matrix". Applied Mechanics and Materials 40-41 (listopad 2010): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.40-41.341.
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This paper introduces the Adjacency Matrix at the very beginning, the least transfer between two nodes can be obtained by using the Adjacency Matrix, and then Z matrix is introduced to achieve optimal routing algorithm for public transit transfer and to obtain optimal route by using the “two-step-descending-proliferation” algorithm. Through the "two-step" approach, efficiency and feasibility of data processing was increased. The algorithm focus on multi-objective optimization - takes the least transfer, the least cost, the shortest time, and so on.
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Nadeem, Imran, Sheik Uduman i Aijaz Dar. "An integrated bus - based routing and dispatching approach for flood evacuation". Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 30, nr 4 (2020): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor190415028n.
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Floods are among the most persistent natural disasters that lead to massive economic and human loss globally. In this regard, this study has proposed an optimisation model for evacuating people before the occurrence of the flood using bus transit. The process of evacuation commences with the issue of warning and extends up to a certain time before the flood forecasts to strike. This model provides an optimised framework for 1) Locating pickup points and shelters, 2) Assigning pickup points to the nearest shelter by opting the shortest route among the available routes. On the basis of demand, each pickup point is allocated with a certain number of trips. The modelling of dispatch sequence of public buses, random adventing of evacuees at pickup points and evacuees transit to the shelters are presented by developing a simulation tool. The results of simulation serve for assessing the route design and then, a local search heuristic is suggested to improve the route design during the evacuation.
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Retscher, G., i F. Obex. "A Cooperative Positioning Service for Multi-Modal Public Transit Situations". Journal of Navigation 71, nr 2 (10.10.2017): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000686.
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A better understanding of passenger movement in multi-modal transit situations is the major aim of this study. By using a novel Cooperative Positioning (CP) approach, algorithms can be generated which considerably increase the accuracy of person tracking. Smooth transit at stations is enabled, thus the total waiting time for routing at the traffic interchange is reduced. A Location-Based Services (LBS) user is guided by the service and located with the assistance of the whole user group. In addition to the technological developments, the acceptance and end-user needs are considered. End-users of such a service have the right to withdraw their consent for transferring location-based and other personal data at any time. They also receive clear and comprehensive information about when and why they reveal their personal data and location and its further use. In this paper, the concept is introduced followed by a comprehensive discussion of the suitable CP localisation techniques as well as an implementation strategy. Furthermore, ethical and usability aspects are discussed to ensure user-friendly results.
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Danesi, Antonio, i Simone Tengattini. "Evaluating accessibility of small communities via public transit". Archives of Transport 56, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5601.
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Accessibility to and from urban centres allows small communities’ dwellers to participate in primary activities and use essential services that are not available on-site, such as educational, work and medical services. Public transport networks are supposed to enhance accessibility and pursue equity principles, overcoming socio-economical differences among people that can exacerbate during crisis. In this paper a methodology is proposed and implemented to assess small communities’ accessibility via public transit. A metric is defined based on the calculation of total travel time, taken as a proxy of travel impedance, with consideration of in-vehicle time, schedule delay and users’ arrival and departure preference curves (i.e. time-of-day functions). A “rooftops” model is specified and implemented under the assumption that travellers cannot accept (scheduled) late arrival or early departure time penalties before and after the participation in their activities in the main urban centre, as many activities rarely admit time-flexibility. Also, a public transport specific impedance factor (PTSIF) is proposed, in order to account for travel impedance determinants, which are a consequence of service scheduling and routing decisions and not due to inherent geographical and infrastructural disadvantages affecting car users too. An application of the methodology for the city of Cesena, Italy, and 90 surrounding small communities is presented. The city is served by train and bus services. Assessment of small communities' accessibility based on both total travel time and PTSIF is presented and discussed. This practice-ready quantitative method can help transport professionals to evaluate impacts on small communities’ accessibility in light of public transport service changes or reduction. Quantitative approach to support strategic decisions is needed, for example, both to assess public transport strengthening politics against depopulation of rural and marginal mountainous areas and to mitigate the effects of possible increasing concentration of services towards high-demand lines, which may follow as a consequence of budget cuts or contingencies, such as vehicle capacity reductions required by sanitary emergencies.
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Faroqi, H., i A. Sadeghi-Niaraki. "DEVELOPING GIS-BASED DEMAND-RESPONSIVE TRANSIT SYSTEM IN TEHRAN CITY". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (11.12.2015): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-189-2015.
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Create, maintain and development of public transport network in metropolitan are important problems in the field of urban transport management. In public transport, maximize the efficient use of public fleet capacity has been considered. Concepts and technologies of GIS have provided suitable way for management and optimization of the public transports systems. In demand-responsive public transportation system, firstly fellow traveller groups have been established for applicants based on spatial concepts and tools of GIS, second for each group according to its’ members and their paths, a public vehicle has been allocated to them then based on dynamic routing, the fellow passenger group has been gathered from their origins and has been moved to their destinations through optimal route. The suggested system has been implemented based on network data and commuting trips statistics of 1 to 6 districts in Tehran city. Evaluation performed on the results show the 34% increase using of Taxi capacity, 13% increase using of Van capacity and 10% increase using of Bus capacity in comparison between current public transport system and suggested public transportation system has been improved.
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Kourepinis, Vasileios, Christina Iliopoulou, Ioannis X. Tassopoulos, Chrysanthi Aroniadi i Grigorios N. Beligiannis. "An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Urban Transit Routing Problem". Electronics 12, nr 15 (6.08.2023): 3358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153358.
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The Urban Transit Routing Problem (UTRP) is a challenging discrete problem that revolves around designing efficient routes for public transport systems. It falls under the category of NP-hard problems, characterized by its complexity and numerous constraints. Evaluating potential route sets for feasibility is a demanding and time-consuming task, often resulting in the rejection of many solutions. Given its difficulty, metaheuristic methods, such as swarm intelligence algorithms, are considered highly suitable for addressing the UTRP. However, the effectiveness of these methods depends heavily on appropriately adapting them to discrete problems, as well as employing suitable initialization procedures and solution-evaluation methods. In this study, a new variant of the particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed as an efficient solution approach for the UTRP. We present an improved initialization function and improved modification operators, along with a post-optimization routine to further improve solutions. The algorithm’s performance is then compared to the state of the art using Mandl’s widely recognized benchmark, a standard for evaluating UTRP solutions. By comparing the generated solutions to published results from 10 studies on Mandl’s benchmark network, we demonstrate that the developed algorithm outperforms existing techniques, providing superior outcomes.
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Kahn, Peter A., Xiaohan Ying, Sunnie Li i Walter S. Mathis. "Impact of a Medical Clinic Relocation on Travel Time: A Tale of 2 Modes of Transportation". Journal of Patient Experience 9 (styczeń 2022): 237437352211439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23743735221143960.
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The aim of this study was to quantify access disparities by examining the impact of a medical clinic relocation on travel time differences for patients using private cars versus public transit. Longitude and latitude of patient home addresses were extracted from electronic medical records for the 4 years before the clinic move. Using offline, open-source, and HIPAA-compliant routing software, roundtrip travel times were computed from each home address to the old and new clinic locations via car and bus. Mean roundtrip travel time by a car changed from 41.3 (IQR 16.1-80.7) to 45.4 (IQR 25.9-78.1) minutes, a 9.9% increase. Mean roundtrip travel time by public transit changed from 67.5 (IQR 51.5-100.2) to 120.8 (100.3-156.1) minutes, a 78.9% increase. Even clinic relocations that minimally impact car travel times can nevertheless yield substantial changes to those traveling by public transit. Clinics and health systems that wish to reduce barriers to accessing health care, especially among those already facing structural inequities, would benefit from utilizing the analytic approach described here.
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Jeon, Inwoo, Hyunwoo Nam i Chulmin Jun. "A schedule-based Public Transit Routing Algorithm for Finding K-shortest Paths Considering Transfer Penalties". Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 17, nr 3 (30.06.2018): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2018.17.3.72.
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Huang, Long Chao, Wei Guan i Jie Xiong. "Routing Design Optimization of Bus Joint for Passenger Transfer Centers". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (październik 2013): 4140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4140.
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Bus routing problem is the basic work of public transit planning and operation. This paper develops a solution for the optimal routing problem of bus connected with a passenger transfer center based on the research of vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is an important issue in the logistics distribution. The optimal routing solution is formulated as linking a series of bus stops in a certain order, aiming at minimizing the total cost, which includes user and supplier costs. To solve the problem, a weighting function is established to determine the weight of every link first and then an ant colony algorithm (ACO) is used to calculate the optimal solution. At last, a case study is presented based on the existing routes and stops served for the Huilongguan Community in Beijing, and the results shows that the set of routes obtained from the optimal solution costs less than the existing one.
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Lin, Diao, Ruoxin Zhu, Jian Yang i Liqiu Meng. "An Open-Source Framework of Generating Network-Based Transit Catchment Areas by Walking". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, nr 8 (22.07.2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9080467.
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The transit catchment area is an important concept for public transport planning. This study proposes a methodological framework to generate network-based transit catchment areas by walking. Three components of the framework, namely subgraph construction, extended shortest path tree construction and contour generation are presented step by step. Methods on how to generalize the framework to the cases of the directed road network and non-point facilities are developed. The implementation of the framework is provided as an open-source project. Using metro stations in Shanghai as a case study, we illustrate the feasibility of the proposed framework. Experiments show that the proposed method generates catchment areas of high geospatial accuracy and significantly increases computational efficiency. The open-source program can be applied to support research related to transit catchment areas and has the potential to be extended to include more routing-related factors.
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Koushki, P. A., G. A. Ali i Y. A. Al-Nuaim. "Calibration of Transit Operations Planning (TOP) Model and Evaluation of Bus Transit Route Performance in Riyadh". Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 2 (1.12.1997): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol2iss0pp5-16.
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Public transit systems provide mobility for a large percentage of urban residents very cost-effectively and with minimum negative impact on the environment. ln spite of their vital and indispensable services; however , The majority of transit systems worldwide suffer from financial neglect and are forced to rely heavily on government subsidies for survival. In response to the rapidly shrinking funds and subsidy levels transit managements have to focus attention on ways to improve service operations. The management of public transit systems in Saudi Arabia is no exception to this trend. This study is aimed at evaluating the service performance of a sample of regular (fixed-route, fixed schedule) bus transit routes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a microcomputer-based program, the bus transit service operational measures of fare, headway, vehicle size and routing were analyzed. To account for the socio-economic and cultural differences of transit ridership in Riyadh, time/cost elasticities of demand as well as walk time and bus travel time parameters of the model were calibrated. Evaluation of the impact of changes in service operational measures suggested that no change in operational variables could improve the very low productivity of one of the sample study routes. A cost-reduction strategy which includes the use of smaller vehicles and less-frequent service runs should improve the low productivity of this route. Findings also indicated that a small increase in fare would pay for the total operation and maintenance costs of the other routes. The authors, however, do not recommend an increase in fare for a variety of reasons; the low income level of the captive riderships, the enormous financial resources of the country , and the multi-dimentional role of transit systems in providing urban mobility with minimum negative impacts on the environment.
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Katsaragakis, Iosif V., Ioannis X. Tassopoulos i Grigorios N. Beligiannis. "Solving the Urban Transit Routing Problem Using a Cat Swarm Optimization-Based Algorithm". Algorithms 13, nr 9 (6.09.2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13090223.
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Presented in this research paper is an attempt to apply a cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm to the urban transit routing problem (UTRP). Using the proposed algorithm, we can attain feasible and efficient (near) optimal route sets for public transportation networks. It is, to our knowledge, the first time that cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm is applied to cope with this specific problem. The algorithm’s efficiency and excellent performance are demonstrated by conducting experiments with both real-world as well as artificial data. These specific data have also been used as test instances by other researchers in their publications. Computational results reveal that the proposed cat swarm optimization (CSO)-based algorithm exhibits better performance, using the same evaluation criteria, compared to most of the other existing approaches applied to the same test instances. The differences of the proposed algorithm in comparison with other published approaches lie in its main process, which is a modification of the classic cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm applied to solve the urban transit routing problem. This modification in addition to a variation of the initialization process, as well as the enrichment of the algorithm with a process of improving the final solution, constitute the innovations of this contribution. The UTRP is studied from both passenger and provider sides of interest, and the algorithm is applied in both cases according to necessary modifications.
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Rouhieh, Behzad, i Ciprian Alecsandru. "Optimizing route choice in multimodal transportation networks". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, nr 9 (wrzesień 2014): 800–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0331.
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Advanced traveler information systems provide travelers with pre-trip and en route travel information necessary to improve the trip decision making process based on various criteria (e.g., avoiding the negative impacts of traffic congestion, selecting specific travel modes, etc.). This study investigates an adaptive routing methodology for multimodal transportation networks. To integrate transit networks, the model takes into account both the predefined timetables of public transportation services and the variability of travel times. A graph theory based methodology is proposed to capture travel behavior within a multimodal network. The study advances a routing algorithm based on Markov decision processes. Special network modeling elements were defined to allow the developed algorithm to select the most efficient transportation mode at each junction along a given route. The proposed methodology is applied to a small real-world network located in the central business district area of Montreal, Quebec. The network includes bus, subway, and bicycle transportation facilities. The simulations were run under the assumption that users do not use private vehicles to travel between arbitrary selected origin and destination points. The developed routing algorithm was applied to several simulation scenarios. The results identified what is the most efficient combination of transportation modes that the travelers have to use given certain traffic and transit service conditions. Larger and more complex networks of motorized and non-motorized modes with stochastic properties will be investigated in subsequent work.
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Robbani, Shof Rijal Ahlan. "Penyelesaian Urban Transit Routing Problem Menggunakan Algoritma Hyper-heuristics berbasis Modified Particle Swarm Optimization based on Gravitational field Interactions". JATISI (Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi) 8, nr 4 (14.12.2021): 1984–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35957/jatisi.v8i4.1233.
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Kemacetan lalu lintas dapat diatasi dengan adanya public transport. Penerapan public transport yang optimal perlu dilakukan penentuan rute yang baik. Untuk mendapatkan rute public transport yang optimal, maka perlu dilakukan beberapa percobaan kombinasi antara jarak titik awal dan tujuan. Sehingga masalah dapat dikatakan sebagai masalah kombinatorik. VRP merupakan permasalahan kombinatorik. Oleh karena itu permasalahan dapat diselesaikan menggunakan metode metaheuristik.
Penelitian ini akan menggunakan algoritma Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO-GI) dengan pendekatan Hyper-heuristics untuk menyelesaikan masalah penentuan rute public transport. Data yang digunakan merupakan dataset Mumford dan Mandl yang digunakan pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil solusi yang dihasilkan oleh metode yang ditawarkan dengan hasil pada penelitian sebelumnya. Sehingga dapat diketahui kelebihan dan kekurangan dari metode yang ditawarkan.
Berdasarkan hasil uji coba dapat ketahui bahwa algoritma MPSO-GI dengan pendekatan Hyper-Heuristics dapat diimpelmentasikan dan menyelesaikan masalah UTRP. MPSO-GI dengan pendekatan Hyper-Heuristics berhasil memperbaiki solusi hill-climbing di hamper semua dataset dengan nilai yang stabil. Hasil metode MPSO-GI dengan pendekatan Hyper-Heuristics unggul dalam menghasilkan solusi biaya penumpang pada dataset Mandl4, Mandl6, Mandl7, Mandl8 dan biaya operator pada dataset Mandl4 dan Mandl6 jika dibandingkan dengan metode pada penelitian sebelumnya.
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Dalkılıç, Feriştah, Yunus Doğan, Derya Birant, Recep Alp Kut i Reyat Yılmaz. "A Gradual Approach for Multimodel Journey Planning: A Case Study in Izmir, Turkey". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5656323.
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Planning a journey by integrating route and timetable information from diverse sources of transportation agencies such as bus, ferry, and train can be complicated. A user-friendly, informative journey planning system may simplify a plan by providing assistance in making better use of public transportation. In this study, we presented the service-oriented, multimodel Intelligent Journey Planning System, which we developed to assist travelers in journey planning. We selected Izmir, Turkey, as the pilot city for this system. The multicriteria problem is one of the well-known problems in transportation networks. Our study proposes a gradual path-finding algorithm to solve this problem by considering transfer count and travel time. The algorithm utilizes the techniques of efficient algorithms including round based public transit optimized router, transit node routing, and contraction hierarchies on transportation graph. We employed Dijkstra’s algorithm after the first stage of the path-finding algorithm by applying stage specific rules to reduce search space and runtime. The experimental results show that our path-finding algorithm takes 0.63 seconds of processing time on average, which is acceptable for the user experience.
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Maxwell, Ross R. "Converting a Large Region to a Multimodal Pulsed-Hub Public Transport Network". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-16.
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Applicability of the cost-effective strategy used in Switzerland that successfully integrates all public transport for the entire country into a multi-hub timed-transfer system (pulsed-hub network) is investigated using the greater San Francisco Bay Area as an illustrative case study. For the existing and proposed Bay Area rail service routes, the study investigates the optimal repeating (clock-face) base headway for the pulsed-hub network, hub spacing, and locations (ideally adjacent to dense and diverse land uses providing destinations within walking distance, preferably a downtown), and hub station design to minimize transfer walk times. A pulsed-hub network schedule, because of the repeating schedule, can be shown as a schedule map that represents typically a 1-h schedule module. The schedule map, showing the routing and travel times between hubs and the pulse timings by means of a clock face at each hub, becomes a tool to develop the multihub system and to communicate with all stakeholders, including policy makers and the public. The illustrative pulsed-hub network uses existing and proposed rail services and express buses on high-occupancy vehicle lanes. These include the two publicly owned regional rail systems, Bay Area Rapid Transit and the Peninsula Commute Service (Caltrain); the intercity Amtrak-operated Capitol Corridor trains between San Jose, Oakland, and Sacramento (assuming that reliable passenger service can be maintained by freight railway by providing schedule windows for both passenger and freight trains); the proposed Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit and Dumbarton Rail Bridge routes; and the proposed California high-speed trains, currently in environmental review.
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Kozłowski, M., W. Choromański i J. Kowara. "Analysis of dynamic properties of the PRT vehicle-track system". Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, nr 3 (1.09.2015): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0091.
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Abstract The paper presents the issue of modelling the system of the PRT vehicle – track. The PRT – Personal Rapid Transit concept is defined as an innovative transport system composed of small vehicles (3–5 persons) moving on the light infrastructure situated at a height of above 5 meters above the ground. This is a system that combines the features of individual and public transport. An important feature of this system is the implementation of the transport approach known as the ‘point to point’ rule that is to say between the initial and the final stop the vehicle does not stop at the intermediate stops. The vehicle has no driver. Routing choice and collision avoidance are performed through a complex computer system.
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Sun, Zhichao, Kang Zhou, Xinzheng Yang, Xiao Peng i Rui Song. "Optimization Method of Customized Shuttle Bus Lines under Random Condition". Algorithms 14, nr 2 (5.02.2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14020052.
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Transit network optimization can effectively improve transit efficiency, improve traffic conditions, and reduce the pollution of the environment. In order to better meet the travel demands of passengers, the factors influencing passengers’ satisfaction with a customized bus are fully analyzed. Taking the minimum operating cost of the enterprise as the objective and considering the random travel time constraints of passengers, the customized bus routes are optimized. The K-means clustering analysis is used to classify the passengers’ needs based on the analysis of the passenger travel demand of the customized shuttle bus, and the time stochastic uncertainty under the operating environment of the customized shuttle bus line is fully considered. On the basis of meeting the passenger travel time requirements and minimizing the cost of service operation, an optimization model that maximizes the overall satisfaction of passengers and public transit enterprises is structured. The smaller the value of the objective function is, the lower the operating cost. When the value is negative, it means there is profit. The model is processed by the deterministic processing method of random constraints, and then the hybrid intelligent algorithm is used to solve the model. A stochastic simulation technique is used to train stochastic constraints to approximate uncertain functions. Then, the improved immune clonal algorithm is used to solve the vehicle routing problem. Finally, it is proved by a case that the method can reasonably and efficiently realize the optimization of the customized shuttle bus lines in the region.
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Jamalul Shamsudin, N. L., M. F. Abdul Khanan, H. A. Umar, S. N. Atan i A. H. M. Din. "INTEGRATING NETWORK CONCEPT INTO MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR SUGGESTING BUS RAPID TRANSIT ROUTES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (1.10.2019): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-309-2019.
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Abstract. Population explosion in the city of Johor Bahru has led to traffic congestions, which hitherto to that there were better movements and flow of vehicles in and around the city. Road transportation in particular has played a gargantuan role in creating and maintaining easy and quick access to various destinations. Increases in the number of vehicle indicate a higher economic prosperity that contributes to traffic congestion within the city. This can be seen in a number of developments such as increased population density and creation of alternative routes over several years, which has still not totally eradicated the traffic congestion problems of the city. Ideally, a good public transport service would carry the passenger directly from their origin to their destination without having to face traffic congestion. The buses may not be available and accessible from certain origins or destinations of residents or they may need to walk some distances from their residents to the bus stops resulting into discouragement for most of the people using public transport services. This paper aims to utilise geospatial analysis approach to suggest effective bus routing that would be able to increase connectivity to rural areas and boost commercial activities through better transportation. Route selection is the process of finding locations that meet the selection criteria for each parameter using Geographic Information System (GIS). The process employs applied multi-criteria decision analysis and network analysis to generate thpsye highest score areas for bus rapid transit (BRT) route by maximising network and mobility and ensuring the newly suggested routes are connected to the existing networks of BRT to serve the community.
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Alexeev, V. M., L. A. Baranov, M. A. Kulagin i V. G. Sidorenko. "Building Architecture of Intelligent Control System for Urban Rail Transit System". World of Transport and Transportation 19, nr 1 (8.09.2021): 18–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2021-19-1-18-46.
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The increase in the volume of passenger transportation in megalopolises and large urban agglomerations is efficiently provided by the integration of urban public transit systems and city railways. Traffic management under those conditions requires creating intelligent centralised multi-level traffic control systems that implement the required indicators of quality, comfort, and traffic safety regarding passenger transportation. Besides, modern control systems contribute to traction power saving, are foundation and integral part of the systems of digitalisation of urban transit and the cities. Building systems solving the traffic planning and control tasks is implemented using algorithms based on the methods of artificial intelligence, principles of hierarchically structured centralised systems, opportunities provided by Big Data technology. Under those conditions it is necessary to consider growing requirements towards software as well as theoretical design and practical implementation of network organisation.This article discusses designing architecture and shaping requirements for developed applications and their integration with databases to create a centralised intelligent control system for the urban rail transit system (CICS URTS). The article proposes the original architecture of the network, routing of information flows and software of CICS URTS. The routing design is based on a fully connected network. This allows to significantly increase the network bandwidth and meet the requirements regarding information protection, since information flows are formed based on the same type of protocols, which prevents emergence of covert transmission channels. The implementation of the core using full connectivity allows, according to the tags of information flows, to pre-form the routes for exchange of information between servers and applications deployed in CICS URTS. The use of encrypted tags of information flows makes it much more difficult to carry out attacks and organise collection of information about the network structure.Platforms for development of intelligent control systems (ICS), which include CICS URTS, high computing power, data storage capacity and new frameworks are becoming more available for researchers and developers and allow rapid development of ICS. The article discusses the issues of interaction of applications with databases through a combination of several approaches used in the field of Big Data, substantiates combination of Internet of Things (IoT) methodology and microservice architecture. This combination will make it possible to single out business processes in the system and form streaming data processing requiring operational analysis by a human, which is shown by relevant examples.Thus, the objective of the article is to formalise the principles of organising data exchange between CICS URTS and automated control systems (ACS) of railway companies (in our case, using the example of JSC Russian Railways), URTS services providers, and city government bodies, implement the developed approaches into the architecture of CICS URTS and formalise principles of organisation of microservice architecture of CICS URTS software. The main research methods are graph theory, Big Data and IoT methods.
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Khakbaz, Amir, Ali Shahandeh Nookabadi i Seyyed Nader Shetab Boushehri. "URBAN BUS FLEET ROUTING IN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK EQUIPPED WITH PARK-AND-RIDE: A CASE STUDY OF BABOL, IRAN". Transport 32, nr 1 (5.03.2017): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1277551.
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Recently, most cities have tried to connect park-and-ride facilities with public transit vehicles. The present study aims to design urban bus routes in the transportation network equipped with park-and-ride. Seven important factors which affect the design of urban bus network are identified through the literature review. These factors include demand coverage, route directness, passengers’ satisfaction, minimum length of bus route, budget, use of existing bus routes and number of lines. In this article, by use of the mentioned factors, a new model is developed to determine the urban bus routes. The new model figures the routes with park-and-ride as origin and Central Business District (CBD) as destination, in such a manner that the covered demand is maximized. Our novel method is more effective than other options currently available. In fact, it uses the most important factors in designing urban bus routes. Furthermore, an efficient Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach is represented to solve large-scale problems. Numerical results show the effectiveness of this approach. At last, the developed model is applied to design the urban bus routes in the transportation network of Babol (Iran).
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Gandomani, Roxana, Moataz Mohamed, Amir Amiri i Saiedeh Razavi. "System Optimization of Shared Mobility in Suburban Contexts". Sustainability 14, nr 2 (13.01.2022): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020876.
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Shared mobility is a viable choice to improve the connectivity of lower-density neighbourhoods or suburbs that lack high-frequency public transportation services. In addition, its integration with new forms of powertrain and autonomous technologies can achieve more sustainable and efficient transportation. This study compares four shared-mobility technologies in suburban areas: the Internal Combustion Engine, Battery Electric, and two Autonomous Electric Vehicle scenarios, for various passenger capacities ranging from three to fifteen. The study aims to provide policymakers, transportation planners, and transit providers with insights into the potential costs and benefits as well as system configurations of shared mobility in a suburban context. A vehicle routing problem with time windows was applied using the J-Horizon software to optimize the costs of serving existing intra-community demand. The results indicate a similar fleet composition for Battery Electric and Autonomous Electric fleets. Furthermore, the resulting fleet for all four technologies is dominated by larger vehicle capacities. Due to the large share of driver cost in the total cost, the savings using a fleet of Autonomous Electric Vehicles are predicted to be 68% and 70%, respectively, compared to Internal Combustion and Battery Electric fleets.
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DeWeese, James, Manuel Santana Palacios, Anastasia Belikow i Ahmed El-Geneidy. "Whose express access? Assessing the equity implications of bus express routes in Montreal, Canada". Journal of Transport and Land Use 15, nr 1 (24.01.2022): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2022.1879.
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Express buses—characterized by limited stops and sometimes higher frequencies or priority traffic measures—offer a cost-effective and efficient way to boost service convenience and reliability for riders. This paper assesses how the accessibility benefits of express bus route policy are distributed in Montreal, Canada, while providing a pathway for public transportation agencies to assess their policies and plans. To isolate the impact of bus express routes, we use General Transit Speed Specification (GTFS) data, the Open Trip Planner multimodal routing engine, and the 2013 edition of Montreal’s origin-destination survey to contrast travel time and accessibility at the trip and census-tract levels under two scenarios: one with the existing, complete network and the second a counterfactual scenario with no express bus routes. Our results indicate that bus express routes enable an overall increase in accessibility for the overall population. However, the accessibility benefits do not accrue evenly, as expected, but also tend to benefit a more significant number of higher incomes. This occurs despite the location of low-income populations in some outlying areas of the city, which express bus routes are supposed to serve. This paper closes with policy recommendations that help planners balance economic, environmental, and equity goals, perhaps one of the most complex challenges they face nowadays.
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Ren, Hongguo, Zhenbao Wang i Yanyan Chen. "Optimal Express Bus Routes Design with Limited-Stop Services for Long-Distance Commuters". Sustainability 12, nr 4 (23.02.2020): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041669.
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This research aimed to propose a route optimization method for long-distance commuter bus service to improve the attraction of public transport as a sustainable travel mode. Taking the express bus services (EBS) in Changping Corridor in Beijing as an example, we put forward an EBS route-planning method for long-distance commuter based on a solving algorithm for vehicle routing problem with pickups and deliveries (VRPPD) to determine the length of routes, number of lines, and stop location. Mobile phone location (MPL) data served as a valid instrument for the origin–destination (OD) estimation, which provided a new perspective to identify the locations of homes and jobs. The OD distribution matrices were specified via geocoded MPL data. The optimization objective of the EBS is to minimize the total distance traveled by the lines, subject to maximum segment capacity constraints. The sensitivity analysis was done to several key factors (e.g., the segment capacity, vehicle capacity, and headway) influencing the number of lines, the length of routes. The results suggest that the scenario with the segment capacity of 4000 passengers/h has a minimum of number and length of lines, but we recommend that the transit agency adopt 3000 passengers/h as the route segment capacity because this scenario results in minimum fleet size and minimum total operation length.
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Domanico, Emily. "Map Use in Transit Control Centers: Mapping geographic information flows". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15.07.2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-65-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Public transit is an essential part of individual mobility in dense urban environments, and the facilitation of these systems requires the coordination and synchronization of people, objects, and technology through space and time (Fisch 2018). Behind the scenes, control centers are sites where information is reported, synthesized and operationalized. In these environments, maps and diagrams play a central role in the work done to coordinate movement. We present findings from a user-centered study of map use in transit control centers which positions the work done in control centers as a case study for the study of map use in a dynamic, real-time environment. As such, the control center offers an opportunity to study how users navigate the presentation of information interfaces that visualize movement and location information in context of often messy and unpredictable daily workflows.</p><p> The work of train controllers and dispatchers has changed dramatically with advances in rail signalling, GPS outputs, and automation; however, the study of control center information displays as cartographic products has not kept up with the changing technology (Heath & Luff 1992). Increasingly, train dispatchers are asked to navigate denser information displays to coordinate the orientation of signals and the safe movement of trains.</p><p> We traced how map users understand dynamic, continuously updating visualizations in situ during their daily work. Drawing from ethnographic methods, this study intentionally moves outside of the controlled laboratory, highlighting that maps exist through instances of their use. We constructed a qualitative user study in a three-part methodology that triangulates the process of map use through archival work, participant observation, and survey-based data collection. Further, we developed a body of codes to identify and characterize instances of map use, map communication strategies, and the corresponding information source tied to different behaviors. These codes facilitate the analysis of diverse data sources from descriptions and observations of control centers, interviews with dispatchers, and document analysis. We employed these methods to characterize how map-based interfaces and surrounding technology perform in the socially situated context of the control center where the scope of the map is never limited to an isolated information interface.</p><p> The control center is an environment saturated with geographic information. We developed an archive of photographs and videos to characterize the control center environment and identify instances of map use within this space. Inside the modern control center, we find that relative position of train is represented as visual information usually mirrored on large overhead video walls while interaction of the system happens on personal computer monitors (Figure 1). Throughout the space, schematic line diagrams represent the state of signals throughout the entire rail network, designed to be read at a glance.</p><p> Where visual information sources are used to communicate predictable positional data, audio-based communication—such as radio to train operators and discussion and planning between dispatchers– supplement what the visual fails to display. Within rail transit visual displays trend to use dynamic, continuously updating schematics to represent states of the transit network, rather than the working history or institutional memory.</p><p> Visual schematic maps within the control center prioritize the representation of states of the system rather than an accumulated working history of a day’s traffic. The recent history of the daily traffic is pushed onto working memory and verbal communication practices within the dispatching teams which have developed over time. However, the emphasis on visualizing instantaneous states promotes a tendency for dispatchers to view their actions as reflexes rather than strategic responses.</p><p> Increasingly, GPS outputs bring more precise real-time train locations in addition to the block-based signaling traditional schematics represent. With the additional information, dispatchers are being asked to work across geographic and schematic representations of space when planning train movements and assessing the speed and flow of trains through the network. Dispatchers identify the importance of aligning information displays and engaging with the information before them as productive for planning efficient maneuvers or spotting unsafe alignments.</p><p> Maps and schematics take many forms. It is important for cartographers to study not only how to present geographic information, but also how users respond to these interfaces during the design process but also during the practice of daily use. We argue for the importance of studying maps through instances of their use in context, highlighting the importance of both the physical environment and the social community of users who create and enact the workflows that the geographic displays are designed to support.</p><p> Often referred to as ‘nerve centers,’ control centers are places within transit networks where remotely sensed geographic information is visualized, monitored, and employed to support time-critical decisions. In these environments, maps and diagrams play a central role in the work done to coordinate the safe movements of trains, support staff, and passengers. Within the rail transit control centers, spatial information is presented heterogeneously, where maps take the form of system diagrams, schematic analytical interfaces, layouts of video monitors, and geographic tiled web maps.</p><p> As such, we position the control center as a case study for the use of dynamic, real-time, map-based information. Within a control center, daily tasks of train controllers and dispatchers are multiple; they monitor movements, direction, speed, flow, scheduling, and routing, making time-critical decisions at a distance. For the controllers, maps are an interface to the system. We propose that the control center offers a potential space for cartographers to study how users navigate complex, dynamically updating displays that move between abstracted schematics to more traditional geographic maps.</p>
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della Mura, Matteo, Serena Failla, Nicolò Gori, Alfonso Micucci i Filippo Paganelli. "E-Scooter Presence in Urban Areas: Are Consistent Rules, Paying Attention and Smooth Infrastructure Enough for Safety?" Sustainability 14, nr 21 (1.11.2022): 14303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114303.
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Electric micromobility represents a sustainable mobility option for specific classes of users and distance thresholds. Had this mobility solution been integrated into a comprehensive mobility framework from the beginning, it would have expanded the coverage and accessibility of urban transit services. Instead, slow and incoherent regulation has established a contrast between enthusiastic users (who consider electric micromobility vehicles “fun” and “easy to use”) and recalcitrant public opinion (wherein electric micromobility vehicles are deemed “unsafe” and “dangerous”). Beyond the few attempts made by transport experts to assess the capability of e-scooters to become a sound mobility option (through mobility surveys, pattern analysis, fleet and routing problems), safety and infrastructure design should be developed in a consistent way in order to guarantee a balanced transport setting. With respect to this challenge, a methodology framework is proposed to address the increasing proliferation of micromobility in the context of a coherent transport system. Special attention is devoted to those aspects that have received less attention from the scientific community, namely infrastructure and safe interactions at intersections. The similarities and differences between e-scooters and bikes, chosen in this study as the representative of traditional soft mobility modes, have been taken into consideration. To support the proposed approach, tests investigating e-scooter performance and the perception of both the modes at safety-critical nodes (such as intersections) under different conditions are presented, and the methodology can be applied to a variety of urban scales. The results can be adopted by local authorities, transport companies and e-mobility providers to optimize infrastructure and increase the number and quality of available mobility options.
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Aristyanto, Indra, i Timmy Setiawan. "GERBANG TRANSIT TAMAN TEBET". Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, nr 1 (16.06.2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i1.6863.
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The life of Jakarta’s people who are very dynamic in their routine sometimes makes them forget the importance of socializing and resting for a while. The need for a third place, in addition to home and workplace, could be a solution to provide space that is able to make people forget their main activities and relieve fatigue from their routine in order to have a better quality of life. Tebet as one of the densely populated residential areas in Jakarta certainly needs this third place so that its people can have a better quality of life. The existence of many kinds of public transportation in Tebet such as electric trains, Transjakarta buses and LRT (which are still in the development stage) makes the flow of the movement of people who are the users become very dynamic. The space between the house and the transportation points is needed as a third place that becomes a transit point and can accommodate activities that can make them comfortable after / before their routine. In addition, Tebet Park as the largest form of public space in the Tebet area needs to be encouraged to better accommodate the activities of its people. From the various potentials and problems, project designed close to Taman Tebet that able to accommodate the activities of the Tebet community as a gate between home and work place with programs such as shops, restaurants, sports facilities, parking facilities and a place to gather and relax to accommodate their activities and needs. AbstrakKehidupan masyarakat Jakarta yang sangat dinamis dalam rutinitasnya kadang membuat mereka lupa akan pentingnya bersosialisasi dan beristirahat sejenak. Kebutuhan akan ruang ketiga, selain rumah dan tempat kerja, dapat menjadi solusi untuk memberikan ruang yang mampu membuat masyarakat melupakan kegiatan dan melepas penat dari rutinitasnya agar memiliki kualitas hidup yang lebih baik. Kawasan Tebet sebagai salah satu kawasan permukiman yang padat di Jakarta tentu membutuhkan ruang ketiga ini agar masyarakatnya dapat memiliki kualitas hidup yang lebih baik. Keberadaan transportasi publik yang beragam di kawasan ini seperti kereta listrik, bus Transjakarta serta LRT yang masih dalam tahap pembangunan membuat alur pergerakan masyarakat yang menjadi pengguna menjadi sangat dinamis. Ruang antara rumah dan titik-titik transportasi tersebut diperlukan sebagai ruang ketiga yang menjadi titik transit dan mampu mewadahi aktivitas yang bisa membuat mereka nyaman setelah/sebelum beraktivitas. Selain itu, Taman Tebet sebagai bentuk ruang publik terbesar yang ada di kawasan Tebet perlu didorong untuk lebih mewadahi aktivitas masyarakatnya dengan lebih baik. Dari beragam potensi dan masalah tersebut, dirancanglah proyek yang berada dekat dengan Taman Tebet dan mampu mengakomodasi aktivitas masyarakat Tebet sebagai gerbang di antara tempat tinggal dan tempat kerja dengan program seperti pertokoan, tempat makan, sarana olahraga, fasilitas parkir dan tempat berkumpul dan bersantai untuk mewadahi aktivitas dan kebutuhan mereka.
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Gao, Shao i Sun. "Roles of Psychological Resistance to Change Factors and Heterogeneity in Car Stickiness and Transit Loyalty in Mode Shift Behavior: A Hybrid Choice Approach". Sustainability 11, nr 17 (3.09.2019): 4813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174813.
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To support the scientific policy making and planning for promoting the share rate of sustainable public transit in urban areas of large metropolises, this study analyzes the influences of psychological resistance to change factors on commuters’ mode shift behavior while some external changes happen in the transport supplies. The heterogeneities in the car users’ stickiness to car and the metro users’ loyalty to metro are examined to support individual-specific travel behavior prediction. Web-scripted efficient experimental stated preference surveys including four commuting modes and three key factors are generated, and face-to-face interviews are conducted to collect reliable behavioral data. A hybrid choice approach, simultaneously considering the latent variables and quantitative level-of-service variables of different options, is employed for analysis. The results indicate that psychological resistance to change factors (routine seeking, cognitive rigidity, and emotion reaction) have significant and substantial influences on car users’ inclination to previously used commuting mode (i.e., car) in mode shift behavior. Car users with stronger routine seeking, stronger cognitive rigidity, and less emotion reaction show more predilection to car. Car users’ income level, gender, marital status, commuting distance, commuting time, license type, and flexible work time are found to partially explain the heterogeneity in car stickiness. In-vehicle crowding of public transit is a much more crucial factor for attracting car users to shift to public transit as compared to cost and travel time. Metro users with stronger routine seeking and less emotion reaction present a stronger inclination to metro in mode shift behavior. The influences of psychological resistance to change factors on metro users’ mode shift behavior are comparatively smaller than the influences of these factors on car users’ behavior. Metro users’ age, education level, commuting distance, commuting time, occupation, and flexible work time are identified to be associated with predilections for metro.
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Savard, Dennis M. "A Routine Activity Approach: Assessing Victimization by Gender in Transit Environments and Other Public Locations". Advances in Applied Sociology 08, nr 01 (2018): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2018.81004.
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Duerr, Peter A. "Dynamic Right-of-Way for Transit Vehicles: Integrated Modeling Approach for Optimizing Signal Control on Mixed Traffic Arterials". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1731, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1731-05.
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Public transit and general traffic on many urban arterials are controlled by the same set of signals and must compete for shared road space. In these situations, transit vehicles typically face considerable delays because their dwell times at transit stops remove them from the coordinated green wave for general traffic flow. Although existing control systems allow for local adjustments of signal timings to provide transit priority, these short-term actions often contradict the network control scheme and may preclude a priority scheme or significantly disrupt traffic flow. A new concept for a corridor control system is introduced—the dynamic right-of-way, which serves the demands of public transit and general traffic using an integrated model for evaluation and optimization. The control system is intended to ( a) reduce critical interferences between both modes of transport by dynamically controlling inflow and outflow for all network links, ( b) provide a green signal whenever a transit vehicle approaches an intersection, and ( c) minimize general traffic disruption by maintaining overall signal coordination. Through linking an event-based simulator with a genetic algorithm-based optimization routine, delay-minimizing multicycle signal control schemes are calculated. In offline experiments, the potential for achieving substantial reductions in delays is demonstrated. Finally, a method is presented by which these control schemes are implemented and adjusted dynamically, based on online measurements and a control modification function derived from a neural network model.
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Minhas, Hassan Ishtiaq, Rizwan Ahmad, Waqas Ahmed, Maham Waheed, Muhammad Mahtab Alam i Sufi Tabassum Gul. "A Reinforcement Learning Routing Protocol for UAV Aided Public Safety Networks". Sensors 21, nr 12 (15.06.2021): 4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124121.
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In Public Safety Networks (PSNs), the conservation of on-scene device energy is critical to ensure long term connectivity to first responders. Due to the limited transmit power, this connectivity can be ensured by enabling continuous cooperation among on-scene devices through multipath routing. In this paper, we present a Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle- (UAV) aided multipath routing scheme for PSNs. The aim is to increase network lifetime by improving the Energy Efficiency (EE) of the PSN. First, network configurations are generated by using different clustering schemes. The RL is then applied to configure the routing topology that considers both the immediate energy cost and the total distance cost of the transmission path. The performance of these schemes are analyzed in terms of throughput, energy consumption, number of dead nodes, delay, packet delivery ratio, number of cluster head changes, number of control packets, and EE. The results showed an improvement of approximately 42% in EE of the clustering scheme when compared with non-clustering schemes. Furthermore, the impact of UAV trajectory and the number of UAVs are jointly analyzed by considering various trajectory scenarios around the disaster area. The EE can be further improved by 27% using Two UAVs on Opposite Axis of the building and moving in the Opposite directions (TUOAO) when compared to a single UAV scheme. The result showed that although the number of control packets in both the single and two UAV scenarios are comparable, the total number of CH changes are significantly different.
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Ding, Pengxiang, Suwei Feng i Jianning Jiang. "The Impact of Urban Rail Transit Epidemic Prevention Measures on Passengers’ Safety Perception". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 5 (25.02.2023): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054161.
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In 2020, COVID-19 triggered concern about the safety of public transport. To meet passengers’ expectations regarding safety, the public transport department has stepped up its pandemic prevention services. Some prevention services require passengers to follow mandatory requirements. However, whether and to what extent these requirements affect passenger satisfaction with public transportation services remains unclear. This study aims to construct an integrated framework to explore the direct and indirect relationships between four constructs (regular services quality, pandemic prevention service, psychological distance, and safety perception) and passengers’ satisfaction in the context of urban rail transit services. Based on survey data collected from 500 passengers on the Shanghai Metro, this paper examines the relationships between routine service, pandemic prevention measures, safety perceptions, and satisfaction with the service. The results from the structural equation model indicate that routine service (0.608), pandemic prevention measures (0.56), and safety perception (0.05) have positive effects on passenger satisfaction. Psychological distance negatively impacts safety perception (−0.949) and has indirect effects on passenger satisfaction. Further, in order to identify the service improvements that public transportation departments should focus on, we use the three-factor theory to identify the services that should be improved: Basic factors, such as “punctual arrival of metros”, “treatment of harmful garbage”, “increasing frequency of platform disinfection”, and “measurement of station temperature” should be treated as the first priority. As the second improvement priority, “the planning of metro stations can accommodate my travel scope” can be considered. Last, public transportation departments can enhance the exciting factor by installing “metro entrance signs” when resources are available.
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Casello, Jeffrey M., i Pedram Fard. "Automated Tool for Geographic Information Systems That Supports Transit Network Design by Identifying Urban Activity Centers". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2651, nr 1 (styczeń 2017): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2651-02.
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Public transit is central to sustainable multimodal transportation systems; however, designing an effective transit network remains an analytically challenging and complex task. Given the spatial nature of the problem, geographic information systems (GISs) can support transit network design by identifying subsections of urban areas within and between which very high travel demand exists. Once these corridors are identified, local knowledge and expertise may be used to develop routings that satisfy these demands. This paper presents a spatial approach to assist in designing transit networks and describes the development and application of an automated, spatial multicriteria aggregation algorithm implemented as a user-friendly GIS tool coded by using the Python scripting library (ArcPy). Using population and employment densities, spatial adjacency, and geographic and administrative boundaries, the GIS tool leverages readily available demographic data to classify and merge traffic analysis zones into larger urban activity centers. The tool then aggregates regional origin–destination matrices to visualize only the flows associated with the activity centers. The results show that this approach significantly reduces the number of origins and destinations to be considered in designing the network but retains a large proportion of regional trips. This paper demonstrates how the tool can be applied through an example from the region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, where the local transit agency is developing a transit network to support a central light-rail transit line.
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Lu, Li Ming, Jun Chen, Ping Lou, Li Huang, Dong Hu Fei, Ye Zhang, Xian Hui Li, Ying Jie Shi, Yong Su i Heng Zhu. "A Real Time Data Transferring Method for Electric System". Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (czerwiec 2014): 1508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1508.
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A real-time data transferring method is opened to public for data transferring problem by different security region and different database in electric system. Interface service routine (ISR) is used for data obtaining, transferring format, analyzing and committing. Transit service routine (TSR) is used for data file transmitting and reducing the pressure of the ISR. E form file is used as a carrier to transmitting data file with transmitting tool of the segregate instrument. The method brings about data transferring in an on line, security and stabilized way, and makes certain the existing production system normal and steady working.
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Brail, Shauna. "COVID-19 and the Future of Urban Policy and Planning". Current History 121, nr 838 (1.11.2022): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.838.298.
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The pandemic has brought major disruptions to cities, particularly in patterns of work and transportation. Predictions of the death of downtowns may have been premature, but urban planners are rethinking the traditional central business district, transit systems, public spaces, and other key features of city life as many office workers remain slow to return to old routines. As they face the prospect of lower tax revenues, governments will have a major role to play in helping cities adapt and stay vibrant.
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Awan, Saba, Nadeem Javaid, Sameeh Ullah, Asad Ullah Khan, Ali Mustafa Qamar i Jin-Ghoo Choi. "Blockchain Based Secure Routing and Trust Management in Wireless Sensor Networks". Sensors 22, nr 2 (6.01.2022): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020411.
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In this paper, an encryption and trust evaluation model is proposed on the basis of a blockchain in which the identities of the Aggregator Nodes (ANs) and Sensor Nodes (SNs) are stored. The authentication of ANs and SNs is performed in public and private blockchains, respectively. However, inauthentic nodes utilize the network’s resources and perform malicious activities. Moreover, the SNs have limited energy, transmission range and computational capabilities, and are attacked by malicious nodes. Afterwards, the malicious nodes transmit wrong information of the route and increase the number of retransmissions due to which the SNs’ energy is rapidly consumed. The lifespan of the wireless sensor network is reduced due to the rapid energy dissipation of the SNs. Furthermore, the throughput increases and packet loss increase with the presence of malicious nodes in the network. The trust values of SNs are computed to eradicate the malicious nodes from the network. Secure routing in the network is performed considering residual energy and trust values of the SNs. Moreover, the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), a cryptosystem that provides asymmetric keys, is used for securing data transmission. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed model in terms of high packet delivery ratio.
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Redmill, Keith A., Ekim Yurtsever, Rabi G. Mishalani, Benjamin Coifman i Mark R. McCord. "Automated Traffic Surveillance Using Existing Cameras on Transit Buses". Sensors 23, nr 11 (26.05.2023): 5086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115086.
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Millions of commuters face congestion as a part of their daily routines. Mitigating traffic congestion requires effective transportation planning, design, and management. Accurate traffic data are needed for informed decision making. As such, operating agencies deploy fixed-location and often temporary detectors on public roads to count passing vehicles. This traffic flow measurement is key to estimating demand throughout the network. However, fixed-location detectors are spatially sparse and do not cover the entirety of the road network, and temporary detectors are temporally sparse, providing often only a few days of measurements every few years. Against this backdrop, previous studies proposed that public transit bus fleets could be used as surveillance agents if additional sensors were installed, and the viability and accuracy of this methodology was established by manually processing video imagery recorded by cameras mounted on transit buses. In this paper, we propose to operationalize this traffic surveillance methodology for practical applications, leveraging the perception and localization sensors already deployed on these vehicles. We present an automatic, vision-based vehicle counting method applied to the video imagery recorded by cameras mounted on transit buses. First, a state-of-the-art 2D deep learning model detects objects frame by frame. Then, detected objects are tracked with the commonly used SORT method. The proposed counting logic converts tracking results to vehicle counts and real-world bird’s-eye-view trajectories. Using multiple hours of real-world video imagery obtained from in-service transit buses, we demonstrate that the proposed system can detect and track vehicles, distinguish parked vehicles from traffic participants, and count vehicles bidirectionally. Through an exhaustive ablation study and analysis under various weather conditions, it is shown that the proposed method can achieve high-accuracy vehicle counts.
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Chen, Jing. "Analysis on Convenience of Beijing Urban Subway Transfer Stations Based on GIS". Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (listopad 2011): 1471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1471.
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Transferring plays an important role between different lines of urban rail transport and routine public transit. The convenience of a transfer station not only directly affects the efficiency of the whole traffic network, but also is a key factor that influences travel convenience. Based on GIS, through the study of the convenience at the 16 subway transfer stations in Beijing, the article tries to find the relationship of the evaluations on the transferring between metro-metro and metro-bus. Finally, by further clustering analysis on the spatial distributions of the transferring evaluations, this article reveals the existing problems of the layout of transfer stations and proposes several effective suggestions and countermeasures for them.
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Hieslmair, Michael, Michael Zinganel i Tarmo Pikner. "Test Run -- Stop and Go". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 24, nr 2 (1.09.2015): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2015.240208.
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When increasing numbers of people are obliged to spend increasing amounts of time in transit then nodes and hubs alongside major traffic corridors – where traffic comes to halt and exchange between actors en route happens – represent new forms of urbanity and public space, sites where both individuals' routes, routines, and rituals and political transitions and urban transformations can be explored. If we follow Henri Lefebvre's thesis that urbanity is no longer defined by density but by the degree of difference performed at specific places, then these nodes paradigmatically represent new forms of urbanity and public space. What remained largely unexplored in the investigations so far was emphasising these nodes as polyrhythmic ensembles, linked to their temporal adaptability – reacting on daily, weekly and seasonal rhythms of traffic flows – and their interdependence on one another.
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Vazir, M. H., M. A. Loane i R. Wootton. "A pilot study of low-cost dynamic telepathology using the public telephone network". Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, nr 3 (1.09.1998): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981932154.
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A pilot trial of a low-cost telepathology system was conducted. Avideo-codec operating to the CIF standard was used to transmit pictures over the public telephone network. Twenty-seven specimens from the routine pathology workload of a district hospital were examined. The average length of time spent examining each specimen was 14 min range 2-40 . The telepathology diagnoses were judged by conventional light microscopy of the specimens, performed by the same observer at a later date, and by a different observer. For the same observer, 23 diagnoses were correct 85 by telepathology, three were acceptable 11 and one was incorrect 4 . The results were slightly worse for a different observer: 21 diagnoses were correct 78 by telepathology, five diagnoses were acceptable 19 and one diagnosis was incorrect 4 . The technique was slower than conventional dynamic telepathology such as that based on communication by ISDN or leased circuits and picture quality was poor by comparison. However, these are not necessarily disadvantages in the context of the developing world, and since only a telephone connection is required, the technique could become an important method of improving the distribution of scarce resources, such as pathology expertise.
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Ojedokun, Usman, i Grace Adeoti. "Criminality and crime control measures in selected train stations in Lagos, Nigeria". Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 7, nr 2 (16.06.2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.232.
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Crime is among the major problems negatively impacting the effective operation of the rail transportation system in Nigeria. Although considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to criminality in public transit stations, there is a paucity of empirical data on the occurrence of the problem within train station facilities. Thus, using routine activity theory as a guide, this study investigated criminality and crime control measures in selected train stations in Lagos, Nigeria. In-depth interview and key informant interview methods were primarily deployed to gather data from 20 train station officials and eight locomotive drivers selected using purposive sampling technique. Results showed that vandalism, pilfering of train station equipment, rooftop riding and ticket evasion were the most commonly recorded forms of crime in train stations in Lagos. Multiple situational and environmental factors, including the presence of abandoned equipment, lax security systems, the construction of train stations in residential neighbourhoods, and poorly illuminated environments were making train stations vulnerable to criminality. It is imperative for the Nigeria Railway Corporation to strengthen existing security architecture at train stations to effectively deter motivated offenders from viewing the public transportation hub as suitable sites for crime perpetration.
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Xu, Yanyan, i Marta C. González. "Collective benefits in traffic during mega events via the use of information technologies". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, nr 129 (kwiecień 2017): 20161041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.1041.
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Information technologies today can inform each of us about the route with the shortest time, but they do not contain incentives to manage travellers such that we all get collective benefits in travel times. To that end we need travel demand estimates and target strategies to reduce the traffic volume from the congested roads during peak hours in a feasible way. During large events, the traffic inconveniences in large cities are unusually high, yet temporary, and the entire population may be more willing to adopt collective recommendations for collective benefits in traffic. In this paper, we integrate, for the first time, big data resources to estimate the impact of events on traffic and propose target strategies for collective good at the urban scale. In the context of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, we first predict the expected increase in traffic. To that end, we integrate data from mobile phones, Airbnb, Waze and transit information, with game schedules and expected attendance in each venue. Next, we evaluate different route choice scenarios for drivers during the peak hours. Finally, we gather information on the trips that contribute the most to the global congestion which could be redirected from vehicles to transit. Interestingly, we show that (i) following new route alternatives during the event with individual shortest times can save more collective travel time than keeping the routine routes used before the event, uncovering the positive value of information technologies during events; (ii) with only a small proportion of people selected from specific areas switching from driving to public transport, the collective travel time can be reduced to a great extent. Results are presented online for evaluation by the public and policymakers ( www.flows-rio2016.com (last accessed 3 September 2017)).